A sharing economy can take a variety of forms, includ- Awake! mmm... where am I? Go where ing using information technology to provide individuals, Ah! I remember, I'm staying with a friend I met using Couchsurfing you want car

Or in a room for a good price I've found sharing ... corporations, non-profits and governments with informa- at Knok or from one city to another with [1] BlaBlaCar or Amovens or in the city with tion that enables the optimization of resources through the redistribution, sharing and of excess capacity Read other news and discover the most [1][2][3] interesting in goods and services. A common premise is that Reddit allows open discussion and to find out what is being spokeb about while with Beevoz you become your own editor when information about goods is shared (typically via an And learn more about ...and listen to free online what interests you radio on the way Explore a subject through Wikipedia online marketplace), the value of those goods may in- such as Radio Ela or Radio Almenara crease for the business, for individuals, for the commu- nity and for society in general.[4] ...and resolve your doubts about Collaborative consumption as a phenomenon is a class of photography In StackExchange Photography anyone can ask and answer questions about photography and rate the best economic arrangements in which participants share ac- answers worldwide One day living through cess to products or services, rather than having individual Collaborative Communities [2] ownership. Make your lunch with organic food...

cultivated by agro-ecological communities like YoComproSano or The collaborative consumption model is used in online Tawari marketplaces such as eBay as well as emerging sec- Find a shared WiFi... FON and Guifi are wireless networks of users who share their connection tors such as social lending, peer-to-peer accommodation, peer-to-peer travel experiences, peer-to-peer task assign- ments or travel advising, car sharing or commute-bus [5] ... and decide what to sharing. read following the Donate things you ...or order a pizza Share the last book recommendations of are not going to use and pay it with you read... others Use GoodReads to give your opinion and somebody Bitcoins Use BookMooch to give them and and discover what others think receive points to get other books or needs... share it and collect another anywhere using nolotiro.org or Freecycle in the world with Bookcrossing ...or sell them putting an ad on Ebay

Developed for the P2Pvalue Project The P2Pvalue project has received funding from the European Union’s Design & Artwork by Laura Recio http://p2pvalue.eu Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development no 610961 http://aoleindawave.wordpress.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 1 Scope Examples of Commons-based peer production (CBPP) commu- The sharing economy[6] encompasses a wide range of nities a.k.a. P2P communities structures including for-profit, non-profit, barter and co- operative structures.[7] The sharing economy provides ex- panded access to products, services and talent beyond one to one or singular ownership, sometimes referred to as “disownership”.[8] Corporations, governments and indi- viduals all actively participate as buyers, sellers, lenders 2.2 Redistribution markets or borrowers in these varied and evolving organizational structures.[9] A system of collaborative consumption is based on used or pre-owned goods being passed on from someone who does not want them to someone who does want them. 2 Types of collaborative consump- This is another alternative to the more common 're- duce, reuse, recycle, repair' methods of dealing with tion waste. In some markets, the goods may be free, as on Freecycle and Kashless. In others, the goods are 2.1 Product-service systems swapped (as on Swap.com) or sold for cash (as on eBay, , and uSell). There are a growing number of spe- cialist marketplaces for preowned fashion items, includ- Main article: Product-service system ing Copious, Vestiaire Collective, BuyMyWardrobe and Grand Circle. Additional forms of redistribution mar- Goods that are privately owned can be shared or rented kets include ReHome (a free pet redistribution service by out via peer-to-peer marketplaces.[10] PetBridge.org).[10]

