ART, SCI ENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURES. 1\ ,JO_URNAL OF rR�9!!2!�ON, Vol.WEI�KLY X XXI.-NO •. *3 per Annum, [NEW SERIES.] 25'1 YORK, 19, 1874. [ With Polttace, . . NEW DECEMBER 83.20.

THE WHITWORTH INDUSTRIAL SCHOLARSHIPS. and young men under twenty-two years of age, who were to square up an octiLgonal block of wood, using the ax only, In publishing on this page a portrait of Sir Joseph Whit­ required to undertake to compete for the more valuable $500 and to make the square as large as possible. He was also worth, a mechanic whose skill is known and valued wherever scholarships in May, 1869. order to render these exhi· required to shape an ax haft to a given In pattern, by means of industrial knowledge has penetrated, we desire, not only to bitions as widely available as possible, they were placed at an ax and spokeshave. The saw and plane: The competitor do honor to a master of his craft, but also to call attention to the disposal of a large number of educational bodies, inclu­ had to saw out of a piece of planktwo square strips, a nd plane his liberal bestowal of a portion of his wealth to found ding the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, London, Dublin, them smoothand true; also to maketwo parallel 2 up strips feet scholarship.; to enable rising artisans to pursue their studies, Edinburgh and Glasgow, and other colleges and schools. long, 2 inches wide, and f inch thick. The hammer andchisel : and to the terms of the gift, which are commendable for The public value of this liberality is shown by the fact The competitor had to chip a piece of cast iron all over the their pr8.ctical value to all who intend to employ their means that in 1869, out of 106 candidates, only 10 reached the upper surface, leaving it as smooth as possible from chisel for like noble purposes. standard of knowledge set up as a necessary qualification, but marks. The file: The competitor had to square any two The rapid strides made by France, Germany, and other the average acquirements of the youths have been steadily adjacent sides of a cast iron tube, with a succession 9 of inch' continental nations in the mechanical arts have forced the improving. The stipends, useful to the workmen for whom strokes of the file; also to file up an hexagonal nut on its six importance of technical sides to match a pattern. education upon other The forge: The compe­ people, and the English titor had to weld togeth­ have recently made er two pieces of square arrangements on thl' iron, using only a hand largest scale for I'm­ hammer; allIO to make bodying practical studies the two halves of. a pair in the scheme of the of tongs from pieces of common school Turning.: curricu­ round iron. Sir Joseph Whit­ competitor to lum. The had worth has taken the bore out a bevel wheel to lead by presenting 1t inches in the hole, $500,000 to be disposed using two drills and a of as follows: punching bit; also to tum The interest (at 3 per a piece of round iron to cent, $15,000 imnually) serve as a mandril, face to be divided into 30 it on the wheel with a stipends of $500 per mandril press, and .turn annum, to be awarded and scrape it smooth and to young men, natives of clean on the back, face-, the United Kingdom, and teeth. Fitting: The �f'lected by open com competitor had to key a petition for their intelli­ boBS upon a short shaft, gence and proficiency in cutting a key way inch T'\r t.he theory ancl ;plratJtitle sq�. setting.the key of ml'ehl\nics >did jt� half into the shaft and ('ognate sciences. Each half into the to fill boss; successful competitor iA up the key and fit it well to receive the stipend in ; and to the end make; for three years. of the shaft project 1 The liberal donor inch through the boss, further proposed that to support the head of as much latitude as pos­ the key. Pattern-mak­ sible should be allowed ing: The competitor had to each successful com· to make a pattern of a petitor, in reference to short piece of iron girder, the natural bent of his finishedup ready for use inclination. he wished If in the foundry, includ­ to complete his general ing the core box for the education instead of con­ two bolt boles in the tinuing'his special scil'n­ flangesof the girder. The tific study, he might be handicraftsman who permitted to do so; 11e could achieve these tasks might go to the univer­ moderately well could sities or colleges afford­ hold his own in any ma­ ing scientific or techni­ chine �hop or engineer­ cal instruction; or he ing establishment of ave­ might travel abroad. rage character. " The successful artisan Such are the Whit Hhould be encouraged to worth scholarships, cer­ study theory; while the tainly the most munifi­ successful competitor in cent endo�ent ever the theory should bl' made for technical edu- aided in getting admis­ cation. sion to' machine shops and other practical es­ CuUlolr Wheat by hlishments." Steam. tn Competition was pro­ Lord Kinnaird, a large posed to be in mathemat­ and enterprising farmer ics,elementary and high­ of Scotltuid, writes to Mr. er; mechanics, theoreti­ Mechi that he has had a cal and applied; practi­ most successful and sat­ cal plane and descrip­ isfactory trial of reap­ tive geometry; mechan­ 8m JOSEPH WmTWORTH. ing by steam power. ical and freehand draw. He attached his trac ing; physics; chemistry, including metallurgy; and snch they were intended, have been coveted as distinctiolls by per­ tion engine to an enlarged reaping machine; and though handicraft processes as smith's work, turning, filing, fit sons whose means were ample, so that an indispensable con­ the ground was soft, owing to wet weather, and the crop ting, pattern-making, and molding. Sir Joseph proposed dition of two years' previous service in a machine shop has laid and leveled so that it could only be cut one way, that theory and practice should be placed on a level, by an been imposed. yet he has no doubt that, in ordinary dry, harvest weather, an equality in the maximum number of marks for the two 'To encourage the yomig men to persevere with all their acre could be cut down within half an hour, and he confident­ classes of merit-theoretical science and practical skIll. This hearts, those who are successful at certain further examina­ ly expects to be able not only to cut but, by the aid of steam he did to render the competition acceBSible on fairly equal tions will receive money rewards over and above their three power, to bind up the cut grain in sheaves, and thus gather terms to the student who combines some practice with years' scholarship money, that is, over and above $1,500. in the crops-employing only some'half dozen hands. theory, and the artisan who combines some theoretical It will same artisan to receive to thus be possible for the --,- knowledge with excellence of workmanship. $4,000 in all: a valuable aid to a youth whose hands have to Landrin recommends the mixing IMPROVED STucco.-M. Sir Joseph, h ving promulgated his ideas in May, 1869, saw findhim with food, lodging, and clothes, as well as books and of the crude plaster in water containing 8 to per cent of � 10 the desirability of encouraging competitors by giving them means of study and travel to perfect him in his calling. sulphuric acid. After allowing the compound to rest for fif� twelve lllonths' opportunity of improving themselves. To The examinations are thoroughly practical, as the tests teen minutes, he calcines the plaster. This gives. a stucco 01 this end he established sixty exhibitions or premiums of $125 with tools will show: excellent quality in which all organic mattei'll are burnt out each, to be held for one year: these were awarded to youths The ax: Each competitor who tried this test was required leaving the material of exceptional whitene811 I

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. larging the scope of his patent, or from wringing in a new ministration of a sound patent system, the patentee is only subject matter through a reissue, the courts have-rather protected in his property to his own discovery,and, more gen­ severely-held that oral proof of the full scope of the origi­ erally, to his own creation. He would be allowed a limited nal invention was inadmissible, and that nothing could be monopoly in what,'but for him,might never have existed, or, Mt1NNItit.tifit & CO., Editors �mtritan. and Proprietors. claimed in the reissued patent unless either the model, the at all events, was previously unknown. drawings, or the specification-asoriginally filed-showedthe But we have heard it asserted that the inventor is only en­ WKEKLY AT PtmLISBED invention thereof. titled to protection in the he builds, and that any machine NO. 87 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. The new law has taken a most indefensible step in farther mechanic ought to be equally protected in the work of his own limitation of a previously existing right, by rendering the hands, though identical in form and operation with that of O.D.MUNN. A. E. BEACH. most reliable o evidence wholly incompetent in such the inventor. But in what does a real invention consist? It f record cases. The model or drawings may still be called as wit­ is not lU the materials, nor in the contrivances out of which TERM S. nesses, but not the specification. No matter how fully or how the machine is constructed. These are the mere instrumen· One copy, one year. postage Included ...... : ...... 83 H clearly the invention may be set forth in the latter, still, in talities which give expression to the thought that lies beyond. One copy. RlxmonthR. postage lnchlded...... 160 cases where there are drawings, nothing can be claimed in a They bear the same relation to the real invention that the RateBl reissue which is those drawings or in the model. visible Universe does to its Creator,or that the material body Ten copies. one year, each Club70. postage Included ...... not shown hi P . " 00 A credibility is thus given to· a or a which does to the human soul. An invention is a soul or principle, Over ten copies. flame rate each. postage Included...... sign mute de'lJice, !I ". is absurdly denied to a Pantomime is which has found a material means of evincing its existence By the new law. postage Is payahle In advance by t.he publishers. and mttm declaration. pr- regarded as more reliable than articulate language. This is and character. the subscriber then receives the paper free of charge. all wrong. That many wrongs have resulted from the defects and NOTE. -Persons subscribing wl11 please to give their full names, and Post Again. it has always been considered a sound and just rule abuses of our patent system no one will doubt, but these are OlBce and State address. plainly written. and also state at which time they of practice that an application for a patent should be wholly certainly not greater than the frauds and crimes which have wish their subscriptionsto commence, otherwise thQY will be entered from hat no outsider should be allowed in any manner to had their origin in the institution of property in material January 1st. 1875. In case of chAnging residence state former address. as ereJK1II' �, t well as give the new one. No changes can be made unless the former address interfere in the proceeding, and that he should not even things. both cases these evils are infinitely overbalanced In I. given. know of its existence. The reason for this rule is that, as by the advantages which result from hat institution. Cor· t inventors are generally poor, if wealthy companies were al­ rection, and not annihilation,is the appropriate remedy for VOLUME XXXI., Year. No. 25. [NEW SERIES.] Twenty-ninth lowed to interpose, such expensive controversies and haras­ these mischiefs. sing delays would result as would often prevent the obtain­ Our con usion, therefore, is: that a well regulated NEW YORK, SATURDAY, DECEMBER cl First, 19,1874. ing of a just patent. After having obtained his patent, the patent system is of incalculable importance to the public wel­ inventor will be in a better condition t.o face antagonist fare: that the laws on this subje should aim pri­ his Secondly, ct by securing auxiliaries or otherwise. marily to encourage invention by facilitating the means of Content •• (Dlustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) The act of 1870 introduces the anomaly that, in all appeals obtaining patents and protecting property t.herein, and: from the Commissioner, he "shall notify all parties who ap· Thirdly, that in administering those laws the Office should Animalsas motorpowera...... S86 Mica milles In North Carolina ..... 385 A nswera to correspondents...... S95 Mining. deep...... 891 pear to be interested therein. " This would enable them to be actuated by their spirit and purpose, and govern its (,,on· ApJ)les. curlou ...... S86 Nitric acid. neutralizing (2) ...... S95 Ai'iibltect's studies an (8) ...... 395 Noon mark. makln�(18) ...... 395 ! appear and oppose the grant of a patent. The applicant is duct accordingly. To aid in bringing about these result!! hal! Asphalt pavement ( ...... 395 Normal college.N. Y. city·...... S8'l �s green...... 4)...... Patent declslon. recent ...... S94 been the main purpose of these articles. . 392 1 also required in such cases to be at the extra expense of BloOdcoloringmatter...... lI!l9 Patent OIBceaga n.the ...... S84 Bollerworklng pressure(14) ...... S95 PatentOlBce.reform needed ...... S89 procuring certified copies of all the original papers and evi­ - -- BusineRR and peraonal...... S95 Patents. American and foreign. ... S94 TWO TYPICAL EXPEBDIENTB. Carbon cells.tiattery ...... 392 Patents. list of Canadian ...... S96 dence in the case. Whether intentioniu or otherwise, these Coal, damp&lr and...... S8'l.Patents.olBclal llst of ...... S95 Qrystalltzatlon of glass" ...... S86�Phosphoric acld etc .• estimating'.. 888 provisions would in many cases operate as the denial of un­ Dr. Bastian pursues his investigations touching the origin l DeClination, the sim's ...... 395.Photographing ace on silk ...... 891 891 . doubted j stice. Quite as reprehensible is another provision of life with praiseworthy energy. For every objection urged Diamond drill. the...... ('7) ...... Pole, acourae to the (IS) ...... S95 u DredJdng proceBs, anew ...... S8'l Reaplng·by .team...... 888 connected with these appeals. When the act of 1870 was be· against the conclusiveness of his experiments, he straight­ Eartll's spllerlclty, the (8) ...... S95 Shafting. how to line· ...... 888 Electrical countrle•...... , ...... lI!l9 Singeing cloth, machine for· ...... S86 fore the committee which framed it, the then Commissioner way performs a new series to meet the difficulty, carrying Electric circuits open (5)...... 395 Sound and mOisture (10) ...... , ..... S95 Electricity, woolt-cuttlng by...... S9S SpectroscopiC art...... 392 endeavored to so change the previously existing system as to the war into the very camp of the panspermatists, and keep­ Electric railway signals...... S90 Spider. Ingenultl' of a ...... S92 o ) o render a decision by him final, by cutting off appeals to the ing them constantly on the defensive. Results formerly tI oi � fn :r J :::::::: IIElectropla:��� �ng�lron(S)�� metai.: ...... No: i ;:395. �ct�Springs.:�=� cara propelled� f:' by�; ...... S9S= court. This was, however, so strenuously opposed, by those denied are now admitted; but they are met by raising the Engines. compound·� ...... S86 steam:and J)ressure (16) ...... S95 E�rlments. two typical ...... S84 Steam. conCiensation of(15) ...... S95 who sought to protect the interests of inventors, that the thermal death point of certain germs to 2270 or 2300 l!'ah., S86 Stucco. Improved...... Fire eug\nes.lloatlng·...... Sf!8 committee refused to adopt it. They even went so far inthe and alleging that the organisms developed in boiled solutions, Gastric juice. acid In the ...... S92 Sun. constltutlon of tbe-No. l .... S9S ...... Torpedo. the Erlcs.on pneumatic' Govemora pendulum-No. 1' S89 S90 opposite direction as to determine that-in cases of interfer­ hermetically sealed, came from invisible germs not killPd by BymenocaIyx undulata.the· ...... 891 Tran.planter.lmproved·...... S90 Iron In stone IIxIng...... tTyndall on typhoid...... 885 . S91 l ences, where there are antagonist parties either of whom may the heat to which the solution had been subjected. Iron water P JlI1s...... 888 undergroUlldrailwaY.N.y.-NO.5. . . S8'l Laboratory at Oxford.new ...... 888 Urine. new compouna from ...... S92 appeal,and where cases of sufficient importance to be appealed For the benefit of those raising this objection, he now Lighthouses.our ...... 888 Whitworth. Sir Joseph'...... Sf!8 Machlnl.ts In the navy ...... S94j Yam congre ••• the ...... 891 to the Commissioner would nerally be certain to be carried report,s the following experiments, selected from several, in Magnifying glasses ...... S95 Yuccas. the"...... 891 ge (9) to he t court-the unsuccessful party, before the Board some of which, says, higher temperatures were of Ex· lu, even re- aminers in Chief, might appeal at once to the w thout sorted �urt, i to: '. CAlm. the useless necessity of an intermediate appeal to the 'ro a strong infusion uf , made faintiy PUBJ.I8B"B1l8' Com E�ntI: turnip With the next issue, the time for which a large n mber missioner. But when the act came to be published, all was alkaline by liqu.or a few separate muscular fibers of u potasaa our subscribers have prepaid, will expire. In order that found to be so far most unaccountably changed, that in in­ codfish were added. Some of this mixture was then Intro· of terference cases not only did an appeal still lie the Com:· duced into a flask of nearly two OtlUCes capacity, and the neck our readers may experience no stoppage in the receipt of the tQ missioner, but his decision was made absolutely final. The of the flask was drawn out and hermetieally sealed by iI. blow­ journal, and that we may not miscalculate the quantity of appeal to the court was thus cut off in those cases which of pipe flame while the fluid within was boiling. Thus closed, the paper to print at the commencement of a new volume. all others it is best qualified to decide, while in questions of the flask was about half full of fluid. It was then placed in mere patentability, with which the Commissioner may iron digester, and gradually heated to a temperature from we hope our friends will signify their int.ent.ion to continue be an presumed to be most conversant and therefore best qualified 2700 to 2750 Fah., at which it was kept for twenty minutes. the paper by early remittances. , to judge, the ap al still lies to the court. For an entire hour the flask, heating and cooling, had a tem­ 'rhe plan of discontinuing the paper when the time expires ptl These are given as mere specimens of the mistakes and in­ perature exceeding 230" Fah., the alleged death point of for which it is prepaid, we think preferable to the course, congruities in the new law, not as an attempt at their enu­ bacteria germs. 'Vithdrawn from the digester, the closed 750 80" Fah., for eight adopted by many publishers, of continuing their paper indefi­ meration. There are many others of no trivial importance, ilask was kept at a temperature of to most of which equally militate against the interests of inven­ weeks, a part of the time exposed to the influence of direct nitely and collecting afterwards. The latter course is too tors. The only effectual rem y is to be sought for in a lIunlight. After it had been ascertained that the flask waf'! ed much like having a bill presented for a suit of clothes after general change or codification of the statute. And in making free from any crack or flaw, its neck was broken, and its - it is worn out. We shall be gratified to have every old sub­ this change, the spirit which dictated the provision in the contents examined. The fluid showed a decidedly acid reac· Federal Constitution by which the statute is authorized should tion, and it had a sour though not fretid odor, as though fel'­ scriber renflW, and doubly grateful if each will send one or never be lost sight of. The law should be framed in aid of mentation had taken place. It was also slightly turbid, and more new names with his own. the inventor, and not as an instrumentality for circumscrib­ there was a well marked sediment, consisting of reddish The safest way to send money is by posta] orders, bank ing his rights within their narrowest limits, or for annihilat· bro fragments and a light flocculent deposit. On micros­ r checks, express, or dra t on New York, payable the order ing them altogether. This is a dictate of sound policy as coplcal examination, the fragments were found to be portions f to well as of the plainest justice of altered muscular fiber; the flocculent deposit was com· of unn Co. Little risk is incurred in sending bills . M & bank There are many unreflecting minds who honestly for the most part of granular aggregat.ions of by mail, but the above method� are �afe beyond any contin­ regard posed bacteria. the whole patent system as being founded on error, ud who In the portions of fluid and of deposit which were examined, g ncy of bacteria, of most diverse shapes and e . look upon a patentee as the possessor of an odious monopoly. there were thousands •. e .• If their notions are correct, the institution of property of all sizes, either separated !)r aggregated into flakes. There were kinds should be abolished, for every kind of property is a also a large number of morila!,ed chains of vari us lengths, BINDING.-Subscribers wishing their volumes of the ScI. o monopoly. A patent for an invention is no more so than is a kind very frequently met with in abscesses and other ENTIFIC AMERICAN bound can ha,-e them neatly done at t.his of a patent for land. But who would build a house, or cultivate situations (where pyremia or low typhoid states of the s�·�· $1.50. office-Price a field,or otherwi�e provide for the comforts or necessities of tem exist) in the human subject. There were, in addition. life, if he were denied all property in the fruits of his labor, a large number o corpuscles, besides brownish nurlc TO PATElIT ODICE AGAm. f t01"lJ1a in ot.her woms, if he were not to enjoy a monopoly in what ated spore-like bodies, gradually increasing in size from mere 'Ve last week reviewed some of the errors which had crept he had t.hus Civilization could never have existed specks, about one thirty-thousandth of an inch in diameter, into the of the Patent Office. created? adminil!tration We shall now without the institution of property. It would soon take itf up to one twenty-five-hundredth of an inch. Lastly, there refer to others which are embodied in the statute. Both departure from the I>arth if that institution should cease was a small quantity of the mycelium of a fungus, bearing these classes of errors k have sprung mainly from the same exist. short lateral branches, most of which were capped by a single source, and are alike prejudicial to the inventor. These principles are as applicable to inventions as to spore-like body. The act July 1870, which was a revisi of 8, on of all �ur tangible objects. The application of communist doctrines B:lperiment A strong infusion of common cress, to patent laws, corrected II: or removed some of the defects which may sometimes seem enticing, but the general rule would which a few of the leaves and stalks o the plant were added, f previously existed, but it in uced more mischiefs than it trod operate as perniciously in the one case as in the other. Deny was enclosed in an hermetically closed flas�, and treated cured. Its chief changes interposed needless in and nnreasonable all property in inventions, and you paralyse the efforts of that precisely the same manner, and at the same time, as the in­ obstacles in the way of the im-entor. class in the community which,more than any other, has con­ fusion of experiment I. The flask was opened the ninth For instance, nothing is more important to him than the tributed and is still contributing to humall progress. The week after heating. Before breaking the neck the flask, right to amend his patent of through a reissue. Rarely does a thousands of minds who are devoting their every energy to the inbending of the glass under the blowpipe flame showed patent, as first obtained, embody the invention in a fully the promotion of hUIpan welfare would feel that their chief that it was still hermetically sealed. The reaction of the ava.ilable shape, and often is its real gistmistaken altogether. inducement effort had ceased to exist. fluid was feund to be distinctly acid, though there The common 'to law authorized amendments by means of a sur­ Monopolies are justly odious when made applicable to what was no notable odor. The fluid was tolerably clear and free render and reisBue, and the statute regulated and rendered was before common property, but not when limited to the from scum; but there was 8. dirty-looking floceulent sediment more deflnite the rights of the patentee in this respect. The authors of new creations or even new discoveries. The gov­ at the bottom of the flask, amongst the of the cress. purpose, in both cases, tUlniI great was to limit the new patent to ernment whose flag is first planted on an uninhabited island On microscopical examination (with a th immersion ob­ the .,Jr real original invention, giving the full benefit thereof to is,by common consent, the owner thereof. How much more jective), much altered chlorophyll existed, either dispersed the inventor, but nothing more. complete would have been its title thereto had it created that or aggregated among the other granular matter of the sedi. To guard against abuse and prevent 8. patentee en- island S ch is the title of. the inventor. Under proper ment; and among some this, three minute and to from I u a ad- of delicate

