DOCSLIB.ORG

Social Tolerance of Homosexuality: the Patterns of Chinese Societies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Social Tolerance of Homosexuality: the Patterns of Chinese Societies Social Tolerance of Homosexuality: The Patterns of Chinese Societies by Alexi Tianyang Hu B.A., Lanzhou University, 2015 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Sociology Department Alexi Tianyang Hu, 2020 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This Thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. We acknowledge with respect the Lekwungen peoples on whose traditional territory the university stands and the Songhees, Esquimalt and WSÁNEĆ peoples whose historical relationships with the land continue to this day. Supervisory Committee Social Tolerance of Homosexuality: The Patterns of Chinese Societies by Alexi Tianyang Hu Lanzhou University, 2015 Supervisory Committee Min Zhou, the Department of Sociology Supervisor Douglas Baer, the Peter B. Gustavson School of Business Outside Member ii Abstract In this thesis, three culturally similar yet distinct Chinese societies, China, Taiwan, and Singapore, are analysed in the context of their (in)tolerance towards homosexuality. Although they share many cultural similarities rooted in Chinese cultural heritage, these three societies are not always socially and politically homogenous. Differences in the political and social systems among the three societies contribute to divergences in social tolerance of homosexuality. Therefore, social tolerance of homosexuality and the social mechanisms behind it are explored in this thesis in order to comprehend the three Chinese societies better. The thesis starts with an introduction to the primary purpose of the research and contextualises homosexuality in historically traditional Chinese culture. It then discerns whether Chinese people are more or less homophobic compared with others on a global scale. Next, through quantitative approaches and under Inglehart’s postmaterialist theoretical framework, the research examines the socioeconomic and sociopolitical heterogeneity among Chinese societies. Overall, the findings confirm that homosexuality is still a form of identity politics in Chinese societies, and political and economic structures profoundly influence the tolerance of homosexuality. Also, Mainland China displays some unusual patterns with respect to the relationship between the economy and the tolerance, which sheds new light on the particularity of Chinese politics. iii Table of Contents SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE ...................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ VI LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... VIII CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 CONTEXTUALIZING THE HISTORY OF HOMOSEXUALITY IN CHINESE SOCIETIES ................................ 4 1.2.1 Ancient Era: A Unique Homosexual Culture ......................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Republican Era: from West to East ........................................................................................ 8 2.1 MAINLAND CHINA: FROM ‘DARK’ AGES TO REFORM ERA: HOMOSEXUALITY IN COMMUNIST CHINA ................................................................................................................................................................. 10 2.2 THE RISE OF CHINESE HOMOSEXUAL RESEARCH AND THE STATUS QUO ...................................... 13 3 A BRIEF HISTORY OF HOMOSEXUALITY IN TAIWANESE SOCIETY ........................................................ 15 4.1 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF HOMOSEXUALITY IN SINGAPORE .......................................................... 18 4.2 A SYNOPSIS OF HISTORY OF SINGAPORE ........................................................................................ 19 4.3 THE HISTORY OF HOMOSEXUALITY IN SINGAPORE .......................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 22 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 22 HOMOSEXUALITY: THE BIRTH OF IDENTITY POLITICS ............................................................................. 22 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON HOMOSEXUALITY ..................................... 24 1. Early studies .................................................................................................................................. 24 2. Two predominant modern theories in homosexual research ................................................. 25 2.1 Post-materialist thesis ................................................................................................................ 25 2.2 World society theory................................................................................................................... 27 UNDERREPRESENTATION OF NON-WESTERN WORLD IN HOMOSEXUAL RESEARCH ........................... 29 ARE CHINESE PEOPLE MORE OR LESS HOMOPHOBIC? A SIMPLE OLS ANALYSIS ............................ 30 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................ 34 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 36 RESEARCH BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 36 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES ........................................................................................................................ 40 DATA ........................................................................................................................................................ 49 METHOD ................................................................................................................................................... 55 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................. 