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An Estimate of Asthma Prevalence in Africa: a Systematic Analysis 521 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE DISEASES IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES 519 Croat Med J. 2013;54:519-31 doi: 10.3325/cmj.2013.54.519 An estimate of asthma Davies Adeloye, Kit Yee Chan, Igor Rudan, Harry prevalence in Africa: Campbell Centre for Population Health a systematic analysis Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK Aim To estimate and compare asthma prevalence in Af- rica in 1990, 2000, and 2010 in order to provide informa- tion that will help inform the planning of the public health response to the disease. Methods We conducted a systematic search of Medline, EMBASE, and Global Health for studies on asthma pub- lished between 1990 and 2012. We included cross-section- al population based studies providing numerical estimates on the prevalence of asthma. We calculated weighted mean prevalence and applied an epidemiological model linking age with the prevalence of asthma. The UN popula- tion figures for Africa for 1990, 2000, and 2010 were used to estimate the cases of asthma, each for the respective year. Results Our search returned 790 studies. We retained 45 studies that met our selection criteria. In Africa in 1990, we estimated 34.1 million asthma cases (12.1%; 95% con- fidence interval [CI] 7.2-16.9) among children <15 years, 64.9 million (11.8%; 95% CI 7.9-15.8) among people aged <45 years, and 74.4 million (11.7%; 95% CI 8.2-15.3) in the total population. In 2000, we estimated 41.3 million cas- es (12.9%; 95% CI 8.7-17.0) among children <15 years, 82.4 million (12.5%; 95% CI 5.9-19.1) among people aged <45 years, and 94.8 million (12.0%; 95% CI 5.0-18.8) in the total population. This increased to 49.7 million (13.9%; 95% CI 9.6-18.3) among children <15 years, 102.9 million (13.8%; 95% CI 6.2-21.4) among people aged <45 years, and 119.3 million (12.8%; 95% CI 8.2-17.1) in the total population in 2010. There were no significant differences between asth- ma prevalence in studies which ascertained cases by writ- ten and video questionnaires. Crude prevalences of asth- ma were, however, consistently higher among urban than Received: August 15, 2013 rural dwellers. Accepted: December 15, 2013 Conclusion Our findings suggest an increasing preva- Correspondence to: lence of asthma in Africa over the past two decades. Due Davies Adeloye to the paucity of data, we believe that the true prevalence WHO Collaborative Centre for of asthma may still be under-estimated. There is a need for Population Health Research and Training, Centre for Population national governments in Africa to consider the implica- Health Sciences tions of this increasing disease burden and to investigate University of Edinburgh Medical the relative importance of underlying risk factors such as School rising urbanization and population aging in their policy Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK and health planning responses to this challenge. [email protected] www.cmj.hr 520 DISEASES IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES Croat Med J. 2013;54:519-31 Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are among the leading survey guidelines for asthma in 1984, but experts subse- causes of death worldwide, with asthma rated the most quently reported concerns about its precision and reli- common chronic disease affecting children (1). Globally, ability (17). According to the Global Initiative for Asthma about 300 million people have asthma, and current trends (GINA), detailed history, physical examination and spiro- suggest that an additional 100 million people may be living metric lung function tests are vital to the diagnosis and with asthma by 2025 (1,2). The World Health Organization management of asthma (10,18). Generally, a reduction in (WHO) estimates about 250 000 deaths from asthma every forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and peak year, mainly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) expiratory flow (PEF) may be indicative of asthma, with the (3,4). Just like with many other chronic diseases in Africa, amount of reduction proportional to the severity of asth- the fast rate of urbanization has been linked to the increase ma (4). GINA proposed that an increase in FEV1 of >12% in the burden of asthma and other allergic diseases (3,5,6). and 200 mL in about 15-20 minutes following the inhala- The prevalence of these conditions may, in theory, have tion of 200-400 µg of salbutamol or a 20% increase in PEF the potential to reach levels higher than those observed from baseline can be employed as standardized criteria in in high-income countries (HIC) due to priming effects of diagnosis of asthma (10). This, however, lacks sensitivity, parasitic helminthic infections on the immune system, as as many asthmatics, especially those on treatment, may these infections are common in many African settings (5). not exhibit an increase in FEV1 and PEF when assessed The