The North West Rebellion Death of an Era Contents

1 North-West Rebellion 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Demographics ...... 2 1.3 Conﬂicts ...... 2 1.3.1 Battle of Duck Lake ...... 2 1.3.2 Looting of Battleford ...... 3 1.3.3 Frog Lake Massacre ...... 3 1.3.4 Battle of Fort Pitt ...... 3 1.3.5 Battle of Fish Creek ...... 3 1.3.6 Battle of Cut Knife ...... 4 1.3.7 Battle of Batoche ...... 4 1.3.8 Battle of Frenchman’s Butte ...... 4 1.3.9 Battle of Loon Lake ...... 4 1.4 International attention ...... 4 1.5 Aftermath ...... 4 1.6 Legacy ...... 5 1.7 Memorials ...... 5 1.8 In ﬁction ...... 6 1.9 See also ...... 6 1.10 References ...... 6 1.11 Further reading ...... 9 1.11.1 Historiography ...... 9 1.12 External links ...... 10

2 Battle of Duck Lake 11 2.1 Prelude ...... 11 2.2 Battle ...... 12 2.3 Aftermath ...... 12 2.4 Legacy ...... 12 2.5 See also ...... 12 2.6 References ...... 13 2.7 External links ...... 13

i ii CONTENTS

3 Looting of Battleford 14 3.1 Geography ...... 14 3.2 Siege of Battleford ...... 15 3.3 Aftermath ...... 15 3.4 Overview ...... 15 3.5 References ...... 16 3.6 External links ...... 16

4 Frog Lake Massacre 17 4.1 Causes ...... 17 4.2 The massacre ...... 17 4.3 Aftermath ...... 18 4.4 Legacy ...... 18 4.5 See also ...... 18 4.6 References ...... 18 4.7 Further reading ...... 19 4.8 External links ...... 19

5 Battle of Fort Pitt 20 5.1 Background ...... 20 5.2 Battle ...... 20 5.3 Legacy ...... 21 5.4 References ...... 21

6 Battle of Fish Creek 22 6.1 Battle ...... 22 6.2 Maps ...... 23 6.3 Legacy ...... 23 6.4 References ...... 23 6.5 External links ...... 24

7 Battle of Cut Knife 25 7.1 Background ...... 25 7.2 Battle ...... 26 7.3 Maps ...... 27 7.4 Conclusion ...... 27 7.5 Legacy ...... 27 7.6 See also ...... 27 7.7 References ...... 27

8 Battle of Batoche 29 8.1 Early advances and the crippling of the Northcote ...... 29 8.2 Mission Ridge ...... 30 CONTENTS iii

8.3 Probing attacks of 10 May to 11 May ...... 30 8.4 The storming of Batoche ...... 30 8.5 Gallery ...... 31 8.6 Aftermath ...... 31 8.6.1 Casualties ...... 31 8.6.2 Bell of Batoche ...... 31 8.7 Legacy ...... 31 8.8 Maps ...... 32 8.9 Footnotes ...... 32 8.10 References ...... 32

9 Battle of Frenchman’s Butte 34 9.1 Background ...... 34 9.2 The battle ...... 34 9.3 Conclusion ...... 35 9.4 Legacy ...... 35 9.5 References ...... 35

10 Battle of Loon Lake 36 10.1 Maps ...... 36 10.2 Legacy ...... 36 10.3 References ...... 37

11 Louis Riel 38 11.1 Early life ...... 38 11.2 Red River Rebellion ...... 39 11.2.1 Riel emerges as a leader ...... 39 11.2.2 Provisional government ...... 40 11.2.3 Canadian resistance and the execution of Scott ...... 40 11.2.4 Creation of Manitoba and the Wolseley expedition ...... 40 11.3 Intervening years ...... 41 11.3.1 Amnesty question ...... 41 11.3.2 Exile and mental illness ...... 41 11.3.3 Montana and family life ...... 42 11.4 The North-West Rebellion ...... 42 11.4.1 Grievances in the Saskatchewan territory ...... 42 11.4.2 Return of Riel ...... 43 11.4.3 Break with the church ...... 43 11.4.4 Open rebellion ...... 44 11.5 Trial for treason ...... 44 11.6 Execution ...... 45 11.7 Legacy ...... 46 iv CONTENTS

11.7.1 Political ...... 46 11.8 Revoking Riel’s conviction ...... 46 11.8.1 Historiography ...... 46 11.8.2 Commemorations ...... 47 11.8.3 Arts, literature and popular culture ...... 48 11.9 See also ...... 49 11.10Footnotes ...... 49 11.11Further reading ...... 53 11.11.1 Historiography ...... 53 11.11.2 Primary sources ...... 54 11.12External links ...... 54

12 Gabriel Dumont (Métis leader) 55 12.1 Early life ...... 55 12.2 Resistance ...... 55 12.3 Later life ...... 55 12.4 Legacy ...... 56 12.5 See also ...... 56 12.6 Footnotes ...... 56 12.7 Further reading ...... 56 12.7.1 Primary sources ...... 56 12.8 External links ...... 57

13 Frederick Dobson Middleton 58 13.1 Military career ...... 58 13.2 Family ...... 58 13.3 References ...... 58

14 Pitikwahanapiwiyin 60 14.1 Name ...... 60 14.2 Biography ...... 60 14.2.1 North-West Resistance/Rebellion ...... 60 14.2.2 Aftermath ...... 61 14.3 Legacy ...... 61 14.4 References ...... 61 14.5 External links ...... 62

15 Big Bear 63 15.1 Early life and leadership ...... 63 15.2 Historical context ...... 63 15.3 Conﬂict with other aboriginal tribes ...... 64 15.4 Treaty 6 ...... 64 15.5 Life after Treaty 6 and the Trial of Big Bear ...... 65 CONTENTS v

15.6 Legacy ...... 66 15.7 References ...... 66 15.8 Further reading ...... 67 15.9 External links ...... 67 15.10Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses ...... 68 15.10.1 Text ...... 68 15.10.2 Images ...... 70

15.10.3 Content license ...... 73 Chapter 1

North-West Rebellion

government of Canada. The Métis believed that Canada had failed to protect their rights, their land and their survival as a distinct people. Riel had been invited to lead the movement but he turned it into a military action with a heavily religious tone, thereby alienating the Catholic clergy, the whites, nearly all of the Indians and most of the Métis. He had a force of a couple hundred Métis and a smaller number of Indians at Batoche in May 1885, confronting 900 government troops.[7][8] Despite some notable early victories at Duck Lake, Fish Creek and Cut Knife, the rebellion ended when the Métis were defeated at the siege of Batoche. The remaining Indian allies scattered. Riel was captured and put on trial. He was convicted of treason and despite many pleas across Canada for amnesty, he was hanged. Riel became the heroic martyr to Francophone Canada and ethnic tensions escalated into a major national division that was never resolved.[9][10] Thanks to the key role that the Canadian Pacific Railway played in transport- ing troops, Conservative political support for it increased and Parliament authorized funds to complete the country’s first transcontinental railway. Although only a few hundredDuck people were directly affected in Saskatchewan, Lake the long-term result was that the Prairie Provinces would Battleford be controlled by the Anglophones, not the Francophones. Frog Lake A much more important long-term impact was the bit- Fort Pitt ter alienation Francophones across Canada showed, and [11] Fish Creek anger against the repression of their countrymen. Cut Knife Batoche Butte 1.1 Background Loon Lake

The District of Saskatchewan in 1885 After the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870, many of (within the black diamonds) included the central section the Métis moved from Manitoba to the Fort Carlton re- of Saskatchewan and extended into present-day Alberta gion of the Northwest Territories, where they founded and Manitoba. The Métis conﬂict area is circled in black. the Southbranch settlements of Fish Creek, Batoche, St. Laurent, St. Louis, and Duck Lake on or near the South Saskatchewan River.[12][13] In 1882, survey- The North-West Rebellion (or the North-West Resis- ors began dividing the land of the newly formed District tance, Saskatchewan Rebellion, Northwest Uprising, of Saskatchewan in the square concession system. The or Second Riel Rebellion) of 1885 was a brief and un- Métis lands were laid out in the seigneurial system of successful uprising by the Métis people under Louis Riel, strips reaching back from a river which the Métis were and an associated uprising by First Nations Cree and familiar with in their French-Canadian culture.[9] A year Assiniboine, of the District of Saskatchewan against the after the survey the 36 families of the parish of St.

1 2 CHAPTER 1. NORTH-WEST REBELLION

Louis found that their land and village site that included • Map of Battle Sites a church and a school (in Tsp 45 Rge 7 W2 of the Dominion Land Survey) had been sold by the Gov- • Chronology of Events (The Northwest Resistance) ernment of Canada to the Prince Albert Colonization Company.[14][15] Not having clear title the Métis feared losing their land which, now that the buffalo herds were 1.2 Demographics gone,[16] was their primary source of sustenance.[10] In 1884, the Métis (including the Anglo-Métis) asked The District of Saskatchewan, part of the Northwest Ter- Louis Riel to return from the United States, where he ritories in 1885, was divided into three sub-districts and had fled after the Red River Rebellion, to appeal to the had a population of 10,595. To the east, the Carrot government on their behalf.[9] The government gave a River sub-district with 1,770 people remained quiet. The vague response. In March 1885, Riel, Gabriel Dumont, Prince Albert sub-district located in the centre of the Honoré Jackson (a.k.a. Will Jackson), and others set up district had a population of 5,373 which included the the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan, believing Southbranch settlements with about 1,300. The South- that they could influence the federal government in the branch settlement was the centre of Louis Riel’s Provi- same way as they had in 1869. sional Government of Saskatchewan during the Rebel- The role of aboriginal peoples prior to—and during— lion. To the west, where the Cree uprising led by Pound- the outbreak of the rebellion is often misunderstood. A maker and Big Bear occurred, was the Battleford sub- [13][23] number of factors have created the misconception that district with 3,603 people. the Cree and Métis were acting in unison. By the end The largest settlement and the capital of the district was of the 1870s, the stage was set for discontent among Prince Albert with about 800 people[24] followed by Bat- the aboriginal people of the prairies: the bison popula- tleford with about 500 people who were “divided about tion was in serious decline (creating enormous economic equally between French, Métis and English”.[25] difficulties)[17] and, in an attempt to assert control over The Métis population in Saskatchewan in 1885 was about aboriginal settlement, the federal government often vi- 5400. A majority tried to stay neutral in the dispute with olated the terms of the treaties it had signed during the the national government, as the priests recommended. latter part of the decade.[18] Thus, widespread dissatis- About 350 armed men supported Riel.[26] A smaller num- faction with the treaties and rampant poverty spurred Big ber opposed him, led by Charles Nolin. in addition he Bear, a Cree chief, to embark on a diplomatic campaign had the support of a small number of the Indians. Riel’s to renegotiate the terms of the treaties (the timing of this supporters included the older, less assimilated Métis, of- campaign happened to coincide with an increased sense ten with close associations with the Indian population. of frustration among the Métis).[19] When the Cree ini- Many moved back and forth into Indian communities and tiated violence in the spring of 1885, it was almost cer- preferred to speak Indian languages more than French. tainly unrelated to the revolt of Riel and the Métis (which Riel’s opponents were younger, better educated Métis; was already underway). In both the Frog Lake Massacre they wanted to be more integrated into Canadian society, and the Siege of Fort Battleford, small dissident groups not to set up a separate domain as Riel promised.[27] of Cree men revolted against the authority of Big Bear and Poundmaker.[20] Although he quietly signalled to Ot- tawa that these two incidents were the result of desperate and starving people and were, as such, unrelated to the 1.3 Conflicts rebellion, Edgar Dewdney, the lieutenant-governor of the territories, publicly claimed that the Cree and the Métis Riel had been invited in to lead the movement but he [21] had joined forces. turned it into a military action with a heavily religious For Riel and the Métis, several factors had changed since tone, thereby alienating the Catholic clergy, the whites, the Red River Rebellion. The railway had been com- nearly all of the Indians, and most of the Métis. He had a pleted across the prairies in 1883, though sections were force of a couple hundred Métis and a smaller number of still under construction north of Lake Superior, making Indians at Batoche in May 1885, confronting 8000 gov- it easier for the government to get troops into the area. ernment troops.[7][8] In addition, the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) had been created, developing an armed local force. Riel lacked support from English settlers of the area as well 1.3.1 Battle of Duck Lake as the great majority of tribes. Riel’s claim that God had sent him back to Canada as a prophet caused Catholic of- Main article: Battle of Duck Lake ficials (who saw it as heresy) to try to minimize his support. The Catholic priest, Albert Lacombe, worked to On March 26, 1885, the 150 to 200 Métis and Aborigi- obtain assurances from Crowfoot that his Blackfoot war- nal warriors under the command of Gabriel Dumont de- [22] riors would not participate in a rebellion. feated a combined group of 90 Prince Albert Volunteers 1.3. CONFLICTS 3