55 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION............................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 84 DATA AND METHODS ............................................................................................................................... 95 iv VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENTS .......................................................................................................... 95 STATISTICAL MODELS ........................................................................................................................... 103 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................ 105 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................... 119 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................... 128 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 140 A CRITICAL REVIEW OF POST-MATERIALIST THESIS AND WORLD SOCIETY THEORY ............................ 140 WHY CAN TAIWAN BECOME THE MOST TOLERANT CHINESE SOCIETY TO HOMOSEXUALITY?............. 143 THE ANOMALY OF POST-MATERIALIST THEORY IN CHINA..................................................................... 144 LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 151 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................... 155 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................ 177 v List of Tables TABLE 1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR VARIABLES USED IN THE ANALYSIS ........................................... 32 TABLE 2 ESTIMATES FOR OLS MODEL PREDICTING TOLERANCE TOWARD HOMOSEXUALITY ................ 33 TABLE 3 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR MULTIPLE PREDICTORS
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Set Talk Under Mao's Communist Puritanism
    International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2020 Secrets Revealed: Set Talk Under Mao’s Communist Puritanism Huai Bao individuals may form an identity based on their perception Abstract— Memory matters because it documents history “off and assumption of past generations and vice versa when the record” especially in a culture and/or a time period under memory operates in a vacuum intersection between the untold state politics that suppresses free expressions and hinders (set of facts) the unforgotten (symbolic representation). distribution of knowledge. Through qualitative interviews and case analysis, this study reviews narratives by informants born Memory that operates on the collective level can be in the 1950s and early 1960s around non-mainstream sexualities documented publicly after individual and external screening. during and shortly after the Cultural Revolution in the PRC, While its reflection tunes up the particular period of time in and interrogates the demonization of Western influence since recent history, it lacks graphic details captured in that the beginning of the implementation of Deng’s “Reform and moment and inscribed in memory that signify its Opening-up” policy. “personalness” and meaningfulness. For this study, individual memories matter more because Index Terms—Sexuality, communist puritanism, Chinese. each of them records personal history that is hardly seen The sexual instincts are remarkable for their plasticity, for elsewhere from official sources, especially in a culture and a the facility with which they can change their aim...for the ease time period that totally prohibited free expressions and with which they can substitute one form of gratification for hindered distribution of modern knowledge on sexuality.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Queerness and Chinese Modernity: the Politics of Reading Between East and East a Dissertati
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Queerness and Chinese Modernity: The Politics of Reading Between East and East A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Literature by Alvin Ka Hin Wong Committee in Charge: Professor Yingjin Zhang, Co-Chair Professor Lisa Lowe, Co-Chair Professor Patrick Anderson Professor Rosemary Marangoly George Professor Larissa N. Heinrich 2012 Copyright Alvin Ka Hin Wong, 2012 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Alvin Ka Hin Wong is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair ________________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page …………………………………………………….……………….….…iii Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………..…….…iv List of Illustrations ……………………………………………………………….…........v Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………….....vi Vita …………………………………………………….…………………………….…...x Abstract of the Dissertation ………………………………………………….……….….xi INTRODUCTION.……………………………………………………………….……....1 CHAPTER ONE. Queering Chineseness and Kinship: Strategies of Rewriting by Chen Ran, Chen Xue and Huang Biyun………………………….………...33
    [Show full text]
  • Performing Masculinity in Peri-Urban China: Duty, Family, Society
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Performing Masculinity in Peri-Urban China: Duty, Family, Society Magdalena Wong A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London December 2016 1 DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/ PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 97,927 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I confirm that different sections of my thesis were copy edited by Tiffany Wong, Emma Holland and Eona Bell for conventions of language, spelling and grammar. 2 ABSTRACT This thesis examines how a hegemonic ideal that I refer to as the ‘able-responsible man' dominates the discourse and performance of masculinity in the city of Nanchong in Southwest China. This ideal, which is at the core of the modern folk theory of masculinity in Nanchong, centres on notions of men's ability (nengli) and responsibility (zeren).