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. DECEMBER 19, 1874.) �oid cerning such investigations, in view of very serious harm :proto,ma>lHB were seen, varying in form, and creeping with I So many cases �ve occurred,where the exis�nce of ty'p heretofore has often been caused by shallow and super­ moderately rapid, slug-like movements. They contained no has been traced directly to sewers, foul drams, and sImIlar which ficial dallyings with the subject, we thoughtfully and solemn­ nucleus and p ted only a few granules in their interior. receptacles of filth,that arguments far more cogent than those resen unless re uired to con�ce us t�t no ly advise that no ltIvestigation is worthy of tbe nanIe In the me drop of fluid, and also in others subsequently ex- of Professor �dall will be � it is inspired. by the passionless common sense of Science. amined,�more than a dozen very active m0nad8, one four- danger of pestilence· lurks therem Add this that It has : to . Also re ber this : The evidenc!' ]"('quired to establish a thousandth of an inch in diameter, were seen, each provided been repeatedly shown that hospItal attendants m personal mem patients are re rka.bly exempt fact is proportioned to the improbability of the fact. with a long rapidly moving lash by which neighboring granules communica�ion with typ�oid � will be reckoned and thout further reVlew o� the eat We come now to what with readers were freely knocked about. There were many smaller motion- from the � � many disease, the gist of the whole matter: How to investigate spiritualism. less and tailless spherules of different sizes, whose body sub- mass of confirmatory eVIdence brought by medIcal wntcl's . but conclu�e th the We �ame the plan which we are to propose, the scientific me­ stance presented a similar appearance to that of the monads, of against Tyndall's theory, WI< cannot � thod of investigating spiritualism, and we thus nanIe it, whilp. which in Dr. Bastian's opinion they were in all probability London that the Professor has m thm case, M6dica1 Journal feeling the most exalted respect for Science and knowing earlie developmental forms. here were also several un- as was charged against him in recent researches on sound, T his horsp. ; the uest�on. that some will discover in it only what they call jointed bacteria, presenting most rapid progressive move- studied but one side of � . sense. ments, accompanied by quick axial rotations. Many torula It may be well to remark m thIS connectIOn tha� Professor cen efforts not whol�y bea ng out �he These two theories, and these only, are tenable regarding corpuscles and other fungus spores, also existed, as well Tyndall's most � t are :t; . real, and true, for SCl nt fic ute�ess and phIlosophIcal caution most of the spiritual manifestations: They are as portions of a mycelial filanIeRt, containing equal segments reputation � � � and honest, or they are a culpable fraud. The mediums in of colorless protoplasm within its thin investing membrane. so ably won by hlID lB. hIS earher la��. . . . or mself sClen�Ist of no m n81derable these cases are either the most worship-worthy of mortals, Until the panspermatists offset these experiments by an Dr. �ionel Beale--lll � � they are cheats and liars. The raps and the materialization. exhaustive series, showing that living forms do not originate celebnty-makes a strong pomt �gam�t Tyndall m a recent . surely of t.he ndon m stat ng that, though the first and the last of the spirit exhibits, are under the conditions described by Dr. Bastian, there would commnnication to the � � T$ma, sort in question. (And here we venture to suggest that if seem to be but one escape for them and that is to assert he hasfollowed Tyndall s track for years,he IS unable to com­ we take away from spiritualism all the alleged. phenomena (contrary to all experience) that the perature of Fah., prehend Tyndall's of reasoning. Referring to the 2800 course which belong the same category, almost nothing is le�t.) or even 2750 Fah. is lower than the� thermal death point of latter's Belfast speech, in which the speaker said that the to Concerning raps and materializations, there is a questIOn the invisible ge s of these simple organisms. material ideas were not his belief" in hours of clearness and � of fraud or no fraud; and this is a question of such a fun­ • ••• • vigor," Beale rather pertinently suggests the question of Dr. conclusive of Ilf lfOBTK CABOLIlfA. which Tynda.ll we are to believe, Tyndall whose brain, when danlental character that the answer to it is )[lOA �B the case ougllt weak and unhealthy, produces materialistic theories, or Tyn- the whole matter. It may seem to some that Among the most interesting relics thus far discovered of to be referred the police detective rather than to t.he dall, when clear and vigorous, repudiating the same ideas? to the mysterious of mound builders, who occupied the that a detec· race Altogether the eminent Professor has latterly contrived to en­ man of Science; and we are obliged to confess Mississippi valley previous to the advent of th more �arbar- of Sci­ ? circle himself in a kind of fog as to his doings and sayings, tive's advice may be as good as ours. The methods ous Indians, are numerous O ents of ml . Like the path to the truth; manI c:a which prevents people of ordinary discernment from relying ence are direct, logical, and on the shortest weapons of hanlmered copper from Lake Supenor, the shells . eye. The mp.­ so Impli Cl'tly on his conclusions as they otherwise might. the man of Science always aims at the bull's from the Gulf of Mexico, the implements of Mexican I stone the skilled and intelligent detective is, without doubt, ••••• thod of and of iron ore from Missouri, these plates, of a mineral not HOW TO mvEBTIGATE BPmITlJALIBK. identical with the scientific. Cases somewhat similar to that. found in the Great Valley, give a plain hint of the extensive of the fraud or no fraud of raps and materializations have often commercial relations of those prehistoric people. There been lately an extraordinaryrevival of spiritual­ has come up for decision; an a.llusion to some of these throws Il The mica was evidently mined in Western North Clft"Olina ism, and it again cha.llenges the general attention. Nearly all clear light on the present discussion. Our ancestors believed where their long-abandoned workings have lately been the newspapers, and some of the most respected of the literary in ghosts, and they stones and bullets to test their faith. reopened, and made the scene of a very modern enterprise. magazines, without reservation or protest lend their columns fired The proceeding was scientific, but suited only to an age ruder Seven years or so a prominent citizen of North Caro­ to its advocates. The fOl" more the a month ago, Daily Graph(,� than ours. We warn the over-zealous scientist that, although lina set some laborers to work in one of the ancient mines, has made spiritualism its specialty, pursuing it with such in a bullet could not harm a materialized. spirit, no medium or search of silver, supposing that metal to have been the pertinacious enterprise as it did the Atlantic balloon project one confederate is bullet-proof. An action for murder or sought for by the original miners. A considerabll! quantity of last year. And, most significant of many distinguished his a.ll, manslaughter would probably lie in a case wherein any onll of mica was t.brown out, but its value was not scholars and clergynten, to whom the had addressed recognized Graphic was killed in a scientificinvestigation of materialization. The until a sample, which been sent to Knoxville as a curi­ a circular letter,inviting their colIperationin an investigation, had well known story of Fulton investigating the motive power osity, seen by a Mr. Clapp, who followed signify their approvalof the plan and a profoundly was up the ·clue Graphic's of a perpetual motion by means of a hatchet is a fine illustra­ and leased the mine for its mica, and revived respectful appreciationof the spiritualisticpretensions. This an industry tion of the application of the principles of Science. LanIp, which has added immensely to the wealth revival of spiritualismis probablydue to the new phasewhich of the region. The black, printer's ink, and green paint have been slyly smearl'fl mine is known as Blaylock's, about twelve miles the spiritual manifestations have taken on: Materialization. from Bak. on the trumpets, ropes, etc. , of the dark and the truth ersville, the county seat of Mitchell's county. place of raps,tips, trumpet blowing, tying, levitations, pon­ seance, Four or five In was speedily declared in the unconscious ornamentation of the other ancient mines have since been reopened derations, performed by or through the medium, we now in the same etc., medium's lips or hands. And, best of a.ll,strong lights have neighborhood, new ones in ihe same and have the spirits with ap­ besides many . ad- appearingin � fJ6'I'�, bodies on t1te suppoeed spirit'" performing tomfool joining counties. oflleshand blood, in such clothes been tumed. to parently and' nicely cireBsOO' eries, and it wasinstantly mauifest whether they were genuinp. A correspondent of the reports that th� mica trade as they wore when they dwelt in the mortal coil. Tribull,/J or not. a.ll these cases it was a touch a.nd a go, and the given general occupation to the population Now these things seem justify us in recurring to the In has of Mitchell to truth declared itself beyond any man's cavil. Devices which county,and has made money plentiful and thereby subject of spiritualism, and in improving the opportunity to enabled the were so simple, and yet so sufllcient, were surely scientific. county to· pay off its indebtedness, which it ­ point out some things which �ence to do with And would other has it. and they indicate, and perhaps sufllciently describe, our no­ wise have been unable to do. Mines have also been to make the matter short, we will . limit our remarks to the opened tion of scientific investigation of one class of spiritual mani­ in Yancy, Heywood, Burcome, McDowell, and other counties. . physical' phenomena;' the movements or changes of a.lleged festations. But we add It few hints especially touching the The business is in its infancy, and the methods of min­ matter. We leave out of view, of course,the religious aspects still inves tion of materializations. Let the tests applied ing are exceedingly primitive; yet the amount ­ of spiritualism; for its on psychology and phy­ � be of mica pro and bearings directly, if possible, to the materialized spirit, with the intent duced is more than enough to supply tho large and siology, we refer to what Faraday, Carpenter, Tyndall, and growing to determine who or what it is. A dark lantern, or demand for the article. Dealers and manufacturers others have written. We pointout, however,the evident fact some supply other appliance for turning on light, is likely to be useful. the mines with patterns ranging in size from that spiritualism rests on the physical manifestations. Take two by three lasso would be very serviceable in the hand!! of one skilled inches up to fifteen inches square, according to which the them away, and its bottom is knocked out pretty clean. A in its use; it is said the Mexicans can lasso anything that mica prepared for market. The dark or brandy-colored In the first place, then, we can find no words wherewith to is runs or stands. A little squirt gun loaded with a few ounce" mica. briI..gs the best price. Associated with adequatelyexpress our of the magnitude of its importance the mica is an sense of or even the boy's blow-gun charged with Scotch snuff, abundance of decomposed snow-white felspar, which will to Science if it be true. Such words as profound, vast, stu­ ink, might be available in eliciting truth where more pretentiouFi no doubt be utilized, time, for the manufacture of porce­ pendous, would need to be strengthened a thousandfold to be in instruments would fail. If the investigator, from doubts of lain. fitted "{or such a If true, it will become the one grand use. his skill or other reasons, prefers to discard all the apparatus event of the world's history; it will give an imperishable lus­ ••••• and appliances of art, let him, in the non-resisting spirit of a ter of glory to the nineteenth century. Its discoverer will Quaker and the nanIe of Science, suddenly lay a strong Professor Tyndall has dropped for the nonce the role of have no rival in renown, and his name be written high in will and firm hand on the dress or the body of the spirit, and physicist for that of physician,and deals, in a recent publica­ above any other. For spiritualism involves a stultification of hang on like a Tartar till the whole truth comes to reliev!' tion,with the subject of typhoid fever,discussing the iniiwr. what considered the most certain and fundanIental conclu­ are him. tant question as to whether that disease can ever have a sions of Science. It denies the conservation of matter and We repeat: Our scientificplan is simple, direct, conclusive. spontaneous origin from fecalfermentation or must of necessi­ force; it demands a reconstruction of our cbemistry and phy­ We commend it to Crookes and Colonel Olcott, and espe. ty always spring from a germ,the last derived from a pre-ex­ sics, and even our mathematics. It professes to create matter Mr. cially to all those who are in the road which leads to a faith isting case of fever. Following closely .the data obtained by and force out of nothing, and to annilIilate them when cre­ which has lost its senses and is idiotic. To us, the Eddy Dr. Budd, as well as those of other investigators in the same ated. If the pretensions of spiritualism have a rational foun­ materializations are supremely puerile and silly; they cannot field, Professor Tyndall asserts positively that the weight of dation, no more important work bas becn offered to men of appear differently until a scientific demonstration 11as shown evidence is in favor of the view that the disease, like Science than their verification. A realization of the dreams small that they are not the chicane of the practised and disreputable pox, arises wholly from contagiou. He holds that the body of the the philosopher's stone, and the perpetual dim tJitm, Eddy family. But the peace of society disturbed, and is the seat of the development of the germ,and that the latter motion is of less i}Ilportance to mankind than the verification iR something must be done for quiet, or many good friends will 'is not originated from noxious eflluvia., however foul: and in of spiritualism. get to Bedlam. We earnestly hope that a scientific investi­ support of this, he cites the fact that, during the foul condi­ But some may say that we exaggerate the pretensions of gation of materialization will be made speedily; the investi­ tion of the Thames in 1858, the community residing upon the spiritualism, and that spiritualists, in the ratio of their intel­ gator will receive our most cordial thanks. We have 110 banks enjoyed a sigular immunity from fever. Even in ligence, make claims which are modest andmoderate ; and per­ rural hope of any good to come out of the class of spiritual mani­ districts, it is asserted that, where the air is purest, typhoid haps the average man says that, although a great part of spir­ festations which we have been considering. It is a notable fact has been known to rage, and to directly to per­ itualism is deception and imposture, yet there is something be tracesble that investigations so far have elicited absolutely nothing sonal communication. about it which is new and true. To such we say that if there which was of moment physical Science. Spiritualism It to would not be expected that so a denial of gener. is any truth in it, of interest to Science, however small, it is 118.11 radical furnished striking illustrations the expounders of mental ally to accepted views could be promulgated without arousing worth while to seek for it with great diligence and labor; its pathology, but to the humanitarian it has seemed a terrilll!' challenge from the medical profession, and already several discovery surely bring an abundant roward. posi. will we future times, it will probably be considered of the If epidemic. most eminent English physicians have adduced strong tively knew that there contained in spiritualism a sein. In the was blot and the shanIe of the nineteenth century. evidenco contradiction of Professor Tyndall's assumptions. in tilla of new fact about matter, though it were as the needle ..e .. Carpenter that typhoid is contagious �. Allred states only in in all the haystacks or as the grain in all the sands of the AMERICAN apples, says the London GrOC6r, are now selling a limited degree, and that by proper precautiollll its attack sea, we would not discourage the ambitious man of Science in at moderate rates in provincial towns, both in England and may be prevented. Dr. Murchison says that, during nine his search for it. Mr, Crookes, as the discoverer of thallium, Ireland. The highly colored and well flavored Baldwin in the London Fever Hospital, 3,555 is years, cases of enteric has achieved a great eminence in Science, and he is now nobly the commonest kind as yet. As usual, they come in barrels, fever were treated in the same with 5,144patients wards not employing his talent in the investigation of spiritualism,if he without any kind of packing materials, and come, as a rule, suffering from any specific fever. Not one of the latter con­ it, positively, something new to Science. He does not in excellent condition. That. apples should be sent several tracted enteric fever, find in although the use of disinfectants was need to be told that, if he really discovers his psychic force thousand nilles, and then be sold as cheaply as home-grown exceptional, and they were brought in contact with the ex­ or any other unknown force capable of acting on matter, all fruit, is a noteworthy fact. At this rate of progress; fruit­ of the former The sameauthorit y gives repeated the future name him with Galvani and Newton. czeta class. ages will less and oold regions will soon be supplied with the finest in own practice, confirming the oppo­ Finally, say we emphatically, if there be truth in spiritual­ fruits at a cost that places them within the reach of all iDsta.De38,occurring his . site of Professor Tyndall's conclusions. in whole or in any it investigated. But con- ism, part, let be claSlltlS.

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titufifit �mtritau. [DECEMBER 19 187"4· FLOATING ENGINES. definite silicate, crystallizing in the midst of the residual FIRE paper (which was read before the French Association for the We have heretofore called attention to the value of floating Advancement of Science), as an illustration, the manner in mass. This seems to be proved by an analysis of the crys­ engines for extinguishing fires, especially to cities (like New which boats are always dragged along the towing paths by tals, in which soda isalmost entirelyabsent, and magnesium York) having a large proportion of water front to the square long ropes. It would be impossible, or at least very dis­ preEent in large proportion. We extraet the engraving from mile. Messrs. Merryweather Sons, of London, Eng. , have tressing, to employ short ones. The length of the rope, & I La Na ture been very successful in constructing these engines ; and we I which alternatelytightens or slackens by slow oscillations, ••••• illustrate, herewith, a vessel built for the Wear commissioners . has in this case the same effect as india rubber or other elas­ •. Compound Engine for protecting the shipping and docks of Sunderland and the I tic material. Mr. Marey's instrument, by which these Nothing is more common than the removal of a pair of adjacent ports from fire. It is ordinary engines from a intended, also, to use the en­ steamer, their replace!Jlent gine for pumping purposes in with compound engines, and general, such as for emptying a laudation of the excellent sunken vessels, supplying results obtained, which are ships with fresh water, etc. invariably attributed to the The boat is built of iron, and fact that the steam does its s feet in length, with 9 40 work in two cylinders instead feet 6 inches beam. It is pro­ of one. is not often that It pelled by a pair of indepen­ we are favored with a means dent vertical engines, each of arriving at any really working a screw ; this arrange­ valuable conclusion in such a ment being adopted in order case, because some factor is that the vessel may be steered ·alwaye absent. A notable in and \Jut amongst the ship­ exception is afforded by ping. The draft is about 2 the case of the steam­ feet forward, and 2 feet 6 ship Alexander, the pro­ inches aft ; the total depth is perty of a firm whose feet 9 inches. The vertical 4 steamers trade between St. engines are driven from the Petersburgh, Revel, Helsing­ same boiler as the steam fire fors, and Lubeck. She was engine, and the speed averages originally fittedwith ordinary MERRYWEATHER'S FLOATING FmE ENGINE. 10 statute miles per hour ; the engines of 80 nominal horse diameter of screws is 28 inches. facts were ascertained, is an elaborate and ingenious piece power. Messrs. Crichton were instructed to convert these In the fore part of the vessel is a cabin with sleeping ac- of workmanship. into . compound engines, retaining as much of the old ma­ commodation for three or four firemen if necessary, and at the •••• • chinery as possible. Cylinders wholly new were of course after part is a large hose reel fixed longitudinally, which will TllE ORYSTALLIZATION OF GLASS. required. The old engines worked with 15 pounds steam, carry some thousands of feet of fire hose ; there are in addition engineer of a glass bottle manufactory at Blanzy, France, 36 An and consumed cubic feet of coal per hour, with a speed of eapacious fresh water tanks-these arp fixed under the seats ' recently substituted for the crucibles, ordinarily employed in 9 knots and 60 revolutions in regular work. The engines and platform, and are all connpcted. The steamcy linders are melting the glass, a large cisternfurnace heated by gas. An were· built by Earle Brothers, of Hull, fifteen years ago, and each 8t inches diameter, with inch stroke ; the pumps have accident occurring rendered it necessary to withdraw the 24 the Alexander was also built by the same firm. The engines a similar stroke, and are tit inches were exceedingly trustworthy, and in diameter ; the twisted bar motion, for their long life hav� cost very little for which the makers' engines are so well repairs. known, is carried out in the above A most important change was made float. This engine, when in full in the screw, the pitch being considera­ work, is capable of discharging1,100 bly reduced. As to the results of the al­ gallons per minute through an open teration, they may be brieflystated : With hose when used for pumping purposes ; a pressure four times as great as that it also pumps, when in action as a fire originally used, the engines make 90 pngine, through a jet1 t inches diameter revolutions per minute, and the boat t.o a horizontal d�stance of nearly 300 goes at 10 knots, with 20 cubic feet of feet. Arrangements are made whereby coal, per hour. two, four, six, or twelve may The is so much �ler than the jets be boil� thrown advantageously. The pump is old one, and so much leBS coal is re­ entirely of gun metal, and consists of quired for a voyage, that the midship one solid casting weighing about 7 bulkhead has been moved further aft, cwt. ; the valves have a clear unob­ and 5,000 cubic feet of cargo space have structed waterway ; the pump buckets been gained. The vibration, before ex­ are self-lubricating ; and the valves cessive, has been greatly reduced. being beneath the barrels, there is no The benefits thus gained will, by some fear or the latter being damaged by persons, be attributed to compounding. grit, sand, or other foreign matter. They are really independent of that prin­ The valves, which are also of gun CRYSTALLIZATION OF GLASS. ciple, and better results would have been metal, are faced with india rubber at- got by the use of two simple cylinders, tached with copper screw bolts. We may speak a word in fire ; and on scraping the glass from the inclined portions, a new boilers, high pressure and expansion, and a screw of favor of this class of valve, when We state that engines of quantity of magnificent crystalline formations were found, proper pitch. The change might have been effectedby fit­ this make in the royal dockyards, and in the service of the produced during the cooling of the vitreous contents. These ting two liners into the old cylinders to reduce their diameter Liverpool, the Manchester, and the London Brigades, have run masiles, a representation of one of which is given herewith, sufficiently, and the surrounding space between the cylinder 10 for 8 and years without a renewal of the facings. The were sent to M. Peligot for examination, and that scientist and the liner could have been utilized as a steam or air jacket. boiler is fitted with the Field tubes. Surroundfng the outer has pronounced them different from similar formations We understand that Messrs. Crighton are about to alter a any row of tubes is a water space, which is well stayed to the fire­ yet noticed in glass furnaces. The crystals are entirely iso­ sister ship, the Nicolai, in the same way.-TlteEn gineer. box. The boiler is fed by hand pUmp, feed pump on engine lated, and are not mixed with transparent glass. They are •••• • frame, . arrangement for feeding direct from the main pump, prisms. of from 0'6 to 0'9 inch in length .. The explanation NEW CLOTll·8IlfGED'G IlACllINE. and also by a Giffard'sinjector. It is capable of raising steam given for the phenomenon is that the dentification is due to The annexed diagram exhibits the essential features of a 1 to 00 Ibs. pressure within ten minutes from lighting the fire a separation of the vitreous elements, which gives rise to a new machine for singeing fabrics, recently invented in and from cold water. Had France, 1;>y M. Blanche. It Liverpool been provided with is claimed to use but 141. such arrangements, says En­ cubic feet of gas per hour in gineering, to which we are singeing cloth 2 yards and 7 indebted for the illustration, inches in width, thus effect­ we should probably not have ing an economy of some 40 heard of the total destruction per cent on the apparatus com­ of the noble landing stage. monly used for this important operation in textile manufac­ AnImal. a. Motol' Powe .... ture. The arrowsindicate the M. Marey gives some obser­ movement of the . cloth. At vations on .the employment of the left of the vertical stand . animals as·motor powers� . He is a stretcher, P. R is a ard proves, by an instrument, that brush which cleans the surface the movement of animated after the singeing, and at S is beings takes place by jerks, an arrangement for governing whence result shocks, and the folding. The burner used consequently a waste of labor. is shown enlarged in section. As an illustration of this and consists in air jet, C, and theory, M. Marey cites the ef­ a gas jet, B, which mingle at fort necessary' to draw a bur­ the extremity of the ronical den one. If the neces­ tube,A. The tubes for the behind 1 gas sary force .be transmitted by and compressed air are repre­ means of a rigid or almost un­ sented at D and E. The flame extensible strap, for insiance, from the burner may be ac­ of leather, the movement is curately adjusted, so that the jerky and more difficultthan if singeing may take place, after it were transmitted by an dyeing, without any disen­ elastic strap. It would, there­ gagement of smoke or odor. lore be better to attachhorses Two men at the crank work to the shafts with india rubber - the machine with facility. CLOTH. traces. He also gives in the· BLAICD'S KACHDIB FOR SINGEING

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. DECEMBER 19� 1874.J J titutifit JmtritllU. THE UNDERGROUND RAILWAY, YOBX CITY. OW ranged in the most convenient and handsome manner ; and the kind in this country. Besides the regular course of three NUMBER V. eleven hundred female students daily assemble in the fine years, a post-graduate course, occupying an additional year, central hall, before proceeding, to the rooms allotted the is in contemplation. Every precaution is taken to insure the Contlnned from page 371. to different branches of study. It is a wise and foreseeing re­ health of the students. Air, exercise, frequent change, and In our last issue, page 371, we gave drawings of the gulation of the New York Board of Education that all female short recitations are among the means taken to promote this peculiar masonry tunnels .of this great work, especially of teachers, appointed to the public schools, must be graduates end. The college has an attendance of over 1,000 students those portions which occupy the subsurface of the street of the Normal College. By this means, an unquestionably from all parts of the city, and of all creeds, classes and nation: high standard of education and of personal character is as­ directly in front of the large edifice known as the Normal alities. The number of graduates this year," says Harper's sured among those on whom the welfare of our next genera­ College, on Fourth avenue, at its junction with 69th street. We ekly, from which we select the engraving, " is 184-abou The excavation for the underground railway began directly tion primarily and chiefly depends. Admission to the Normal sufficient to supply the vacancies in our city schools." College can only be obtained by graduating from the public on the sidewalk in front of the main stairway entrance of -Eft4-eC- '--o-c -n ;.;a;' ·· ""!A ":I:-r -o-n--C-'-o--u ""l.-- the College, shown in our engraving. The cutting extended schools, in wJpch, and also in the Normal College, the in­ . M. Varrenstrass finds by recently conducted experiments down to a depth of 33 feet below the ground surface, and 21 struction is given free of charge f on this subject, that the loss in weight, due to a slow oxida­ eet below the foundation of the tower of the College. But The edifice was completed for occupancy on the 1st of 1873: tion and to the disengagement of gases which form the the angle of repose of the soil was not disturbed, and the September, The institution includes a training school richest part of the coal, may equal one third of the original stability of the College building was therefore at no time to afford practice 00 teachers. weight. The heating power in such coal was lowered 47 endangered, although, at the time, it appeared otherwise to The course of study in the Normal College covers thret;' to per cent of its former capacity. The same coal exposed to the the unexperienced eye. The work was executed last July. years, and embraces many branches of instrucition. President air, but in a closed receptacle, did not lose more than 25 per The successful carrying along the front. of College of so Hunter, in a recent address, made the following remarks con­ the cent of gas and 10 per cent of heating power. Bituminoul:! great a work as this underground railway, the outer walls cerning the curriculum : coals alter most rapidly. of which at this point occupy a space of 78 feet in width, " Geology, mineralogy, zoology; and phYSiology are taught This shows the disadvantage of damp cellars ,and of leaving while the foundations are 33 feet below the street surface, is in outline, and without requiring home study. The instruc­ coal uncovered for long periods and subject to bad w an example of the facility with which such works may be tion is given in the form oHectures, and for the purpose of eather. Judging from the large loss incurred, it would �eelll much prosecuted in New York city without danger to adjoining enabling the young ladies, when appointed to the primary th e better economy to provide suitable receptacles for the fuel, buildings. In the case of the College building, no special schools, to become intelligent teachers. In order to impart thl' saving in the .latter being sufficient compensate for thf' excavations were required, not even the use of sheet piling instruction, particularly on natural objects, some acquain­ to extra expense. at the side of the excavations. Our main streets are in tance with the elements 'alid outlines of the natural sciences •••• • general so broad and straight that underground rail ways may is indispensable. Of course it would be absurd to expect manufacturers of firearms in this country are as busy be constructed under their surfaces without difficulty or in­ profound scholarshi}l in all of these, or indeed in any of them, TH�] as bees in clover time. Large orders from foreign govern­ jury to adjoining property. Fear has been expressed in in the short period of three years. It would take a whole ments are now being executed. Turkey is having 600,000 of some quarters that the building of the Underground Rail­ life to make a scientific geologist. Nor can it be expected that the Peabody -Martini riflesmade, Prussia lotH of needle gun�, way under our great thoroughfare of Broadway, which, it we shall make profound Latin scholars ; but we can impart Russia 100,000 of Smith and 'Vesson's pistolt!, while Spain will be remembered, was finally authorized by the Legisla­ such a knowledge of this completely inflected language as calls for all that can be made of the Winchester and other ture in May last, might interfere with some of the adjacent will make the graduates much better teachers of reading, breech-loaders. buildings : but all such objections are idle, in view of the spelling, and etymology. The study of Latin will increase •••• • �uccessful completion of the present great underground rail­ their vocabulary, and strengthen their powers of thinking. Bergeron suggests that way on Fourth avenue, where the works are much wider We intend to make the young ladies so perfect in their Ger­ A NEW DUEDGING PRocEss,-M. deposits of sand and mud in harbors might be cleared aWR\­ and often deeper than will be required on the Broadway man that they can pass from us to the regular staff of the by forcing into them the perforated ends of large tuhe�, line. The width of the Broadway Underground Railway grammar school. The English language, composition, through which a powerful stream of water is forced. will not exceed 32 feet, whereas 78 feet is the width of the rhetoric, literature, and history shall receive all the attention Th.: numerous currents would, he thinks, act upon the deposit in work on Fourth avenue in front of the College. In our next that their importance demands, Language is so interwoven the same manner as so many underground springs, washing it article, we shall give drawings and descriptions of . the great with thought that the two are one and inseparable. They are awa,y so that the soil could be distributed by the flow of the single arch masonry tunnel north of the Normal College. almost synonymous. In cultivating language, apart from its ' tides. The arch of this section of the underground railway intririsic value. we are cuItivating the highest faculties of is 68 have • ••• • feet in diameter, and is a remarkable work. mind�mparison 'and judgment. Perhaps we a little .,., ,� .. ------said in France that the quarries of lithogr more mathematics than may be neces8a.ly, and the Committee h iI; aphic stone THE lfOBJU.L COLLEGE, YOBX CITY. in Ba�aria are exhausted as regards the best kind, OW on Normal College may deem it proper to cut it down ; and and that haV(J the only fine stones are now obtained by thB Paris The Normal College of New York city, Fourth avenue and yet, young ladies, if you would sound minds and · habits lithograph­ 69th street, is one of the most enduring and splendid monu­ of logicalreasoning, you must study mathematics." ers from Bl'liniquel, Tarn, and Garonne, in France. These ments of.the public school system of this country. Its pro­ "The Normal College has more than fn1fi1led the expecta­ stones are said to be well appredated ill the United States. There It testimony are ,quarries of the same stone at Vigan. portions are large, the building covering an entire block. tions of its friends. Bythe Of ftJIElrtB &8d super­ France, but ar� thet!�of _1nferior description �088eRSes gT� archfttoetltrat'beauty, and is fitted 'IlP"� intendents, ttturns out 'eIle bI!!IIt scliolaDJof any institution of