and North-West Mounted Police led by their superintendent Leif Newry Fitzroy Crozier at Duck Lake, outside Batoche.[28] In response, the federal government sent Major Gen- eral Frederick Middleton in command of 3,000 troops to the area, where Middleton incorporated another 2,000, mostly English-Canadian, volunteers and 500 North- West Mounted Police into his force.[1]

1.3.2 Looting of Battleford

Main article: Looting of Battleford The Battle of Fish Creek On March 30, 1885, a raiding party of Cree people, short of food due to declining bison populations, approached Battleford. The inhabitants ﬂed to the nearby North-West Mounted Police post, Fort Battleford. The Cree then took food and supplies from the empty stores and houses.[29] As well, Cree insurgents looted Hudson’s Bay Company posts at Lac la Biche and Green Lake on April 26.[30]

1.3.3 Frog Lake Massacre

Main article: Frog Lake Massacre

Troops on the march, North West Rebellion, Qu'Appelle Valley, On April 2, 1885, near Frog Lake, Saskatchewan (now 1885 in Alberta) a Cree raiding party led by Wandering Spirit attacked a small town. Angered by what seemed to be unfair treaties and the withholding of vital provisions by the Canadian government, and also by the dwindling buﬀalo population, their main source of food, Big Bear and his Cree decided to rebel after the successful Métis victory at Duck Lake. They gathered all the white settlers in the area into the local church. They killed Thomas Quinn, the town’s Indian Agent, after a disagreement broke out. The Cree then attacked the settlers, killing eight more and taking three captive.[5][31][32] The massacre prompted the Canadian government to take notice of the growing unrest in the North-West Territo- ries. When the rebellion was put down, the government hanged Wandering Spirit, the war chief responsible for the Frog Lake Massacre. Batoche battleﬁeld map

1.3.4 Battle of Fort Pitt the fort. Six days later, Inspector Dickens and his men reached safety at Battleford.[33] Main article: Battle of Fort Pitt 1.3.5 Battle of Fish Creek On April 15, 1885, 200 Cree warriors descended on Fort Pitt. They intercepted a police scouting party, killing a constable, wounding another, and captured a third. Sur- Main article: Battle of Fish Creek rounded and outnumbered, garrison commander Francis Dickens capitulated and agreed to negotiate with the at- On April 24, 1885, at Fish Creek, Saskatchewan, 200 tackers. Big Bear released the remaining police oﬃ- Métis achieved a remarkable victory over a superior gov- cers but kept the townspeople as hostages and destroyed ernment force numbering 900 soldiers who were sent 4 CHAPTER 1. NORTH-WEST REBELLION

but they were unable to defeat a Cree force under Big Bear who carried the day at Frenchman’s Butte at the end of May.[38]

1.3.9 Battle of Loon Lake

Main article: Battle of Loon Lake

On June 3, 1885, a small detachment of North-West Mounted Police under the command of Major Sam Steele caught up to a band of Cree led by Big Bear who were moving northward after their victory at Frenchman’s Butte. The Cree were almost out of ammunition, and The Battle of Batoche begins were forced to flee after a short exchange of fire and the release of their hostages.[39] to quell the rebellion. The reversal, though not decisive enough to alter the outcome of the war, temporarily halted Major General Frederick Middleton’s column’s 1.4 International attention advance on Batoche. That was where the Métis would [34] later make their final stand. While the North-West Rebellion was ongoing, the Amer- ican and British press took note of the actions of both the Métis and the Canadian Government. Different newspa- 1.3.6 Battle of Cut Knife pers, such as the British Times and Guardian wrote ap- provingly of the actions taken by the Canadian govern- Main article: Battle of Cut Knife ment and by extension, the British Empire against what was seen as another 'native' uprising.[40] On May 2, 1885, the Cree war chief Fine-Day defeated Lieutenant Colonel William Otter at the Battle of Cut Knife near Battleford. Despite their use of a Gatling gun, 1.5 Aftermath a flying column of Canadian militia and army regulars, government forces were defeated. Fine-Day was affili- ated with the chief Poundmaker. Big Bear would not get involved.[35][36]

1.3.7 Battle of Batoche

Main article: Battle of Batoche

On May 9, 1885, Middleton attacked Batoche itself. The greatly outnumbered Métis ran out of ammunition after three days of battle and siege. The Métis resorted to fir- Métis and First Nation prisoners following the rebellion, August ing sharp objects and small rocks from their guns, until 1885. they were killed or dispersed when Middleton’s soldiers advanced in strength and overran their rifle pits. Riel sur- Demoralized, defenceless, and with no hope of relief af- rendered on May 15. Gabriel Dumont and other partici- ter the surrender of the Métis and Poundmaker, most pants escaped across the border to the Montana Territory of the Cree surrendered over the next few weeks. On [37] of the United States. July 2 Big Bear surrendered to the NWMP on an island in the Saskatchewan River near Fort Carlton. The government pacified the Cree and Assiniboine by send- 1.3.8 Battle of Frenchman’s Butte ing them food and other supplies. Poundmaker and Big Bear were sentenced to prison. Eight other Aboriginal Main article: Battle of Frenchman’s Butte leaders were hanged in the largest mass hanging in Cana- dian history.[41] Riel was tried and hanged as well, spark- On May 28, 1885, Major General Thomas Bland Strange ing a national controversy between French and British brought an NWMP detachment from Calgary, Alberta, Canada.[10] 1.7. MEMORIALS 5

tence caused lasting upset in Quebec, and led to a fundamental francophone distrust of Anglophone politicians. French Canada felt it had been unfairly targeted.[45]

1.7 Memorials

In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck Lake, that “the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 North- Riel speaks at his trial, which took place in July 1885 and lasted west Rebellion is an excellent opportunity to tell the story only five days of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples’ struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped Canada today.”[46] The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) played a key role in the government’s response to the Rebellion, as it was able Batoche, where a Métis Provisional Government had to transport federal troops to the area quickly. While it been formed, has been declared a National Historic Site. had taken three months to get troops to the Red River Re- Batoche marks the site of Gabriel Dumont’s grave site, bellion, the government was able to move forces in nine Albert Caron’s House, Batoche school, Batoche ceme- days by train in response to events in the North-West Ter- tery, Letendre store, Dumont’s river crossing, Gariépy’s ritories. The successful operation increased political sup- crossing, Batoche crossing, St. Antoine de Padoue port for the floundering and incomplete railway, which Church, Métis rifle pits, and RNWMP battle camp.[47][48] had been close to financial collapse. The government au- BATOCHE. In 1872, Xavier Letendre dit Batoche thorized enough funds to finish the line. Thus, Prime founded a village at this site where Métis freighters Minister John A. Macdonald was able to realize his Na- crossed the South Saskatchewan River. About 50 fam- tional Dream of linking Canada across the continent. ilies had claimed the river lots in the area by 1884. In what is now Saskatchewan, shortly after the fighting, Widespread anxiety regarding land claims and a chang- the first modern-style election took place in the North- ing economy provoked a resistance against the Canadian West Territories election of 1885. The Scrip Commission Government. Here, 300 Métis and Indians led by Louis was dispatched to the District of Saskatchewan to address Riel and Gabriel Dumont fought a force of 800 men com- the issue of Métis land claims.[42][43] manded by Major-General Middleton between May 9 and 12, 1885. The resistance failed but the battle did not The Rebellion was Canada’s first independent military ac- mean the end of the community of Batoche. tion. It cost about $5 million, and lost the Conservative Party most of their support in Quebec. It guaranteed An- Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada. Govern- glophone control of the Prairies, and demonstrated the ment of Canada [49] [44] national government was capable of decisive action. Fort Carlton Provincial Historic site has been rebuilt as it had been ravaged by three separate fires. Big Bear (Mis- tahimaskwa) had used the site in his initial negotiations 1.6 Legacy for Treaty Six in about 1884, and finally, the following year he surrendered here after his engagement at Steele Main article: Louis Riel § Legacy Narrows.[50][51] The Prince Albert blockhouse was employed by the North-West Mounted Police on evacuat- ing from Fort Carlton after the first fire.[52] Duck Lake is The Saskatchewan Métis’ requested land grants; they home to the Duck Lake Historical Museum and the Duck were all provided by the government by the end of 1887, Lake Regional Interpretive Centre, and murals which re- and the government resurveyed the Métis river lots in ac- flect the history of the Rebellion in the area. The Battle of cordance with their wishes. The Métis did not understand Duck Lake, the Duck Lake Massacre, and a buffalo jump the long term value of their new land, however, and sold are all located here. The “First Shots Cairn” was erected much of it to speculators who later resold it to farmers. on Saskatchewan Highway 212 as a landmark commem- The French language and Catholic religion faced increas- orating the scene of the first shots in the Battle of Duck ing marginalisation in both Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Lake. The Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine at St. Laurent as exemplified by the emerging controversy surrounding north of Duck Lake is a local pilgrimage site.[53][54][55][56] the Manitoba Schools Question. The Métis themselves The Battle of Fish Creek National Historic Site, the name were increasingly forced to live on undesirable land or in has been changed to Tourond’s Coulee / Fish Creek Na- the shadow of Indian reserves (as they did not themselves tional Historic Site to preserve the battlefield of April have treaty status as Indians with a right to land). 24, 1885, at la coulée des Tourond , Madame Tourond’s Riel’s trial and Macdonald’s refusal to commute his sen- home, early Red River cart Fish Creek Trail and the site 6 CHAPTER 1. NORTH-WEST REBELLION