    [Show full text]
  • Taiwan and China's Cross-Strait Relations" (2018)
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Projects and Capstones Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Spring 5-18-2018 Contending Identities: Taiwan and China's Cross- Strait Relations Jing Feng [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone Recommended Citation Feng, Jing, "Contending Identities: Taiwan and China's Cross-Strait Relations" (2018). Master's Projects and Capstones. 777. https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone/777 This Project/Capstone is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Projects and Capstones by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Contending Identities: Taiwan and ​ China’s Cross-Strait Relationship Jing Feng Capstone Project APS 650 Professor Brian Komei Dempster May 15, 2018 2 Abstract Taiwan’s strategic geopolitical position—along with domestic political developments—have put the country in turmoil ever since the post-Chinese civil war. In particular, its antagonistic, cross-strait relationship with China has led to various negative consequences and cast a spotlight on the country on the international diplomatic front for close to over six decades. After the end of the Cold War, the democratization of Taiwan altered her political identity and released a nation-building process that was seemingly irreversible. Taiwan’s nation-building efforts have moved the nation further away from reunification with China.
    [Show full text]
  • Reaching LGBT Travelers: Taiwan Report Profile of Taiwanese International Visitors
    2017 Taiwan LGBT Travel Trends LGBT Market Intelligence Report | Reaching LGBT Travelers: Taiwan Report Profile of Taiwanese International Visitors May 2017 Produced by 1 2017 Taiwan LGBT Travel Trends LGBT Market Intelligence Report | ABOUT CMI 25 YEARS OF LGBT INSIGHTS › Community Marketing & Insights (CMI) has been conducting LGBT consumer research for 25 years. Our practice includes online surveys, in-depth interviews, intercepts, focus groups (on-site and online), and advisory boards. Industry leaders around the world depend on CMI’s research and analysis as a basis for feasibility evaluations, positioning, economic impact, creative testing, informed forecasting, measurable marketing planning and assessment of return on investment. › Key findings have been published in the New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, Wall Street Journal, Forbes, USA Today, Chicago Tribune, Miami Herald, CBS News, NPR, CNN, Reuters, Associated Press, eMarketer, Mashable, and many other international, national and regional media. › CMI’s other research clients include leaders from a wide range of industries. In the past few years, studies have been produced for these and many other clients: VISIT FLORIDA, Empire State Development Corp., Las Vegas Convention & Visitors Authority, NYC & Company, Visit Orlando, Greater Fort Lauderdale CVB, Palm Springs Bureau of Tourism, Travel Portland, Choose Chicago, Tourism Toronto, Argentina Tourism Office, Hawaiian Airlines, Hyatt Hotels, Prudential, Wells Fargo Bank, Aetna, Target Brands,
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Comrade China on the Big Screen
    COMRADE CHINA ON THE BIG SCREEN: CHINESE CULTURE, HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITY, AND HOMOSEXUAL FILMS IN MAINLAND CHINA By XINGYI TANG A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN MASS COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Xingyi Tang 2 To my beloved parents and friends 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank some of my friends, for their life experiences have inspired me on studying this particular issue of homosexuality. The time I have spent with them was a special memory in my life. Secondly, I would like to express my gratitude to my chair, Dr. Churchill Roberts, who has been such a patient and supportive advisor all through the process of my thesis writing. Without his encouragement and understanding on my choice of topic, his insightful advices and modifications on the structure and arrangement, I would not have completed the thesis. Also, I want to thank my committee members, Dr. Lisa Duke, Dr. Michael Leslie, and Dr. Lu Zheng. Dr. Duke has given me helpful instructions on qualitative methods, and intrigued my interests in qualitative research. Dr. Leslie, as my first advisor, has led me into the field of intercultural communication, and gave me suggestions when I came across difficulties in cultural area. Dr. Lu Zheng is a great help for my defense preparation, and without her support and cooperation I may not be able to finish my defense on time. Last but not least, I dedicate my sincere gratitude and love to my parents.