Fig. la.-TO U:JDEBaBOUliD BAILWAY IX nw YOlm.-T:O JrOBJUL COLLla� IBOliTIlIG TU won

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J •. • _ [DECEMBER 1 , 18'74 .. ------..--.-_._-----===------titutifit �m'tita 9 APm E8TDIIATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACm, .AGNE8IA, commercial superphosphates ; whether the product contains ferent from many others he had grafted. He simply grafted AND is LIllIE. sulphuric acid or free from it ; whether the proportions of a sweet apple scion on a tree that bore sour apples, and �he attack in the I cold 30'86 grains of phosphate wit.h a cubic alumina, oxide of iron, and lime are great or small ; the indi­ fruit was as I have stated. The fruit, however, after a few inches of hydrochloric acid or weak nitric acid, and filter it. cations of the process are always exact and concordant. years deteriorated, and became altogether sour and of a poor I 0'3 take cubic inch of this solution, add at first some cit.ric The method possesses the two (',haracteristics of accuracy quality. Would not the best plan be to leave it as a lwru8 acid, then ammonia in excess, and lastly precipitate by a solu­ and swiftness, and a degree of generality which renders it ap­ natu1'IIJ, and not attempt to explain it by assuming a more tion of chloride of magnesium. t.he liquid being maintained plicable in every case which may interest physiology, indus­ wonderful condition of thing8 E. ammoniacal . Chemical � try, and agriculture.-M. G. Ville, in Ne w. New York city. The phosphoric -acid deposits in the form of ammonio-mag­ llesian phosphate. By means of the ex hausting filter I sepa­ Our Lighthouses. rate it from the supernatant liquid, wash it with ammoniacal 'fhe annual report of the Lighthouse Board says . water, exhaust again, and finally dissolve the precipitate, by The magnitude of the lighthouse system of the Unit d How to Line ShaRing. e means of some drops of nitric acid, and estimate volumet.ri­ ' States may be inferred from the following facts : Edit01' of Scientific American: cally by means of acetate of nranium, according to M. Le­ To the the 1st. The coast, from the St. Croix river on the boundary conte's process, to which I haye made several useful I noticed your issue of November F. '8 uery a addit,ions. in 28, J. q lS to of Maine to the Rio Grande on the Gulf of Mexico, includes 'l' hanks to my new apparatus, the union of the shafting in lin e. T is important 5,000 the two methods best way to keep h is an a distance of miles. is complete, and the quickness of the process is such that, in matter, as much waste of power is ::!d. The Pacific coast has a length of about 1,500 miles. less than twp hours, ten estimations, at the least, canbe ma(le. caused by working adjusted shaft- The miles. ill &1. great northern lakes, about 3,000 The estimation of phosphoric acid becomes as easy as that of ing. Every one operating long lines 4th. The inland rivers, of 700 mi:kls, making' a total of more nitrogen by Rooa-lime, while it. is more general and not. less of shafting should provide an adjust- than 10,000 miles. accurate. ing rod, as shown in the' engraving. The following table exhihit,f{ a synopsis of what has been Suppose we have to superphosphates may a rod of wood or a piece of analyze of lime of A be accomplished in aid of navigation along these standard lines, commerce. necessity of distinguishing pipe, suffici ent le h to ach The phosphoric ud,! gas of ngt re by far longer than those of any other nation in the world : wi which is in the soluble state from that which is in the insolu­ from the shaft, 0, to thin about four Lighthouses and lighted beacons, 608 ; lighthouseR and ble state requires two parallel attacks, one with dist.illed feet of the floor ; an offset piece, B, is lighted beacons finished and lighted during the year ending water the other with weak nitric fixed to the top of this which car 1874, signals and acid. The operation is rod, - J uly 1, 2 lightships in position. 21 ; fog ope­ C ; 5; always the same. ,"Ve work on each liquid separately, as I ries a right and left hand screw, rated by am or hot engines, day o u t ste air 40 ; r nligh ed have just pointed out. in the case of natural phosphates. two jaws, D, travel upon this screw, b s, eacon 346;buoys in position, 2,R65. I will now describe the apparatus that has so much one upon the right and the other upon expe­ The board do not deem it expedinnt to attempt to introduc.· oit"d the work. A glanee at t.he drawing is Rufficientto under- the left hand thread, as shown. The the electric light, or that of gas, on account of the complexity Bcrew may be worked by a inch wire, and cos t apparatus. It is their intention, Fig. 1. t of the however, to with a crank, F, at its lower end ; if adopt any vements in the lamps, of the E, impro importance of a gas pipe is used, the wire may pass which they are assured by the results of photometric experi­ through the pipe, and the lower end of ment. nter the top of the pipe the screw, C, e The recent introduction of an improved wick has increased as a bearing. If the rod, A, is of e amount the capacity of their lamps of the first orderto th of a wood, three or four wire staples will hundred candles. This, however, is at a proportionately ill­ suffice as guides for the wire, as indi- creasedexpense, on account of the oil consumed. cated. A target,G, with a clamp screw, As to fog signals, the coast of no other country is so 8ub­ slides upon the for the purpose of ject to fogs as that of some parts of the United tate rod, t; tl. On easy adjustment to the sights of the 'this account, fog signals in many places are almOf:!t as ueces­ leveling instrument. sary as lighthouses. But abundant experience ha� ShOWll \ Now it will of course be apparent to that a sound of sufficient magnitude to become an efficient every one that, whenever several sizes aid navigation can only be produced a large amount to by of of shafting occur in the same line, power derived from steam 01' heated air and applied by mean!> this adjusting rod will always give the of complex machinery, expensive in first cost and in con­ exact central distance, 0, of the shaft tinued maintenance. Improvements are about to be intro­ from the target ; hence we have only ced to signal , du in regard the f og s which, while they will stand their arrangement and mode of action (Fig. 1). An ex­ to plant the leveling st ent in a in rum greatly increase the range which the sound may be heard, to to haustion is formed, equal to a very few inches of mercury, in position command a view of the tar- s t th will of nece si y inc rease e cost of their maintenance. the globe, D, by the help of a small hand pump. The base get when suspended from each of the ,.,e• • of the cone, A, oovated with-one or two disks of blotting several belfrings of a line of shafting, .... paper,' held in place by a ring fitting tightly by friction,.wo rks in order to adjust the level of a line Ti.� �.i7 .'Oxt"� The building consists principally of three flOOl's, and is sur- as a true filter. which acts under pressure. with the utmost expedition and ac· mounted by a tower of fifty-ninn feet in hight, and contains I have adopted forms of apparatus, one of platinum curacy. An engineer's tripod and level of course the best t.wo is twenty-�ix large rooms and numerous apartments, each s})('­ the other of glafl� 'l' he fragility the latter is is not at hand, linn (1<':ig. 2). of instrument for this purpose, but, when this cially adapted and deyoted to experimentf: in certain depart­ it is, the In an ordinary builder's level may be used: the longer ments of physical science. the magnetic room is placed 2 Fix ; a piece Fig, . better. a temporary sight at end of the level the great electro-dynamometer of the British Association. of tin of tin (with a small pin hole) next the eye, and a piece The room used for the experiments in heat at present con­ with a or thin wood with a larg e hole at the farther end, tains an apparatus de,';sed by Professor Maxwell for deter­ vertical and a horizontal thread stretched across the hole, minillg the viscosity of air. The galvanic batteryis connected with their point of intersection thn s ame distance the y p ahove b ro perly insulated wires with the lecture room and other The level may be used level as the hole in the eye piece. portions of the bUilding. The battery wWch will be em­ r upon a level stand or table, some five feet from t.h" tioo . ployed is, of coursl', confined in a room fitted expressly there- To adjust a line of shafting laterally, the adjusting rod to, and is of the st.yle known as Sir William Thomson's tray horizon ally in connection with must of course be used t a hattery. Tlw leeture room will afford accommodation for strong line, stretched as taut as possible, at such distance about one hundred and eighty students, the seats for the class of the from the shafting as to need nearly the full length rising at an angle of about t1�irty degrees, and three doors reason ing the line at such a rod to reach it. The for plac providing sufficient means of egress for the audience. In the nt the er nce in level distance from the shaft is to preve diff e room allotted to experiments in electricity of Wgh tension, an rially impairing the between the line and the shaft from mate apparatus contrived by Mr. Latimer Clark has been intro­ will so truth of the result. If the line is very long, it sag duced, for the purpose of keeping the air of the room dry. point much that a plumb line suspended from the measuring This consists of a heated copper roller, over which passes an meant; of the consolidation arm, M, which firmly obviated by of the target or rod may be necessary for perfect accuracy. tube. endless band of flannel. The roller is heated by means of gas fixes the exhausting be The j aws, D, should so formed that they may ap- s i y The facilit.y which this gives of multiplying esti­ be light with n it, b whieh, being constantly burning, every ' thod me plied to the inside of boxes. Pivot boxes are now so gen- t fl ecomes hot. mations has led me to define, experimentally, all the condi­ par of the annel b The vapor which arisea from erally used, however, that ihis application of the rod is not tions which could affect the precipitation of the ammonio­ the heated flannel is carried off by the current of air which so common. F. G. magnesian phosphate. Among other results, I have discov­ WOODWAIlD. supplies the burners inside the roller. The flannel, when •••• • of rendering the precipitation almost instanta­ thus dried and cooled, passes into the open of the room, ered a means Curious Apples. air neous. To effect this, it is necessary to operate on a moder­ where it again absorbs moisture,and thus the air of the room To the of the &ientiftc American : ate quantity of phosphate, and to employ an excess of chloride EdttOT becomes so dry that the electrical instruments are preserved Fletcher illia , of magnesium. With a small quantity of chloride the preci­ Your correspondent W ms in his attempted in a highly insulating condition. The electricity passes from pitation is slow, with more it is quicker, with an excess it is explanation of the.curious apple mystery, advances a novel the electrical machine to the tahle in the lecture room hy in­ sulated wires connected with the prime conductor of the immediate. After waiting a quarter of an hour, we may pro­ theory which, I think, will interest pomologists. rna apples The highest room in the building occupies the upper with the estimation of phosphoric acid, only the filtra­ This is the first time I have ever heard. that sweet chine. "eed In apples a state ; tion takes a little longer ; after an hour the result is perfect. were sour when unripe, or sour sweet in green portion of the tower. this room will be placed a Bunsen's of ammonia holds in solution very ap­ and I cannot fully understand which was the "abnormal water-pump, the water from which will thus have a vertical An excess of citrate the sweet or sour part of the fall of considerably more than fifty feet. This pump preciable quantities of ammonio-magnesian phosphate ; the growth " he speaks of. Was it will he in Monson, loss, however, which results from it is very slight. apple ? I know all about that tree of Dr. Ely's, used to exhaust a large receiver, from which pipes will com­ each of te with the different rooms ; so that, if it be desired Citrate of lime dissolves nearly three times more ammonio­ having myself picked many bushels of fruit from it, munica As you ob­ will magnesian phosphate than citrate of ammonia. The inter­ the apples being partly sour and partly sweet. to exhaust the ail' from any vessel, it only be necessary very sour. " vention of 1 grain of lime has sufficed, in fact, to raise the serve : " The sweet was very sweet, and the sour to connect it with one of these pipes, and turn on a vacuum. well devel­ For a Sprengel or loss of phosphoric acid from 0'033 to 0'066 of a grain ; but I The flavor of each was excellent, and the apple more perfect exhaustion, the other air pump of the sweet part was a can be employed. On the top of the tower will be fixed It have ascertained that an excess of chloride of magnesium, so oped and fully grown. The color Rhode rod, for the efficaciolls in hastening the precipitation of the ammonio­ bright lemon, and of the sour part a green, like the wooden mast, carrying a pointed metal purpose many specimens until they collecting atmospheric electricity. magnesian phosphate, completely neutralizes the solvent ac· Island greening. I have kept of apple appearing. • •••• tion of the citrates of lime and ammonia, and confers on the decayed, no change different from any other sour parts DR. A medical of results both accuracy and concordance. There was no "suture·" between the sweet and WYNTER BLYTH, officer health to the usually in a of Devon, Eng. , has made a. series of experiments I have studied the precipitation of phosphoric acid in the other than the difference in color, which was county was no show that water containing organic substances is puri­ presence of lime and aluminum, separately at first, then straight line and very marked. One part of the apple which through iron pipes. associated with lime ; and I have arrived at the conclusion more fully developed than the other. fied by running rnd •••• • that, by keeping the quantities of citric acid, of chloride of Probably your correspondent never saw such apples, little the case mentioned as As an inducement to provide safety precautions, a reward magnesium, and of ammonia, and of the total volume of the his explanation has as to do with others green of $2,000 is to be given to that colliery owner in Belgium in liquid between certain limits which I point out, the process it has in explaining why some apples are red and are him whOf:le pits the smallest number of workmen shall have in color, when 'both ripe. Ely tree been is of ilTeproachable accuracy. Dr. grafted the . was in y way dif- killed by explosionll in the ten years ending in Whether we are working with natural phosphate!! or with self, and was not awarethat the process an 1883.

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. DECEMBER l

required po!!ition f the balls corresponds to an i creased e governors. in as simple a manner as possible. ? � do not r sult from the unequal di�tribution of the electricity. speed. A sudden mcrease of w rk pu upon the engme pro rpvolving pendulum, such as is shown in Fig. 1, assumes ? � - Similar phenomena to those detailed above have been noted slowed A. duces a contrary effect, the engme bemg down con- upon the elevated plateaus of Mexico and nearlv a centur'- differ<-'nt positionR if to rotate Itt diffel'ent speeds ; and · made 8 derably below its proper speed before the necessary regula- ago Volney recorded remarkable noises ccurring during thu�­ � I � tlon can be m de All that such a g ver or can do, then, derstorms in the neighborhood of Philadelphia. South � : . � � In der gr at var atIOns of load I he en�e, IS to keep check- A ri � � � � . me ca, at Popayan, province of Granada, Boussingault say:; and mcreasl�g the speed, w� I h contmu lly va in �g C ';ill . � ?, that thunder is heard every day and electrical phenomena are v rse p oportlon to the load. ThiS dlfficultY ls parti ally m m � � . com on. The extreme d ryness of the Andine table land� by the obvlllted, In many form!! of governor, arrangmg con- also favors sim ilar effects and it is said that in the Chiliall in position of trolling me hanism so that a light change the desert involun y erectio of the hair upon animal!!, 88 well as ? � tar � the balls will produ a c onslerabl mo ement of the regu- the appearance of sparks from clouds to I:! com­ � . � � leaping oil, is m Fig. 2, here the ball lator. The ge.n�ral Idea IS shown .w mono Dr. Livingstone notes that during the spring, a period arms center t sp dle, and r are not Jomted t� the of h� m � e of great dryness, the African deserts are traversed by a warm connected to the regulatm colla , K, by d uect l evers, whICh north wind so highly charged with electricity that the plumeo . � � a re v ry hort m mparlson With the length of the a��. of the ostrich stand upright, and that sparks are produced � � � by estlmatmg the hlght of the balls of such a governor, 1t IS t In . he mere attrition of the garments. to be measured from E, where the cent.er_ of the ball hnes In India, at Certain localities, telegraphic wires are main- arms roduc�d cut the center of the spindle. of � . with great trouble. It is stated that during storn!!:! bl sh w t tamed An l llspectlon of the �a e of h ights will ? liat, �here exceeding violence the conductors become charged almost to a gove 0 is at a high number of revolu IOns, consldera- ti so Loomis has observed r.n � � � . . mel ng. Profes r abundant electricity I t a s i ble variatIOn III t e spee only aff �cts the � gh � l ght in the atmosphere about New York city, especially during Henc III� additIO� n to a d ct and effective con ec egre� . e, u� � - winter. 'Ve have repeatedly remarked the high electrical � . e g v o a gh tIOn, It IS generally a good plan to g1V he peaking, the hight of a pendulum revolving with­ •••• • out resistance is slightly altered by the weight and centrifugal BeCorm Needed at the Patent OfHce. force of the connecting arms ; but as governors are usually Unless there is an early and decided change in the practice con�tructed, the weight of these parts is so small, in compari­ of the Patent Office in its treatment of inventor:>, the insti. son with the weight of the balls, that the correction is un­ tution will lose its character for usefulness. '1'he annual important in practice. report shows the enormous number of 7,500 application:> for Below are given the hights, calculated by the foregoing patents rej ected last year, while probably as many more rule, for different speeds : were delayed and their claims emasculated. We hope that Revolutions HIght In Hevolut.lolls Hight in per t i che the rejected applicants will all write to their members of minute. luellef-!. per minu e. n 8. 10 275 0'4646 Congress in complaint, and ask for official enquiry. '1'he 338!l·022'08 0'3912 press is be inning to ke the matter up. 2030 300350 0'2873 g ta TM Te cltrwlogi8t 40 3922'01'12 0'2201 says : "Commissioner Thacher will most promote the wel­ 50 1 '08 400 0'1739 fare of the Patent Office, and the rights of inventors, by put ­ 4 450 which is an illustration of the simplest form of Porter gov­ 60 9-78 500 0'1408 ting his foot firmly down upon this uncalled-for practice of 70 7'184 550 0'1164 ernor. The weight, E, is connected to the governor balls by standing in the light of inventors, instead of giving to their ;3 ·501 600 0'0978 rods, C, E D, of the same length as the ball rods, C F, :;0 E applications the u l 90 650 0·08333 D F. In such an arrangement, if there is no other resistance f l , fair, and impartial consideration to 100 ·1-347 0'07184 the parts, h the which, in law, justire, and equity, th.,y are entitled." 125 2'253a'521 7507:00 0'06259 than that of the weight of t e hight of balls 150 1'564 0'05501 corresponding to any speed of governor, can be found as •••• • · 850800 0'04873 follows : Blood Coloring Matter Free From Iron. 1 75 t 50 U'88021 Add twice the weight on the spindle to the weight of both MM. uelin and Jolly announce that they have ob­ �OU 0'6955 950900 0'0'0390104347 Paq balls, and divide that sum by the weight of balls ; tained the hematic pigment -in a state of perfect purity 22;3250 0'5633 1000 both multiply the quantity so obtained by the number in the and free from iron. Hematosine, as it is termed, burns­ A 0'01:521 pre­ simple ns ec on of this table will suffice to show table. to resinous substances. It is i p ti that ceding without uh, similar in­ the oonditions , under which these hights were calculated, do For example, suppose we h of the pure and ' so ves in small proportion that the ig t two b&llil is soluble in water, � l not occur in practice. For instance, it is not unusual to und , on spindle is in ammoniacal to gives a light yellow run a 100 po s IItI1dh t e weight the 500pounds, the water, which it governor at a speed of revolutions a minute ; but our hight corresponding to given speed - caustio soda so on , to 250 any is 11 times the bight tm8"'. It is altered by potash and luti S readers must have observed that in such a case the vertical in the table. It is evident from it brown col r and sol ble in this that such a goverD4)l' which gives a p , is lightly u distance from centers of balls to point suspension is is much more sensitive than one in which no resistance is alcohol. The solvents of hema ine are ether, chloroform, of tos w y more _ al a s than -Ar of an inch, which is about the hight encountered, since -the position of the baJ.ls changes much benzine, and bisulphide of carbon. With these bodies the given by the table, The reason for thii!. and the proper cor more rapidly with given variation of w� ROlution is amber-colored \ when ooncentrated, a speed, red.

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J.titntifit jlUtritan. EXTRAOTOR. OOPPEN'S Dn'ROVED TRANSPLANTER. Dn':&OVED SPIKE compressed air and the spring tension, and it is set in motion The 'object of this invention is to remove railway spikes, by admitting more or less air into the cable, thereby opening, This is an ingenious of a double-bladed more or less, a small connecting valve. arrangement heavy nails, or similar fastenings from wood, quickly and trowel, the object of which is to remove plants from thp The submersion without bending the iron, so that the spike or nail can be is regulated by two horizontal rudders ground and set them in another place without destroying the used again without s�raightening. The arrangement of the turning on a transverse axle, which projects from each side soil around the roots. near device is also such that the extraction is easily accomplished, the bow. These wings or rudders are so contrived and The outer blade, A, has a curved shank, and a tong which governed even when the spike is headless. that they keep the torpedo at a depth of from 7 feet enters and is secured to the handle, B. The shank of the inner to 12 feet below the The arms of the grapple, A, may be hinged, or arranged to surface, and are provided with automatic blade, C, is curved to fit upon the inner side of the shank of devices, so spring together, as shown in our illustration. The sharp that the latter limit cannot be exceeded. In order the outside blade, and is pivoted thereto, at its extremity, by corner ends of the jaws are driven into the wood on each side to note the course of craft, a light steel mast is secured to the of the spike, and then, if hinged, further compressed by the deck. This is 12 feet in length and terminates above in a becket, B. The head of the grapple passes through a notch wooden ball, the forward side of which is painted sea green, into a tube, C, which last is swiveled to the lower extremity so as not to be perceptible to the enemy, and 'he rear white,. so as to beeasily distinguished above the water by those dis­ patching the torpedo. Openings are made in the engine com­ partment, through which the water enters, completely filling the interior space. The machinery is made of bronze with boxwood bearings, so that the water serves as a lubricant to e e portion, thus doing away with stuffing boxes at the v ry rudderS, and, besides, avoiding any danger of the mechan­

ism falling to operate through rust or neglect to oil.