1 2 3 HISTORY

2.3 Collaborative lifestyles civic programs and projects.[19]

This system is based on people with similar needs or interests banding together to share and exchange less- tangible assets such as time, space, skills, and money. The 3.2 Transparent and open data growth of mobile technology provides a platform to en- able location-based GPS technology and to also provide Many state, local and federal governments[20] are en- real-time sharing.[11] gaged in Open Data initiatives and projects such as data.gov[21] and the London Data Store.[22] The theory of open or 'transparent' access to information enables 3 History greater innovation,[23] and makes for more efficient use of products and services, and thus supporting resilient communities.[24] The term “sharing economy” began to appear in the mid- 2000s, as new business structures emerged inspired by enabling social technologies and an increasing sense of urgency around global population growth and resource 3.3 Trust depletion. One inspiration was the tragedy of the com- mons, which refers to the idea that when we all act solely in our self-interest, we deplete the shared resources we The Sharing Economy relies on the will of the users to need for our own quality of life. The Harvard law pro- share, but in order to make an exchange, users have to be fessor, Yochai Benkler, one of the earliest proponents trustworthy. Sharing economy organizations say they are of open source software, posited that network technol- committed to building and validating trusted relationships ogy could mitigate this issue through what he called between members of their community, including produc- [25] 'commons-based peer production', a concept first artic- ers, suppliers, customers or participants. ulated in 2002.[12] Benkler then extended that analysis to “shareable goods” in Sharing Nicely: On Shareable goods and the emergence of sharing as a modality of economic production.[13] 3.4 Unused value is wasted value

The term “collaborative consumption” was coined by Unused value refers to the time that products, services Marcus Felson and Joe L. Spaeth in their paper “Com- and talents lay idle. This idle time is wasted value that munity Structure and Collaborative Consumption: A rou- mesh models businesses and organizations utilize. The tine activity approach” published in 1978 in the American [14] classic example is that the average car is unused 92% of Behavioral Scientist. The term was used in more con- the time.[26] This wasted value has created a significant temporary times by Ray Algar, a UK-based management opportunity for share economy car solutions. There is consultant in an article entitled “Collaborative Consump- [15] also significant unused value in “wasted time” as articu- tion” in the Leisure Report Journal in 2007. lated by in his analysis of power of “crowds” In 2011, collaborative consumption was named one of connected by information technology. Many of us have TIME Magazine’s 10 ideas that will change the world.[16] unused capacity in the course of our day. With social media and information technology, we can easily do- The UK Government in its 2015 Budget set out objectives nate small slivers of time to take care of simple tasks improve economic growth including to make Britain the others need doing. Examples of these crowd sourced "...best place in the world to start, invest in, and grow a solutions[27] include the for-profit Amazon Mechanical business, including through a package of measures to help Turk and the non-profit Ushahidi. unlock the potential of the sharing economy...”[17]:4 In 2015, The Business of Sharing by Alex Stephany, CEO of JustPark, was published by Palgrave Macmillan.[18] The book features interviews with the high-profile en- 3.5 Waste as food trepreneurs such as Martin Varsavsky and venture cap- italists such as Fred Wilson. Waste is commonly considered as something that is no longer wanted and needs to be discarded. The challenge with this point of view is that much of what we define 3.1 platforms as waste still has value that, with proper design and dis- tribution, can safely serve as “nutrients” for follow-on Main article: Crowdfunding processes, unlocking new levels of value in increasingly scarce and expensive resources. One example is “heir- These models also use a two-sided marketplace to enable loom design”[28] as articulated by physicist and inventor individuals to contribute funds to entrepreneurs, artists, Saul Griffith.[29] 3