of Middleton’s camp and graveyard.[57] building built in 1885, is still standing. It was used to jail “North West Rebellion - Fish Creek - While General Indian prisoners. One of three Territorial Government Middleton was moving to capture Batoche his forces were Buildings remains on Dewdney Avenue in the provincial attacked on the 24th April 1885, by the Half-breeds un- capital city of Regina which was the site of the Trial of der Gabriel Dumont from concealed rifle pits near the Louis Riel, where the drama the Trial of Louis Riel is mouth of Fish Creek. The rebels were defeated and still performed. Following the May trial, Louis Riel was driven from the field. Erected 1933.” hanged November 16, 1885. The RCMP Heritage Cen- tre, in Regina, opened in May 2007.[79][80][81] The Métis National Historic Sites and Monuments Board[58] brought his body to Saint-Vital, his mother’s home, now The Marr Residence is a municipal heritage property of the Riel House National Historic Site, and then interred it Saskatoon which served as a field hospital for wounded at the Saint-Boniface Basilica in Manitoba, his birthplace, [82][83] soldiers of the rebellion.[59][60][61] Fort Otter was con- for burial. Highway 11, stretching from Regina to structed at Battleford's government house located at the just south of Prince Albert, has been named Louis Riel capital of the North-West Territories. Poundmaker was Trail by the province; the roadway passes near locations [84] arrested at Fort Battleford and sentenced to a prison of the 1885 rebellion. term. Eight First Nations men were hanged, five due to participation in the Frog Lake Massacre, two for mur- ders in the Battleford area, and one for the killing of a 1.8 In fiction Mountie at Fort Pitt on April 15.[62] Fort Battleford has been declared a National Historic site of Canada to com- • Stewart Sterling's Red Trails (1935) depicted the memorate its role as military base of operations for Cut pulp hero Eric Lewis, a Mountie of the Royal North- Knife Hill, Fort Pitt, as a refuge for 500 area settlers west Mounted Police. He tries to keep “peace and and its role in the Siege of Battleford.[52][63][64][65] Fort order” during the North-West Rebellion, helped by Pitt, the scene of the Battle of Fort Pitt, is a Provincial Sergeant Tim Clone.[85] Park and National Historic site where a National Historic Sites and Monuments plaque designates where Treaty Six • The novel for young adults called Battle Cry at Ba- was signed.[66][67][68] Frog Lake Massacre National His- toche, by B. J. Bayle, portrays the events of the toric Site of Canada, at Frog Lake, Alberta, is the lo- North-West Resistance from a Métis person point cation of a Cree uprising that occurred in the District of view. of Saskatchewan North-west Territories.[69] Frenchman • Lord of the Plains, by Albert Silver, c 1990, Bal- Butte is a National Historic Site of Canada. It is the lantine Books. Spur Award Finalist. Focuses on location of a 1885 battle between Cree and Canadian Gabriel Dumont and his family. troops.[70][71] “Cut Knife Battlefield. Named after Chief Cut Knife of the Sarcee in an historic battle with the Cree. On 2nd May 1.9 See also 1885, Lt. Col. W. D. Otter led 325 troops composed of North-West Mounted Police, “B” Battery, “C” Company, • Index of articles related to Aboriginal Canadians Foot Guards, Queen’s Own and Battleford Rifles, against Cree and Assiniboine under Poundmaker and Fine Day. • The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples After an engagement of six hours, the troops retreated to • Battleford.” Provisional Government of Saskatchewan National Historic Sites and Monuments Board[72] • History of Canada At Cutknife is the world’s largest tomahawk, the Pound- • Military history of Canada maker Historical Centre and Big Bear monument erected by cairn erected by the Historic Sites and Monuments • List of conflicts in Canada Board of Canada. There is also now, correctly lo- • George Stanley – A historian of the Riel Rebellions cated, a cairn erected upon Cut Knife Hill the look site of the Poundmaker Battle site and Battle River • Looting of Green Lake House valley.[73][74][75][76] The Narrows between Makwa Lake and Sanderson Bay, in the Makwa Lake Provincial Park, was 1.10 References the site of the last engagement of the rebellion. Steele Narrows Provincial Historic Park conserves the lookout [1] Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppres- point of a Cree burial ground.[77][78] The Royal Canadian sion of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and mat- Mounted Police training depot at Regina was established ters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parlia- in 1874, and still survives. The RCMP chapel, a frame ment., Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, retrieved 2014-04-10 1.10. REFERENCES 7

[2] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the [17] James Rodger Miller (2000). Skyscrapers Hide the Heav- North-West Rebellion of 1885 (The Troops in the Field), ens: A History of Indian-white Relations in Canada. Uni- Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, p. 422, retrieved 2014-04- versity of Toronto Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8020- 10 8153-7.

[3] Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppres- [18] Miller, J. R. Skyscrapers Hide The Heavens: A History of sion of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and mat- Indian-White Relations in Canada. Toronto: University of ters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parlia- Toronto Press, 1989. 174. ment.(p.20), Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, [19] Friesen, Gerald. The Canadian Prairies: A History. retrieved 2014-04-10 Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984. 226.

[4] Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppres- [20] J. R. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide The Heavens: A History of sion of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and mat- Indian-White Relations in Canada (University of Toronto ters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parlia- Press, 1989) p. 182. ment., Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, retrieved 2014-04-10 [21] Arthur J. Ray, I Have Lived Here Since The World Began: An Illustrated History of Canada’s Native People ( Toronto: [5] John Chaput (2007). “Frog Lake Massacre”. The En- Key Porter Books, 2005) p 221. cyclopedia of Saskatchewan. University of Regina and Canadian Plains Research Center. Retrieved 8 June 2010. [22] Dempsey, Hugh A. (1957). The Early West. Edmonton: Historical Society of Alberta. p. 21. [6] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the [23] Henry Thomas McPhillips (1888), McPhillips’ alphabeti- North-West Rebellion of 1885 p.327, Toronto: A.H. cal and business directory of the district of Saskatchewan, Hovey & Co, retrieved 2014-04-10 N.W.T.: Together with brief historical sketches of Prince [7] James Rodger Miller (2004). Reﬂections on Native- Albert, Battleford and the other settlements in the district, newcomer Relations: Selected Essays. University of 1888 (page 23), Prince Albert, NWT: Henry Thomas Toronto Press. p. 44. McPhillips, retrieved 2014-04-10 [24] Henry Thomas McPhillips (1888), McPhillips’ alphabeti- [8] Thomas Flanagan, Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsid- cal and business directory of the district of Saskatchewan, ered (2000) pp 3-4 N.W.T.: Together with brief historical sketches of Prince [9] “North-west resistance”. Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Albert, Battleford and the other settlements in the dis- Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. trict, 1888 (p. 65), Prince Albert, NWT: Henry Thomas 2006. Retrieved 2013-09-17. McPhillips, retrieved 2014-04-10 [25] Henry Thomas McPhillips (1888), McPhillips’ alphabeti- [10] “The Quebec History Encyclopedia (North-West Re- cal and business directory of the district of Saskatchewan, bellion)". The Quebec History Encyclopedia. Claude N.W.T.: Together with brief historical sketches of Prince Bélanger, Marianopolis College. 2007. Retrieved 2013- Albert, Battleford and the other settlements in the dis- 11-19. trict, 1888 (p. 53), Prince Albert, NWT: Henry Thomas [11] J. M. Bumsted, The Peoples of Canada: A Post- McPhillips, retrieved 2014-04-10 Confederation History (1992), pp xiii, 31 [26] D.N. Sprague (1988). Canada and the Métis, 1869-1885. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 164, 173. [12] Henry Thomas McPhillips (1888), McPhillips’ alphabeti- cal and business directory of the district of Saskatchewan, [27] David Lee, “The Metis militant rebels of 1885.” Canadian N.W.T.: Together with brief historical sketches of Prince Ethnic Studies/ Etudes Ethniques au Canada (1989) 21#3 Albert, Battleford and the other settlements in the district, pp 1+ 1888 (pages 93-97), Prince Albert, NWT: Henry Thomas McPhillips, retrieved 2014-04-10 [28] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 (The Duck Lake Disaster) [13] “FRENCH AND MÉTIS SETTLEMENTS”. Encyclope- p.30, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, retrieved 2014-04-10 dia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, [29] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the University of Regina. 2006. Retrieved 2013-09-17. North-West Rebellion of 1885 (The War Cloud Bursts on [14] “North West Rebellion”. The Globe (Toronto). 1885-12- Battleford) p.76, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, retrieved 26. Retrieved 2013-12-11. 2014-04-10 [30] Beal and Macleod, Prairie Fire, p. 234-235 [15] Richard Cole Harris; Geoﬀrey J. Matthews; R. Louis Gentilcore (1987). Historical Atlas of Canada: The land [31] Dempsey, Hugh A. (1957). The Early West. Edmonton: transformed, 1800-1891. University of Toronto Press. p. Historical Society of Alberta. p. 1. Retrieved 2014-04- 93. ISBN 978-0-8020-3447-2. Retrieved 2014-04-10. 10.

[16] John Elgin Foster; Dick Harrison; I. S. MacLaren (1 Jan- [32] William Bleasdell Cameron (1888), The war trail of Big uary 1992). Buﬀalo. University of Alberta. pp. 73–74. Bear (The Frog Lake Massacre), Toronto: Ryerson Press ISBN 978-0-88864-237-0. (published 1926), retrieved 2014-04-10 8 CHAPTER 1. NORTH-WEST REBELLION

[33] William Bleasdell Cameron (1888), The war trail of Big [50] “Fort Carlton Provincial Park - Tourism, Parks, Culture Bear (The Fall of Fort Pitt), Toronto: Ryerson Press (pub- and Sport -". Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved lished 1926) 2009-09-20.