To the engine power of the torpedo, no precise limit can be set. The whole force of the heavy engines of the torpedo boat, from which the weapon is dispatched, may be used to compress air up to almost any desired point. Captain Ericsson informs us that, small as the craft is, it towed a scow, forty feet long by fourteen beam and drawing two feet of water, without trouble. Driven at a high velocity by its large screws, it seems probable that the machine would make light work of piercing ordinary torpedo netting, or at any rate the explosion of its heavy charge of 400 pounds of nitro-glycerin, at such a short distanee from a vessel as the length of her lower booms, would be sufficient to accomplish its purpose. Of course the torpedo hull is destroyed by the explosion but this would be a t rivial loss in exchange for the total wreck of an enemy's man-of-war. The cable, however, remains uninjured, for it necessarily becomes detached and may be readily hauled in. Our illustration represents the mode of launching the torpedo from the deck of the vessel. To this end the appa­ ratus is hoisted up on swinging davits, the arms of which are previously turned over the deck, When lifted clear of the rail, the torpedo is carried outboard by revolving the davits, by bars inserted in the sockets in the broad portion of the of the !'Icrew, D. By turnmg the latter, .he grapple and davits, as shown. Nothing remains but to lower the machine part of the outer shank is formed with it the spike-under the head of which the jaws catch­ into the water by the falls. The whole operation, we are a screw. Upon the middle which, on the inner shank, sup­ are lifted. The jaws have sharp cutting edges, which, when informed, is accomplished in one minute. a bend to receive the tong, D. they are f� rced together, bite into the nail, so that a good A series of trials with the Ericssoll pneumatic . torpedo has . ports thehandle, In brought together, and purchase is gained on the latter, whether it has a head or not. lately been conducted on board the Intrepid, Commander using the device, the blades are one side of the plant, as shown stout standard is provided, supporting the apparatus. A. P. Cooke, U:s. N., commanding, which has demonstrated thus thrust into theground at A B and D, are next operated The device seems to be an efficient and useful invention, and the invention to possess a remarkable degree of efficiency. in our illust.ration. The handles, around the roots, doubtless will meet a favorable from"l"ailwnybuild­ If further experillleni'l!, soori another to for� ('lDe or e other ihe I'OOeptiort � instlVtlted flXlm � of blades torpedo ' boat, the Nina, prov.e, . with the slightly modified bringiDg directly other dotted ers and others having occasion for its use. the two oppoSite each (see Patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency, steering gear, as successful as the initial tests arove referred lines). The instrument is then raised from the ground , September 1874. For further information. address the to, we may fairly conclude that that long-sought weapon, taking the plant with it, and holding the soil undisturbed. 29, inventor, Mr. William Devine, Brownsville, Cameron county, a reliable fish torpedo, has at length been devised. As to the The plant may easily be set in the desired place, the blades . probable result upon naval it is only possible to sur­ turned back to their former position, and the implement re­ Texas. wadare, _1., . moved. By taking off the movable blade, the device may mise. Against the attack of the torpedo, there is practically be TO ERIOSSON PDUXATIC TORPEDO. no defense, for its approach cannot · be seen. ArnloI' plating, converted into an ordinary garden trowel. Through the courtesy of the inventor, Captain John Ericsson, even did it extend to the keel, would prove no shield, and Patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency, of Monitor fame, we have been favored with sketches of the the Inflexible's one hundred and twenty watertight compart­ October 27, 1874. For further particular!! regarding sale of which the accompanying illustration has been rights, address the inventor, Mr. George Coppen, P. craft, from ments, which the' English constructors hope will render her E. 0 prepared. proof against such attacks, would fare badly under the te:ri­ Box 686, Evansville, Ind. 1,200 The body of the torpedo consists of a box of thin steel ble effects of pounds of gun cotton, with which Captain •••• • plates, 8 feet 6 inches long, 30 inches deep, and 20 inches Ericsson says he couldbreak any ironclad completely in two. Eleetrle Hallway wide. The explosive is placed at the bow. During the ex­ We do not doubt but that the same ingenuity which can Whistle ... periments a block of wood 27 inches long represented the devise a weapon of offense is equally competent to provide a The French have lately introduced a system by which a to containing vessel. A tapering block 18 inches long and means of defense, at least such has been the experience of stationary electric battery is made subservient blow the lo motive, in case the road is not fiecured to the rear of the box forms the stern, immediately the past, as evidenced by the almost uniform progress in whistle of an approaching co an . aft of which are the propellers. These are of the two· bladed guns on one hand and armor on the other ; but what de­ clear, without the engineer having to give Y,attention to it of course, exceedingly at type, 3 feet 2 inches in diameter, with a pitch qf 5 feet. fense,save that of giving an enemy ' the widest berth pos­ Such an arrangement is, valuable fog, when signals cannot Both revolve around. a common center, yet in opposite direc­ sible, and fighting at enormously long range, is likely to prove night, and especially during a 11" the m . tions, a necessary condition, since the llOwerful rotary efficacious, we are at a loss to conjecture. seen at a distance. It is the reverse of syste intro duced on the Hudson river rail· movement of a single screw road, by which every approach­ would cause the small hull ing locomotive sets a stationary to keel and probably revolve, electro-magnetic alarm bell unless retained in a vertical at he depot in motion. position by the ingenious ex­ t In the French system referred to, the pedient of causing the rotary obstruction at the depot startK tendency of one propeller to the steam whistle on every at:­ counteract that of the other. proaching locomotive when the The displacement is greater train is still far enough away than might be supposed, con­ slacken speed and stop, sidering the small dimensions to It has now been in uninterrupted of the body, 2,000 pounds operation on the line of the being barely sufficient to bal­ Northern Company of France ance the weight of the whole for some time, and has apparatus. bet'n found practically successful The motive power is a small ill regularly infornling the p,n · double cylinder oscillating en­ use, gine,driven by compressed air, gineer whether the way is clear or not. The signal tender turns which is trsnsmitted through a disk and sends an electrie <:lU­ a tubular cable, connected just rent in the direction of the com ­ abaft the stern, as shown in our engraving. The air pres· ing train to a bar placed between sure also governs an equipoise the rails ; when thc engine reach· es the spot, a metal brush, placed . rudder, secured under the bot- between the wheels, sweeps the tom and near the bow. The steering eftected by apply­ bar, the cU).Tent passes to the is ing the force the air against engine, and, by means of an elec­ of tro-magnet, presses upon a lever the tiller on one side, counter­ acted by the tension of a spring which opens the steam whistle, thus making it blow automati­ on the opposite side. The ac­ of is such as cally. The rapidity with which tion the apparatus wholly the danger signal can be sent to be indepeu.dent ot the the diff ereatiaJ force of TKE BJI,I0880li PliBVKATIO TOlLPBDO. appears to be mucll. iDits favor.

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. . DECEMBER 19, 1874.] , titutifit Jtutritau • 391 THE number of meters (meter 3'28 feet) of thread contained in a stalk, about feet high, terminated by an umbel-shaped YUCOAS. it Much might be writt\:ln, and that to good purpose, on the gramme, (15'43grains). inflorescence, at the base of which are numerous scarious stately effects to obtained by the judicious planting of 3. length of the skein admitted for all kinds of threads bracts of a greenish white color. The flowers are tubular, btl . The yuccas of different kindsin garden scenery. It is impossible is at 1,000 meters (1,100 yards), with decimal subdi­ very fragrant, about 6 inches long, pure white, slightly fixed to overlook their beauty, even when planted singly or in for­ visions. greenish at the ends of the petals, which are five in number, mal lines ; but if ged in bold groups and masses, they 4. Any system Qf reeling, provided that it gives 1,000 linear in shape, reflexed and twisted, and from to 4 inches arran 3 are unsurpassed as floweringand foliage plants for outdoor de­ meters of thread per skein, is admissible. long. "In .the center of each flower,"says W. M., an English coration. Their great panicles of pearly white, bell-shaped blos­ 5. The numbering of silk threads to be 1,000 meters as a amateur, " is a shallow cup, from which issue six long stamens. soms contrast so well with bright green conifers and low-grow­ unit of fixed length, and the decigramme (1 '54 grains) as a The leaves are radical, persistent, stalked, oval-elliptical in ing shrubs of less distinct contour that all through the summer unit of variable weight. shape, and a foot or more in length ; the leaf stalks are and autumn it is possible to form charming pictures by mass­ 6. rd to provide for the relations of all winged. and sheathing the flower stem." This very striking In o er commercial ing them either on the margins . plant, the habit of which is of shrubberies or in sheltered well shown in our illustration, nooks on the lawn and pleasure deserves more attention than it grounds. These plants Rre sim­ appears to receive at present. ply invaluable if properly used It is easily multiplied by se­ in forming picturesque groups paration of the young bulbs, and clumps, instead of being, as which should be taken from is too often the case, dotted in­ strong plants after they have discriminately here and there done flowering. It may also bo on turf in unmeaning regularity . multiplied by means of tho It has often been said that the suckers which the plant fre- hollyhock is the only decorative quently produces. flowering plant of any import­ ance to the landscape gardener. Deep M1nlng. But the yuccas are even more Many of the leading mining stately, however ; and they are companies on the Comstock permanent in character, being lode are now down to the depth quite as ornamental in winter as of 2,000 feet, and a few still in summer. They succeed near­ deeper. Whenmining firstbe ­ ly equally well in any. soil, but gan on the great lode, such a a deep, rich, well' drained loam depth was not thought of, or, is preferable ; and they make if thought of, no one expected finer specimens, if sheltered from to see mining operations car­ rough, cold winds, than they ried to such a depth as 2,000 would do if more exposed. The feet in less . than fifty years. flowers of all the species (and Now we not only do not feel these are more numerous than startled at hearing the great many imagine) closely resemble depth of 4,000 feet spoken of, each other, being mostly of ivory­ but when we see preparation like whiteness within, the backs in actual progress, for sinking of the thick, wax-like segments that far, we think but little being more or less tinted with of it. The Savage company, purple. Much may be made of whose works we yesterday visi­ yu(',cas by associating them in ted, ha ve broken ground for well arranged masses alongwith' the foundations of new ma­ other distinct and gracefullyhab­ chinery, which is to he soffi: ited plants, such as the pampas ciently powerful sink their to grass, arundo conapicua, hardy main incline to adepth of 4,000 bamboos, dwarf fan palms, and feet. This incline is already a score of other valuable decora­ some distancebelow the 2,100 tive plants too foot l�vel, and is still being seldom'in seen our' gardens. vigorously pushed downward. Our engraving shows how a The new hoisting machine will shrubbery recess may be made a be supplied with two 24 inch charming picture by the use of horizontal cylinders, of feet 4 yuccas alone ; and it is in posi­ stroke, and will be of over 400 tions such as these that the flow­ horse power. The foundations ers show the best advantage. of this engine are being laid to The-kindshere shown are y. fila­ about 80 feet to the westward on the left, a kind which of the present hoisting works. mentoBa bears rather lax but graceful A building, 50x60 feet in size, spikes of flowers. The central will be erected over the new specimen is y. a form hoisting engine and the ma­ allliolia, generally met with in cool con­ chinery connected therewith. servatories, although perfectly The carpenters are already at hardy in sheltered positions ; and work framing the timbers for it is a rather curious fact that this building. The steel wire A GROUP OF YUCCAS IN BLOSSOM. the variegated form of this plant rope to be used is to be 4,000 is found to resist cold better than the normal kind. Both, countries, the scale of numberings for silk will be based on feet in length, and will weigh about24,000 pounds. It is now however, make noble plants. The right-hand figure repre- the variable weight of the unit of fixedlength, and trials will being manufactured by John A. Roebling's Sons, Trenton, 8tmts the common Adam's needle (y. gloriosa), one of the be authorized on 500 meters (550 yards) weighing 50 milli­ N. J. It will be a round rope, and the upper end will be two most robust of all the speci\:ls ; and associated with it is the grammes (0'772 grains). inches in diameter, but 2,500 feet of its length will be tapered, free and vigorous y. recurva. These last rarely fail to flower ------.�.�.�.�.------and the lower end will be 1! inches in diameter. The reel THE HntENOCALYX UNDULATA. every year.- on which this cable will wind and unwind will be conical, The Garden. The genus .hymenocalllx was founded by Herbert, who sepa------�.� .•.�.. .� ------Il;nd the cable will wind about it spirally. The Ophir com­ The Diamond Drill. pany contemplate the erection of similar machinery, and pro­ The diamond drill is now extensively used in preliminary pose pushing their works to a like depth. The Crown Point mining, to ascertain the exact location and thickness of ore company already have in operation machinery of much the or coal at given poiilts. It is not uncommon to bore into the same character as that being erected by the Savage folks, lionel sides of hills or mountains for hundreds of feet with a 2t having a cable of sufficient length to sink to the depth of inch diamond drill of tubular fonn. By this means solid 3,500 feet. The Hale Norcross company, Consolidated & cores or specimens of the borings can be had. Conglo, Virginia company, and other leading companies at thi8 eud merate rock cores,12 feet in length, in one piece, have thus of the lode erect similar powerful works, and will at will been obtained. once plunge down into the great unknown "depths pro­ ------�.�.�.�I�.------found," in which lie hidden the silver roots of the Comstock The Yarn 'Congre •••

The second session of the Congress, held first at Vienna - Virginia En----�-----terpria8. .... �I .... �..... ------last year, to establish a uniform system of numbering yarn, The Imitation oC Lace on Sllk by Photogral"lly. has recently concluded'at Brussels. A new and beautiful application of photography has lately It was unanimously admitted that all textile fibers should appeared in England, by the aid of which any lace design can be numbered upon one universal system ; that the metric sys be transferred to silk, so that the latter material appears to be tem is gradually becoming generally employed for weights covered with the delicate and costly fabric. The lace to be and measures, and that it is the only one that is admissible copied is secured in frame in contact with sensitive albu­ a in the reform sought for by this commission ; that, although menized paper, and exposed to the light until a very deep im­ it would be possible to adopt one perimeter for all classes of pression is obtained. This is then fixed,and the paper, washed threads, it is advisable to take into consideration established and dried, forms a·perfect negative. Another piece paper of customs, the difficulties that would have to be overcome is then sensitized withbichroma te of potash and gelatin, and and in introducing so great a change ; and considering that there exposed underthe' negative. Inking with lithographic trans­ is no real necessity for fb.ing in an absolute manner the reel fer follows, and paper is placed in water and lightly ink the perimeters for each class of threads, moreover, that the rubbed with po ge. This throws out every detail of the arid, a s n perimeter of the English reel for cotton of meters spaces, the'restremaining white or free from ink .. The 1'37 (it ., �tl

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Spectroscopic A.rt E d and A._eric.. d The spark, passing through the vaporizes its con Baryte8 •• er ".Pllate oC ....,.... 1D n _ in air, Ore Within the past few months, a series of independent "fforts stituents, namely, oxygen, nitrogen, etc. ; these of course write 'fhis salt has been· introduced · into commerce UDder the have been made in England and the United States, under their signatures in the spectroscope, and it is necessary to names of Cusel green or R nst l's ­ ose ieh green. It has gen the auspices of the two governments respectively, by able eliminate the numerous bright air lines which thus appear in erally been prepared. by calcining nitrate of baryta with experimenters, to subject the spectroscope to practical pur- all the spectra. Some of the lines of different metals appear oxide or peroxide of manganese, or by fusing caustic baryta

poses in the arts, more especially in the quantitative analysis in close proximity, and might readily be misinterpreted. with manganese and chlorate of potash. The author gives a of metallic alloys. 'f hus a bright blue line of bismuth is almost identical in new m ethod f prepara ion. On or its t precipitating a green In England, the experiments have been conducted for the position with one of zinc. A green line of iron is nearly boiling solution of manganate of potash with chloride of Royal Mint, by J. Norman Lockyer, the distinguished astrono_ coincident with a bright gold line. The difficulty which pre- barium, there is formed a dep sit strongly granular o , but not mer and spectruDl.-8cientist, and William Chandler Roberts, sented itself in the eoxact comparison of these proximate crystalline. This precipitate is of a violet color, bordering on chemist of the Mint. lines, was overcome by using a pure metal as one electrode ; blue. It is well washed by decantation, and then filter d. I e In thitl country, the experiments were conducted on behalf and another pure metal as the other electrode. ' The effect ; When dried, its color become. paler as the temperature rise · s of the United States Mint, Philadelphia, Pa., by Alexander thereby produced was very curious. With pure gold and i At a dark red heat it is white, with a grayish blue tinge. If Ollterbridge, Jr. pure copper as the electrodes, the gold lines extend across heated higher, with access of air, it becomes by degrees com. 1!1. s only one half the field of the spectrum, and the copper lines pletely green, then of a tine blue, and at very e 'rIte everal experimentalists ha\'e, it appears, reached I [ elevat d tem extend across only the other half, the medial termini of both . peratures it is nverted into widely different conclusions. co a dirty brown gray. If a solution y sets of lines being perfe t sharp and bright. y this means . of permanganate of tash is ri )11-. Lockyer has announced that he is satisfied that b c ly B po precipitated with chlo de o f lIleans of the spectroscope very minute differences in the I a double spectrum o f copper and gold is obtained, or rather a . barium, and allowed to boil, there is slowly formed a reddish ection of a complete gold spectrum and section of a com- composition of gold-copper alloys can be ascertained, but I, s a i violet deposit (color of peach blossom), and the liquid retaini!l refrains from describing the process. I plete copper speetrum are visible in immediate juxtapositioll, ! an intense violet color. The precipitate may be washed by thereby enabling a most accurate comparison of lines, hich I d u Mr. Outerbridge announces that a comparatively large pro- . w ecantation, and filtered witho t decomposition. It can even in reality are not identical in position, but which by the pr.,· be dried at Fah. portion of gold may be present in an alloy,and the presence 2120 without losing its color. Whe n vious method were apparently so. gradual y heated, the o of the gold will not be indicated at all by the spectroscope. ! l permanganate of baryta loses its col r He also concludes that, in the presf'nt state of By a slight modificationof the experiment, substituting like he manganate, but at very gh temperatures it behaves spectroscopic pur" t hi science, by means s ec rum a nalYRis i� . f or the copper as one electrode and an alloy of silvAr and gold t e : differently When its color once been destroyed b y a assaying of p t as h has rest'nt, impracticable for the purpose of Mint operation8. other, the proximate lines of these three metals are re- ' moderate heat, it does not become either green or blue by p p '£here appears to be as great a divergencc 0Jl bj t s ented, mapped, as it were, on a natural scale. : further heating with access of air. The whole becomes t.his su ec at hetween Mr. Lockyl'r Mr. Outerbridge, as there is b ee By using as one electrode an alloy of gold and once of a grayish brown. The finestba ryt and etw n copper of I es green is formed Professor Tyndall and Professor Draper, on the subject of comparative fineness, and a b aser alloy of the same metals by calcining the manganate of baryta. Rosenstiehl's process heat power of the sun's rays, between P as the other electrode, a result not before observed presented -the fusion f hydrate of baryta with chlorate of pot h the or rofessor o as Tyndall and Professor Henry, on the subj ect of the propaga- itself. The lines of both copper and gold crossed the entire and peroxide of managanese-yields an inferior color. -E' tion sound. When the doctors disagree, s a ? field of vision, but in the section representing the fine alloy, 'lin of who h ll decide Fleisclwr, OhemiooJ, New8...... ------experiments of Mr. Outel'bridge are confirmatory of a the gold l ines were strong IIlIld bright ; while in the section ------.- .. 'l'he aad Plates f'or Batterle statement, made, we believe, by Professor Young, in reference representing the base alloy, the gold lines were very faint. ClU'bon Cell. Guv_Ie •• to spectroscopic observations of the sun, to the effect that be- B y now gradually increulng thc distance between the 'V ith a sirup made of equal quantities of lump sugar and cause we fail to discoyer the lines of carbon, silicon, oxygen, electrodes, the faint gold lines of the base alloy cease to join water, mix woodcharcoal in powder with about asixta part of we are not in their bright counterparts of the fine metal at the central a light powder sold by colormen, called vegetable black. The etc., in the solar tlpectrum, warranted in draw g line. mixture should hang thickly on any mold dipped int it and the conclusion that th6l:le elements do not exist in the sun. o , The general principle was thus satisfactorily proved, that yet be sufficiently fluid to form itse f into a smooth surface . �Ir. Outerbridge has made a full report of his experiments l chief aSl:!ayer of the Mint, a where two alloys of difterent grades are subjected to this The vegetabl� black considerably helps this respect. to the and he lso gives, in a in - treatment, the gold lines of the baser compound are notice- Molds of the ells required are made of sti paper, and recent number of the Franklin Jo urnal, a variety of inter c ff ably the fainter of the two ; what is more important, secured by wax or shellac. A pro ection d esting facts, f), om which we take the following : and they j should be ma e on the top of t h mold for a counect ld are The beautiful parti-colored band of light, resembling a may be reduced in length by separating the poles, until t hey e ingpiece . T hese mo s a'Jction II. ni dis ppear. dippedinto the carbonsirup, so as to v r of mi ature rainbow, resulting from the passage a co e the outllide only . light through prism, i .Although Mr. Cappel has II hown that 0'0162 of a and th n allowed to dry. 'I' his is repeat d of a ray of white a is famil ar to every tl'OY e dipping and drying e un il the cells are suffici ntly thick. Wh olle ; this simple experiment forms an appropriate introdue- grain of gold will show a spectrum, yet a comparatively t e en well dried they tion to the fascinating study of spectrum analysis. large proportion of gold may be present in au alloy, the pres- are then buried in sand, and baked in an oyen sufficiently hot EvelY kind of light not strictly m onochromatic .. by ence of which will not be indicated at all by the spActro. to the p aper mold. 'Vhen cleared from the sand and may destroy means of the prism, be resolved into scope. burnt paper, the for in its component colors. cetIs 'we sOaked lIOme houft dilute 'I' 11 s m le : Si ver, 708 parts; hydroehlorica cid, and again well dried, then soaked in sugar he spectroscopE' h< i p combination of prisms and In a slip composed thus l Ct'pper, 254 l for d ffe e ld, parts : the spectra of silver and a e sirup. When dry, they are then packed with sand in an iron "nses tIl!' I'cit-ntific eXlllllination rtf t.helle i r nt colors parts ; go 38 copper r box, gradually raised to a white heat, and left cool. or spectra. alone visible. to Should The numm·ous terrestrial whe e s e fact, a base alloy of gold and copper containing from some of the cells be c racked, they need not be but elements, n in th tat 01 In iIi rejected, incande cent vapor, g ive their own distinctive c 20 per cent of gold, th gold spectrum is barely visible; I covered with paper or plaster and dipped m lted s olors, which to 25 e in e paraftln. n the s lines of rn ge while in It. fine alloy of gold and copper, it was found that or plates 9f carbon rol ed or preesed out of a appear i pectroscope as light ar n d in Rods can be l definite element may be ea one per cent of the latter suffic es to show the copper similar composition, but made thicker. Carbon thus '}108ition, whereby Ilach sily made an l1110y ef nickel and copper, co i will be found to haye a good metallic ring and a fra . recognized. �peCtrulll. .Also in nta ning brilliant c ul an i duc per cent of nickel, its s pectrum is scarcely visible. ture.- The palSlSag" of powerf electric sparks (frolll n :.!i') It W. Sym01l-8, in If(atu-rt'. ------.-...... ------term nal e t HtlemS ev d nt, therefore, that spark selects the mort· tion coil), between two i points of th metal o be i e the Incennlt)' of'a Spider. a small portion of the , volatile metal as its vehicle. examined, vaporizes metal and thi s corresponden p A t writes to N that a s ide incandescent vapor transmits to eye of the spectroscopic If the spectroscope fails to reveal the prtlsence of anythi ature r conlltrncted the ng its web in an angle of his garden, the sides of which observer its luminous autograph, which Nature never coun- less than parts of gold in a base alloy, even a theorist were 200 attach ed b y long th re ad s to IIh rubs at the l1ight of nearly met l l! must admit that one could s carcely expect to be able to dis· tel'feittl. Should either or both of the al ic point , or t ree feet fl'6mt h e grave path eneatb . h h 1 Being much exposed electrodes, consist of an alloy of metals, th criminate with certainty .a variation of 1-10,000th in a fine . . e to t e Willd ,h t e equ octm ga e h two or more h lU . 1 1 s of t is autumn destroyed alloy. autograph of each lllay be clearly I'ead. . the web several times. Mr. Lockyer noticed, while studying theso luminous auto- :For the foregoing reasons, conclusion seems inevitable, the The ingenious s pider DOW adopted a new contriY&ncQ. spectroscopic science as it grapht!, that when he separated the metallic electrode!!, that, in the state of now exists, s ured It ec a conical fragment of gravel, with its larger cautling the spark to leap a greater t e air, assaying by me ans of spectrum analysis is, for the present distance through h ' end upwards, by two cords, one attached to each of its spectral lines no longer continued cross the entire impracticable for the purposes of Mint operations. the to opposite sides, to the apex of its wedge-shaped web, and left it field of vision ; but certain of them bro ke in the middle, and Although these experiments have resulted negatively frolll , suspended as a movable weight to be opposed to the effect of upon further increasing the distance between the electr the utilitarian standpoint from which they were undertaken, odes, such gusts of air as had destroyed the webs previously occu­ lines increased it is hoped that they may prove not altogether without the hiatuses in the spect.ral proportionately, value pying the same situation. but unequally with different alloys. As the proportion of in a m ore general point of yiew. The fact that quantitative The spider must have descended to the gravel path for this either metal of an alloy is increased, its liues lengthen, and proportions of composite substances may be recognized at all, special object, and. having attached threadsto a stone suitedto conyersely with the lines of the other metal. even to a l'ough degree, cannot but be regarded as a firststep. Upon this its purpose, must have afterwards raised this by fixing itself dil!covery, Mr. c yer the theory of a s All observations bearing upon the action of the spectral Lo k based pos ible J.pon the web, and pulling the weight up to a hight of more method of quantitative analysis. lines in indicating such proportions are at least worthy of man two feet from the ground, where it hung suspended by being recorded. Not t he least curious of these c e The spectroscope was known to be marvelously sensitive in id ntal elastic cords. to the impression of these uutographs, obseryations the fact that, while the spectroscope is sensi· and it, therefore, a - is .·e. 8 p Co_pound l1rlD.e. peared plain that, could such a method of analysis be reduced tive to the minutest fraction of a grain of gold in the pure New &om The substance in question, C.HsN,O, to a pralltical basis, its value would be immense in assaying state or in solution, it fails to reveal the presence of Ii much has a strong base alloy. resemblance hippuric acid. It forms white columns metaltl used in coinage. For although the present modes of larger proportion in a Another is the fact that to while the spark appears to select for i le of ­ of several millimeters in length. Freely in al!l!aying precious metals have been brought to great perfe e- its veh c trans soluble boiling water : sp arinrly in cold tion, yet the process is slow and tedious, requiring many miasion the more volatile metal in au alloy, and would thus "water and spirit of wine ; insoluble in absolute chemical operations and great delicacy of manipulation ; and seem to vaporize a greater quantity of the volatile than of alcohol and ether. If heated to 250" the no volatile component, yet in point of Fah. the crystals experience no change. If m r "there is something captivating in the idea of a determina- n· fact the loss of o e strongly heated, they decrepitate, evolve dense white tion, as it were by a flash of lightning or in the twinkling weight by such volatilization is in some instances much vapors of a peculiar odor, fuse, a eye, what proportion of gold or presen less in the former case than in the latter , and finally bum with the odor of of n silver is t in any The rationale of these horn. It is neutral to test paper, does not combine with bar or coin." It was with the hope of reducing this beautiful apparent paradoxes is not at pre­ bases, but forms with acids of Mr. Lockyer to practice that these sent evident ; but if we may judge byformer experiences in salts which do not readily cry.tal theory experiments , lize, and deliquesce on exposure to the were undertaken. which problems even more mYllterlous have been resolved air.-}t� BO/lldlUJtOJrk. power ul induction coil, reinforced by L rs by study, we are warrant ed in anticipating that, when a large A. f eyden ja , in coWlection with a t wo-pris Browning spectroscope, &ll number of observations, to be perhaps by ma.u.y m w �cle experi­ employed, and it was foun repeated compari. mentera p e dark collated, the true scen d possible.after gro ing int h , IIIaaU be t sons of the spectra of diftereut �known alloYs of gold n may of a struck, whioh shall discover the desidera­ a d sudden be copper, ma.p the difterence of fineness be c me !! tum of quantitative spectrum analysis. to tween spe i n havillg respectively 500 and 700 partso f gold in of th G 1,000 e •• ---- alloy, and even to recognize the variation between coin ingots A red hot iron passed over old putty will soften it so that and fine. re . 895 902 it i s easily moved