4 Driving forces Researcher Christopher Koopman, an author of a study by George Mason University economists, said the sharing The driving forces behind the rise of sharing economy economy “allows people to take idle capital and turn them organizations and businesses include: into revenue sources.” He has stated, “People are taking spare bedroom[s], cars, tools they are not using and be- coming their own entrepreneurs.”[41] Arun Sundararajan, 1. Information Technology and Social Media: A host a New York University economist who studies the sharing of enabling technologies has reached the main- economy, told a January congressional hearing that “this stream, making it easy for networks of people and transition will have a positive impact on economic growth organizations to transact directly. These include and welfare, by stimulating new consumption, by raising open data,[30] the ubiquity and low-cost of mobile productivity, and by catalyzing individual innovation and phones,[31] and social media.[32] These technologies entrepreneurship”.[42] dramatically reduce the friction of share-based busi- ness and organizational models. 2. Increasing Volatility in Cost of Natural Resources: 6 Rising prosperity across the developing world cou- pled with population growth is putting greater strain on natural resources and has caused a spike in costs Using a personal car to transport passengers or deliver- and market volatility. This has been increasing pres- ies requires payment, or sufferance, of costs for fees de- sure on traditional manufactures to seek design, pro- ducted by the dispatching company, fuel, wear and tear, duction and distribution alternatives that will stabi- depreciation, interest, taxes, and adequate insurance. The lize costs and smooth projected expenditures. In driver is typically not paid for driving to an area where this context, the circular economy approach has fares might be found in the volume necessary for high been gaining interest among many global corporate earnings, or driving to the location of a pickup or return- [43] actors. While a handful of pioneering companies are ing from a drop-off point. Mobile apps have been writ- leading the way, wider adoption will rely on mesh ten that help a driver be aware of and manage such costs [44] economy skills such as the collection and sharing has been introduced. of data, the spread of best practices and increased collaboration.[33] 3. Forbes estimates the revenue flowing through the 7 Criticism and controversies share economy will surpass $3.5 billion in 2013 with growth exceeding 25%.[34] The Harvard Business Review argues that “sharing econ- omy” is a misnomer, and that the correct word for this activity is "Access economy.” The authors say, “When 5 Benefits of a sharing economy “sharing” is market-mediated — when a company is an intermediary between consumers who don’t know each other — it is no longer sharing at all. Rather, consumers By sharing transportation and assets the benefits of a shar- are paying to access someone else’s goods or services.”[45] ing economy are said to include the following: The article goes on to show that companies (such as Uber) who understand this, and whose marketing highlights the • Reducing negative environmental impact (such as financial benefits to participants, are successful, while reducing the carbon footprint and consumption of companies (such as ) whose marketing highlights the resources)[35][36][37] social benefits of the service are less successful. • Stronger communities[36] Salon writes that “the sharing economy ... [is] not the Internet 'gift economy' as originally conceived, a utopia [36] • Saving costs by borrowing and recycling items in which we all benefit from our voluntary contributions. It’s something quite different — the relentless co-optation • Providing people with access to goods who can't af- of the gift economy by market capitalism. The sharing ford buying them[38] or have no interest in long-term economy, as practiced by Silicon Valley, is a betrayal of usage the gift economy. The potlatch has been paved over, and • Increased independence, flexibility and self-reliance replaced with a digital shopping mall.”[46][47][48][49] by , the abolition of certain entry- Andrew Leonard,[50][51][52] Evgeny Morozov,[53] Bernard [39] barriers and self-organization Marszalek,[54] Dean Baker,[55][56] and Andrew Keen[57] • Increased participatory democracy[37] criticized the for-profit sector of the sharing economy, writing that sharing economy businesses “extract” profits • Accelerating sustainable consumption and produc- from their given sector by “successfully [making] an end tion patterns in cities around the globe [40] run around the existing costs of doing business” - taxes, 4 8 ORGANIZATIONS ADVOCATING AND NETWORKING SHARING ECONOMY regulations, and insurance. AirBnB or Uber. Because of this, the “sharing economy” Susie Cagle wrote that the benefits big sharing economy may not be about sharing but rather about access. Giana players might be making for themselves are “not exactly” Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi say the “sharing” economy trickling down, and that the sharing economy “doesn’t has taught people to prioritize cheap and easy access over interpersonal communication, and the value of going the build trust” because where it builds new connections, [65] it often “replicates old patterns of privileged access for extra mile for those interactions has diminished. some, and denial for others.”[58] William Alden wrote The local economic benefit of the sharing economy is off- that “The so-called sharing economy is supposed to of- set by its current form, which is that huge tech companies fer a new kind of capitalism, one where regular folks, en- reap a great deal of the profit in many cases. For exam- abled by efficient online platforms, can turn their fallow ple, Uber, which is estimated to be worth $50B as of mid- assets into cash machines ... But the reality is that these 2015,[66] takes up to 30% commission from the gross rev- markets also tend to attract a class of well-heeled pro- enue of its drivers,[67] leaving many drivers making less fessional operators, who outperform the amateurs — just than minimum wage.[68] like the rest of the economy.”[59] New York Magazine wrote that the sharing economy has succeeded in large part because the real economy has been struggling. Specifically, in the magazine’s view, the 8 Organizations advocating and sharing economy succeeds because of a depressed labor market, in which “lots of people are trying to fill holes in networking sharing economy their income by monetizing their stuff and their labor in creative ways,” and that in many cases, people join the See also: Online platforms for collaborative consumption sharing economy because they've recently lost a full-time job, including a few cases where the pricing structure of the sharing economy may have made their old jobs less profitable (e.g. full-time taxi drivers who may have • OuiShare:[69] A French-based non-for-profit aim- switched to Lyft or Uber). The magazine writes that “In ing to connect efforts within the Sharing or Collab- almost every case, what compels people to open up their orative Economy to create a global network of col- homes and cars to complete strangers is money, not trust. laborators. Having started in in 2012, they ... Tools that help people trust in the kindness of strangers have spread to , Latin America and the Mid- might be pushing hesitant sharing-economy participants dle East. over the threshold to adoption. But what’s getting them to the threshold in the first place is a damaged economy, and harmful public policy that has forced millions of people • Shareable:[70] “Shareable is a nonprofit news, to look to odd jobs for sustenance.”[60][61][62] action and connection hub for the sharing Business Insider wrote that companies such as Airbnb and transformation”,[71] and the primary global on- Uber do not share their reputation data with the very line magazine on the Sharing Economy. users who it belongs to. This is an issue since no mat- ter how well you behave on any one platform, your rep- utation doesn’t travel with you. This fragmentation has • Echo (Economy of Hours):[72] A UK based non- some negative consequences, such as the Airbnb squat- profit providing infrastructure to, and lobbying at ters who had previously deceived users to the national level on behalf of, local time banking tune of $40,000.[63] Sharing data between these platforms projects. Echo develops systems for local projects could have prevented the repeat incident. Business In- to become part of national networks, aggregating of- sider’s view is that since the Sharing Economy is in its fers and requests, and a commercial B2B model to infancy, this has been accepted. However, as the indus- provide long term sustainability to time banks.[73] try matures, this will need to change.[64] Echo has introduced non-profits, businesses and cor- Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi say that the sharing porates to time banking as a legitimate way of doing economy promotes and prioritizes cheap fares and low business, with the aim of dissolving the distinction costs rather than personal relationships, which is tied to between the personal and the professional, resulting [74] similar issues in . For example, Zipcar is in a comprehensive marketplace without money. advertised as a ride-sharing service, but it’s been brought into consideration that the consumers reap similar ben- efits from Zipcar as they would from, say, a hotel. In • European Sharing Economy Coalition:[75] The this example, there is minimal social interaction going on Coalition is the first multi-stakeholder European and the primary concern is the low cost. Other examples network created to mature policies, markets and sec- many include myriad other sharing economies such as tors in Europe for the Sharing Economy to become mainstream. 5