International Study of Asthma and Allergies (ISAAC) (16,19). Thus, although asthma is characterized by signifi- reported that asthma prevalence among children was in- cant reversibility of airway obstruction, an absence of re- creasing in Africa and has contributed most to the burden versibility may not always exclude the presence of asthma of disease through its effects on quality of life (3). In-patient (20). The ISAAC established in 1991, remains the largest admissions and purchase of medications account for most epidemiological study among children globally (1). ISAAC of the direct costs on government, while loss of productiv- methodologies and scoring are currently the most widely ity, due to absenteeism from work and school, are respon- employed by researchers in Africa (1,4). This involves both sible for most of the indirect costs (7,8). video and written questionnaires, as there were reports that video and pictorial representations of asthma symp- Asthma is widely known as a multifactorial respiratory dis- toms may contribute to improved case recognition in order with both genetic and environmental underlying risk younger children (1). However, this is still a subject of de- factors (3). Exposure to common allergens (including pol- bate among experts (21). The European Community Re- lens, dust mites, and animal furs) and indoor and outdoor spiratory Health Survey (ECRHS), which assessed the prev- air pollution from various sources (eg, traffic pollution, alence of atopy and symptoms of airway disease among combustion of fossils and biomass fuels, workplace dust) older age groups in Western Europe, has been widely im- have all been implicated as triggers of the disease (9). Sec- plemented and has reported significant geographic varia- ond hand tobacco smoking is a confirmed risk factor in pe- tions in the prevalence of asthma and atopy (9). Despite diatric patients (5,10). Viral infections, a major cause of up- these revised guidelines, both ISAAC and ECRHS research per respiratory tract infections and “common cold,” are also groups have reported challenges in achieving high sensi- a common risk factor in children (11,12). As noted, helmin- tivity and specificity in case ascertainment with the symp- thic infections are relatively common in Africa and are as- tom “wheeze at rest in the last 12 months” (also regarded sociated with bronchial hyper-responsiveness and asthma as current wheeze, or active wheeze), yielding the highest (5,13); this is perhaps due to the presence of related raised sensitivity and specificity (1). immunoglobulin E (IgE) and a prominent Th2 immune re- sponse (5,14). In Africa, problems including those arising from the over- utilization of health services, lack of trained staff and diag- Studies on asthma are few in Africa, with most publica- nostic apparatus, and non-availability and unaffordability tions mainly from South African and Nigerian populations of inhaled medications have hindered efforts to improve (14). One main factor affecting research output is the di- the management of asthma (22,23). The lack of organized agnosis of asthma, which still remains a challenging issue health promotion programs, such as effective control strat- (15,16). The WHO has emphasized that this has limited egies for environmental triggers, air pollutants, and occu- on-going research efforts globally (4,16). The Interna- pational dusts have also contributed to the growing bur- tional Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases den (24). The WHO has reported that the levels of asthma (IUATLD) published one of the first diagnostic and control and health responses in the continent have been www.cmj.hr Adeloye et al: An estimate of asthma prevalence in Africa: a systematic analysis 521 below recommended standards, and that these have con- We included studies providing numerical estimates on the tributed to the size of the disease burden (3,4). In addition, prevalence of asthma, including non-English publications. although many African countries have national guidelines We excluded studies that were mainly reviews, hospital- for the management of asthma and other CRDs, these based (without a denominator population estimate), with- guidelines have not been implemented in most rural areas out numerical estimates, and conducted on non-human (25,26). Economic analyses in many African settings have subjects. shown that direct costs from asthma are usually greater than the indirect costs. However, indirect costs represent a Studies were further checked for clear diagnostic criteria relatively higher proportion of total costs among pediatric and survey methods. As noted above, asthma has been than adult patients (8). Moreover, the wider economic bur- described in various ways by many researchers, we there- den on individuals, families, employers, and society, due to fore allowed for these variations in our analysis (Table 2 and loss of future potential source of livelihood, has also been Supplementary Table 1).
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