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. c· 393 Review.] accurately known, though the general correctness of the resistance to deposit is set up at the edge of the solder. The [InterDationai result is certain. Heat, of enormous intensity, can alone same remark applies to soft metal edgings and mounts. THEOOlf ll'lJ'l1l"TIOlf 01'THE 1RJl(. counteract this eftect, and give us the small density These should be rubbed with a strong caustic soda BY PBOPB880B C . ... YOUNfJ. observed. For our own part, considering what we know of solution, rinsed: a,ud then treated as follows :-Make a weak Number I. the amount, constancy,and permanence of the sun's radiation, solution of nitrate of copper by dissolving copper in dilute 'fHE nitric acid ; to a camel hair CENTRAL CORE. we find no difficulty in conceding any internal temperatme or other soft brush, tie three or Probably no subjects of scientific research have ever which may be necessary to account for the facts. four fine iron wires to form part of the brush ; dip this in the attracted more attention than those relating to the sun. His .. . nitrate of copper, and draw over the solder, taking care that [The Telegrapblc.- Journal.] preeminence in our system, as the controller of all planetary some of the iron wires touch it ;, tllin adherent of copper ELECTRO-DEPOSI'lIOlf ItETALS. a motions, and the origin and mainspringof all material energy 01' will form,and upon this a good deposit will take place. in.the earth and her sister world:;, invests with supreme in­ BY J. T. SPRA.GUE. 7. Old work for replating must have the silver and gold and modes of terest every problem concerning his nature Num r carefully removed ; if this is not done, there is apt to e a &i I.-PREPARATION OF THE ARTICLES. b action. 'fhe depositing of metals in the various forms required in failure of contact at the edges of the old coatings, which As to the sun's central core, the opinion which now gen­ the arts depends upon the practical application of the theo­ cauRes blisters and stripping under the burnisher. The best e1'8.lly prevails, though not without some dissent, is that it is retical principles which have been frequently explained. mode of stripping is with the scratch brush, etc., as described gaseous. 'l'he reasons which almost compel this conclu�ion The processes divide themselves into two general for mechanical cleaning, but chemical means may be used s dis­ ure easily stated. In the first place, kn�wing the sun' groups : 1 . Electrotyping, the forming of a mass of metal Gold is di�Bolved hy strong nitric acid, to which common tance, we readily compute its diameter, which turns out to intended to have a distinct existence of its own, and requiring salt is gradually added ; it may be collected aft erwards by nearly 108 times that of the earth, or in round numbers drying and fusing with soda. or potash. Silver is similarly be therefore to possess 0. certain amount of strength or c0- 860,000 miles.* Now, since the bulks of different spheres herence. 2. Electroplating, in which a mere film of metal dissolved by strong sulphuric acid and crystals of saltpeter, are proportional to the cubes of their diameters, it follows is be employed as a coveringto another metal, to beautify and recovered by diluting and precipitating with hydro­ t� that the volume of the sun, to use the technicalterm, is 108x it or to protect it from atmospheric influences. chloric acid, then reducing the chloride either by fusion with times greater than that of the earth ; in other words, carbonate of soda, or by acid and zinc cuttings. Copper can 108x108 The essential distinction between the two processes is that would require about 1,250,000 of the earth to make a globe be removed from silver by boiling with dilute hydrochloric it in electroplating the two metals are desired to be brought Run. as large in volume as the into absolute molecular contact, so that they shall form one acid, and tin and lead by a hot Ilolut,ion of p<>rchloride of sun According to the best determinations, we findthat the body, mechanically considered ; this depends entirely upon iron. about 320.000 timesas heavy as the earth ; and since, as we In preparing articles for silvering and gilding, process of is the absence of any intervening substance, that is to say, upon It fol­ have seen, it is a million and a quarter times as bulky, it the absolute clea,nness of the surface to be coated. Under or­ amalgamation is verycommonly employed, by which a very lows that its average density is less than that of the earth dinary circumstances', every surface is coated with a very thin film of mercuryis formed over the surface, which makes although we nearly in the proportionof one to four ; and this, strongly adhering film of air, which appears to condense a perfect connection between the two metals ; this is effected conspicuousamong know by means of the spectroscope that among the superficial molecules, and cling, as we sec liquids by a solution of one ounce of mercury in dilute nitric acid, and are metals, whose the materials of which the sun is composed do, to those surfaces which they can wet. This coating of then diluted to one gallon ; there must always be a little free pressure and in the liquid uensity, even when not under air will prevent adherence unless it is very carefully nitric acid present ; articles dipped in this solution take a that which has been mentioned. For since form, far exceeds removed ; most metallic surfaces form either oxides or Bul. grayish color, which on brushing under water become!:! a gravity of about 5'0, it follows the earth has a mean specific phides, and of course all collect a greasy film from the air, brilliant mercury surface. They must be at once traul:!ferred about 1'4, while the densities of that that of the BUU is only and the first and most essential operation is the removal of to the solution for coating, without exposure to the air; In titanium, manganese, chromium. copper, zinc, mag­ iron, all these impurities, so as present a pure metallic surface the case of iron or steel articles, a similar proce, s lllay be , range from 1'75 to 9. Of the l;Iubstances known to nesium, etc. to the new metal to be incorporated with it. used, but in this case it is best to add to the solution an ounce to exist in the sun, only sodium andhydrogen are lighter than of silver also dissolved in nitric acid. requires great care In electrotyping, on the other hand, it is necessary to It to density. It is to be remembered, also, that the lIun's mean ensure the presence of an intervening film, which, while not obtain a perfect mercury surface upon iron ; occasionally since the force of gravity at the sun's surface is twenty-eight sodium amalgam is rubbed over iron for this purpose ; resisting ordinary contact, will prevent true chemical or the on the earth, the effect of the weight of the times as great as molecular contact. To effect this, a-fter the surface to be iron must be very perfectly cleaned first. Iltra.ta ·near the surface, in compressing and increasing the deposited on (if metallic) properly cleaned from everything •••• • is density of the central parts must be correspondingly power· Street Cars Propelled which would deface the deposit, it should be lightly rubbed by Spl1.ngs. ful. things stand, then, there seems to be no possibility winding-up .A,s over with a leather or cloth moistened with turpentine in 'fhe of the spring barrels, which are carried of admitting that the substances which compose the sun are under the car,is effected by engine power, located at which a little beeswax has been dissolved-a piece the size of suitable mainly in the solid or liquid state, for that case the mean intervals along the track, as may be convenient fOl' the rnn. in a pea to 0. quarter of a pint of turpentine will suffice-to pre· far ex�ed that of the earth. engine density �ue,j; almost ne9Cssarqy vent adhesion without filling fine lines, etc. The stationary drives by belt the horizontal shaft, conclullioo. is·stPeD�helled by what 'we know the in­ up carrie!l in bearings, encloSed in a �tallic tube or casing, This. of The process cleaning varies according to the nature of solar aurface, where, although ex­ oj' beneath the roadway, and extending across the track ; close tensity of the heat at the the obj ects an.I the solutions they are to be used with ; the�e outer space, we find a temperature alongside whereof a covered box is sunk in the roadway, en. posed to the cold of processes arc mechanical and ' chemical. mechanlco.l �ufficient to keep the sollLr atmosphere charged with In closing It wheel, so shaped as to connect with the winding th e clean41g, it is desirable, if the objects will permit, to expose ramway car, vapors of the metals we have mentioned. 'Ve can hardly axle of the t and thus give the requisite motion first to a red heat, and then to rub and polish them thereto. On the of a car at any station, the spring doubt, therefore, that in the interiOl' of the sun the tempern­ them arriYal thoroughly by means of suitable brMhes and polishing sub' rels are quickly wound up by the engine. bal'. ture must be such as to make the existence of the metals in stances. The best apparatull for the purpose consists of cir_ It has hcen computed that the actual tractive force, requi­ the solid or even the liquiu state quite impossible. And yet cular brushes mounted on a spindle, driven by machinery or site to overcome the resistance of a street car weighing gross the theory that th ey are in a gaseous state is not without by a lathe. Circular piecell of wood, faced with leather, 5 tuns, is 60 on the driving wheels, corresponding to 720 tlifficulties. A few years ago it would have been urged with are Ibs. also useful, as also the blocks of solid emery now so much lbs. on the periphery of the spring barrel ; 24 and great plausibility that, under such a pressure as must obtain Ibs. 288 used for grinding aud polishing metals. substitute for the lbs. respectively correspond to a gross weight of 2 tuns ; and at the center of the sun, every would necessarily be A gas latter may be usefully made by soaking a leather facing with in like ProlJOrtions for intermediate weights. So far as pre­ liquefied ; and it would have been impossible to meet the vious experience goes, a sl)ring 6 bs in weight, exerting a di­ glue, and coating well with emery, turning the wheel when I . objection by any knowledge then in our possession. The rect pressure of 105 1bs., may be taken to represent the maxi­ nearly set against a roller, so as to consolidate the surface. recent researehes of Andrews have, however, shown that a mum in size and power of such steel SPlings. Under the Most articles, however, are more rapidly and conveuiently or gas, if above a certain critical temperature, refuses stimulus applied by M. Leveaux's researches, the steel manu­ vapor cleaned by chemical means. '1'he first of these is the removal be liquefiedby any pressure whatever, but, growing denser facturers of Sheffield, by special and improved plant, anneal­ to of grease by boiling in a solution of caustic soda, made by and denser under the pressure, still maintains its gaseous ing ovens, and appliances, have turned out springs 50 to 60 boiling lbe. of common washing soda.and quickl me in characteristics, which are continuous expansibility under 2 �. lb. i feet long, capable when duly coiled of exerting a pressure a gallon of water ; after this they should be well brushed of diminishing pressure without the formation of a free surface 800 lbs. to 900 Ibs., without permanent set. In France, also, under water. The further processes will depend upon the steel driving bands, with great elasticity, are made,100 yards of equilibrium, continuous expansion under increasing tem­ nature of the objects. in length, so that the question of the possibility of obtaining pe1'8.ture without the attainment of a boiling point, and, in 1. Silver is washed in dilute nitric acid, then dipped for a springs of the requisite size and power is practically solved the case of a mixture of different substances, a uniform diffu­ moment in strong nitric acid, and well washed. Care must M. Leveaux has had the necessary mechanism and ap­ sion of each through the whole space occupied, according to all be taken that the water does not contain chlorinesalts ; if the pliances made by a well known firm of engineers, so as to the law of Dalton and without regard to specific gravity. ordinary supply does so, the first rinsing after acids must be fit up a tramway car or cars for actual trial upon some of These essential distinctions between liquids and condensed made in water prepared for the purpose by removing the the lines of metropolitan tramways in London ; for which in­ gases are often misunderstood ;' but it is the more necessary arrange chlorine by adding to it a few drops of nitrate of silver, and deed, the ments are now nearly complete, so that the to keep sight of them, as in many most important respects practical working of the system will speedily receive allowing .the chloride to settle. a thor­ the mechanical properties of gaseous matter, condensed by ough public demonstratioI. ,"Ve have ourselves had oppor­ Copper, brass and German silver are washed in a pickle pressure to the specific ,gravity of water, are identical with 2. tunities of seeing the potentialities of the principle, both in of water 100 parts, oil of vitrioi 100 parts, nitric acid (sp. gr. those of liquids ; especially if at the same time intensely the model and full working and in view of the 50 parts, hydrochloric acid 2 parts. Spots of verdigris size ; even heated-for then, as Maxwell has shown, the viscosity, or l·S) sweeping change in the tramway system which is involved should be first removed by rubbing with a piece of wood in its complete success and adoption, we canuot withhold power of resisting motions, is greatly increo.sed ; so that a '11e dipped in hydrochloric acid ; they are then rinsed in water. conviction that all the important practical mass of hydrogen at the sun's center may very- possibly in its difficulties have Britannia metal, pewter, tin, and lead cannot be well been effectually surmounted, reducing its practical realizati mechanical behavior much more resemble pitch than what S. on cleaned in acids, but are to be well rubbed in a fresh solution to mere matters of detail. The working of the springs is en. we are familiar with as gas and vapor. of caustic soda, and passed at once, without washing, into the tirely free from noise, perfectly smooth, easy, and effective, It must be noted further, and is urged as an objection by depositing solution, which must be alkaline. and completely under control, for application, cessation, and many, though we fail to appreciate its force, that if the Iron and steel are soaked in water containing oil of reversal.-Ir on. sun's central core il:! gaseous, then the temperature at the 4. lIb. vitriol to the gallon, with a little nitric and hydrochloric •••• • sun's center must be enormous-to be reckoned in millions of acids added. Cast iron requires a stronger solution, and Wood Catting by Electl1.clty. degrees, perhaps millions of millions. If it were not so, even careful rubbing with sand, &c., to remove scale and the car_ ProfestlOr Barnard, of Columbia College, writing to the the lightest gas, as hydrogen, at the temperature of the New York an item of recent scientific news, says bon left by the acids. It is an advantage at times to con Tim6B, as tlun's surface, would, by the inconceivable (but not incalcula.­ that the Abbe Moigno, in a recent number of his periodical, nect them o a piece of zinc while cleaning. These metals ble) pressure, be condensed as to be hundreds of times t entitled describes an invention which, he says, so should be cleaned just before placing in the depositing cell . L&s .M0nde8 , heavier than platinum itself. We speak v ely, hasrecently been patented by Mr.· George Robinson, of New somewhat agu and they are an they should b because the'numericalQOIld1tions of problem are very if placed in alkaline solution, � York, for sa.wjng wood by an entirelynew, and what seems a the !lot rinsed and dipped a. solution of caustic soda, remove all fe", "e lmlClD.,"$troDI in to . sufficiently odd process. The consists in substituting • Very bare CODcep. of acids. , 'Pl'OOllSB WsCollOBlve at:teDi�ttlle eartb�,adeq� pllced BUta_tv ra;ce o saw a platinum wire, heated white by tiOll ftItD_ tile IOlarorb. t instead f the hot oftbe tbe billerof l! BUlfaceoftil &bowdbe our Zinc may be cleaned like iron, with a dip into stro g 10 tII&t IIheIJ n er means an electric current, etc. dfBt8Dt Dearlypboto8pberJC 240,000 wowd pUI'IUe aky;80CU8t0metbeII the 5. of mooD, mll� her d acids before the washing. The orbit WIlScb illthe bolllldlq , origina o thil invention was published in aDd lDdeed. It earth bad B final l a.coount f fuoalmost wltIIfiI twice the .PJjimi·;dfBt8Dce, 'the come 8BCOIIdour Solder req ires special care, the acids used wi h t11,e the AMEmCAN, June It was patented aatelJlte at moon'. till. a180wOUld within 6. u as t ScIENTIFIC 22, 1872. 1IrmameDt. obj ects produce it an and obstiaatA hM in of the same upon ineolublecoa.ting, an Yay year.