[34] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the [51] “Virtual Saskatchewan - Fur Trading at Fort Carlton”. North-West Rebellion of 1885 (The Battle of Fish Creek) 1997–2007. Retrieved 2009-09-20. p.127, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, retrieved 2014-04-10 [52] Payette, Pete; Phil Payette (2006). “Saskatchewan Forts: [35] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the Northwest Rebellion”. 2006 American Forts Network. North-West Rebellion of 1885 (The Battle of Cut Knife Retrieved 2009-09-20. Creek) p.156, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, retrieved 2014- 04-10 [53] “History of Duck Lake and Area”. Duck Lake Regional Interpretive Centre. Retrieved 2009-09-20. [36] Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and mat- [54] “Attractions and Tourism - Town of Duck Lake, ters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parlia- Saskatchewan”. M.R. Internet. Town of Duck Lake. ment., Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, re- 2007. Retrieved 2009-09-20. trieved 2014-04-10 [55] McLennan, David (2006). “Duck Lake - The Encyclope- [37] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the dia of Saskatchewan”. Canadian Plains Research Center North-West Rebellion of 1885 (The Battle at Batoche’s University of Regina. Retrieved 2009-09-20. Ferry) p.197, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co [56] “Battleford, Batoche & Beyond tour along the Yellowhead [38] William Bleasdell Cameron (1888), The war trail of Big Highway”. Yellowhead IT! Travel Magazine. Yellowhead Bear (The Battle of Frenchman’s Butte), Toronto: Ryerson Highway Association. Retrieved 2009-09-20. Press (published 1926) [39] William Bleasdell Cameron (1888), The war trail of Big [57] “Parks Canada”. Battle of Tourond’s Coulee / Fish Creek Bear (Battle of Loon Lake), Toronto: Ryerson Press (pub- National Historic Site of Canada. Retrieved 2009-09- lished 1926) 20.html [40] Read, Geoﬀ; Webb, Todd (2012). “The Catholic Mahdi [58] “Fish Creek The Virtual Museum of Métis History and of the North West': Louis Riel and the Metis Resistance in Culture”. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Transatlantic and Imperial Context”. Canadian Historical Applied Research. Retrieved 2009-09-20. Review 93 (2): 171–195. [59] “Municipal Heritage Properties - Marr Residence”. City [41] William Bleasdell Cameron (1888), The war trail of Big of Saskatoon - Development Services Branch. 2007. Re- Bear (The Indian Trials), Toronto: Ryerson Press (pub- trieved 2009-03-20. lished 1926) [60] Men of the city, Committee of the Historical Asso- [42] “Northwest “Half-breed” Scrip”. Métis National Council ciation of Saskatoon (Published online 30-Jan-2005). Historical Database. Retrieved 2013-11-21. “Saskatoon Gen Web Project - Narratives of Saskatoon 1882-1912” (Published online Julia Adamson). Univer- [43] “Our Legacy (Metis Scrip)". University of Saskatchewan. sity of Saskatchewan Book store. Retrieved 2009-09-20. Retrieved 2013-11-21. Check date values in: |date= (help) [44] Flanagan, Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsidered [61] “The Marr Residence”. Retrieved 2014-04-10. (2000) pp 4-8 [45] Mason Wade, The French Canadians: 1760-1967 (1968) [62] Beal and Macleod, Prairie Fire, p. 332 1:416-23 [63] “Saskatchewan settlement experience”. 1880-1890 - [46] “Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary North-west Rebellion The 'siege of Battleford' as reported of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion”. Home/About in the Saskatchewan Herald. Saskatchewan Archives Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of Board Site by OH! Media - Regina Web Design. 2005. Saskatchewan. June 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-20. Retrieved 2009-09-20. line feed character in |publisher= at position 28 (help) [47] “Batoche The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Cul- ture”. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Ap- [64] “Parks Canada - Fort Battleford National Historic Site plied Research. Retrieved 2009-09-20. - History”. Government of Canada. 2009-06-22. Re- trieved 2009-09-20. [48] “Parks Canada Batoche National Historic Site of Canada”. Government of Canada. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2009- [65] Yanko, Dave (1997–2007). “Virtual Saskatchewan - Fort 09-20. Battleford National Historic Site”. Retrieved 2009-09-20.

[49] Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada. Govern- [66] “Fort Pitt Provincial Park - Tourism, Parks, Culture and ment of Canada (21 Nov 2004). “Welcome To Saskatoon, Sport -". Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2009- Saskatchewan Region Gen Web Batoche / Fish Creek 09-20. Photo Gallery”. Saskatoon Gen Web. online by Julia Adamson. Retrieved 2009-09-20. [67] “Fort Pitt Provincial Park”. Retrieved 2014-04-10. 1.11. FURTHER READING 9

[68] Beal, Bob (1 September 2007). “Fort Pitt”. Historica- 1.11 Further reading Dominion. The Canadian Encyclopedia Historica foundation. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Re- Main article: Louis Riel § Further reading trieved 2009-09-20. [69] “Parks Canada - National Historic Sites in Alberta - Na- tional Historic Sites in Alberta”. Government of Canada. • Barkwell, Lawrence J. Veterans and Families of the Retrieved 2009-09-20. 1885 Northwest Resistance (Saskatoon: Gabriel Du- [70] “Parks Canada - National Historic Sites of Canada - ad- mont Institute, 2011) ISBN 978-1-926795-03-4 ministered by Parks Canada”. Government of Canada. 2009-01-20. Retrieved 2009-09-20. • Barkwell, Lawrence J. (2005), Batoche 1885: The Militia of the Metis Liberation Movement, Winnipeg: [71] Chaput, John (2006). “Frog Lake Massacre”. Canadian Plains Research Center University of Regina. Retrieved Manitoba Metis Federation, ISBN 0-9683493-3-1 2009-09-20. • Barrett, Matthew. "'Hero of the Half-Breed Rebel- [72] “Our Legacy”. University of Saskatchewan Archives, lion': Gabriel Dumont and Late Victorian Military University of Saskatchewan Library, and Pahkisimon Masculinity.” Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue Nuye?ah Library System. 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-20. d'études canadiennes 48#3 (2014): 79-107. [73] Brown., Brian M (July 4, 2002). “Poundmaker Historical • Centre and Big Bear monument”. Retrieved 2009-09-20. Beal, Bob & Macleod, Rod (1984), Prairie Fire: The 1885 North-West Rebellion, Toronto: McClelland & [74] McLennan, David (2006). “Cut Knife”. Canadian Plains Stewart, ISBN 978-0-7710-1109-2 Research Center University of Regina. Retrieved 2009- 09-20. • Flanagan, Thomas (2000), Riel and the Rebellion: [75] Yanciw, David (August 10, 2001). “Town of Cut Knife, 1885 Reconsidered (2nd ed.), Toronto: University Saskatchewan”. Big Things of Saskatchewan. Retrieved of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-4708-4 2009-09-20. • Mulvany, Charles Pelham (1886), The History of the [76] Davidson, Keith (2002). “Everyone Chuckled - A Rebel- North-west Rebellion of 1885, Toronto: A.H. Hovey lion Story Taking From Keith Davidson’s “Looking Back & Co. Series"". Saskatchewan Indian First Nations Periodical In- dex Search Winter 2002 v31 n01 p15. Archived from the • Morton, Desmond (1972), The last war drum: the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-20. North West campaign of 1885, Toronto: Hakkert, [77] “Steele Narrows Provincial Park”. Retrieved 2014-04-10. ISBN 0-88866-512-1, military history [78] “Makwa”. Sasl Biz community proﬁles. Enterprise • Stonechild, Blair & Waiser, Bill (1997), Loyal Till Saskatchewan Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2009-09-20. Death: Indians and the North-West Rebellion, Cal- gary: Fifth House, ISBN 1-895618-88-6 [79] “Regina History Guide Tour”. Saskatchewan Genealogi- cal Society - Regina Branch. Retrieved 2009-09-20. • Thistle, Jesse. “The 1885 Northwest Resistance: [80] “RCMP traditions centre in Regina” (republished on- Causes to the Conﬂict.” HPS History and Political line Saskatchewan News Index 1884-2000 University of Science Journal 3 (2014). online Saskatchewan Libraries.). Top News Stories Beginnings • and Landmarks. Leader-Post. May 16, 1955. p.13. Re- Wade, Mason. The French Canadians; 1760-1967: trieved 2009-09-20. Check date values in: |date= (help) vol 2: 1911-1967 (1968) pp 393–446 online

[81] “History of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police”. • Waite, Peter B. Canada 1874-1896 (McClelland & Mounted Police Post. Retrieved 2009-09-20. Stewart, 1978), pp 146–74 [82] “Explore Our Heritage; Louis Riel 1844–1885”. CHTS Home Manitoba Heritage Council Commemo- rative Plaques. Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 1.11.1 Historiography 2009-09-20. • [83] “Manitoba History Red River Resistance”. Number 29, Dick, Lyle. “Nationalism and Visual Media in Spring 1995. Manitoba Historical Society. 1998–2009. Canada: The Case of Thomas Scott’s Execution.” Retrieved 2009-09-20. Manitoba History (Autumn/Winter2004-05), Issue 48, pp 2–18. online [84] “Scenic Routes – The Louis Riel Trail”. Tourism Saskatchewan. Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved • R. Douglas Francis; Richard Jones; Donald B. Smith 2007-09-24. (2009). Journeys: A History of Canada. Cengage [85] See http://web.archive.org/web/20091027131214/http:// Learning. pp. 306–7., short summary of historians’ www.geocities.com/jjnevins/pulpsl.html views 10 CHAPTER 1. NORTH-WEST REBELLION

• Lee, David. “The Metis militant rebels of 1885.” Canadian Ethnic Studies/ Etudes Ethniques au Canada (1989) 21#3 pp 1+ online

• Miller, J. R. “From Riel to the Metis.” Canadian Historical Review 69#1 (1988): 1-20.

• James Rodger Miller, “From Riel to the Métis” (2004). Reﬂections on Native-newcomer Rela- tions: Selected Essays. University of Toronto Press. pp. 37–60., historiography

• Morton, Desmond. “Image of Louis Riel in 1998,” Canadian Speeches (May 1998) 12#2 online

• Sprague, D.N. (1988). Canada and the Métis, 1869- 1885. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press.

• Stanley, George F.G. Louis Riel: Patriot or Rebel? Canadian Historical Association Booklet No. 2 (1979) online

1.12 External links

• (Métis) Heroes of the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Summary of those Killed. • Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan

• Diary of Walter F. Stewart, a ﬁrst hand account of a man who was there Chapter 2

Battle of Duck Lake

ment of Saskatchewan.[4] The skirmish lasted approximately 30 minutes, after which Superintendent Leif Newry Fitzroy Crozier of the NWMP, his forces having endured ﬁerce ﬁre with twelve killed and eleven wounded, called for a general retreat.[5] The battle is considered the initial engagement of the North-West Rebellion. Al- though Louis Riel proved to be victorious at Duck Lake, the general agreement among historians is that the battle was strategically a disappointment to his cause.

2.1 Prelude

On March 19, 1885, Louis Riel self-affirmed the existence of the new Provisional Government of Saskatchewan.[6] Following Riel’s declaration, the Canadian government sought to reassert their control over the turbulent territory. Leif Crozier, the newly appointed NWMP superintendent and commander of North-Western Saskatchewan’s forces, requested immediate reinforcement to Fort Carlton because he feared the growing instability created by Riel and the ever Duck growing possibility of a First Nations uprising.[7] Riel Lake dispatched emissaries to deliver an ultimatum calling Battleford for the surrender of Fort Carlton without bloodshed. Frog Lake Crozier’s representatives rejected the demand and vowed Fort Pitt that the Métis leaders would be brought to justice.[8] Fish Creek Cut Knife On March 25, in need of supplies for his men and Batoche horses, Crozier ordered Sergeant Alfred Stewart, Thomas Butte McKay, and seventeen constables to Hillyard Mitchell’s Loon Lake general goods store at Duck Lake.[9] Unbeknownst to Crozier, however, commander Gabriel Dumont (Riel’s The District of Saskatchewan in 1885 right-hand man) and his Métis force had already en- (within the black diamonds) included the central section trenched themselves on the road to Duck Lake. On the of Saskatchewan and extended into Alberta and Mani- morning of the 26th, Stewart’s party encountered the toba. band of Métis near Duck Lake. After ample harassment, The Métis conflict area is circled in black. Stewart decided not to risk a physical engagement, and chose to return to Fort Carlton; no shooting occurred.[10] Crozier rallied together a larger force, which included 53 The Battle of Duck Lake (26 March 1885) was North-West Mounted Police non-commissioned officers an infantry skirmish 2.5 km outside Duck Lake, and men, 41 men of the Prince Albert Volunteers, and a Saskatchewan, between North-West Mounted Police 7-pound cannon, and set out to secure the much-needed forces of the Government of Canada, and the Métis mili- supplies and to reassert the authority of the Canadian gov- tia of Louis Riel's newly established Provisional Govern- ernment in the District of Saskatchewan.[11]

