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Proceedings-Research and Management of Bitterbrush And Rocky Mountain Research Station Publications www.fs.fed.us/rm/publications www.treesearch.fs.fed.us This is a legacy archive publication from the former Intermountain Research Station (INT) or Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station (RM). The content may not reflect current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. This PDF may have been generated by scanning the original printed publication. Errors identified by the OCR software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Questions or problems? Please email us: [email protected] l r I United States Department of Agriculture Proceedings­ Forest Service lntermountain Research and Forest and Range Experiment Station Ogden, UT 84401 Management of General Technical Report INT-152 August 1983 Bitterbrush and Cliff rose in Western North America Salt Lake City, Utah, April 13·15, 1982 II The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. PESTICIDE PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife-if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. U.S. DIPAITMUIT Of AGllCUlTUU Proceedings­ Research and Management of Bitterbrush and Cliff rose in Western North America Salt Lake City, Utah, April 13·15, 1982 Compilers: ARTHUR R. TIEDEMANN, Project Leader and Supervisory Range Scientist, U.S. Depart­ ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Sta­ tion, Ogden, Utah. KENDALL L. JOHNSON, Extension Range Specialist, Utah State Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, and Utah State University. FOREWORD Purshia and closely related genera such as Cowania and Fallugia of the Roseaceae are important components of vegetative habitats on approximately 25 million acres (10 million ha) in Western North America. They occupy successional positions ranging from seral to climax, and show specific adaptations to soil type, climate, and vegetation associations. They form the mainstay of the diet of wintering mule deer throughout much of their range and provide vital watershed protection to otherwise unstable erosive land. Because of the N-fixing capability of Purshia and Cowania, shrubs of these genera play a role in the nitrogen economy of habitats where they are found. Through the past several decades, a substantial amount of research has been conducted in habitats where these shrubs occur. Management programs have intensified to explore their utilization for wildlife, range livestock, and revegetation. However, to date there has been no effort to assemble the existing knowledge of these shrubs and to bring this information to individuals involved in research and management. The purpose of this symposium proceedings is to develop the state-of-the-art and science of managing these shrubs and to provide land managers, scientists, and educators with a reference text. The Bitterbrush and Cliffrose Symposium, held in Salt Lake City, Utah, April 13-15, 1982, drew some 120 participants from land management agencies, colleges and universities, and Federal research organizations. The symposium was sponsored by the USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah, and Utah State University, Logan. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The compilers wish to express their appreciation to four persons who were instrumental in assuring the quality and uniformity of papers in this proceedings: Roberta Powell, Provo Shrub Sciences Laboratory, for her assistance in assuring that manuscripts were in the proper format and style for submission; Louise Kingsbury, Intermountain Station, Ogden, for her diligent and careful editing; and Pat Van Drimmelen and Gloria Lamph, Ogden, for their precise design and layout work. CONTENTS Page Welcoming Remarks -- Bitterbrush and Cliffrose Symposium Dr. Roger R. Bay .• 1 Section 1. Distribution, Taxonomy, and Habitat Classification 3 Taxonomy, Distribution, and Cytogenetics of Purshia, Cowania, and Fallugia (Rosoideae, Rosaceae) E. Durant McArthur, Howard C. Stutz, and Stewart C. Sanderson • 4 Taxonomic Variations of Bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) in Oregon A. H. Winward and Jean Alderfer Findley • • • • . • • • . 25 Bitterbrush Distribution and Habitat Classification on the Boise National Forest Ronald K. Tew . • • • 32 Section 2. Growth Performance, Phenology, and Physiology 37 Performance Comparison Among Populations of Bitterbrush, Cliffrose, and Bitterbrush-Cliffrose Crosses on Study Sites Throughout Utah James N. Davis ••.