9 Types of sharing [4] Geron, Tomio (November 9, 2012). “Airbnb Had $56 Million Impact On San Francisco: Study”. Forbes. Re- trieved 13 June 2013. 10 See also [5] “Harvard Business School Club of New York - What’s • Mine Is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption”. Access economy Hbscny.org. 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2015-03-13. • Co-creation [6] Friedman, Thomas (20 July 2013). “Welcome to the • Collaborative finance Sharing Economy”. . Retrieved 25 July 2013. • Collaborative innovation network [7] Rosenberg, Tina (5 June 2013). “It’s Not Just Nice to • Commons-based peer production Share, It’s the Future”. The New York Times.

• Cooperative [8] Wang, Ray. “Monday’s Musings: Four Elements for A #SharingEconomy Biz Model In #MatrixCommerce”. • Creative Commons May 26, 2013. Software Insider. Retrieved 13 June 2013.

• Digital Collaboration [9] “The Collaborative Economy”. June 4, 2013. Altimeter Group. Retrieved 13 June 2013. • Internet of Things [10] Rachel BotsmanRoo Rogers (1922-01-01). “Beyond Zip- • Internet of Services car: Collaborative Consumption”. Hbr.org. Retrieved • Open Knowledge Foundation 2015-03-13. • Open Source [11] Owyang, Jeremiah (24 February 2015). “The mobile technology stack for the Collaborative Economy”. Ven- • P2P Foundation tureBeat. Retrieved 24 February 2015.