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Popular Romance in Greater East Asia, 1937-1945 Chun-Yu Lu Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Spring 5-15-2016 Make Love and War: Chinese Popular Romance in Greater East Asia, 1937-1945 Chun-Yu Lu Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian Studies Commons, East Asian Languages and Societies Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Film and Media Studies Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, and the South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Lu, Chun-Yu, "Make Love and War: Chinese Popular Romance in Greater East Asia, 1937-1945" (2016). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 800. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/800 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures Committee on Comparative Literature Dissertation Examination Committee: Lingchei Letty Chen, Chair Robert E Hegel, Co-Chair Rebecca Copeland Diane Lewis Zhao Ma Marvin Marcus Make Love and War: Chinese Popular Romance in “Greater East Asia,” 1937-1945 by Chun-yu Lu A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2016 St. Louis, Missouri © 2016, Chun-yu Lu Table of Content Acknowledgments .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded At
    THE BROWN MOMENT IN TAIWAN: MAKING SENSE OF THE LAW AND POLITICS OF THE TAIWANESE SAME-SEX MARRIAGE CASE IN A COMPARATIVE LIGHT Ming-Sung Kuo & Hui-Wen Chen+ The Taiwan Constitutional Court (TCC) recently issued a landmark decision in Interpretation No. 748 (the Same-Sex Marriage Case), declaring the definition of marriage as a gender-differentiated union of a man and a woman under the Civil Code unconstitutional and setting the stage for Taiwan to become the first in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage. This decision has been compared to Obergefell v. Hodges. However, reading Obergefell in the broad context of the gay rights movement and the role of judicial review in Taiwanese constitutional politics, we challenge this analogy. Due to the discrepancy between the social movement and the law in the fight for constitutional rights for gays and lesbians in Taiwan, the Same-Sex Marriage Case is Taiwan’s Brown v. Board of Education moment in her constitutional law and politics. To make sense of the law and politics of the Same Sex Marriage Case, we evaluate its political context and the text and style in its reasoning. We observe a discrepancy between law and politics in the pursuit of the constitutional rights of gays and lesbians in Taiwan. The rise of same-sex marriage to the top of the antidiscrimination agenda resulted from the continuous effort of gay rights activists, while the TCC watched this movement from the sidelines until the Same-Sex Marriage Case. This case thus mirrors Brown in two respects. First, the role of the TCC has been publicly questioned after its Brown-like contentious decision on the issue of same-sex marriage.
    [Show full text]
  • A World Like Ours: Gay Men in Japanese Novels and Films
    A WORLD LIKE OURS: GAY MEN IN JAPANESE NOVELS AND FILMS, 1989-2007 by Nicholas James Hall A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) December 2013 © Nicholas James Hall, 2013 Abstract This dissertation examines representations of gay men in contemporary Japanese novels and films produced from around the beginning of the 1990s so-called gay boom era to the present day. Although these were produced in Japanese and for the Japanese market, and reflect contemporary Japan’s social, cultural and political milieu, I argue that they not only articulate the concerns and desires of gay men and (other queer people) in Japan, but also that they reflect a transnational global gay culture and identity. The study focuses on the work of current Japanese writers and directors while taking into account a broad, historical view of male-male eroticism in Japan from the Edo era to the present. It addresses such issues as whether there can be said to be a Japanese gay identity; the circulation of gay culture across international borders in the modern period; and issues of representation of gay men in mainstream popular culture products. As has been pointed out by various scholars, many mainstream Japanese representations of LGBT people are troubling, whether because they represent “tourism”—they are made for straight audiences whose pleasure comes from being titillated by watching the exotic Others portrayed in them—or because they are made by and for a female audience and have little connection with the lives and experiences of real gay men, or because they circulate outside Japan and are taken as realistic representations by non-Japanese audiences.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex with Chinese Characteristics : Sexuality Research In/On 21St Century China