11 12 CHAPTER 2. BATTLE OF DUCK LAKE

2.2 Battle of Fort Carlton. The resounding unanimous decision was in favour of the evacuation and destruction of the fort.[19] The forces met about 2.5 kilometres outside Duck Lake By 4 AM on 28 March, the last sleigh had left the smoul- [20] on a snowy plateau covered by trees, shrubs, and a few log dering fort. cabins.[11] Having spotted Crozier’s force, Gabriel Du- In the span of three days and with the loss of only five mont ordered his men to set up defensive positions around men, Riel’s forces had defeated Crozier’s militia, forced the log cabin and lie in wait. Similarly, Crozier’s scouts the destruction and scavenged the remains of Fort Carl- informed the superintendent of the movements of the ton, and spread fear of a Métis uprising throughout the Métis; subsequently, Crozier ordered his men to halt and North-West Territories. Riel’s plans were not completely deploy their sleighs parallel to the road which was just successful, though: he had hoped to capture Crozier and before them. Both sides took up defensive positions.[11] his men as hostages so that he might force the govern- Gabriel Dumont dispatched his brother, Isidore, and an ment’s hand. Thus, while tactically successful, the battle elderly half-blind chief, Assiwiyin, with a white flag of Duck Lake proved to be a strategic disappointment for [21] in hopes of distracting Crozier’s forces.[12] The super- Riel. intendent, believing that Dumont was interested in a parley, walked forward with an English Métis interpreter, “Gentleman” Joe McKay.[13][14] During the half-hearted 2.4 Legacy discussion, Crozier came to believe that Isidore and As- siwiyin were stalling so that the Métis force could ma- “Duck Lake Battlefield—Here, on 26th March, 1885, oc- noeuver to flank his own men. As they began to leave, curred the first combat between the Canadian Govern- both Assiwiyin and Isidore attempted to draw their guns, ment Forces, under Major L.N.F. Crozier, and th Metis prompting Crozier to give McKay the order to fire. A and Indians, under Gabriel Dumont. Ici, le 26 mars, brief scuffle ensued between the two parties, which re- 1885, eut lieu la première rencontre entre les troupes sulted in McKay shooting, and killing, both Dumont and du gouvernement du Canada, commandées par le Major Assiwyin.[13][14] Crozier, et les Métis et Indiens commandés par Gabriel Despite the superior firepower and training of Crozier’s Dumont.” militia, the Métis force were more numerous and their po- National Historic Sites and Monuments Board[22] sition within the log cabins and the tree line proved to be [15] The site of the battle was designated a National Historic an overwhelming advantage. In an attempt to relieve [23] the pressure on the Prince Albert Volunteers, Crozier or- Site of Canada in 1924. dered the 7-pound cannon to target the log cabins. Af- In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport ter numerous discharges, a shell was placed in before the Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck lake, that “the power charge was inserted, which disabled the cannon for 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 Northwest the remainder of the battle.[16] Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the story Within half an hour, Crozier recognized the unavoidable of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples’ struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped Canada and sounded a general retreat back to Fort Carlton. The [24] Métis were eager to chase down Crozier and his retreating today.” force, but Louis Riel intervened and declared the battle Duck Lake is home to the Duck Lake Historical Museum over.[16] and the Duck Lake Regional Interpretive Centre, and murals which reflect the history of the rebellion in the area. The Battle of Duck Lake, the Duck Lake Massacre, and a 2.3 Aftermath buffalo jump are all located here. The “First Shots Cairn” was erected on Saskatchewan Highway 212 as a landmark commemorating the scene of the first shots in the Bat- The battle toll was high for the government forces. tle of Duck Lake. The Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine at Twelve men were killed, and eleven men seriously St. Laurent north of Duck Lake is a local pilgrimage injured.[16] For the separatists, five Métis warriors were site.[25][26][27][28] killed in the skirmish, including Dumont’s brother. Fur- thermore, Gabriel Dumont himself was injured in the head by a passing bullet.[17] Losing to Riel and the Métis force came as a great shock to Crozier’s superiors. 2.5 See also Colonel Acheson Irvine, Crozier’s supervisor, suggested • that Crozier’s officerial prowess and judgement was over- North-West Rebellion [18] ruled by impulsiveness. • Provisional Government of Saskatchewan Fort Carlton, a trading post with few defensive installa- • Prince Albert Volunteers tions, was now in serious risk of attack. Immediately, Colonel Irvine summoned a council to discuss the future • North-West Mounted Police 2.7. EXTERNAL LINKS 13

2.6 References [23] Battle of Duck Lake. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 6 August 2012.

[1] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), Canada’s North-West [24] “Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary Rebellion by Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (p.32), Toronto: of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion”. Home/About A.H. Hovey & Co, retrieved 2014-04-10 Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of [2] “Heroes of the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Summary of Saskatchewan. June 7, 2008. Archived from the original those Killed.”. Barkwell, Lawrence J. Louis Riel Institute. on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 2010. Retrieved 2013-11-13. [25] “History of Duck Lake and Area”. Duck Lake Regional Interpretive Centre. Retrieved 2009-09-20. [3] Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and mat- [26] “Attractions and Tourism: Town of Duck Lake, ters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parlia- Saskatchewan”. M.R. Internet. Town of Duck Lake. ment., Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, re- 2007. Retrieved 2009-09-20. trieved 2014-04-10 [27] McLennan, David (2006). “Duck Lake: The Encyclope- [4] Canadian War Museum (1972). The Last War Drum. dia of Saskatchewan”. Canadian Plains Research Center Canadian War Museum. p. 4. University of Regina. Retrieved 2009-09-20.

[5] Canadian War Museum (1972). The Last War Drum. [28] “Battleford, Batoche & Beyond Tour along the Yellow- Canadian War Museum. p. 5. head Highway”. Yellowhead It! Travel Magazine. Yel- lowhead Highway Association. Retrieved 2009-09-20. [6] Canadian War Museum (1972). The Last War Drum. Canadian War Museum. pp. XXII. [7] Wallace, Jim (1998). A Trying time. Winnipeg: Bunker 2.7 External links to Bunker Books. p. 63. • [8] Wallace, Jim (1998). A Trying Time. Winnipeg: Bunker The Story of Saskatchewan and its people Volume 1 to Bunker Books. p. 69. (Duck Lake)

[9] Haydon, A.L (1971). The Riders of the Plains: A Record Coordinates: 52°48′59″N 106°13′58″W / 52.8165°N of the Royal North-West Mountain Police of Canada 1873- 1910. Edmonton: M.G Hurting Ltd. p. 130. 106.2327°W

[10] Stanley, George F. G. (1963). Louis Riel. Toronto: The Ryerson Press. p. 315.

[11] Stanley, George F. G. (1960). The Birth of Western Canada: A History of the Riel Rebellions. Toronto: Uni- versity of Toronto Press. p. 326.

[12] “The Battle of Duck Lake (March 26, 1885)" (PDF). Gov- ernment of Canada. Retrieved 2013-12-03.

[13] Wallace. A Trying Time. p. 74.

[14] “How the Battle of Duck Lake Began: Two Perspectives” (PDF). Government of Canada. Retrieved 2013-12-03.

[15] Stanley. Louis Riel. p. 317.

[16] Stanley. The Birth of Western Canada. p. 328.

[17] Stanley. Louis Riel. p. 318.

[18] Stanley. The Birth of Western Canada. p. 329.

[19] Haydon. The Riders of the Plain. p. 133.

[20] Stanley. The Birth of Western Canada. p. 330.

[21] Stanley. The Birth of Western Canada. p. 332.

[22] “Duck Lake Battleﬁeld Plaque The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture”. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research. Retrieved 2009- 09-20. Chapter 3

Looting of Battleford

ing stores and farms in the western part of the District of Saskatchewan for arms, ammunition and food supplies while civilians ﬂed to the larger settlements and forts of the North-West Territories. Prominent leaders of this uprising were Chief Poundmaker and Chief Big Bear. Poundmaker and his band had a reserve near present-day Cut Knife about 50 km (31 miles) west of Fort Battleford. Big Bear and his band had settled near Frog Lake about 55 km (34 miles) northwest of Fort Pitt but had not yet selected a reserve site.[1] Both bands were signatories of Treaty 6 and were unhappy in the way it was implemented by the Canadian government. The loss of the buﬀalo and the inadequate rations provided by the Indian agents kept the bands in a continual state of near-starvation.[2]

3.1 Geography

The District of Saskatchewan in 1885 was divided into three sub-districts and had a population of 10,595. To the east the Carrot River sub-district with 1,770 people remainedDuck quiet. The Prince Albert sub-district located Lake in the centre of the district had a population of 5,373 Battleford which included the Southbranch settlements with about Frog Lake 1,300. The Southbranch settlements was the centre of Fort Pitt Louis Riel's Provisional Government during the Rebel- Fish Creek lion. To the west where the Cree uprising led by Pound- Cut Knife maker and Big Bear occurred was the Battleford sub- Batoche district with 3,603 people.[3][4] Butte Loon Lake The largest settlement and the capital of the district was [5] The District of Saskatchewan in 1885 (within Prince Albert with about 800 people followed by Bat- the black diamonds) included the central section of tleford with about 500 people “divided about equally be- [6] Saskatchewan and extended into Alberta and Manitoba. tween French, Métis and English”. Battleford is located on the Battle River near the North The Looting of Battleford began at the end of March, Saskatchewan River. On the south side of the Battle 1885, during the North-West Rebellion, in the town of River was the Old Town and on the north side nearest the Battleford, Saskatchewan, then a part of the Northwest North Saskatchewan River was the New Town and Fort [7] Territories. Battleford. Within days of the Métis victory at the Battle of Duck The city of North Battleford was founded later in 1905 Lake on March 26, 1885 Cree bands sympathetic to the when the construction of the Canadian Northern Railway Métis cause and with grievances of their own began raid- main line to Edmonton placed the line on the north side of the North Saskatchewan River.[8]

14 3.4. OVERVIEW 15

3.2 Siege of Battleford

Poundmaker surrenders to Middleton in Battleford May 26, Map of Battleford 1885 1885[12] On March 28 as news that several Indian bands including Poundmaker’s were on their way to Battleford settlers began moving into the nearby North-West Mounted tleford. Poundmaker prevented his warriors from attack- Police post, Fort Battleford which was under the coming the retreating troops.[9] mand of Colonel Morris and 25 police. Over the next On May 14 at Eagle Hills a Battleford band captured a several days 500 civilians would take refuge within the wagon train carrying supplies for Colonel Otter’s column. palisades. Many crossed over an unstable ice bridge on the Battle River leaving most of their possessions behind After the defeat of the Métis force at the Battle of Ba- in the Old Town. During the night of March 29 nearby toche and the surrender of Louis Riel to Middleton on homesteads were raided their horses and cattle rounded May 15 Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker) surrendered up by the bands.[9] to General Middleton at Fort Battleford on May 26.[12] Also on the trail to join Poundmaker in Battleford were the Assiniboine from the Eagle Hills approximately 30 km south of Battleford. On March 29 they killed their • Map of Battle Sites farm instructor John Payne and raided homesteads on the way killing a farmer by the name of Fremont.[9] On March 30 Poundmaker asked for a meeting with the Indian agent J. M. Rae. After Rae refused to meet with • Chronology of Events (The Northwest Resistance) him the combined Battleford bands took food and supplies from the abandoned stores and houses. The next day the bands camped a few miles away bringing with them their looted provisions including cattle and horses then eventually returned to Poundmaker’s reserve.[9] While the New Town was protected by its proximity to 3.4 Overview the Fort and its cannon the Old Town was not. Every day until the arrival of Colonel Otter's column on April 24 the The nature of the Cree advance on Battleford, like the en- occupants of the Fort watched as the Old Town about a tire 1885 Rebellion, is a source of historiographical con- mile away was plundered. Stolen vehicles and horses car- troversy. Historian Douglas Hill characterized the Cree ried away the supplies of the Hudson’s Bay Company and group as a “war party... ready to take revenge for a winter the other merchants. All the public buildings were sacked of incalculable suffering” who “swooped on Battleford, including the Battleford Industrial School (located in the killing six whites”. George F.G. Stanley's writing on the Old Government House).[10] Most homes were burned in- subject indicated that the Cree were not murderous but cluding the imposing home of Judge Rouleau. Just half a more haphazard and bumbling: they "[did] not appear dozen were left standing.[11] to have in mind an attack upon the town” but were content with “prowling around the neighbourhood.” While John L. Tobias says that the Crees tried to demonstrate 3.3 Aftermath their “peaceful intent” by including women and children in their group, simply took food to sustain themselves On May 2 Colonel Otter’s column attacked Poundmaker’s after finding the town abandoned, and then withdrew to camp at Cut Knife Creek but was forced to retreat to Bat- avoid conflict with the police. 16 CHAPTER 3. LOOTING OF BATTLEFORD

[12] “Numbered key, drawn in pen and ink, to accompany the painting “The Surrender of Poundmaker to Major General Middleton at Battleford, on May 26th, 1885”.". Retrieved 2015-05-11.