• Peer-to-peer (meme) [12] Benkler, Yochai (2002). “Coase’s Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm” (PDF). The Yale Law Journal • Recommerce 112. Retrieved 13 June 2013. • Reputation capital [13] Benkler, Yochai (2004). “Sharing Nicely: On Shareable goods and the emergence of sharing as a modality of eco- • Reputation systems nomic production”. The Yale Law Journal 114. Retrieved • Secondhand good 9 July 2014. • Social collaboration [14] Felson, Marcus and Joe L. Spaeth (1978), “Commu- nity Structure and Collaborative Consumption: A rou- • Social commerce tine activity approach,” American Behavioral Scientist, 21 (March–April), 614–24. • Social dining [15] “Collaborative Consumption by Ray Algar — Oxygen • Social Peer-to-Peer Processes Consulting”. Oxygen-consulting.co.uk. Retrieved 2015- 03-13. • Two-sided market [16] “10 Ideas That Will Change The World”. Time. March 17, 2011. 11 Notes and references [17] “Support for the sharing economy” (PDF). H. M. Trea- sury, Budget 2015, section 1.193. [1] Cohen, Boyd; Kietzmann, Jan (2014). “Ride On! Mobility Business Models for the Sharing Econ- [18] “Review: The Business Of Sharing”. May 5, 2015. omy”. Organization & Environment 27 (3),279-296. doi:10.1177/1086026614546199. [19] Karim R. Lakhani (1922-01-01). “Using the Crowd as an Innovation Partner”. Hbr.org. Retrieved 2015-03-13. [2] Hamari, Juho; Sjöklint, Mimmi; Ukkonen, Antti (2015). “The Sharing Economy: Why People Par- [20] Mazmanian, Adam (May 22, 2013). “Can open data ticipate in Collaborative Consumption”. Journal of change the culture of government?". Federal Computer the Association for Information Science and Technology. Week. doi:10.1002/asi.23552. [21] “Data.gov”. Data.gov. Retrieved 2015-03-13. [3] Sundararajan, Arun. “From Zipcar to the Sharing Econ- omy”. January 3, 2013. Harvard Business Review. Re- [22] “London Datastore”. Data.london.gov.uk. Retrieved trieved 13 June 2013. 2015-03-13. 6 11 NOTES AND REFERENCES

[23] Hammell, Richard. “Open Data: Driving Growth, Inge- [41] Afp (2015-02-03). "'Sharing economy' reshapes markets, nuity and Innovation” (PDF). Deloitte Consulting. Re- as complaints rise | Daily Mail Online”. London: Daily- trieved 13 June 2013. mail.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-03-13.

[24] Brindley, William. “How Open Data can Save Lives”. [42] “Uber Said to Seek $1.5 Billion in Funds at $50 Billion World Economic Forum. Retrieved 13 June 2013. Valuation”. Bloomberb Business. 2015-05-19. Retrieved 2015-07-09. [25] Charles, Green (May 2, 2012). “Trusted and Being Trusted in the Sharing Economy”. Forbes. Retrieved 13 [43] Emily Guendelsberger (May 7, 2015). “I was an under- June 2013. cover Uber driver”. Philadelphia Citypaper. Retrieved May 10, 2015. [26] “Car Sharing and Pooling: Reducing Car Over-Population and Collaborative Consumption | Energy Seminar”. En- [44] Natasha Singer and Mike Isaac (May 9, 2015). “An App ergyseminar.stanford.edu. 2012-04-09. Retrieved 2015- That Helps Drivers Earn the Most From Their Trips”. The 03-13. New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2015. At first I thought I was earning money [27] Boudreau, Kevin; Karim R. Lakhani. “Using the Crowd as an Innovation Partner”. April 2013. Harvard Business [45] “The Sharing Economy Isn’t About Sharing at All”. Har- Review. vard Business Review. 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2015-07- 11. [28] Bloyd-Peshkin, Sharon (October 21, 2009). “Built to Trash”. In These Times. Retrieved 13 June 2013. [46] Andrew Leonard, “Sharing economy” shams: Deception at the core of the Internet’s hottest businesses, Salon.com, [29] Griffith, Saul. “Everyday Inventions”. TED. Retrieved 13 2014.03.14 June 2013. [47] Andrew Leonard, You’re not fooling us, Uber! 8 reasons [30] “Open Data Handbook”. 2011, 2012. Open Knowledge why the “sharing economy” is all about corporate greed, Foundation. Retrieved 13 June 2013. Salon.com, 2014.02.17