    This is a repository copy of Sex with Chinese Characteristics : Sexuality research in/on 21st century China. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/127758/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Jackson, Stephanie Forsythe orcid.org/0000-0001-6981-0712, Ho, Petula Sik Ying, Cao, Siyang et al. (1 more author) (2018) Sex with Chinese Characteristics : Sexuality research in/on 21st century China. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH. pp. 486-521. ISSN 0022-4499 https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1437593 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ PDF proof only--The Journal of Sex Research SEX WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS: SEXUALITY RESEARCH IN/ON 21ST CENTURY CHINA Journal: The Journal of Sex Research Manuscript ID 17-247.R2 Manuscript Type: Original Article Sexual minorities, Women‘s sexuality, Desire, Extramarital Sex, Special Keywords: Populations/Gay, les,ian, ,isexual Page 1 of 118 PDF proof only--The Journal of Sex Research 1 2 3 SEX WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS: 4 5 6 ST SEXUALITY RESEARCH IN/ON 21 CENTURY CHINA 7 8 9 10 Abstract 11 12 13 This article examines the changing contours of Chinese sexuality studies by locating 14 15 recent research in historical context.
    [Show full text]
  • Queering Chinese Comrades!
    Studies in Chinese Learning and Teaching Issue 2 pp. 61-87 ______________________________________________________________________________ Queering Chinese Comrades! Audrey Tse Student Advisor: Elisabeth Kaske Carnegie Mellon University I. Tongzhi and Queer In the past two decades, tongzhi (同志) culture, activism, and identity have increased its presence in mainstream China despite institutional discrimination. In contrast with the term ‘homosexuality’ (同性恋), which has a clinical connotation, tongzhi, like ‘gay and lesbian’ or ‘queer’, is used for self-identification. Tongzhi’s etymological root in the Communist and Nationalist Party struggles during the mid-twentieth century results in a term that embodies positive cultural references, gender neutrality, and desexualization while undermining the stigma of homosexuality.1 The first vernacular use of the word tongzhi, meaning comrade, to describe Chinese queer, LGBT, and non-heterosexual individuals was in 1989. It was wittingly appropriated from the Communist Party’s rhetoric for use at the first Lesbian and Gay Film Festival in Hong Kong, when the playwright Edward Lam referred to the festival as the Tongzhi Film Festival.2 Since then, the term tongzhi has been widely used to signify non-normative genders and sexualities in the Chinese context, and functions similarly to the English term ‘queer’. In this article, I will argue that the work of Cui Zi’en, a prominent activist and film director, supports a universalist application of queer theory in China that encourages a global 1 Hinsch, Brett, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China, (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,1990) 2 Travis S. K. Kong, Chinese Male Homosexualities: Memba, Tongzhi and Golden Boy (London: Volume 52 of Routledge Contemporary China Series, 2010), 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTIONS 1. Audience - AUD ........................................................................................................ 4 2. Communication Policy & Technology - CPT ............................................................. 14 3. Community Communication - COC ......................................................................... 27 4. Emerging Scholars - ESN ......................................................................................... 42 5. Gender and Communication - GEC .......................................................................... 50 6. History - HIS ........................................................................................................... 61 7. International Communication - INC ........................................................................ 67 8. Journalism ResearcH & Education - JRE + UNESCO .................................................. 83 9. Law - LAW ............................................................................................................ 106 10. Media and Sport - MES ....................................................................................... 113 11. Media Education ResearcH - MER ....................................................................... 117 12. Mediated Communication, Public Opinion & Society - MPS ................................ 122 13. Participatory Communication ResearcH - PCR ..................................................... 129 14. Political Communication - POL ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]