• Hill, Douglas, The Opening of the Canadian West. Don Mills, ON: Academic Press 1967.

• Stanley, George F.G., Louis Riel: Patriot or Rebel. North Battleford Panorama from King Hill showing the Yel- CHA Booklet #2, 1964. lowhead Highway leading to Battleford. • Tobias, John L., “Canada’s Subjugation of the Plains Cree,” Canadian Historical Review, LXIV (Decem- ber 1983): 519-548. 3.5 References 3.6 External links [1] William Bleasdell Cameron (1888), The war trail of Big Bear (P.43-46), Toronto: Ryerson Press (published 1926), retrieved 2014-04-10 [2] “Treaty 6”. Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. 2006. Re- trieved 2013-12-08. [3] Henry Thomas McPhillips (1888), McPhillips’ alphabeti- cal and business directory of the district of Saskatchewan, N.W.T.: Together with brief historical sketches of Prince Albert, Battleford and the other settlements in the district, 1888 (page 23), Prince Albert, NWT: Henry Thomas McPhillips, retrieved 2014-04-10 [4] “FRENCH AND MÉTIS SETTLEMENTS”. Encyclope- dia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. 2006. Retrieved 2013-09-17. [5] Henry Thomas McPhillips (1888), McPhillips’ alphabeti- cal and business directory of the district of Saskatchewan, N.W.T.: Together with brief historical sketches of Prince Albert, Battleford and the other settlements in the district, 1888 (p. 65), Prince Albert, NWT: Henry Thomas McPhillips, retrieved 2014-04-10 [6] Henry Thomas McPhillips (1888), McPhillips’ alphabeti- cal and business directory of the district of Saskatchewan, N.W.T.: Together with brief historical sketches of Prince Albert, Battleford and the other settlements in the district, 1888 (p. 53), Prince Albert, NWT: Henry Thomas McPhillips, retrieved 2014-04-10 [7] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 (Map of Battleford 1885) p.106, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, retrieved 2014-04-10 [8] “North Battleford”. Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. 2006. Retrieved 2013-12-08. [9] Laurie, Patrick Gammie (April 23, 1885). “Battleford Beleaguered”. Saskatchewan Herald (Battleford, Saskatchewan). pp. VOL. V11., No 15. [10] “Government House, Battleford”. Retrieved 2013-12-07. [11] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 (Otter’s March to Battleford) p.109, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, retrieved 2014-04-10 Chapter 4

Frog Lake Massacre

4.1 Causes

Chief Big Bear and his band had settled near Frog Lake about 55 km (34 miles) northwest of Fort Pitt but had not yet selected a reserve site.[2] He had signed Treaty 6 in 1882.[3] Angered by what seemed to be an unfair treaty and by the dwindling buﬀalo population, Big Bear began organizing the Cree for resistance.[4] Learning of the Métis victory at the Battle of Duck Lake a week earlier and of Poundmaker's advance on Battleford, Wandering Spirit, the war chief of Big Bear’s band, began a campaign to gather arms, ammunition and food supplies from the surrounding countryside. The nearest source of supplies and the ﬁrst to be looted were the government stables, the Hudson’s Bay Company post and George Dill’s store at Frog Lake.[5] Anger among the Cree in the area was directed largely at the representative of the Canadian government, the Indian Agent Thomas Quinn, who was the source of the inadequate rations that kept the Cree in a state of near-starvation.[3][4]

4.2Duck The massacre Lake Battleford Frog Lake A band of Cree led by the war chief Wandering Spirit Fort Pitt took Thomas Quinn hostage in his home in the early Fish Creek morning of 2 April. The Cree then took more white set- Cut Knife tlers hostage and took control of the community. They Batoche gathered the Europeans, including two priests, in the lo- Butte cal Catholic church, where Mass was in progress. After Loon Lake Mass concluded, at around 11:00 a.m., the Cree ordered The District of Saskatchewan in 1885 (within the prisoners to move to their encampment a couple of [4] the black diamonds) included the central section of kilometres away. Saskatchewan and extended into Alberta and Manitoba. Quinn steadfastly refused to leave the town; in response, Wandering Spirit shot him in the head. In the resulting [6] The Frog Lake Massacre was part of the Cree uprising panic, despite Big Bear’s attempt to stop the shootings, during the North-West Rebellion in western Canada. Led Wandering Spirit’s band killed another eight unarmed set- by Wandering Spirit, young Cree warriors attacked the tlers: the two Catholic priests, Leon Fafard and Felix community of Frog Lake in the District of Saskatchewan Marchand, Fafard’s lay assistant John Williscroft, as well in the Northwest Territories[1] on 2 April 1885, where as John Gowanlock, John Delaney, William Gilchrist, [4] they killed nine settlers. George Dill, and Charles Gouin. A Hudson’s Bay Company clerk, William Bleasdell Cameron, one of the men rounded up into the church,

17 18 CHAPTER 4. FROG LAKE MASSACRE

went to the Hudson’s Bay shop to fill an order made by Quinn for Miserable Man after Mass. When the first shots were fired, he escaped with the help of sympathetic Cree, and made his way to a nearby Wood Cree camp, where the chief pledged to protect him.[6][7][8] Theresa Gowanlock and Theresa Delaney, wives of two of the slain men, their families, and approximately sev- enty others from the town were taken captive.[4] After the massacre, the bodies of Fafard, Marchand, De- laney and Gowanlock had been hurriedly placed in the cellar under the church by several of the Métis residents who were now captive. At great risk, they also moved the bodies of Quinn and Gouin into the cellar of a house near where they were killed. However, they were refused permission to touch the other victims. The church, the rectory and all the buildings of the Frog Lake settlement were burned on April 4, 1885 (the day before Easter). All that remained of the mission was the bell tower and the cemetery.[9] On June 14 the Midland Battalion (the advance guard of Major-General Strange) arrived and buried the victims of the massacre in the cemetery.[10][11] During their occu- pation the bell, which was suspended from the fire black- ened bell tower, disappeared.[12]

Survivor William Bleasdell Cameron with Horse Child, 12-year- old son of Big Bear. They were photographed together in Regina 4.3 Aftermath in 1885 during the trial of Big Bear. Cameron testified in Big Bear’s defense. The Cree moved on to Fort Pitt. The massacre prompted the Canadian government to take notice of the growing unrest in Western Canada. The rebellion was put down. that cairn. Wandering Spirit and five other warriors (Round the Sky, In 2008, Christine Tell (provincial minister for tourism, Bad Arrow, Miserable Man, Iron Body and Little Bear) parks, culture and sport) said “the 125th commemoration, were convicted of treason for their actions in the Frog in 2010, of the 1885 Northwest Resistance is an excel- Lake Massacre. They were hanged with two other Cree lent opportunity to tell the story of the prairie Métis and convicted of murder in the largest mass execution in First Nations peoples’ struggle with Government forces [14] Canadian history.[4] and how it has shaped Canada today.” Although Big Bear had opposed the attack,[6] he was charged with treason because of his efforts to organize resistance among the Cree. He was convicted and sen- 4.5 See also tenced to three years in the Manitoba Penitentiary.[6] • Bell of Frog Lake

4.4 Legacy • List of massacres in Canada

• List of conﬂicts in Canada Frog Lake became part of the province of Alberta in 1905. The site of the massacre was designated the "Frog Lake National Historic Site" in 1923, at the location of the Cree uprising which occurred in the District of 4.6 References Saskatchewan, North-West Territories.[13] Parks Canada says the site designated by the Historic Sites and Monu- [1] “Canadian Plains Research Center Mapping Division” ments Board of Canada is extensive, but the national park (PDF). Retrieved 13 Sep 2013. service owns only a small portion, mainly a graveyard, where a stone cairn and federal plaque were erected in [2] William Bleasdell Cameron (1888), The war trail of Big 1924. The geographic coordinates on this page are for Bear (P.43-46), Toronto: Ryerson Press (published 1926) 4.8. EXTERNAL LINKS 19

[3] “Treaty 6”. Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian • Gallaher, Bill (2008). The Frog Lake Massacre. Plains Research Center, University of Regina. 2006. Re- Surrey, BC: Touchwood Editions. ISBN 978- trieved 2013-12-08. 1894898751. Though a novel, a highly accurate ac- [4] John Chaput (2007). “Frog Lake Massacre”. The En- count of the massacre and aftermath. cyclopedia of Saskatchewan. University of Regina and • Radison, Garry (2009). Ka-pepamachakwew- Canadian Plains Research Center. Retrieved 8 June 2010. Wandering Spirit: Plains Cree War Chief. Calgary: [5] William Bleasdell Cameron (1888), The war trail of Big Smoke Ridge Books. ISBN 978-0968832950. Bear (P.59-64), Toronto: Ryerson Press (published 1926) • Radison, Garry (2015). Defending Frog Lake: An [6] W. B. Cameron, “Massacre at Frog Lake”, University of Analysis of the Frog Lake Massacre. Lethbridge: Alberta Libraries, response by W. B. Cameron to “Mas- Smoke Ridge Books. ISBN 978-0994777300. sacre at Frog Lake”, Edmonton Journal, 4 Apr 1939, ac- cessed 2 Aug 2009 [7] William Bleasdell Cameron (1888), The war trail of Big 4.8 External links Bear (The Frog Lake Massacre), Toronto: Ryerson Press (published 1926) • University of Alberta Libraries [8] Dempsey, Hugh A. (1957). The Early West. Edmonton: • Historical Society of Alberta. p. 6. Article • [9] “Batoche: les missionnaires du nord-ouest pendant les Frog Lake National Historic Site, oﬃcial site troubles de 1885.”. Le Chevallier, Jules Jean Marie • Wandering Spirit Bio Joseph. Montreal: L'Oeuvre de presse dominicaine. 1941. Retrieved 2014-04-17. • Northwest Campaign [10] “With the Midland Battn. during the North West Rebel- lion of 1885”. Diary of Will E. Young. 1885. Retrieved 2014-04-17.