[31] “ICT Facts and Figures, 2013” (PDF). 2013. International [48] Tom Slee, The secret libertarianism of Uber & Airbnb, Telecommunications Union. Retrieved 13 June 2013. Salon.com, 2014.01.28

[32] Parr, Ben (August 3, 2009). “What the F**k is Social [49] Anya Kamenetz, AirBnb wins New York court victory, Media?". Mashable. Retrieved 13 June 2013. but the city still present challenges for the popular room- [33] Preston, Felix. “A Global Redesign? Shaping the Cir- finding site, Fast Company and Salon, 2013.09.30 cular Economy” (PDF). March, 2012. Chatham House. [50] Millennials will not be regulated, Andrew Leonard, Retrieved 13 June 2013. Salon.com, 2013.09.20

[34] Geron, Tobio (January 23, 2013). “Airbnb and the Un- [51] The sharing economy muscles up, Andrew Leonard, stoppable Rise of the Share Economy”. Forbes. Retrieved Salon.com, 2013.09.17 13 June 2013. [52] Libertarians’ anti-government crusade: Now there’s an [35] Brady, Diane (24 September 2014). “The Environmental app for that (2014-06-27), Andrew Leonard, Salon Case for the Sharing Economy”. Bloomberg. Retrieved 10 July 2015. [53] Evgeny Morozov. Don't believe the hype, the 'sharing economy' masks a failing economy (September 2014), [36] Rudenko, Anna (16 August 2013). “The collaborative (UK) consumption on the rise: why shared economy is winning over the “capitalism of me"". Retrieved 10 July 2015. [54] The New Boss – You – Just Like the Old Boss: The Sharing Economy = Brand Yourself (2014.05.26), [37] Parsons, Adam (5 March 2014). “The sharing economy: BERNARD MARSZALEK, CounterPunch a short introduction to its political evolution”. opendemoc- racy.net. Retrieved 10 July 2015. [55] How AirBnB and Uber Cab are Facilitating Rip-Offs: The Downside of the Sharing Economy (2014.05.28), Dean [38] Bradshaw, Della (22 April 2015). “Sharing economy ben- Baker, CounterPunch efits lower income groups”. FT.com. Retrieved 10 July 2015. [56] How Uber Distrupts the Taxi Market (2015.02.12), Dean Baker, CounterPunch [39] Williams-Grut, Oscar (20 March 2015). “Silicon Round- up: Blockchain banking to be on the slate for new reg- [57] The Internet is not the Answer, an interview with Andrew ulator?". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 10 July Keen at the Digital Life Design (DLD) 2015 Annual Con- 2015. ference. Posted on the official You Tube Channel of DLD

[40] Cohen, Boyd; Muñoz, Pablo (2015). “Sharing cities and [58] The Case Against Sharing: On access, scarcity, and trust sustainable consumption and production: towards an in- (2014-05-28), Susie Cagle, Medium.com tegrated framework”. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.133. [59] The Business Tycoons of Airbnb, The New York Times 7