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 394 J [DECEMBER 19, 1874. ------titutif'it �mtritau. ------Improved Watchman's Time CJl-eck. Machinists In the Navy.- United S�ates Clrcnlt Conrt, DIstrIct 01'Maryland. 'rheodore Hahn, Stuttgart, Germany.-This invention consists of A regulation circular has just been issued from the Navy PATENT GLASS '- PRNA< E.-,'REDERWK G. SCHACM ADMINISTRATOR OF FRED· the arrangement of a dial in connection witha disk, rotated by the ERICK SCHAUM, DEnE .'.S"O , T8. ,'HARLES J. BA ER et al. , TRADING AS Department, defining more clearly the e K , action of the keys at the various stations on a ratchet wheel at the qualifications r quisite BAKER, BROS. & no, for the position of machinist in the navy, as well as pay underside of the same, to produce the forward motion simultaneous­ the An as.ignment uy a bank}'u"!carries with It all patent rights which theInsol ­ and duties. There are three ratings established, namely, I vent owns at the time of tnoklng tho as',I"nment.; but does not Include his In- ly with the action of the keys on the spring-marking devices. ch e a Improved Mechanical Movement. machinist, boiler maker, and coppersmith. The last two are t'�� p��f�Mr');r� ;:,iet���'�II�f l�f.�.ti����l����:;I�� 1Jc g�l��·wasthe ftret and . orlgtnal 1nventor of certain new and useful Improvements In the construction Robert E. Brand, of Plainfield, N. is a mechanical move­ on a level, so far as pay is concerned, and promotion lies g� s I e n d J.-This from these grades to that of machinist, when sufficient pro- fl.� �i�r:;'t"A'�i1����, ��JI����I�!:���f:,. �:� ����':n�e"�� t�: ��l:'�� ment by which rotary motion may be readily transmitted from the i 1': l: ; ,��d \:':� e t A';,"r'ir,�M3 nded to plalntllf,under the act driving wheel of a machine to an upright shaft placed in position ficip ney is shown. andidates for any position must be- nl':i6 Ctl r , t s:; �f . C be The improvement claimed was the making of the external and Internal con­ under any angle of the quadrant, for the purpose of being used in t of nty and forty years, must success- guratlon of the breastwo of the furnacewall with re-enterlng portion, so hat ironing, polishing, and similar machines. weell the ages twe and tl b e rk f o flllly pass an examination in the presence of the comma d �� �n�a:;�fe:� T1! �� t�e !e���d���/g����u�OnO� ;:J::�� ro� r��::����� Improved Apparatns Co r Loading Cars and Vessels. '1 - constructed and used furnaces emhodylng the contlguratl'1n of the breast iug officer of any rendezvous or recruiting station, as to w e e e d George Barclay, Fayette, Mich.-In carrying the freight up an �l';I��I� ���!;\,3!�� ':�d:i� ��c:� t'!.�t:V�: rti'� gi��� ihe sai� Improvement, qualifications. There is also a medical examination, touching : �':I ��t'��or�!'�� ����� :g-i ".Jt ��: S e":.i1� e� r;�:;;�;;,a���n i� �: inclined plane, the forward wheels run from thc machine on to a 3� � � platform, while a raised or curved portion of the track prevents the physical fitness, to be undergone. e I I IW r � e t W v J e SI � � :if n� rear wheels from following. When the truck reaches the top of the Boiler makers and coppersmiths are examined solely as to D� le� � �.rp\':,"v� :h a ���"t��� �\�r::ilf'S Intestate applled for the benefit of the Insolvent laws of the State of Maryland, and executed ana SSignment of­ incline, the rope ceases to draw it forward, and after it is diseharged their suitability for such special ratings. A machinist must l : to William Geo. Read, his perma the rope tip down the back end to allow the forward wheeis to ��n� :r J':t���'1Kr t'l:'��:n k'{'::': '���r"igm�s. will be able to read and to write with sufficient correctness to Defendants further groved that the said ftrmof Baker, Brothers & Co. was regain the track. l 72 r 8 Improved Machine Cor Honndlng Leather. keep a steam log of his watch. He must know the names of lIo}.'l. #m� 'l>� fl �Il��� J�:i�':�:i�����gi:��t,:,�� th� i�i1owlng the various parts of a marine engine ; understand the uses ::tlr��y� e Laken D. Williams, Bethel, Ky, assignor to himself and Jame� st�Jro� ��"gI��� f':.'r��c����':::iM����':'e�f :':�ta� 'd�lt�::g�r�':;nft��Wg;; E. Letton, same placc.-One of thc two standards is made low, and and management of the various gages, cocks, and valves, the e r o e l l r o S ��sl� t� �:�;; ���r�:� tl::�o�� ::� . ���n��; 1 :�F;:��l �g�� ��r �d�t to it is hinged a bar, the ends of which are bent downward nearly at mode of raising steam and starting and regulating the action ':,� � ���� t;��e g� r.�� t::o�g : ��alh: � t �� f �::, �� the glass right angles to meet the ends of the posts. The other end of the bar ��r c� n c s t� : o :i� e gf e g � of the engine. He must also know how to ascertain the 2. That the plaintiff wasentitled to recover, If the jnry should believe that is rabbeted upon both sides to form a tenon, which enters a vertical the plaintiff'sintestate was the firstand original Inventor of a new and useful slot formed in a higher post, where it is secured by a key. The jom'­ !tight and density of water in the boilers ; how to check Improvement In glass furnaces, for which he received letters patent, and that foaming, regulate the quantity of injection water, to guard e e t e l e ad t r nals of an upper roller revolve in half bearings in slots in the bent­ ����l���:�fe�� r� e� ��c"e"a :e�� �,;g ���El� n�h�� fln.r'f��� ?�� d��!�:i.:':f; down ends of the bar. against water in the cylinder, and against all dangers to th had, since the granting of said extension, and since July 1st, 1872, constructed e e s f a f r:; �8, BubstantIally embracing the improve­ Improved Windlass Water Elevator. generators ; understand what measures are to be taken in ::n¥3. de� c� t��� 1n �i� f:tt��s �: t That In conSidering the question of utlllty In the preceding Instruction, George G. Howe and Silas L. Heywood, Faribault, Minn.-Thc in­ cases of hot journals ; and, in short, know how to act upon the jury are Instructed that the fact of extensive use hydefendants and others IS c o tl vention consists in a chain wheel, formed with a double rim, con- ' the occurrence of any of the ordinary casualties of the en- r!f�.:lo rf �ti'.:'��;' g!lteve that lalntllf's Intestate, Frederick Schaum,ln nected by cross bars, and having alternate high and low ribs or lugs 1856, applled for theb enent of the fnsolvent laws, and made an assignment to formed upon its and arranged in pairs, to give a direc­ gine room. In matters of repairs, the candidate is to be exam- his permanent trustee, the plalntllfIs not entitled to recoverfor breaches of Sides, zigzag the original patent.. tion to the chain. There is also a double pawl, arranged with a ined Oilthe ordinary overhauling and repairing of machinery, The defendants also olferedthe following pra�er, which the Court re{:'cted: ratchet wheel attached to the shaft that carries the chain wheel, to the packing of the various joints and rods, grinding of h h l e ol:ha�l!s�7�.!r':[)a �� �r��,� �t:��r���;l��d l';. fJW, :Eg lgU%m:m 8��� cause the said pawl to be shifted by the tilting buckets. To the valves, putting on hard and soft patches, putting in and I t s u e � � t r t I upper E.dge of the buckets is attached a metallic cap, to prevent �':; �d ';�:l�� ��gPgl� �I��f tt� :l\ �x1 ��I �, ������ i� s��d"t�si��� :��\�� ring Vlugging tubes, and other work required in the manage- plaintPiffIs not entitled to recover. the mout.hs of tbe buckets from being worn by the wire, and to all Verdict for plaintiff. cause said buckets to move more readily when being tilted. ment of marine engines. T. Alex. Setl!. Hm 'ry E. Ma nn, and for plalntllf. Improved Hallway Car Brake. The regular pay of a machinist is $75 per month ; of a Fr ed . W. Brune and Fred . J. Brown, for defendants. $40 ; $40. Moses P. Kimball, Randolph, Mass.-Two sleeves work loosely upon hoiler maker, and of a coppersmith, To this is - $109 $18 -- - :li!"",, �t-(;i ""j"n"' n"' 4' "j tt n ""' the axle. Upon one end of the sleeves is formed a part of a friction added per year rations, and extra per President's ''' d or'" ll � t tOl!.(,I clutch, the other part of which is attached to and revolves with the �.u"'n- --c!!Ym "'- "'"" � tI" � "'" order ; so that the aggregate annual salary of a machinist is ------Imp;;;.;;. Trap alUI C,esspool Cover. axles. By this construction, when the sleeves are moved up to the $1,027, $607. clutch, they will be revolved by friction, and will wind up chains and of a boiler maker or coppersmith is John Peter Schmitz, San Francisco, Cal.-The object of thisinven- applying both brakes. The relative position of men enlisted for the above grades tion is to provide a combined trap and cover for cesspools, to pre­ Improved Lock Spindle. that of petty officer-about the same as non-commissioned vent foul air or odors escaping from the sewers. The frame or trap is officer in the army. The duties are regular watch in the case is arranged to be on a leyel with the sidewalk, resting with its Albert Kirks, Canton, Ohio,-This invention is a combination of a rim on the wall of the cesspool, its lower end sloping, and having a spindle hav ng a double conical fOl�n at or about the center, and engine and fire room, managing the engines and boilers (of i solid lim whereon the smooth flap, with its elastic lining, forms a recessed lamirue of the safe door with elastic f>acklng rings, applied course, under the direction of the regular engineer officers of tight joint when held up by a weight which is detachably connected to said spindle on opposIte sides of the poInt of largest diameter. . the ship). The pay is higher for machinist than that of any with it. This preY<'uts breaking open the safe by introducing gunpowder in other petty officer ; and, when it is considered that quarters IllIproved Wheel. the door. Improved Horse Hay Hake. are found, the recipient having only to supply his mess and Henry G wynn, Baltimore, Md.-This invention relates to certain improvements in wheels, and it consists in a socket plate cast in one Samuel Hurlbut, South Union, Ky.-The heads, to which the uniform (which may be done at a very moderate sum), it will G. piece with the shell or hub, and having triangular sections, forming spring tines are applied, are pivoted to a rock shaft, operated by a be seen that every opportunity is afforded for saving. sockets which are deepest and widest at the point where the spokes lever mechanism, so that the tines may be raisedand the hay dumped Cruising vessels on regular squadrons at ea for a large introduced, in combinationwith an annular plate and nut, and by the driver. The rock shaft is provided with guide plates, so that are s are proportion of their time, when no chance for spending the spokes having inclined ends and the heads may be thrOloYli to either side the shaft. stop flangc, exists il1de&. of A Improved Cultivator. at the rear end of each guide plate, defines the of grea in­ money. In port, a moderate amount of liberty is granted angle test Holladay, Twyman's Store, Spottsylvania county, Va.­ clination of heads and rock shaft, while a spring pin and lever, those whose duties do not interfere with the privilege. James �I. hand to This invention relates to certainimprovements in cultivators, and it operated by the driver, locks in perforations of the guide plates and There is an excellent system of allotment in the service, consists in the peculiar construction of right angular standards in secures thereby the heads and tines at any snitable angle to the rock whereby a man, before he leaves home, may authorize the combination with a metallicframe of double bars and break pins for shaft. paymaster of the station nearest his domicile to pay, to his flllltening the'said standards therein. It consists furtherin the pecul­ Improved Nnt Lock. wife or friends, a certain of hi" pay. This iar (,onstruction of an adjustable bifurcated hook, and a brace Finis L. Bates, Carrollton, Miss.-This nut has a thread which proportion draft serew amount is then out of his control, and will be deducted from on draft bar, in combination with the frame and standards. does not extend through the nut, but acts as a smoother to cut the Improved Stove. bind the nut. his the paymaster of vessel outer threads from the bolt and salary·by hiH Alexander Hamilton, Cresco, Iowa, MSignorof one half his right Improvcd Device Co r Mnltlplylng Motion • •••. a Ang. and Benj. Huntting,same place.-In to Beadle this stove, straw, Francois !\farie Eugene Helmer, Nancy, France.-This invention DECISIONS OF THE COURTS. hay, or grass may be packed or compressed so as to burn slowly, and consists in a means for multiplying motion by utilizing the increased thus be profitably utilized asafuel. Inside is a press follower adapted velocity of a secondary rotation produced in a sliding connectIOn United States Clrcnlt Court •••• Southern District oC to be up to the top of the fire chamber, and receive fuel under in a guide attached to an actuating axis, and on raised moving on one sidc New York. it from a tubular feeder, and then be forced down on the fuel to the other in a gnide at light angles to the first, upon an axis placed . press it into a dense mass. Sha are provided for raising and low- from thc first The slidi connec on fts in a different plane ng ti is of such PATENT VENTILATING ering both the follower and the grate, and have a m tchet and pawl struction as to keep the two gnides at the same angle to REFRIGERATOR.-THE LYMAN AND REFRIGERATOR con each upon the outside of the stove to hold them at any required point.. the two COMPANY VB. WILLIAM LALOR. other, by means of which gnides revolve in the same direc- [Decided Septemher 10, 1874.) Improved Chlld's Carriage. tion with the same velocity. The connection also runs a circumfer- of which is the between the axis of t BLATCHFORD, J. ; Charles F. Lauer, Pittsburgh,Pa.-This invention consists of a front cnce, the diameter distance he two guides, and with a velocity twice that of the said guides and Ts�� t�� �� ��V�mg�hl�r��eP�� �r.r g,n ���:::,�����o;:;s gatdent granted bolster for a carriage for children, having a vertical socket in the to p �t , , , l p et o s ofcool lng a coiled sp ing in it, conttived for affording the necessary actuating shaft. and ventilating rooms." The tWe to this patent Is vested In the plalntlft's for center with I �g ���e �f��e I�i'k��tfso "if t t��:t:; � ��: j;���' ��� elasticUy for t.he easy worldng of the carriage, and also for allowing Improved Heel·Pol1shlng Machine. �t� o t cR� r ;fng I� l1:;�';t:Jy a o o e � n e I e t h l k b g ��I';i:��s !j fn ��� i�i� ���tt k�lri��;"t�� ��%��;�. Xi �� ��g���11\W e e e a e an d w a 1 ��::r�:S�bolting:��:' the�Z: bolster:��:Z: to t.he��  frame ����:�dc pieces, and are all cast h ���.r:i���.feW-�or:�;i� �����o� ���!Is��8�%�:�jO�e� �"e�s��eriot� � the arms for �e; �f :� the� pol:���ishers,�� a :corres ��::ponding����� motion� on�:rl���: the heel. : :The:: heel��: is raise ��:<1 man, December26,1871, and were then assigned to said Cutter, in one picce. The socket ls so contrived that a single spring serves up to the polishers, when the shoe has been affixed to the slide, by a and reissued to hl a for affording the elasticity and for laterally supporting the body. means of a foot lever. The arch and anus are heated to n high tem- a ¥'ti e ��s�°c'i:I� ���h���fs���' :��� on Is In these words: The comhlnatlon of descending conduit or cold air fiue,or elther, with a reservoIr for contain· Improved Hod Elevator. perature, and the polishers are raised to the desired temperature by � ln s I h r n ���lg 3� �l.'::�1�\� (u"3��ta��Wl� rh � i.r.wng� :f �h�0;"��:il�'J:.°�1�h��;' William l\{ullen, New ork ci ty.-Th'IS i S a sliding elevator frame heat conductors therefrom. 'rhe heel is held rigid while receiving from the ftrstclaim of the reIssue of 1871. The first claim of 'agu anile mounted on a post, so as to move up and down to some n t w brlo1' Inve t n, Such a description has not the e is h ot, �'hcrc i tu to ex­the t s e c I through the floor of the oven to n pit below, for receiving the g lass tent, It spring ancl a levc�' pull it down pressit on .r:�� �����il!!��i!��i lt�'f� ��� �;'t" 8M��;Il."1�y �� 8d�:I aUlI hus . a�ld rl�icN�� � e h e n ���lilg� fl t board, and a caIll lever, rlUse It up antIhold It by a button. !leueral cIrculation, nor Is It made acce�slble to the �UbllC generally,st:elng so which escapes from the pots, and a p assage inthe oor leading to he also to s Improved Sewing Machine. t e s�g ulrgg �: pit. lly making the double, it enables thc temperatUI'c in p����l b(tlg:,��cd gg�¥'�.Rm:::;�����f ��%� k�g�E�� e ll �I� o furnace ':flbl�cl �� ne part to be lowered greatl tempering �e mel glass s ta- Groubman, Odessa, Russia.-The lP.:':�� & g �ecgft� k8� ��e �r" ���� ° �'!: ��� a ca ! for � ui Chai needie bars connected I e t � V o a�:� � b. bly for wor pro y, w e her heat m n m by the description may he so fuN and precise as to enahle any one sklli � king perl hil a hig 18 ru talned in the with an actuating rock shaft means o a wrist areand ed In t e other the thus enabling f pin vibrating art to which It appertains to constrnct what It descrlhes, It does not attain the for melting glass, the melting to be carIied arm, thelatter a slot in its end in which thepin works. proportions or the characterof a complete Invention until It Isemhodied In e h'" h o r having free a on in one part wet working of t e gl ass IS gomg on m t e the The object of the invention is to distribute the wear or frictionincl- form capable of usefnl 0r,eratlon(T he Northwestern Fire ExtingUisher Comof. hil h £.��:a¥8oiIt�� �� adeIPha FireExtinguis her Company, 6 Qjftc kil Gazette part. dent to snch connection of the needie bar and rock anu over n , � Improved Whip Socket. I shaft I to the prior a larger surface, and a guide theneedle Its all"Wer present motion for Injunction,various other alleged . to furnish for bar in recI- e t e at hews, ater , onn.-This invention o o k are o nl������:';f u�r :Cosldered all the mattere res\IW.C:l ln these caees, and am H nry A. M t W bm-y C c nsists procating movement. Two rectangularbl c s pivoted n the pin of opinion that �e Injunotlonasked for muar be gt'IIDwd as t h 1lrst claim of!lprilJgho oks, combined with con d hook it the needle bar, one of groove o t e detachably. tho sooket, and tIive to of which slides vertically in a of the t to the dllllh-mil Th� hooks are made of Ilounle the other In he of the of IIt[%iN��li .. and" Eaward J. Cramer for the plall1Wfs. said I. head of machine, ulld tho t slot rm tlle N. DickWaon C. Jr ., tue of a 1J]awat'fj and()karle8 Boaman, for delendanta.] spIiDgS Ilat metal attached toBIde of thesocke , rock shaft.

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titldifit �ttltritau. 395 Danburg, Wilkes Co:, Ga. '.:' Makers of 'Small Agri- I shocking macWne, operated by battery, and ' clines them. The address of the writer should- cnltnral Engines w1l1 please send me Price L Ist and De- cal a . al- one composed of magnels w hich are turnecl by a ways be given. scrlptlve Circular. D. B. Cade, Jr. l• 8$1aLl!ne. crank ? A. None. 2. Do they use a common glass Enquiries relating to patents, or tothe patenta- 'I'heChc1lrueforI'll8M'tionunder th� Madi Lan ll Magic terns and Stereopticons, a sizes and plate or cylinder electrical machine for medical bility of inventions, assignments, et ., will not he prices. , ews illustrating every sub ect for Parlor Enter e ...... ts hi '"" ' I j - """ U cultuml Implemen , Farm Mac ne , pu rp oses? A. No. 3. Is a galvanic battery without published here. All such questions when initial.. ., Seeds, talnment and PubUc Exhlbltlons-a prolltable business . . Fertllizers. R. H. Allen & Co., 189 & 191 Water St. ,N.Y. I capital. McAllister, any machme for shockln ever employed ? I never ?n y are given, are th" rown mto the w te basket, as for a man of small Catalogues free. . !!, � Wanted, Foreman-One who thoroughly under- Man'f'g Opt ician 49 Nassau St. New York. could feel anythmg by SImply using a battery. A. It would fill half of our paper to prmt them all stauds the manufacture of Planing Mill Macbinery. Ad- ' . Yes ; in some hospitals it is exclusively used. but we generally take pleasure in answcring briefiy dress, with references,M.B.Cochran & Co. ,Plttsburgh,Pa. Dlrect S te 1 C'ast gs- S o d an d H omo eneous T ens e rengt. 70 th ousanin d Ib s.� t th e square lg n ch ' An' A battery of Daniell's cells is employed. You by mail, if the writer's address given. .' . ll B t ' '?l 1 0 100 . . . Is . Iron Planer Wanted-2nd hand-m good order, to invaluable substitute for expensive forgings , or Iron Cast- would have got a shock If you had used a battery Hundred� of enqUlnes analogous to the followmg plane from 3 to 5 feet. State lowest cash price, how lo g � Ings reqUiring great Strength. For Circular and Price of a sufficient number of cells_ 3. How is it that I are sent : .. Where can the three cylinder engine he used, and what tools cau be had with It. Address WhIte Li t , address McHall'ee Steel Co ., cor. EveUna and Levant feel a shocl, when I put the wires on the shocking obtained ? 'Whose is the best bOOk-paw'ng ma- )!anufacturlng Company, Bridgeport, conn � ; Sts., Philauelphla, Pa. machine, but not when I simply hold the wires chine ? Where can bookbindcrs' finishing tooL. he For Sale-One second hand Gear panelln ' . � M. N. Salamander Felting-Leadingmanufacturers pro- from the battery withQut connecting with the ma- .bought ?" All such personal enquiries are print- O dlng carv g, and D etalllng. Mach e. M : m nonnce Salamander Felting the only Indestructible and ed, as CO ran & C ttsb urgh , a. 'I chine ? A. Because the passing of the current of WIll be observed, in the column of " Bu­ 0., � ; ed surfac s. �� � . . best n on-conducting covering for heat c low tension throngh the primary coil induces elec- siness and Personal," which ls speciailyset apart for W_. HoPkins,W Illlll&ngton el. makes acM Wn cs III 1!p ' D ' 00 A. G. M!lls, Manager, 23 Dey St., New York . for ' u I \e rl I ng Manure, c. Satl f ac t'l on, l . tricity of high tension in the secondary coil, from that purpose, subject to the charge mentioned at z 8 $ ..I Steel Lathe DOb'S, SIzes, and SIzes 0f e which you obtain the shock. th e head of th at colunm. Almost any desired In- Th e manu acf t f urer W 0 at· erproo f L eath er rnade Clamps. The Best and Cheapest14 . Send7 for Circularste and formation can in this of Leather pulp, saId to be mannfactured In Massachusetts, S. S. ask : If I start from the equa- w a y b e expediti 0 y 0 ce LI sptt Phil a. H y d ran IIc' W or k E s, vo II na 8t . , Phlla . nsl b- will please send p articulars and prI ee to E . ornm, F c are 0 f PrI (12) E. s . tained. tor and vel in a n rtheas rly d' on, shall I � � te irecti . ______.... Todd & Co ., Lock Box 86, New Orleans, La. Saw Ye the Saw?-$l 000 Gold for Sawmill to do . _ ....--�"""" � ..... -�-.. """" nally a ve at the po t from wh ch I started ? I . sallie work with no more power Expended. L. B. Cox & fi ITI m i The Best made Mateh Splint Machine m the U. S. 197 [0 F F I C I L CO . , Water St N Y think that if I kept any condenser. Blll!ard table leveler, J. Jewell ...... 156,927 T. M. . He must have bad some experience In all kinds of Iron D. Binder, temporary, J. Beck ....•.•.....•...... •. 15 (16) S. H. says : If you put a thermom- B. 6,871 dIrect men. Binder, temporary, .. and Wood Work ; be able to design work and eter in an open vessel of water heated to the boil- L. P. Keech ...... 156,887 one bnt a IIrst class man need apply. Address P. O. Box Bird cage, O. Lindemann ...... 157,012 N C. C. asks : Is there any way to rende.r Ing point, It will indicate 212°. If it Is in a boiler or . . .. lllrd cage 1769, Phlladelphla, stRUng age, where last employed, refer- (1) , T. M. Worcester ...... 157,056 silicate of soda insoluble, so as to resist the action other closed vessel, will It indicate more than 212°, ence, and expected .alary. Blind, stop, H. r. a nd N. C. Moffet.... •••.•...... 156,937 of rain water ? A. There is no known method for provided you have heating surface enough, as in a Bofler attachment, steam, N. 'Y iard ...... 157,051 Cast Iron Sinks, Wash Stands, Drain Pipe, and A. this. boiler furnace ? It can be made to give much Doiler attachm Sewer trap.. Send for Price List. Balley, Farrell & Co. , ent, waSh, J. Haskins (r) ...... 6,136 higher indications, if the water is confincd so that .. BOiler, wash, L. Fairchild •.....•..., ...... 1!l6,844 Pittsburgh, Pa . C.L.W_ asks: neutralIze the ef- I (2) What WIll it can be converted into steam of greater pressure Boom crotch supporter, A. E. Smal1...... 157,031 Engines and Boilers a Specialty-1st class; new fect of nitric acid upon clothing? A. Aqua ammo- than the sphere. Boot heels, burnishing, ... ns ; late patents ; reduced prices. Plain and Cut ·off that of atmo H. Grover ...... 156,848 patter pr applied. . nia, if omptly Boot, button. F...... 156 Hor'l and Vert 'l Engines ; HOisting Engines ; the celebra- MINERALS, have been re­ E. Wells ,963 Will two electro-magnets (the two unlike poles Bottle ETc.-Specimens covers, making, E. K. Cooley...... 156,913 ted Arne.' Portahle Engines ; Boilers of all kinds ; Cllmax cei ed from fo owing correspondents,and being opposite) attract each other with morc force v Bracelet, E. F. Pre.brey Turbine ; and the best Saw Mill In tbe market. Large the ll ...... 156,35R than one eleetro-magnet willattract a piece of iron examined, with r u t st ted : Bracelet rings, molding, .. .tock always on band ..Hampson, Whitehill & Co" 3!! the es l s a J. W. Comb ...... __. . 156,SRI with ? A. No, tf the other condition;; are the same_ Brick machtne, .J. Annstl'ong ...... 156,966 Cortlandt.St., New York. Works at Newburgh, y. D. W. D_-It is illlJlure brown sesquioxide of 'N. Bridge, truss, .J. L. M1ner ...... 156,936 Pratt's Liquid Paint Dryer and Japan sur- (3) C. D. How am I proceed iron.-E. M. M.-Yonr specimen Is graphite.-J. N_ Brush, paint, E. ThlerceUn .. .. passes the Engl1sh Patent Dryers andWhIte Brown Japan In asks : to to X...... 156,961 A. Use the p ! -It Is iron pyrites.-M. S. W.-It is sulphuret of electroplate in iron ? rotosulphate or Bung and vent valve, Beln. . quality, and price. Send for descriptive circular to & Baltzer ...... 156,971 color, ' 7.inc, traversed by a thin seam of pyrites_-C. L-It neutral chloride of Iron, with an iron electrode. Burner,gas, S. Hobson...... 1 925 A. W_ Pratt & co. , 63 Fulton Street, New York. , is gypsum.-J_W.-Itis clay,with a small percentage Cam sUde, Slvlter 56 T & HougbtaUng ...... 1,7,0'29 Rue's " Little Giant" In jectors, Cheapest and . C. steam boiler o (4) B. 1, of oxide f iron. It would make an inferior paint. Can tops, on, G. H. Chinnock ...... 156,877, B Feeder In tbe market. W. L. Chase Co., asks : lias a ...... 156,87P. est Boller & ever been constructed so as u) be heated b elec- y -V_ W. S_-It a very difficult answer Car axle box, T. Haynes ...... 93, 97 Is tWng to ...... 15"7,000 95, LIberty Street, New York. l A. No. tr city ? 2. My Idea is to have coils of pla- esti Car axle box, G. . such qu ons as yours, when a piece of something Houlton ...... 157,00J For Solid Wronght-iron Beams, e tc., see adver- tinum wiretraversing the boiler and attached to I dirt Car axle 00 klng like an d f0 h ayrdl th e siz e 0 f tha ree lubricator, C. D. Flynt ...... 156 ,990 tlsement. Address Union Iron M!lls, PIttsburgh, PR. , for batteries of sufficient power . to generate the heat_ ' rea Car coupUng, 'V. T. Da"1d�on ...... I!thograpn, &c cen t pIece Is sen t \. . " pI'ece of sonabl e sIZe C. . . 156,917 . Is this practicable ? Can sufficient genera- Car coupUng, F...... heat be should be sent, with some suitable explanations. Gralnger . . . .._ ...... 156,99, Many New England Manufactories have Gas ted ? A. Your idea Is totally impracticable. Car coupllng, J . •J. Lappin ...... 156,88 Works, whlcb I!ght them at one fourtb the cost of coal The present so-ealled specimen is black and green 9 Car coupUng Unk, J. B. Stamour ...... 157,OS, ga.. For particulars, address Provldenee'Steam and Gas asks : Can you t.ell me why the sealing wax, mixed up with nitrate of baryta_-A . . . (5) Car roof, ... W. M. J. G. Thayer ...... 156,896 PIpe Co., Providence, I. English telegraphs are run on the open circuit and reader sends two specimens, in an unlabeled paste- . I{, Car stove, railroad, R. F. Rankin ...... 156,944 es the American on the closcd circuit, and which is board box_ No_ Is a silvery looking mineral, In Hotchkiss Air Spring Forge Hammer, b t in the 1 Car truckS, guide whesl for, N. �l. Hale ...... 156,9'�2 market. PrIce. low. D. Frlshle & Co., New Haven, Ct. the most economical ? A. The original telegraph in fan-like needles, with a greasy feeling like soap­ Cars, etc., loading, G. Barclay ...... 156,903 . gland was the Cooke and Wheatstone's needle stone. It is pyrophyllite, so called because when bolster 156,345 For Solid Emery Wheels and Machinery, send to En Car plate, P. Farwell ...... _ ... . Union Stone noston, Mas , for circular. the Co., •. telegraph, which wag worked by reversals of the heated it swells out to many times Its original bulk, Carbon black, making, A. Farrar (r)...... 6,135 Scale In Steam Boilers.-I will remove and pre- poles and necessitated the use of the open circuit, forming small leaves. It is a silicate of alumina Carpet stretcher, P. n . My ers ...... 157,022 Boiler, and make no charge until \'entSeale III any Steam with batteries at each station. When the Morse containingwater. No. 2 Is quartz sand mixed up Centering device, W . D. S lack ...... 157,020 the work Is found George W . Lonl , P il satl.fu"tory_ h "" came into use, they still adhered to the open circuit with pebbles of brown oxide of iron_ Some of the Chair and lounge, combined, D. Vasa...... •.....• 1 ,042 56 (Ielphla, Pa . feature In Chair bottom, E. Savorsl ...... 156,WI . this country, the open circuitplan has latter, of a cubical shape, have ' arisen from the al- . For the best Cotton Cans and Galvanized 1<'i re �used qulte extensi.vely, and Is still employed teration of the yellowsulphlde of lron to thebrown Clamp, book, J. W. Beatty ...... _ ...... 156,904 Palls, address James H!ll, Pro" ldence , R. I. 156,915 to theduplex and quadnIplex systems. The oxide. Cooler, mlll<,H.Cowdery ...... work Cop tnbe, L. D. Bennett ...... 156,972 For small size Screw Cutting Engine Lathes and oPen circuit plan is t.he most economicaL ...... I. ' Or!l1 Lathes, address Star Tool Co" Providence, R. . Corn shell!ng machine, H. L. Whitman ...... 157,047 W. asks : How can ' I bpcome a I ,.says, III refere nce to an artICle ?n Mechanical Expert in Patent Cases. T_ D. Stetson, (6) 'V. F. J. A. C. Cotton agalnst mot·b, treating, G. W. Chipman ... 156,879 good practical architect ? A. The best Is to I spontaneous combustion In hay : Some persons dis- 23 Mnrray St ., New York. way Cotton ja"k, M. J. Walsh ...... 157,044 tribute salt plentifully throughout their hay when serve a regular novitiate in the office of an archi- hoisting, G. H . Starbuck ...... 157,036 For the best PortableEngine In the world, address i . Crane , ...... will th ey pack I't a way, m ord er mto e al< It more pa 1a t a- Baxter Steam Engine Co. , 18 Park Place , N ew York. tect of good standing, in wWch you become ao- CryptogrR!>hy, Jose!)h & Aberle ...... 156,&�1 ble to the stock. Cannot the salt be also suggested ... ng quainted with the requirements of the profession ' Cultiv ator, T. H. Garland ...... 156.847 Mini , Wrecking, P umping, D rainage, or I rriga- ,V. tivator . tlng Machinery, for sale or rent. See advertlsemeDt. An- and have access to Ws library. as a preventive of spontaneous combustion?-S_ Cul , Markee & Spicer ...... 157,014 . . asks : Is the wood of the /Jois d'a1'cor Osage orange Cult.!vator, T. W. McDill 6,187 drew.' Patent, Inside page. (7) B. asks : 1 What would be the idth (1')...... M. . W tree ever used In ornamental work?-T. MeL asks : Cultivator, hand, French & Prentlce._._...... 156,919 All Fruit-can Tools, Ferracute, Bridgeton, N. J. of the tornd zone If: the axis of the earth were .. . o Are there y WIre swing brIdges ?-H. R. E. asks: Currycomb, W. E. Lawrence ...... 157,010 30° A � � Hydraulic and .Tacks, new and second inclined Instead of 23'50 ? Sixty d . Dental plugger .... . , .. , .,-"" -":' How are dIes, for maldng type, cut ?-G_ E. asks : , W. M. Reynolds ...... hand . Lathes Pressand Machineryes for Pollsbing and Butllng The s n s greatest declinatIOn Is 23° 27 2iY , and IS DistllUng apparatus, G...... 156,156,94594iI � How do pocketbook malmicroscope brings the object C_ of labor of 3 On a Cut Wo m. By A- G...... than r Gas retort, W. II . Lucc ...... 156,858 and secnres better work than the ordinary method. For nearer to the eye ten Inches, normal focal lis On Phosphor Bronze. By J. A_ B- Grinding colters, Pedder & Abel...... _ 157,026 Circulars, addresB P. & F. Corbin, New Brftaln, Conn. distance. A pin hole in a card, or a larger aper­ Gun barrel, J. L. Kerr ...... 157,(XlS ture holding a drop of Canada balsam, or u spheI� Also cnquiI1es and answers from thefollowing : The Improved Hoadiey Engine - The barrel machine, ... 157,r,,1.] W. P. F.�C. �f .�H. H . S . D. Gun W. D. Squlres ..... __ ...... Cheapest, Best, and Most EconomicalCut-o:lf steam- power In the ule melted from glass thread, illustrates this. E. Mo. � N.�B.­ G. Gun or pistol, air, H. M. Quackenbush ...... 151J,S�J R H. F.�L. L. B.�G. E. W .�C . J. B.�W. H. H. . ... United States. Send for circular. W. L. Chase & Co., H M. asks : When the air is erfect y Harne, H. C. and C. H. Burr ...... __ 156,874 95 and 97 Liberty St., New York. (10) p l dry and clear, Is sound propagated farther thl1ll Harrow, G. Palmer ...... •....•.....••.•...... 157,024 Peck's HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. PatentDrop Press. For circulars, address when moisture exists in the air ? A_ Yes. Harrow , rotary, Murphy & Cock ...... •...... 156,933 & Co. , . . . Milo, Peck New Haven, Conn. Correspondents whose Inquiries fail to appear Harvester rake, J. Miller ...... 156,854 A. asks : Is there any difference Small Tools and Gear Wheels for Models. List (11) B.. L should repeat them. If not then published, they Harvester sheaf dropper, P. G. & W. O. Nlchols._ 156,941 free . Goodnow & Wightman, Cornh!U, Boston, Mass. 23 the kind of electricity obtained from an eleetrl may conclude that, for good reasons, the Editor de- He rest, A. S. Fiske ...... __ 156 in . . __ .. __ . .