[11] ""Procès-verbal de la translation des restes des révérends pères Léon-Adélard Fafard, O.M.I. et Félix Marchand, O.M.I. du cimétière de l'ancienne mision de Notre-Dame de Bon Conseil (Lac La Grenouille), à l'église de la mission de Notre-Dame du Rosaire (Lac d'Oignon). Diocèse de Saint-Albert”.". Missions de la Congrégation des missionnaires oblats de Marie Immaculée. (Rome: Maison Générale O.M.I) no.253 (Mar 1935), pp. 59-61. Re- trieved 2014-04-17.

[12] “Grandin, Vital Justin (1829-1902); Oblates of Mary Im- maculate. “Vicariat de Saint-Albert”. Missions de la Con- grégation des missionnaires oblats de Marie Immaculée”. Missions de la Congrégation des missionnaires oblats de Marie Immaculée. (Paris: A. Hennuyer) no.92 (Dec 1885), pp. 417-430. Retrieved 2014-04-17.

[13] “Parks Canada - National Historic Sites in Alberta - Na- tional Historic Sites in Alberta”. Government of Canada. Retrieved 2009-09-20.

[14] “Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion”. Home/About Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of Saskatchewan. June 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-20.

4.7 Further reading

• Cameron, W. B. (1926). The war trail of Big Bear. London: Duckworth. This work was published in three editions 1926–1930, and a revised edition was published in 1950 as Blood Red the Sun. Calgary: Kenway Publishing Co. 1950. OCLC 10524211. Chapter 5

Battle of Fort Pitt

For the 1763 Pennsylvania action in Pontiac’s Mounted Police. Rebellion, see the Siege of Fort Pitt

5.1 Background

In the Canadian North-West, a period of escalating unrest immediately preceded the rebellion as Ottawa refused to negotiate with its disaffected citizens. While the Métis under Louis Riel declared a provisional government and mobilized their forces, Cree chief Big Bear was not plan- ning any militarization or violence toward the Canadian settlers or government. Rather, he had tried to unify the Cree into a political confederacy powerful enough to oppose the marginalization of native people in Canadian society and renegotiate unjust land treaties imposed on Saskatchewan natives in the 1860s. This nominally peaceful disposition was shattered in late March by news of the Métis victory over government forces at Duck Lake. Support for Riel was strong among native peoples. On April 2, Big Bear’s warriors attacked the town of Frog Lake, killing nine civilians. Big Bear, against his wishes, was drawn into the rebellion. Similar attacks continued, with Cree raiding parties pil- laging the towns of Lac La Biche[3] Saddle Lake, Beaver- hillDuck Lake, Bear Hills, Lac St. Anne and Green Lake.[4] Lake These events prompted the mobilization of an Alberta Battleford field force under Thomas Bland Strange. The Cree would Frog Lake later defeat the Albertans at the Battle of Frenchman’s Fort Pitt Butte. Fish Creek Cut Knife Batoche Butte 5.2 Battle Loon Lake The District of Saskatchewan in 1885 (within On April 15, 200 Cree warriors descended on Fort Pitt. the black diamonds) included the central section of They intercepted a police scouting party, killing a consta- Saskatchewan and extended into Alberta and Manitoba. ble, wounding another, and captured a third. Surrounded and outnumbered, garrison commander Francis Dickens The Battle of Fort Pitt (in Saskatchewan) was part of a (son of famed novelist Charles Dickens) capitulated and Cree uprising coinciding with the Métis revolt that started agreed to negotiate with the attackers. Big Bear released the North-West Rebellion in 1885. Cree warriors began the remaining police officers but kept the townspeople as attacking Canadian settlements on April 2. On April 15, hostages and destroyed the fort. Six days later, Inspector they captured Fort Pitt from a detachment of North-West Dickens and his men reached safety at Battleford.[1][2]

20 5.4. REFERENCES 21

5.3 Legacy

In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck lake, that “the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 Northwest Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples’ struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped Canada today.”[5] Fort Pitt, the scene of the Battle of Fort Pitt, is a Provincial Park and National Historic site where a Na- tional Historic Sites and Monuments plaque designates where Treaty six was signed.[6][7][8]

5.4 References

[1] William Bleasdell Cameron (1888), The war trail of Big Bear (The Fall of Fort Pitt), Toronto: Ryerson Press (published 1926)

[2] “The Illustrated War News, 02 May 1885, Page 7, Item Ar00701”. J.W. Bengough. Toronto: Grip Print. and Pub. Co. 1885 (2 May (Sat), p.7). Retrieved 2013-11-24. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[3] Heather Devine (2004). The People who Own Them- selves: Aboriginal Ethnogenesis in a Canadian Family, 1660-1900. University of Calgary Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-55238-115-1.

[4] “Batoche: les missionnaires du nord-ouest pendant les troubles de 1885”. Le Chevallier, Jules Jean Marie Joseph. Montreal: L'Oeuvre de presse dominicaine. 1941. Re- trieved 2013-07-20.

[5] “Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion”. Home/About Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of Saskatchewan. June 7, 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-20.

[6] “Fort Pitt Provincial Park - Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport -". Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2009- 09-20.

[7] “Fort Pitt brochure Fort Pitt and the 1885 Resis- tance/Rebellion”. Government of Saskatchewan. Re- trieved 2009-09-20.

[8] Beal, Bob (1 Sep 2007). “Fort Pitt”. Historica-Dominion. The Canadian Encyclopedia Historica foundation. Re- trieved 2009-09-20.

Coordinates: 53°39′01″N 109°45′06″W / 53.65018°N 109.75154°W Chapter 6

Battle of Fish Creek

enough to alter the ultimate outcome of the conﬂict, it was convincing enough to persuade Major General Frederick Middleton to temporarily halt his advance on Batoche, where the Métis would later make their ﬁnal stand.

6.1 Battle

Middleton, having led his considerable Field Force out from Qu'Appelle on April 10, was advancing upstream from Clarke’s Crossing along the South Saskatchewan River when he discovered a hastily organized ambush by Gabriel Dumont's Métis / Dakota force. On April 23, as the militia began advancing from Clarke’s Crossing, Dumont took 200 men and rode out from Ba- toche toward Tourond’s Coulée. Louis Riel accompanied them. When a (false) report arrived that the North- West Mounted Police were advancing on Batoche, Riel returned there with 50 men. Dumont stationed most of his men in the coulée, where they set to work digging rifle pits. The militia would cross the coulée the next day, and itDuck was then that the concealed men in the rifle pits would Lake ambush them. Dumont took a smaller party of twenty Battleford horsemen forward of the coulée. Their task was to seal the exit when the ambush was sprung. “I want to treat Frog Lake [5] Fort Pitt them like buffaloes,” Dumont said of Middleton’s men. Fish Creek Dumont and his twenty men hid in a poplar bluff. There Cut Knife were not yet any leaves, however. On the morning of Batoche April 24, before the infantry could cross the coulée, a Butte Canadian cavalryman of Boulton’s Scouts spotted the Loon Lake Métis horsemen. Dumont’s Métis and Boulton’s force then opened fire on each other. The Scouts dismounted The District of Saskatchewan in 1885 and began firing into the coulée, and the main body of (within the black diamonds) included the central section Canadian infantry advanced to the coulée’s edge.[6] of Saskatchewan and extended into Alberta and Mani- The Métis pounded Middleton’s men with one devastat- toba. ing fusillade before withdrawing into cover and restricting The Métis conflict area is circled in black. themselves to sniper fire in order to conserve ammunition. With half of his force on the opposite side of the river, The Battle of Fish Creek (also known as the Battle of Middleton was unable to bring his full numerical superi- Tourond’s Coulée ),[4] fought April 24, 1885 at Fish ority to bear. One of his artillery batteries opened fire on Creek, Saskatchewan, was a major Métis victory over the the Métis to little effect, although well-fired cannonades Canadian forces attempting to quell Louis Riel's North- did succeed in driving away Dumont’s Cree allies before West Rebellion. Although the reversal was not decisive their weight could be added to the battle.

22 6.4. REFERENCES 23

Strung out along the coulée’s edge, silhouetted against the In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport sky, the militia fired a vast amount of ammunition at their Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck Lake, that enemies, succeeding mostly in showering tree branches “the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 North- across the ravine, but when the artillerymen pushed their west Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the guns to the coulée’s edge to try to fire down at the con- story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples’ cealed enemy, they suffered heavy casualties.[7] The only struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped targets the militia could clearly see were the enemy’s teth- Canada today.”[12] [8] ered horses. They slaughtered about fifty of these. The Battle of Fish Creek National Historic Site, now General Middleton behaved with reckless bravery, plac- named Tourond’s Coulée / Fish Creek National Historic ing himself in full view of the enemy. A bullet tore Site, preserves the battlefield of April 24, 1885 at la through his fur hat, and his two aides-de-camp were both coulée des Tourond , and the story of Madame Tourond’s wounded by his side. The frustrated Canadians, their ca- home. The National Historic site of Middleton’s camp sualties mounting, undertook several fruitless rushes into and graveyard is across the Fish Creek water body and is the ravine. A few infantry regulars under Middleton’s north west of the theatre of battle which occurred in the command made one charge. Another, larger one was car- creek valley west of the Tourond farmhouse site.[13] ried out by the Royal Winnipeg Rifles militia. This latter advance was parried by Métis use of improvised barricades within the coulée.[9] These uncoordinated advances 6.4 References accomplished nothing but more Canadian casualties. Despite the heavy casualties inflicted upon the enemy, [1] Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppres- Métis morale deteriorated as the battle wore on. Fam- sion of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and mat- ished, dehydrated, and low on ammunition (conditions ters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parlia- that had plagued them throughout the rebellion), Du- ment.(p.20), Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence mont’s rebels, though relatively impervious to enemy fire [2] “Heroes of the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Summary of from within their gullies and ravines, knew that their po- those Killed.”. Barkwell, Lawrence J. Louis Riel Institute. sitions would not hold in the face of any sustained enemy 2010. Retrieved 2013-11-13. assault. However, Middleton, distressed by the casualties he was [3] Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and mat- taking, erred on the side of caution and opted for retreat. ters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parlia- Weeks later, after news reached him of the Cree vic- ment., Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence tory over Colonel Otter – to whom had been issued the dreaded Gatling gun – at Cut Knife, Middleton embarked [4] Parks Canada (2007-11-17), Famous 1885 Battle Site once more on decisive action against Batoche. Gains New Name, Ottawa: Government of Canada

[5] Morton, Desmond, The Last War Drum, Hakkert, Toronto, 1972, (Canadian War Museum Historical Publi- 6.2 Maps cations Number 5), p.62.

• Military Battlefield Map of Fish Creek [6] Beal, Bob, and Macleod, Rod, Prairie Fire, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1994, p.230. • Military Map of Fish Creek view 1 [7] Beal and Macleod, pp.230-231. • Military Map of Fish Creek view 2 [8] Morton, pp.64-65. • Military Map of Fish Creek Rifle Pits [9] Mulvany, Charles Pelham, The History of the North-West Rebellion of 1885, Toronto, Hovey & Co., 1886, pp.131- 6.3 Legacy 132 and 141. [10] “Fish Creek The Virtual Museum of Métis History and “North West Rebellion - Fish Creek - While General Culture”. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Middleton was moving to capture Batoche his forces were Applied Research. Retrieved 2009-09-20. attacked on the 24th April, 1885, by the Half-breeds under Gabriel Dumont from concealed rifle pits near the [11] Battle of Tourond’s Coulee / Fish Creek. Canadian Reg- ister of Historic Places. Retrieved 6 August 2012. mouth of Fish Creek. The rebels were defeated and driven from the field. Erected 1933.” [12] “Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary National Historic Sites and Monuments Board[10] of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion”. Home/About Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of The site of the battle was designated a National Historic Saskatchewan. June 7, 2008. Archived from the original Site of Canada in 1923.[11] on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 24 CHAPTER 6. BATTLE OF FISH CREEK

[13] “Battle of Fish Creek” (ashx). National Parks and Na- tional Historic Sites of Canada. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Oﬃcer of Parks Canada. 2007. Retrieved 2009-09-20. html Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.