••••••••.••.•...••.•••• 38 Survival and Growth of Apache-Plume, Stansbury Cliffrose, and Selected Sources of Antelope Bitterbrush in Northeast Oregon Paul J. Edgerton, J. Michael Geist, and Wayne G. Williams .•••. 45 Phenology and Growth Habits of Nine Antelope Bitterbrush, Desert Bitterbrush, Stansbury Cliffrose, and Apache-Plume Accessions Nancy L. Shaw and Stephen B. Monsen • . • . ••... 55 Seed Physiology of Antelope Bitterbrush and Related Species James A. Young and Raymond A. Evans 70 Section 3. Successional Relationships. 81 Antelope Bitterbrush Seedling Establishment Following Prescribed Burning in the Pumice Zone of the Southern Cascade Mountains Robert E. Martin. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • . • . 82 The Ecology of Shrubs in Bryce Canyon National Park with Special Reference to Purshia tridentata K. T. Harper and Rayle Buchanan ••.••••.•••.•. 91 Response of the Bitterbrush Understory of a Central Oregon Lodgepole Pine Forest to Logging Disturbance Paul J. Edgerton .•.••. 99 Long-Term Changes in an Ungrazed Bitterbrush Plant Community in Southwest Idaho Robert B. Ferguson and Dean E. Medin . • 107 Section 4. Management Strategies • • • 117 Artificial Revegetation Using Antelope Bitterbrush--A Land Manager's View Robert Carpenter . • . 118 Seeding Antelope Bitterbrush with Grasses on South-Central Idaho Rangelands--A 39-Year Response Stephen B. Monsen and Nancy L. Shaw . • . • . • • . • 126 Page Potentials for the Management of Bitterbrush Habitats by the Use of Prescribed Fire Charles H. Driver . • • . • . 137 Response of Antelope Bitterbrush to Burning and Spraying in Southeastern Idaho Robert B. Murray . • . • • . • . 142 Bitterbrush Management on the Boise Wildlife Management Area Gerald C. Scholten . • . • . 153 Rotomowing Antelope Bitterbrush--Preliminary Report Robert D. Jones . • . • 158 Section 5. Animal Relationships ••• • 163 Entomology of Antelope Bitterbrush :.;, Malcolm M. Furniss. • . • • ..•.•..•..•.••.. 164 Nutritive Value of Antelope and Desert Bitterbrush, Stansbury Cliffrose, and Apache-Plume Bruce L. Welch, Stephen B. Monsen, and Nancy L. Shaw ••..•.. 173 Goat Use in Fall Increases Bitterbrush Browse and Reduces Sagebrush Density Philip J. Urness and Charles H. Jensen ••.. 186 Dynamics of Antelope Bitterbrush Seed Caches Raymond A. Evans, James A. Young, Greg J. Cluff and J. Kent McAdoo. 195 Summer Use of Bitterbrush Rangelands by Mule Deer D. D. Austin and P. J. Urness •.. 203 Section 6. Soil-Plant Nutrient Relationships •• • • 213 Opportunities and Approaches for Enhancing Nitrogen Fixation in Purshia, Cowania, and Fallugia Timothy L. Righetti, Carolyn H. Chard, and Donald N. Munns ••.. 214 Occurrence and Nature of Actinorhizae on Cowania stansburiana and other Rosaceae David L. Nelson • . • . 225 Response of Bitterbrush and Associated Plant Species to Broadcast Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Fertilization Arthur R. Tiedemann . • 240 Section 7. Fire Relationships. • • • 255 A Literature Review of the Fire Relationships of Antelope Bitterbrush Carol L. Rice • . • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • . 256 Factors Affecting Antelope Bitterbrush Reestablishment Following Fire Robert E. Martin and Charles H. Driver • • • • • • • • • • • 266 WELCOMING REMARKS -- BITTERBRUSH AND CLIFFROSE SYMPOSIUM Dr. Roger R. Bay Director, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station I am pleased to see so many scientists and managers from throughout the Western United States here at this important symposium. Many of you have been involved in the study of, and the management of, bitterbrush and cliffrose for quite some time. We obviously believe these are important plant species and their proper management can contribute to better land and wildlife management. The Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station has had a variety of research effort on bitterbrush for well over 30 years, with some of the early work started in the Boise area in cooperation with other agencies. I think this symposium is timely. I am pleased to see that many representatives of management agencies are involved with the program and are attending this meeting. Close working relationships between research groups and management agencies are a prime factor in moving
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