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J ",utili" . ______(DHCRMBER .l9, 1874- -­ c �.iri'JI. Heate ...••..•.. -;:;;, �dlator for-steam, G. W. Blake 156'9'14 CANADIAN PATENTS. HU�'8 lUTIOlfAL '- llideworking machine, E. Fitzhenry•...... , •.•... 156,991 NOTICEOF HYDRAULIC. POWER OF PA EN S IN CANADA, H<>e, W. :M. }'anntLe Roy ...... 156,981 LIST T T GRANTED TO THE BUILDERSPUMPING MACHINERY. Cottale Arcbite&tnre. J. V. •..••..•...... •...... •.•. Hydrant, Weltz 156,864 ,1 OVEMBER SJCALJm PROPOSALS J...... •.... 18 1874. for the conlltrnctlonand erectIon of l s Indicator, station, L. Baker 156,869 N to 21i, d l �eann:...=�: a�� :Fet !h"!"����i'i Inkstand, S. Darling ...... 156,840 We £�� !r°�:te�=.�:��,,07th�I�ll:g��� p��,,! Styles of low,priced Hou.e_, with York U. .rUM Pub­ ...... •••...... •...... •... lr>6,862 N SjIflclflcatlon. and , Co.t.Po.t, Inkstand, S. Walker 4,(171.-8. H. Finch, New city, S. Impro,-ement jff�y ol "¥�evl6���I�h� UsMd. Royalqnarto. paid, • Jli�l����� ��� ffi• . Tack, lifting, Dnngan & Horner(r) ...... 6,184 In railroadswitches, callcd "Finch's Railroad flwltch." h n 1,000 WORKING • F. t ���l'ic!�I�e,t:��� t::i:!� can be had upon ' DRAWl""' Jack, lifting, C. Vlbret ...... , .. 156,962 Nov. 19, 1874. E. FOWLER,PI�:ion C,'E" N.Y. WOODWARD S Plans. Details, applicationR. R. toC. . Peekskill,F. NATIONAL Kaleidoscope .tand, C. G. Bn.h...... 156,875 4,m2.-E. Beard, Chicago, Ill., U. S. Imrrovement ona FINOH, CllAs. SoUTHAm>, 1r Speclflcatlon. and Estimate". G. T. " - machine, F. Philip ...... 156,855 machine for nailing boxes, called "Be>ml's.\ merican SUTTON, WK. S. TOlllPKINS, .3rlve dollars, po t Knitting GEORGB W. RoBBRTBON, ARCHITECT. • Box Kailer." Boord J Knitting machine presser, B. Ward ...... 157,045 NOY. 19, IA74. of· Water CommlBt!loners. MONCKTON'S NATIONAL K. Y., U. (Six dollars. post- Knob .plndle fa.tener, E. F. Lincoln ...... 156,982 4,m.-R. M. Evans, Buffalo, Erie county, S. Dated PeekSkill,Nov ,19, 1874. STAIR-BUILDER. 5 JlR.id. T�amp pedestals, glass, J. Brice ...... 156,976 Improvements on the consecutive number printer, NOW FOR MONCKTON'S NATIONAL (Six dollars, post­ Lamp, street, .Jacobsen&, Burger...... 157,007 called " Evans' NumberPrluter. �' �ov. 19, lR74. SUBSCRIBE CAR ENTER JOINER. 5 paid. P &; Co., Leather, artificial, X. Karcheski...... 156,886 4,074.-J. F. Collins and J. W. Cumming, Montreal, ORANGE JUDD Bl'OR.dwaT. N. Y. THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY, !MIS Letter box, III . P. Nichols ...... 157,023 P. Q. Impro,-ementsIn the process of separating anl- J�ock, permutation, C. P. Bliss ...... 156,906 m.l from vegetablematter, called"Collins 'Patent Pro- and secure the ..anuary number, which Loom shuttlc gnard, Pickles & Pickup ...... 156,943 cess for Separationof Animal from Vegetable !\fattcr." wID be remarkably brllllant. F. LONGFELLOW 1. Palmer ...... 157,025 Nov. 19, 1874. ! Lubricator, It will contain Poem. by (on CharlesELIZA- Sum­ rl AI , JOll"S . 4, ner), ALDRIOH (a Christmas poe STODDARD, Metal working machine, G. L...... 156,929 075.-E. T. Ducharme, Montreal, P. Q. Improvements b nu' R TO y Milk .afe, J. P. Switzer ...... 157,037 on antomatlc 011 CBUB, called "Dncharme's Autom.tlc r: Wer�r)�'O?:;: �:�'i�� fioL�� 'T;r: � DERRICKS�� !!�! �TRAVELLERS!£�!��� Milk, treating couden.ed, N. L. BlRhop ...... 156,9'13 011 Can." Nov. 19, 1874. Ized European), ROBERT DALE OWEN (gcent�:JWn� Splrltnal & Phenomena), -the beginning of HE RY JAMES, JR .'S THOMAS ROSS,! Rutland, Vt. Mm, fruit grinding, T. J. and G. M. Clark ...... 156,983 4,076.-F. Prondfoot, Toronto, Ont. Improvements on Novel (Roderick Hudson), the flrstof N MR. SANBORN'S Pa­ � S. � � )1m,quartz, H. Cowles ...... 156,985 .toveplpe drum., called "ProudfQl)t'sHeating Drum." pers on John Brown, and a Storyby • MARK .TwAlN" large,eight-page, In- . • A, MilI.tones, tram .tafffor truelng, S. Taylor ...... 156,895 Nov. 19, 1874. (Old Times on the MIs.l.slppi). The Qun� dependent, honest and Mold., blackwashlng, J. W. Harrisoll ...... 156,999 4,077.-C. P. Chl.holm, Oakville, 'Halton connty, Onto THE OF CONTRIBUTORS FOR fearless newspaWeekl'l,er, 0 56 broad columns. We aim tomako J. � per In th Motor, electro-magnetic, C. B. Gaume ...... 156,920 U.eful plantbox, called "Chisholm's Improved Plant Includes CORPSall of the above, and BRYANT, LOWELl 1816WmT­ �'.i'rhtV-r�r. 11'!����;":����ta�:;:rJ: � )lotor, magnetic, G. M. Phelp ...... 156,942 Box." Nov. 19, 1874. TIER, HOWELLS, ALDRICH, PARKJlAN, WARNER, MISS Address THE SUN, New York City. G. Thompson ...... 156,898 ••. U. Nail assorting machine, H. 4,m.-S. P. Llttlefleld, Lyun, Ma , S. Useful way !':J ���: h�t��'!;ll���"J':ptJ'� �= o���nt'U��':!;! AKTED, IMMEDIATELY-A Bolt and Nut bars, rolling blank. for, G. John.on ...... 156,928 meter for raHwaycarriage ., called "Llttlefleld's Rall- t,ure, Art, Mu.lc, Education. Rivet Machlne-al.o a Nut Machine. Mu.t bave 011, apparatu. for reflnlng,R. D. Turner ...... 156,899 way Carriage Meter." Nov. 20, 1874. THE ATLANTIC theW latest Improvement. and be In thorough workingor­ 011 vessel., tap for, M. Andrew (r) ...... 6,141 4,079.-E. Leonard, London, Onto Improvement. in stills der. Answer by letter, .tatlng price.l,and wl;lere the � 1. ROBERI'S, & I. the foremoet Literary Magazineof Amer.!� ItB Ie&d1Dg' Chines may be seeu. M. SecretaryMolelc 011 cloth, rubbing, Rommel Crane ...... 156,947 aud on proce.s of dl.tllling petroleum and other fluid., contributorswrtte for no other Mag","ne, . Iron��,_�treal, Canada. ___ Omnibus, J. B. White ...... 157,048 called "Leonard'. Perpetual 8tlll." Nov. 20,1874. A and the managers propose to keep It where It has always Ordnanceelevating screw, N. Wiard ...... 157,052 4,000.-G. S. Bruce, Cincinnati, 0., U. S. coal box, .F, • stood, AT OF Andrews' Patents. Ordnance, restralnlug recoil of, N. Wiard...... 157,058 called "Bruce's Improved Coal Vase or Box." Nov.20, THE HEAD AMERIOAN LITERATUBE. TERMS. Single or spec n numbers, Noiseless, Friction Grooved. or Geared Organ, reed, T. Stoddart ...... 156,957 1874. Y o !:.\'l 3� ceats. v a Hois� Overshoe, rubber, Meyer & Evan. (r)...... 7,138 4,081.-R. T. Booth, Trumansburgh, Tompkln. county, rf:Zrt��:��� �.�r�h:::.fi'b�·�:::bn-���fct�; Sat.,� ��� me�:foY..: Vrevent Accldent, it H. O. HOUGnTON & Rcipe Belt, and Eiurine Break. Oy.ter •• Iver, A. Baker ...... 156,968 N. Y., U. S. Improvements ou automat.ic gas light draft, or regl.tered letter, to CO. Smoke-Hnrnlnlr.... ioIafeif Bolle •• ••...... Packing, pl.ton, P. W. Richards ...... 156,859 extlngul.hers, called "Booth'. Automatic Gas Llgbt RiversidePre , Cambridge,Ma 08CllIatinlr Endnes, Donble and Slnlrle, l-!I to E. PUBLI8HED H. O. HOUGHTON lOG-Horse power. Pan, du.t, Kramm ...... 157,009 Extlngnl.her." Nov. 20, 1874. BY & CO., BoBTON. Centrif!l!{a l Pnmps, 100 to Gallon .. Pantaloons former, E. B. Viets ...... 156,900 4,082.-A. Eame., Bridgeport, Falrtleld county, Conll., HURD & HOUOHTON, ASTOR YORK. p!!r Mlnnte. Best Pumps In1 tbe00,000 World. 18 PLACE,NEW Mu'" "aM Paper-folding machine, C. Chamber., Jr...... 156,982 U. S. Improvement. ou machines for molding pattern., t:!and. Gravel. Coal. Grain. etc.. With­ MATEURS' FOOT & ENGINE LATHES. out imun. Paper pllip straluer, G. Gavit ...... 156,385 called "Eame.' Molding Machine." Nov. 25, 1874. A All Li ....t, Slm le. Dnrahle, and Eeenomical. Pegging machine peg box. G. H. Davis ...... 156,918 4,()lS.-L. Prentice, Montreal, P. Improvemeuts on w t t �nd tOr CircaC a ..... Q. itJst-E �6�Wr�n� �3 f�f��fJ.� · !}�tl'. D. Pipe, fountain jet, H. H. Burtoll...... 156,979 clgar mold., c.lled "The Dominion Cigar Mold." Nov. 7 N. J. �e:rl:?i���: �M. AK . AlIlng Street,.Newark, Rr���r�Je��;New York. Planter. cbeckrow, J. M. Danker ...... 156,870 25, 1874. SALE-At Half Price-A Denmead Plow, C. H. Baltzer ...... 156,836 4,08l.-J. Higginbotham, Toronto, Ont. Improvement. ORDI.lntegrating MUI; ha. been u.ed onl)'a. a trial, and· Plow, A. Ihrlnger...... 157,006 on a machine for wa.hlng, called "The Eclipse W.shlng IsF as good . ne S. 8 'rm . Fa. Plow, D. Wright...... 157,057 , Machine." Nov. 25, 1874. t-8fVd� . Plow w\1ee\, J. B. Hermau ...... 156,924 4,085.-N. W. Simon., A.htabula, A.htabula county, 0., Pocket book, banker's, J _ Redlefson ...... 156,891 r. S. Improvements on b&l'neS8 holdbacks, called IRON WOOD WORKING MACHINERY .• MAOHINERY. F. & Pocket book., etc cla.p for, Hellc' ...... 157,001 "Simon.' Improved HarnessHoldback ." Nov. 25,1874. OF EVERY Pres., meat .nd vegetable, E. WrlghL ...... 156,866 4,086.-E. Horton, Hartford, Hartford county, COWl., DESCRIPTION. Projectile, sub-caUbel, N . Wiard ...... 157,049 U. S. Improvements on machines for reaping and bind· Pump, Dale & Myers ...... 156,R39 Ing grain,called "Horton'sReaper and Binder." Nov. OR- SALE-Three Life·Size Paintings­ WASHINGTON. LA FAYETTE. &; JAllK­ Pump, o.clJlatlng, J. Smith ...... 157,088 :116, 1874. f'lON. ColdHANGERS, RolledPULLEYS. COUPLING ShafS, BELTINting.G, &r Pump., fa.tenlng linin",.In wood, 111 . Woodhull ... 156,901 F By Lntz",ro rk.Copies of tho.e In Governor'. Room, City Hall, New Apply at Wood'.FREY, Muscum, where &c. �end for DIustratedCatalogne and PrIceList. Pumppl.ton valve, C. Durlelgh ...... 156,873 they are on Exhibition, or J. H. 105Duane Bt., or GEORGE PLACE & , M. JAMES McDOUGALL, Richmond,Va. CO. Pump rubber valve, G. )V1enman...... 157,048 & Reade N. Purlfler, middling., J. Beall ...... 1r";,970 Baek Pall'e ------.1.00a line. NGINES AND BOILERS FOR SALE- 121 Chambers 100 Sts., Y. City Radiator, flreplace, C. Comstock ...... '156,912 Inside Page - cents a line. 2d hand Engine. and Boller., from 4 to SOH.P. , the O. - - - - - "IS Be.t and Cheapest In the country. Radiator,heat, M.rrln ...... 156,934 may adoort18ements samemU E HILL & Engravings head at the JAMES CO, Allegheny CIty, Pa. Railwaygate, G. W. La Baw ...... 156,888 pfJr line, by mea8Urement,(l8 pres/!. B. the letter AdOOl'­ Rake, hor.e hay, D. Tabor ...... 157,088 tisement8 received a8 J. K. mmt be at publication o1f#£e FRED. STONE CO. , Refrigerator, Mms ...... 157,019 (l8 in next LUDLOW& V.6.LVB8.Park Place, New York. Regl.t,er, fare, };. P. & H. H. LoYeman ...... 157,013 e,arly Ji'rIOOymorningto appear issue. 3 Roof plate, IJlumina-tlng,W. L. �mlth, Jr ...... 156,954 ------�------EAGLE FOOT LATkES,. •. . Sa.h balance, N .•J. Skagg...... 156,952 0 per day at home. Term.free . Address for GEO. small Engine Lathe., Hand Planers HON-PARfinding EILCorn atuiMICob, LL Com­Sa.·- Sasb fa.tener,.C. P. Sandford ...... 156,950 $6 ...$ftO iIIII STINSON & Co, Portland, Me. S Me}'ora ,Drugs,Dones,ek. lOsizefl:. Sa.h fa.tener, Ruscoe & Brotherton ...... 156,860 week �c�\-s"i�.::...�t"�} th�h��� t ltor Hand or })ower. Also, a and expense. to all. Artlclee our g:a'k!�J FHD.,h Clone-Barr alUe. & free. superior flhleb. catalogues describes Saw blank, Abel Pedder...... 156,964 LINnew "taple as flour. Sample. C. M. e"ery tool necessary to fltout the Artlzan (:oUoo_ed Halle.... NGTON & BRO., N. Y. or Chicago. for . and pamphlet Address, Saw flllng belich, L. W. Pond ...... 156,856 o i • or Amateur, a. well as the Boys the .• free. - . . Illus'ted .. E...... Hol!(I�Y8. HKIlIIIIIIEBK, 8HIIPA DB Ssw gage, C. Atkins ...... 156,967 , CHASE :E.FrontStreet,Cincinnati,O. $60T$90 O W�. L. &; CO., - . -- 181 BILLB&; Saw grinding machine, H. Dlsstoll ...... 156,989 York. Amateur 95 .Ie: 97 LibertySt., New male <>t Saw mill head block, Pond & McDonough ...... 156,857 Workers .. At home, female, 833 ...... O L week, No Capital. Saw mill head block, P. II . Walt ...... 157,048 W .._ day and evening. metal, 1".H. Brown ...... •...•• 157,837 r l We send vain able packallre 01 Screw machine, MACHINERY �rc��ESt., Seeding mac.)1lne,Marlay .Ie: Weu.tholI...... 157,015 , ��o & co., 00 Ve.ey New York. for aU Ilroodsby mall, fr ee. Addree. with ten Sewing machine, C. H. Ma.on ...... 157,017 u e I a ��rn.tam.� Y'0UNG, �3_ <1I'e�nwlc�_l't., K.:.!' . 56 868 Sewing attachment hf,)lder, C. H. Waterhouse .. .. 1 , W'80�s: fE!�i f�� u��� ?:l�� :8t,�� , � I!�!:.� Ni agara Steant Pu,ntp. EW IMPROVE to.:.�� ac N D PATTERNS.-MACHINISTf'· Sewing machine braider, Rlckart, Dexter, & Lane. 156,892 upward: CaSh company orders. Uosewood, Sat.tn- HARDICK, & .. . FANCYa WOy, Ebony,O RedDS and White TOOLS-all .Izes-atlow prices. L . to . L. Mangus ...... 156,983 ClIAS. B. N. Y. E. GOU D N. J. R. R. J. Sewing machine shuttle, ��3�, �Y��s!;� 'll'!PI�, �� 23 Adam. St., Brooklyn, 9" 113 Ave., Newark, N . Sewing machine trimmer, W. A. Springer (r)...... 6,142 It. UNCHING Best and Cbeap- l'hlrt, Cluett ...... 156,880 G. W. Read& & Co., For the PATE.NT 200 Lewis St., foot 5th 6th St •. , r-; . R., K. y, est addre ... THE STILES Shoe, gum, D. P. Dieterich ...... 156,841 186 to AND o., ...... 156,909 DrOrders oy mall will have promptand careful at.ten­ DROP PRESSES. ���� c Planing and Ma tching Shoe nalls, making, J. L. Buxton and PrIce-List. P �J;,"i:��------,� -- Shoe upper., flttlng,W. J. B. MllI...... 156,985 tlun. Enclo.e stamp for Catalogne Invested In Stocksand Gold pays and Molding Machines, Gray and Wood's Planers, Self. Shot pouch .lIng, W. W. Kollock ...... 156,930 $10 to $1000 olllngA, WOOD Saw Arb ors,MACHINE and other wood, working St.,machinery. 200 per cent, a month. !'end'for 1'. S CO., 91 LIberty N. Y. Spike. and nalls,heading, T. Wood...... 156,865 particular",._ Tr:'fRRIDGlI! & Co., Hanker!",2 Wall��!,�, "\";" �end for Clrcnlars, etc. (5 67 Sudbury St., Bo�ton. Steak tenderer, D. J. Shultz ...... 156,951 I� & . . . . 156,958 Steuch trap., mold for, H. W. SutclllIe...... H 1 Still, alcohol, D. G. Rush ...... 156,849 1 r..l. � ".J W k �r°0 'N Stocking., knitting, Burson & Nelson ...... 156,838 I I I J 1 Stone-cutting tool, II.Cottrell ...... 156,914 I :/f]r 4MS(\: GIF.'''FI.·� Stove, Manin & Vo.e ...... 157,016 Stove, cooking, G. N. Palmer (r)...... 6,139 Stove, magazine, E Bussey ...... " ...... 156,981 Stove, railroad car, It. F. Rankin ...... 156,944 .. ______Suspenders, !. E. Newton ...... 156,939 ARTNER W ANTED.-An ingenious Ma- Switch, C. P. Deyoe ...... 156,988 - chlnlst with �,OOO and capable of taking charge of n a b fl Telegraph apparatu., electric, W. Thom.on ...... 156,897 �nP���t?n �� gr�'!��blf:6��·�o�:�, ����a 'lr� :�� Telegraph, duplex chemical, T. A. Edison ...... 156,843 thNUghout the country. Addrees Box 659, Baltimore, Md. Telegraph wires, clamp for, G. A. Beach ...... 156,969 ne . coupling, C. A. Green ...... 1�,996 Fre wi and Thlll e to Se ng Machine Al!'ents. general Thrashing m.chlnc, ;,ICIIOI8 & Anderson ...... 1�,940 De Wilson Reflecto An lIIustrated� wlng Ma, Scroll Work. To)" .oap bubblc, " . A. Harwood ...... 156,923 clIlne Journal, publl.hed monthlyr- devoted to the IntlPORITION and Patent Paint for removing..�.DU and .. strclI){th. a tiller tlnish, and is t,]'uer gage, than � C' wheel hub, Smith & Cox ...... 156,953 n kHI preventiing ncrustati on, h owever thi k ISn .,...... 'O;...n erA Vehicle other iU 1Jrie renders itundoubte.dly the mosteco om of every descri�tion. Has been thorough y triedand testPd Vote-counting apparatus, Boner & ]tIemin�...... 1.56,9 75 We are HI80 the soie' Dlanufacturers of the CELRBBA'l'P"; by the largest·Ateam user. In England. I The paint Is re · . COLLIN.' PAT COUPLINl< and fnrnlsh Pu\leys Hanger" Wagon bodies, boldlng jack for, W. R. Crau�.. .. 156,916 d yle. PrIce 1I.t 'mailed on markably cheap, auu will alone keep Boilers, &c.to, freefo r etc of the mo.t approve JONEst LAUGHLIN;; 6 month_ or mOre. Patent right £o r Amenca be sold . Wagon seat, spring, G. II. Spencer ...... 156,861 appilcatloll to S & lOt,., . •• . , Full p.rtlculars, apply to the Works, 109 Victoria H. tr>6,872 B.I1A.D cl 00 TryStreet, 2nd and SrdAvenue., Pltt8bnrgh,'J'oa. _ Washing machine, R. Boyd...... GBO--W 'B_I kenhe d, ngland. STEAllI DA�D SAW arStocks of thl. Shafting In .toreand for sale by r___ _a_ __E ______. ______Watch du.t cap, O. F. Stedmsn...... 156,894 FULLER DANA & FITZ , Boston, M8I!s. ______regulat.or, Moseley & Hunter ...... 157,021 ."-�D VENEER-CUTTING MILL, GEO·. PLACE & CO�t)21 Chambers.treet, N. Y. Watch & •• T "Water closet, .J . Burns ...... 156,978 186 to �'UO L};WI� ST., foot 5th & 6th St•. , E. R., N.Y. PIERCE WHALl1'