[60] Kevin Roose, The Sharing Economy Isn’t About Trust, It’s • Leonard, Andrew (January 2012). “The Economy About Desperation (2014-04-24), New York Magazine of Sharing”. Sunset Magazine. [61] Kevin Roose, Does Silicon Valley Have a Contract- • Nanos, Janelle (May 2013). “The End of Owner- Worker Problem? (2014-09-18), New York Magazine ship”. Boston Magazine. [62] A Secret of Uber’s Success: Struggling Workers (2014- • The Sharing Economy: Embracing Change with 10-02), Bloomberg.com Caution, Swedish Entrepreneurship Forum, June [63] Kevin Montgomery, Airbnb Squatters Also Swindled 2015 $40,000 From Kickstarter, 2014-07-28 • Adapting to the Sharing Economy, MIT Sloan Man- [64] Patrick J. Stewart, Reputation And The Sharing Economy agement Review, 56(2), 2015, S. 71-77. (2014-10-23), "Business Insider

[65] Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, The Sharing Economy isn't About Sharing at All (2015-02-09), Harvard Business Review

[66] Afp (2015-02-03). "'Sharing economy' reshapes markets, as complaints rise | Daily Mail Online”. Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-03-13.

[67] Huet, Ellen (2015-05-18). “Uber Tests Taking Even More From Its Drivers With 30% Commission”. Forbes. Retrieved 2015-07-09.

[68] “A Philadelphia journalist went undercover as an Uber driver — here’s how much she made”. MSN. 2015-05- 09. Retrieved 2015-07-09.

[69] “Connecting the Collaborative Economy”. OuiShare.net. 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2015-03-13.

[70] “Shareable”. Shareable.net. Retrieved 2015-03-13.

[71] “About”. Shareable.net. Retrieved 2015-03-13.

[72] “Banking Time”. Economyofhours.com. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2015-03-13.

[73] “Our Vision”. Economyofhours.com. 2014-06-20. Re- trieved 2015-03-13.

[74] “About us”. Economyofhours.com. 2014-06-20. Re- trieved 2015-03-13.

[75] http://www.euro-freelancers.eu/ european-sharing-economy-coalition/

12 Further reading

• A Policy Agenda for the Sharing Economy, The Ur- banist, October 2012 • Kostakis, V., and Bauwens, M. (2014) Network So- ciety and Future Scenarios for a Collaborative Econ- omy. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. • All Eyes on the Sharing Economy, The Economist, March 9, 2013 • The Twilight of the Sharing Economy—or the Dawn?, The Atlantic, May 7, 2013 • The End of Ownership, Boston Magazine, May 2013 8 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text

• Sharing economy Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharing_economy?oldid=688212630 Contributors: Edward, Fred Bauder, Be- land, Brianhe, Chibimagic, Stesmo, Beachy, Bobrayner, Koavf, Everton137, Nihiltres, Wavelength, Dialectric, KVDP, Yamaguchi, WikiPedant, Derek R Bullamore, Tehw1k1, X14n, Peculiarfish, PKT, Tokyogirl79, Jen3774, Ddjjpp33, Jordan1976, MenoBot, Sfan00 IMG, Niceguyedc, Trivialist, Cmr08, Mortense, USchick, MrOllie, Yobot, AnomieBOT, BobKilcoyne, Crookesmoor, Baselinefonts, Om- nipaedista, A.amitkumar, FrescoBot, Mino-wiijiindi, Anna Comnena, Lotje, Onel5969, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Dangerousrave, Erpert, Jonpatterns, Somedifferentstuff, Lawsonstu, BG19bot, WikiTryHardDieHard, Eteigland, Conifer, BattyBot, TRBurton, Earl King Jr., IjonTichyIjonTichy, Ganskyl1, Mogism, Colmbrady, SFK2, Jamesx12345, Altruistic user, Bananasoldier, Jodosma, Tentinator, Melody Lavender, Jjunecobb, J58787427348T, Plunkersiniapes, Fixuture, Ele.denaro, Theothergore, WikiSharEdit, Monkbot, Cazer78, Swapma- mas, DeelmarktplaatsFloow2, Ele-Sharer, Marco.torregrossa, Speedster101, REH7, Skozinsky, Hderekdavis, Marketingjuice, Stewartj- patrick1, Sharely.Us, Kinza99, Erbear131, Lanfranchi, MLAwiki1983, Ecotamar, UY4Xe8VM5VYxaQQ, Orli.yer, Pablomunozroman and Anonymous: 58

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