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 397 For cutthur business BOURNE'S DIES Stenclla all lilz es. AlBo COIDpiete OtTTPITS Clo hing Sten­ S· S· TIICIL Wltb which youngfor men tare making Recent Improvements in the ada . tor Catalogue and samples to fromcIJ8';�OheckI to , Send S. M. P CER, Ii?BaII over St. , Boston, )(888. -- 1Igtae.. C of __ IDWI EHDIlIiF:!II1neB ', ... • mD,�e. eat totbec. • BoUrne. WItIl�. 124 lons . PrIce by mall, tree of R�t ::? ,1.50 potItage.NTE NTS.-Preface, Therm�cs, Super- � of . heating,CO Modem Forms BOilers, PropOrtion of Boil- ers, Smoke ng, GHrard'. lDjector tor Boll- BDrDl 1ll'8, Delabarre'. Steam Je , on the Bendt Jack- �) . t nsa =a= �::re�PMlBIOn��� 80�! 18 bIDed Serew and 'piddle , Modem orms of c Ber8w s t THE MOST �'='��H ' on, of Shipe, nal o =Power,:::. talice':'a�� ��:!�:'ilt,"c:"'��Double --- nEMIST, Screw.,rses Erudnes-nu e j ANALYTIUAJ, AND Varlou. Fo Land m r- ·l:U MMt: 1«; I a. ys and receipts a specicomrt�G.alty. (Jorres. C AL sa p ndence Mollclted. MRiden Lane, l � ot ve �: rl:'A4lijlfs'=il�:: J. CRlIF."TS ; un great care being taken to furni.1I the latest an,l best illustrations Ornamelltal l'lantH, for the Xortis.-A Hand-Book for Locomotive Euglneers of all new hOll"e. lawn, or garden. �-'hi8 feature bas been adopted durillg th" past �'ear with great sue",," •. and Machinist Norris. 12mo•...•••..• ALL CLASSES READERS •. ·By Sept. , 0);' find in tho HClE.,\'IH'IC jL�n;I1I1�_\X a popular relUm< of all thA bes t .t2.00 wanted as agent8. Robin80n.-ExplosioDS of S m By And MenLadles who have other at buslnes8, Home scientific information of the day ; and it is the aim of the pub h rs to present It in an attractiYe forID, a,·oid. tea Novel lan •• leasant work, HOOD PAY. Send a'Cent lis p Robinson. 12mo..••..•. •••••••.•...... ••.••••Boners. •..J.'1 R.25. rll Ing as much as possiblo abstruse t rm e\'cry intelligent mind, this jourllalaffords .. constant "upplv THE e s .. 'Ill • of f, ��k GRAPHIO COllllPAKY, 311-11 instructive ading. � � re Roper.-A of High-preesure or Non.. �:,re, e . REMEMB:t:R  the SCI}�"T.IPJC AMEIUCAN is a \\'F.>:In,Y PAPElt, and every number "ontain. a8 mllo.h r.onden.lngcatechism Steam Engines. tephen Roper, Eng!.. By S Information 88 most publications that are i".uod monthly. The ScIESTl}'lC AMEmc_", should have a place in neer. Tnck!!••••••.• ••••••••.•..••.•••••••••...••••••. JUGIETS-Permanent Steel lIagneta t2.«\) "yen Family, Library, Study, Office, and CountingRooDl ; in every Jleading Room. (Jollego, Academy. or School. Roper.-Hand-Book of the Locomotive. With of any form or slae, made to order by F. C. BEACH A year's numbers contain 832 pages and SEYERAL H"""lUm f;"UltAVINGR. Thousands of volumes are pre. CO., York. MRkel'8 the trationl. Tuck •.••••••••..••.•.•..•••••..••..••••••.•ruus- & 268 Broadway, New Of cele­ ler\"ed for binding and reference. The practical receipts arc ten times the subSCription A. • Tom Thumb ur Telegraph In.tru­ ",tell wortll pricA. elI.50 brated and M t an Instructor and Educator the eq'Ial. is of Templeton.-The Practical Examfnator on Steam menY. lelB e SCmNTII''lC AMERICAN lIa" no It promotiYc knowledge and pro. 1'11'00. in "" cry community where it circulates. and tbe Steam Engine : With Instructive referenceR thereto, arranmfor the useof student and •.. - I. " enKlneers, s!. COMBIN­ . others. By WIlliam Templeton, EDgineer. 12mo .•,,1 .25 UINES, oal'�tina DT. dlUBbUlty and econ· WatBon.-Tbe of omyp______»f �.of and )I!1ce. They are lila­ widel WIthand than chlnlBts and EnKodemn e . By PractIce Eg Watson.American !!II wood lihefavorabl mfilTDlumy known, wetllbt more being In T: E II, M HI. e rs bert P. use. y sale. cuts . 12mo•••.•••• gi •••.•••••••.••••.•.•••.••.••....•••• All warranted satisfactory or no 1,000De8crlptlve e2.50 clrcuJan sent on application. Addre88 tljc 1\CW law Wl\1C1t goe� l1\to (1)ctatiOlt ]tl.1\U:tfy 1 1St!), pue- WilHa.m8.-Qn Heat Steam. Cbaries Wye . . THE J. C. HOADLEY La nc , . "-2y , and By 00., wre e l!.a� 1i�el'.s )tlje �u��ctiget WlllIamB. DluBtrated. 8vo ••••••..••••••••••••••• .•• l'cquh'ei.� iH�VMtC\,;. ts.50 ate to ;pay portage it) The above, or DIY Boob, Bent.!IYmall, tree BELLS FOR 1874. o ��t 'tlje1\ teceivel-i lji� papet 1:: CHRISTMASIndl Ie all .... u..py ItDd t:ql:ong1t titc l)o,irit.office ftee.dH OFI'RACTICAL .._ -.... 8ent.. wlalL-lon receipte.lle stamp, ��SCIENT�!IF'iC���lh:K� free, to UtllenADAMS". CO.,Fre e ofoneoston Mass. AND fioo paaes, byDlakli & Publishers, B any one who fnmlehhis . 8vo.-86Ilt , wUJ addietiiI fI.t1"I.�•• • '1181 'Oil SE�t1�JI (JOPllf8. HENRY CAREY BAIRD, ScieWic American, one rear (including Science for 1875; (including post- kON . . . . 2 ...... DiD118TBIAL PlTBLI8lIBB, P. BI,W. ree8l:er,AJBDBLL M8.88., '" 00., postage) ...... 0 age) ...... ALNl1T W STREET, Phlledelphla. . . . . $3 ...... $2 60 Manufacturers of the Blaisdell Patent Upright Drills and Sciet1& rear (includins \ . Ken of Progress (Lar� Steel·Plat, En· other IIm·classMechan ic's Too18. American,half postap) ...... ,1 graving), (including postage) . . 00 ...... 60 .. Q Scientific American, three months (in· . _ Patent Laws andKechanical Koveme!1ts . . cludins postage) . 00 (including postage) .... .•.. ..25 cents...... : ...... ' 1 C(J.�.lJt"'. .� r.8. Scientific American, one year, and one Scientific American!..one year, and one of Science lecoN for 1876 COP of Ken of l'rogress (including COW . . . $5 20 T (postage includecP, ...... postage) , ...... 10 00 . . . • Scientific American, two rears (includ· Scietific American, one rear, and one ...... 5 60 illl postage) . C�1 of Science lecord for 1875, O11e copr of Ke of Progress 'l'wo copies of Scientific AmeJ'ican for an� (including postage) ...... 12 00 one rear, and two �ies of Science 'I...... lecoH for 1875 (inc1iding postage) 50 J[AIUJ'ACTV:aE:aS, ATTElfTIOI ! 9 . I to Hi re. )------.�.�..... �.� .�.�. ------WautedUN to ou ther labor of two hundred and tlfty hire on cts MI88t0 url State Penitent a . Two Shop., ..TES �:D the i ry VL'UB . PREMItIrl\_. C feetvi byIn 50 feet each, with main Hh"ftlng and Pulleys 150In s hop8, with all the Steam Power wlUlted. ThelIi1est nlng In tile West for a furniture .hop or 'Al: anufactory. c� '"' II 1It1 1!'BS. o lio � d �ll�r:e� copies American, one year, postage !\t� � �:� !:' : Five or Scientific included, (S2,80 �� �:rl::na rs t cla s oppOrtunity for parties to engage In . . . theA� mSO,a nutlf c u· sof Men'. Boots and Sboes or Agrlcul· each) ...... , .. , .. , .. . , ...... , ...... SI,1.00 t re •• to< C ' � tural Implements. Ample shop and tImber of all To the perf'!onwho I!ends us (} Clllb of 1iYt�, aH uboYc, Wi) f'CIHla� a prnmium, free, a copy or " , . e a � '" .. . . � . - . . Wl}'lM: � �.... . Scietl.Ce RecQrd j"or :1S7.i. ' any, JeEe�r oln �CIty, Mo.��r;:e �r.'i"�. �::��!����d��� Scientific American, one year, postage included .··. . .. · . SI6.00 . . p ll s Five copies or . To the person 'Who 8cndH us & club of ftYn, as above , wn FNtll SH a premium, free, no copy of ------Polisher, Can Opener SoIUIw CJuIlJlJIII. • .,,- : � t.h� ell'brant cngraying, -,)tell. • alr - eSharpener. Agent,wanted One D of' tree to allY addreS8 for 75e. IJ. ,t + :::: �.LLI oJ"' .J' -rlJf/rl-llll 10, 8, 20, ·eent, to .. Centennial Novelty 651 N. 7th. St. Phil•. Pa...... S27.00 26,28, 00, 32. 36, 40, 48threads _ -- -- -.._------.. Ten of Scientific American. one year, each) 12, f4 , 16, 1 'Ie to all who uBe Twl8t Drills, . --- - .. copies ($2,70 To the pl�rson who 8cndli us a club (If teu, we ::,r iYC K::Ja prt·mium, f.reo,. a copy . . oC :'::IiOODNODt� �Ir - '- � : Men � & WI �� J��gllr.�o� J:�I�::.� : � B t.cn of _l'ruurcilil.the Bender ]f uJl the names Bent as aboyc arf� nl!.1D Bubscriber., shall l'('{�dvc 8S premiumH, frep., 1\h:� O} PI10GJmflS, anu·8oIENcERJ:: I,]UltD l'ult lWj;j. If a Club of cn names is sunt, $2.70 cacho uf which fivearc STEELIMPORTED WIR 'ro EORDER. RO PES e at new subst:riber" the .cnde� of the dub wil: One third than Iron. 1)0 ('ntiUetl, free,1lft tolIEs O}' PllOti1m�S, alul UJW COllY of :-5.;O

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 17 T. v. Carpenter. Advertiling Agent. Addres. __� ���----� ------Box.7.ll!,New Yor.,.clty.·__ Back Pa e ... • • • • • • nae. Inside alr e • • • • • • • P lr 81."cents a a line. H. WESLEY PERKINS, Engramnus may head advertf8ements13 at thesame rate per line, by mea.mrement, 118 pre88 "SCIENTIFIC" ENGRAVER the letter . Ad­ vertisements m'U8t received publication o1!f,ce118 31 PARK ROW. N. Y. eal·ly F'riday morni1l(Jbe appearat ILLUSTRATlnN;, ()F �VI'RYTHINr.. 118 to tn next18Bue. 1876.

Postage Free.

How Is the TIme t'R COVERING FOR. BOILERS ROPOSALS FOR CONVICT LABOR. to PIPES ...ve. Twenty_per Cent In-Fuel. AND p R FELT, CEMENT, AND PAINT FOR d C g HARTFORD Subscribe o be1���rs.;r ��:�'t�� �e����tr�� ROOFS I. the be.t In the m ..rket. e d b tr":g�'1 d blo���ft Q a���Iin��'a� :t: o&�':r. ��g Asbestos Pelting day ° WJ I!g 'h!i���7'hp io r�e �� TO Frnot00. St., N.Y. of December, 1874, at nooD, for the labor and services STEAM BOILER -�-----� �--� of five bundred male convlct8 confined In this 3lfl-3� prl80n, to be employed(500) In the LaundrybU81ne88, to com­ mence on the 18t day of December, 1874, fiveyears for the termof (5) . 8 e c Inspection &; Insurance M!i�'2oE�f� :��fi�:d l� ,:rr., 5::;';l�y:J'f� the manufacture of Brooms,J3l:'M for the:'� term, of years. sa t r e vl COMPANY. M!i�'2oE�J'� J�J��d �� �� Pr"f.�n� fo �� e��l[,1f!� HARPER'S pERIODICALS. B. FRANKLIN, In tbe manufactnre of Woodenon Ware for the term of W. V. Pt. J. M. ALLIIH, Prea'&. 1874.fiveyears (5) , to commence the 1st day of Decemher, B. PmaCB, Sec. J. Also proposal. for the labor and 8ervlces of CONN. Male Convictsconftned In this Pri.o'!,to be employedFifty Iil HARTFORD, the manufacture of MacblneQ' for me term of Ave NOYE'S years,.tocommence on the lBt day of December, 1874. (5) Also proposals for the labor and 8ervlces 4lf Fifty BlUI �shtng1Vorks Male Convicts confinedIn this Pri80n, tobe emJlloyed In the manufactureof Cigars forthe term of 1874.five years, are the la .t In the United State.. The make Bnrr �J{agazine has done good and not evil to commence on the 1st day of December, (5) n � I . hl ls TIl<' With such labor and services will be furnishedshops t!t��::, Wate�r\�ll!:ef. ,II �r.����� &e:&rtni.k:�cf1IW HadaysrDor's of its ll fe.-BrooklynMa�a zino. and premises In the Prison Yard. No Hydraulic, no adapted to fiour m\ll8 �n all th" Eagle. 8teamandpower or Machinery will be furulshed withwill such j-. . �6'¥i"r�ndSt. , St.Lonl., Mo. MURRILL KEIB "BZER, THollidaY GAGE St., COCKS . TERMS for 1875. & 44 BaIt.

HARPER'S MAGAZINE, . . ..• . One year $4 00 HARPER'S WEEKLY, _ ..• One Year... 4, 00 '. �t n HARPER'S BAZAR, . ....• One Year 4, 00 E One copy of eitherwlUbe sent one year, POSTAGE N OW is THE TIM TO SUBSCRIBE Pub for PREPAID by tlw lishers, to any Suhscriher in FOR'lIIE the of Four United States, on receipt Dollars. �� � ! HARPER'S MAGAZINE, HARPER'S WEEKLY, and HARPER'S BAZAR, Addr�s� JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS, M ..nuJ:aclur- New YorkTHE Weekly., for one year, $10Pub00 ; or any ers, Trenton. N. J., or 117 Liberty St., New 00:posta{1e prepatd by islw . e " for conveying power long dl.tance8. two for $7 the Z rs �� ��r 81�C�I��� !lEST STORY AND SKETCH PAPER PUBLISHED. An Extra ()&Pyof eitlwr WEEKLY, theMAGAZINE, IOIll w be sent uratis fm' of FIvE CIRCULATION BAZAR WCU every Club MPORTANT FOR ALL LARGE CORPO­ 000. �U1IsCRiBERS at in tme 350, $4 00 each, rem1ttance']KI8ta{Ie ; or, uerk'sRATIONS Watchman's AND MANUFACTURING Time CONCERNS.­ Largest Circulation the Six Copi,es for $20 00, without extra copy: Detector, capable of of any Paperin WO'I'ld. prrpatd by tlw Publishers. Machinists' controI lling, with the utmo.t aecuracy, the motion of a " I t 'b t �eaches diJlerent TOOLS, :t!��: gf gr. c:�� ���'d ��r : l Everybody Reads it Everybody It I Admire. I_ OF At-X.KINDS, SEND DOLLABS; · JUmBBSS i 1l:1:�Wate�J; g r I ?s' ��:Jlt��I.-�'W�� 8 l�'p)!f:.,::t .. u & 01lices. ��l:: m� wTf1 ��lfIe�� ��t� ;��Sf;; t� i:�� - TlIBEE rJ!'��; and you will receive for one year, the mo.tU8), popular liter· ! (po'lageprepaid bJl contslnlng Established U ,Stea. Co. Portland Cement. ..ry"b p t ..per In the wor- d Munn Co.'S Patent18 46. EngiDe l complete Serial Stories, The Oldest Ag�ncy for Soliciting Patents '8 eJwa1len St. From the be.t Lon��lj:'l!n� e O l 3 Short Sketches of L ..ve and Adventure., hm � C1' �t��25 i?l. 1l}0Poems, the United States. Knr Tou, A Practical Treatl8e on Cement furni.hed for cents 0 Plea_nt ParalP"aphs, in 100 i cles, TWEN TY.EIGH7 mRS' EXPERIEN CA. :" �::i H. W. JOHNS' PATENT l}t'� : Contribution.,' Our3 0 qnette.Box · D epartmen , glVl d ceon Good secnred t nga vi MORE PATENTS h .. ve been through Beh.. vl , and In8tructlng the YOUng how toact .. Wed·t thi. agoncy, at home andabroad, thanthrough any other In d1 the world. t\�fog\'i:::.:redlre.BoxReclpea and Medlc� sugge.· ASBESTOS ROOFING, Climate.. = !'na Inventor. have availed ASBE;.STOfor Seep or Flat Roofs in all . "�""ODLe", Love, SIX'.l'Y THOUS&ND S MATERIALS 'Auwen to � themselvesof Mnnn CO.'8& service. In examiningtheir In­ ASBESTOS ROOFING PAINT,. a strictly first class article, rich color and supert_ . - C�d'm.to�� ir ASBESTOS PA S all colors, ..,- A?1 8!ivioe ,-entlons, and t e patenta. INT , for Ireneral purposes, in pans, kelrs, and barrels. and W proeurlng h ASBESTOS about:R ��,�� ••.... ·l\lDlbrac4la of of BOILER FELTING, Lininlr Felts, Materlal� etc. They employ88 thobILII8Is tants a corp. the most ex· Sheathinlr " iiiAktnii Cuttingof'! ...�n and S lreneral.Roofinlr i �rical Items, . etc., T&rIety emmin h e � � ·and .. perien,ffi men as ers, specl1lcatlon writers, and Pric� r n �e� � ve hle 8, : ete.,. of cap £rit���it��=f�i7���� ��'u"c e� :��: ! : �:��::'i:"::J°i)'!:'.:f!�!! � other Intere.tlng reading matter. draftsmenthat be found,many of whomhave been se­ or are : : 1 or materi&Is t ,oted Oftlee. CAUTION ._The public hereby cautioned ..galnst purchasing using anyof for the above or from therank. of thePatent . mnar purposes, purportingto containAS BESTOS, unles. they bear our SUBSOBlBE FOR I name nd.. date. patents. THE NEW YOU WDXLY., MUNN & In connectionwith thepnbHcstIon of the � � AND WILL DB CO, paten,e Maiden Lane, YOU A¥1IBIOAN, to �'t -:!: ::,:: uftl ,orer, H. W. SOIENfi�O continue examine8pec1ftcatlon Inventions, ., L =. : � JOHNS, 87 N. Y. AMUSED, ENTERTAINED, INSTRUCTED, con1l!J: withInv entors,prepu:6 drawings, and and cheeredme ritby t thehe weekly visit. of a paperthat readers.ha. neve asslgnment8,attend ...,ueatlonsIn the ..p ten t Office THE JOHN HARDICK f.. lled to e.teemof It. mUlfonsof to ftIIng GLASS OIL Term. to payIDgthegovernment fees, and w .. tch eachcase .tep by OUPSW •. NIAGARA Subl!lcrllleni of •. .••...... Is ..II kind.. Brass Fittings for Steam, ..ter aJ Gli STEaM PUMP, One� T copy one Month . ..• •.• ...• ctl step while pending before the llIn:aIOAN Of 112 original and ,.,. • .LU71r.odel smade :'S��:the no! Depart­ special notice made In the O InImitable Fret or Scroll -Work Designs. Free to all. I And Experlmentsl MaChlnery•• Metsl or Wood, to N'IWIbs ,.. '"Wr":''::order of Po.t-OJIlce this __ __ N. By .. recent en.ure patented G of Mech ..nlc. _ till ment all Inventions throngh Ageney, with the �g=d �����:��f,,�u:;cj�r¥. ' order by � �J , �-Wli:�_,- R� Center �, Y. ofthl. Is ..bsolutely ·nece.saryto prompt clellv· name and residence of the p ..tentee. IENTIFI Patents are often BLAXE'S·PATENT ery letters. part persons attractedto the Invention YOU WEEXLY POSTAGZ lSEE. sold,In or whole, to THE HEA LD OISOO i Stone and -Breaker .TU BEW by .uch notice. & Ore and aftBr 1, 1875 A ontO pages, taining Patent Centrifu&!al Pump . Crushe. hard nd January we wlllPNP!JlrUiepostage s all .. brlttle�.ub.tanCjlS to On WEaKLY. I. �tUne to pamphlet con the Jaw.and cIrcnJar tundI· . VERTICAL HO IZONTAL. any required on the NEW YOBK Now willthe Iend1D obtaining )t "Ize. A180, any kindof sub.crlptlon., a. allmaJl .ub.crlbers h8I'l!&fterreceive rectlonsfor UnitedStates patents,also a Premiums .. t New& Orlean., Clnclnn.. tl , ..nd New STon for RoADSand for CONOBETB, &c. to Cor FI,.s! Sp ecaaI All1ard," Addres8 BLAKE CRUSHER CO., . the NBW YOBK]iEEKLY4J�'fgef"u. pertainingexclnsively ForeignPatents, cost York. • SHOULD coun.try time .tatlng Am"Merledalafc ..n Instl tnte, 1872 New Haven, Conn. ALL LBTriIE. BEADDJUl p-ro ..a ch , granted, etc., 8eilt tree. Addres. mo.t Powerful, the k CO., Perfect satl.factlon gnaranteed. The cheape.t, The M08t ..nd Only T\gJlt STREET k SM:ITQ. Pr.e'or�. MUNN durable, opular and 8uccessful Pump known, for Paper e ¥ n C t 18 l !M,!l1, !.l9and 31 BaH !!It.,N;Y .. :s;e. Box 48IHI. Puhll.bera SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, =������addreS8�r w�r.:n� �:� Row, N. �c� �m� �h �,:':r:� oo':'J..�� ���7eetc.� :�I V�w the time.. SeDd to Scientific American" is 1HIin�-"itb 31' Park Y. figure8,for Wrecklng,free. "l>redg\ng,Irriga ting, 1lI1l.tra· OFn�Corner Streeu, pamphlet, 800reference. to HE " JOHNllOli T4Intb theed •• ()helm8iol'd, '" BlWfOB F and 7tb Pump. 24j1&ge.of the Blil'ODII.·lIOI8Ible1i8.I:tte&iae� N." ' A. M. SWAIN, CHAS ENEUPhiladelphia- d co '8 IInt!•• lfew and & CO. • North Mas". T ardSt s., an 118 Gold St WasbIngton D· (' Address HEALD,SISCO Baldwinsville, Lomb lork

© 1874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.