6.5 External links

• Fish Creek battle site • Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan

• Military Map of Fish Creek Chapter 7

Battle of Cut Knife

7.1 Background

In the spring of 1885, the Métis living in the District of Saskatchewan formed a provisional government under Louis Riel, taking control of the area around Batoche. Soon, Riel began to contact the local natives; the Cree and the Assiniboine. The Canadian government decided to crush the separatist movement, afraid that it would spread to the tribes across the North-West Territories. Bands of Cree, assembled under the leadership of Poundmaker, went to Battleford to talk to the Indian agent, Rae. The purpose of the visit was to lobby Rae for better supplies (many members of the band were starving) and to discuss the political situation. The people of Battleford and some of the settlers in the surrounding area, hearing reports of large numbers of Cree and Assiniboine leaving reserves and making their way to Battleford, feared for their safety. On the night of March 30, 1885, townspeople began to abandon the town and seek shelter in the North-West Mounted Police Fort Battleford. When Poundmaker and his party reached the town, the Indian agent refused to come out of the fort to meet with them. HeDuck kept them waiting for two days. Lake Suﬀering from hunger and having been refused supplies Battleford by the Indian Agent meant to attend their well being, some Frog Lake of the party began looting the abandoned buildings. The Fort Pitt identity of the looters is disputed. Some reports claimed Fish Creek Poundmaker’s people were responsible, but one observer Cut Knife alleged that most of the looting had already been done Batoche by whites.[4] Oral history accounts claim that the looting Butte was done by Nakoda people, and that Poundmaker did his Loon Lake best to stop it.[5] Either way, Poundmaker’s people left the The District of Saskatchewan in 1885 (within next day. the black diamonds) included the central section of Meanwhile, bands of Assiniboine living south of Bat- Saskatchewan and extended into Alberta and Manitoba. tleford had heard about the Métis’ rebellion. A small group of them killed a local farmer who had treated them The Battle of Cut Knife, fought on May 2, 1885, oc- harshly in the past, and shot their Indian agent for beating curred when a small force of Cree and Assiniboine war- a teenage girl. They then decided to go north to Battleford riors were attacked by a ﬂying column of mounted po- to meet up with Poundmaker. Although there is some lice, militia, and Canadian army regulars near Battleford, controversy as to who was responsible and to the extent Saskatchewan. The warriors defeated the Canadian of the destruction, a number of homes and businesses in forces, with losses on both sides. Battleford were looted and burned. The Canadian government sent Major General Frederick Middleton to Saskatchewan to crush the Métis’ rebellion.

25 26 CHAPTER 7. BATTLE OF CUT KNIFE

The small police force at Fort Battleford, suddenly re- the area to fight the Métis’ rebellion and decided to protect sponsible for the safety of nearly 500 civilians, called on themselves. As was Cree custom, the war chief Fine Day him for reinforcements and hastily set about forming a replaced Poundmaker (the 'political chief') as leader until home guard to garrison the post. Middleton detached the fighting was over. The entire encampment was moved a column under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel across Cut Knife Creek to the west side. Behind the camp William Otter to relieve Battleford. was Cut Knife Hill, and on both sides of it were ravines Otter’s column consisted of some 763 men from the 2nd filled with bushes and trees. Altogether, nine bands of Battalion, “Queen’s Own Rifles of Canada”, 'B' Battery, Cree and three of Assiniboine were present, numbering some 1500 men, women, and children. Regiment of Canadian Artillery, 'C' Company of the Infantry School Corps, a party of sharpshooters from the 1st Battalion Governor General’s Foot Guards, a small party of North-West Mounted Police under the command 7.2 Battle of Percy Neale, and assorted teamsters. The column travelled by rail to Swift Current, setting out on the march for Battleford on April 13 and arriving on April 24. When Just after dawn on May 2, Otter’s column arrived. Ot- Otter arrived, he found hundreds of civilians, including ter had expected that the camp would be in the prairie Métis, crammed into the fort. However, Poundmaker’s on the east side of Cut Knife Creek. He had not antici- followers were nowhere to be found. Overjoyed at Ot- pated that he would have to ford the creek. After his col- ter’s arrival, the townspeople and settlers wanted revenge umn had crossed the creek, they had to wade through a on the Indians for the losses in lives and material that they marsh before they reached the encampment. An old Cree had suffered. Many of Otter’s troops, inexperienced mili- man named Jacob with Long Hair had woken up when he tiamen, were angry that they had “missed out on a fight”. heard the sound of the soldiers crossing the creek, and he alerted the camp. Colonel Otter set up two cannons Pressured by the townspeople and his own troops, Ot- and a Gatling gun and started firing on the camp. In the ter decided to take action. Despite orders from General first few minutes, there was total confusion. The gunfire Middleton to stay in Battleford, he wired the Lieutenant- broke lodges and destroyed the camp. Women and chil- Governor of the Northwest Territories (who was also the dren went running for the safety of the ravines. A group Indian Commissioner), Edgar Dewdney, for permission of Assiniboine warriors charged Otter’s men to stop them [6] to “punish Poundmaker.” Permission was granted. A from killing the women and children. The other warriors garrison was left in Battleford, while he led a flying col- moved into the ravines, and Fine Day went to the top of umn of 392 men to attack the Cree and Assiniboine at Cut Knife Hill to direct the Cree counterattack. The war- Cut Knife Hill. His force was made up of 75 North-West riors fought in small groups. One group would run for- Mounted Police (cavalry), several small units of Canadian ward, attack the soldiers, then rush back to the ravine be- army regulars, and various volunteers and militia. He car- fore the soldiers could get them. As soon as the soldiers ried with him two 7-pounder field rifles and a Gatling gun. tried to attack the warriors on one side, another group [7] He set out on the afternoon of May 1. His plan was to of warriors would rush out of the second ravine and at- march until dusk, rest until the moon rose, then continue tack them from behind. The other warriors guarded the on to attack the Cree and Assiniboine early in the morn- women and children. Otter could not attack, because he ing, while they were asleep. had no idea where the enemy were nor of their numbers. Robert Jefferson, an eyewitness reports that “not more than 50 [Natives] altogether, had taken part in the battle. This was understandable since few were armed.”[1] Dou- glas Light’s research indicates some 243 Cree and Assini- boine men were present, and notes that a number of young boys also took part in the fight.[8] Otter formed his men into a wedge. Two lines of soldiers and police faced the two ravines. The volunteers and militia guarded the rear, facing the marsh. As the battle continued, Fine Day employed a flanking maneuver, whereby his warriors began to move along the two ravines, getting closer and closer to the soldiers. The warriors stayed behind trees and bushes while they fired, so that Otter’s men Battle of Cut Knife Creek could not see anyone to shoot at. Colonel Otter’s soldiers were trapped: on the left and right were the ravines and Meanwhile, the Cree were encamped on their reserve behind them, the marsh. After six hours of fighting, Ot- west of Battleford, on Cut Knife Creek. They were joined ter decided to withdraw. As the soldiers were crossing the by various other bands, including Assiniboine. They marsh, some warriors started mounting their horses to at- knew that there were thousands of Canadian soldiers in tack. Poundmaker asked them to let Otter’s men leave. 7.5. LEGACY 27

They respected Poundmaker and allowed Otter to return 7.5 Legacy to Battleford. Some historians believe that only this pre- [9] vented an outright massacre of Otter’s troops. “Cut Knife Battlefield. Named after Chief Cut Knife of Note: The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan [10] describes the Sarcee in an historic battle with the Cree. On May the terrain and initial encounter somewhat differently but 2, 1885, Lt. Col. W.D. Otter led 325 troops composed in many respects shows Fine Day to be an even more bril- of North-West Mounted Police, “B” Battery, “C” Com- liant tactician than here described. pany, Foot Guards, Queen’s Own and Battleford Rifles, against the Cree and Assiniboine under Poundmaker and Fine Day. After an engagement of six hours, the troops 7.3 Maps retreated to Battleford.” National Historic Sites and Monuments Board[13] • Military Map of Cut Knife Battlefield The site of the battle was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1923.[14] • Military Map of Cut Knife 1 A bronze statue at Cartier Square Drill Hall in Ottawa, • Military Map of Cut Knife 2 Ontario is dedicated to William B. Osgoode and John Rogers, members of the local Guards Company of Sharp- Shooters who were killed during the Battle of Cutknife 7.4 Conclusion Hill. [15] In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport The Battle of Cut Knife was the natives’ most success- Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck Lake, that ful battle during the North-West Rebellion. They had the “the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 North- advantage of being on their own territory, but also sev- west Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the eral disadvantages: they were outnumbered, attacked by story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples’ surprise, and short on ammunition.[2] Fourteen of Otter’s struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped soldiers were wounded, and eight killed,[3] including one Canada today.”[16] [11] abandoned to be mutilated by native women; three na- At Cut Knife is the world’s largest tomahawk, the Pound- tives were wounded and five killed, including a Nez Perce maker Historical Centre and the Big Bear monument. who had come north from the United States some years There is also now, correctly located, a cairn erected by earlier. The battle also instilled in some of Otter’s men a the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada upon new respect for their enemy. Otter had expected Pound- Cut Knife Hill overlooking the Poundmaker Battle site maker’s people to be caught off-guard and demoralized and Battle River valley.[17][18][19][20] and to surrender quickly. Despite suffering their greatest reverse during the campaign, the weight of numbers and better supplies favoured the North-West Field Force. 7.6 See also In just a few weeks, the starving Cree went to Battleford to make peace with Major-General Middleton. Fine Day, • the Cree war chief who had directed the battle, escaped to Battle of Frenchman’s Butte the United States. Poundmaker was arrested and jailed. • North-West Rebellion Lieutenant-Colonel William Otter survived the battle and remained a prominent figure in the military, commanding The Royal Canadian Regiment in the Boer War, and acting as Director of Internment Camps in World War I. 7.7 References

Many people have compared this battle to the Battle of [1] Jefferson, Fifty Years, 146 the Little Bighorn. There are some major similarities: in both cases, an army officer disobeyed orders; both tried [2] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the to catch a native camp by surprise; both Custer and Otter North-West Rebellion of 1885 (The Battle of Cut Knife badly misjudged the terrain and had to slow down their Creek) p.156, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co attacks; and both ended up being surrounded by war- [3] Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppres- riors and had no idea where to charge. Otter, at least, sion of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and mat- knew when to retreat (and was allowed to do so), while ters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parlia- Custer kept fighting and suffered hundreds of casualties. ment., Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence Of course, the battles were very different in their outcome. Whereas Custer himself was killed along with a [4] Robert Jefferson, Fifty Years on the Saskatchewan, 127 third of his soldiers, Otter and most of his soldiers sur- [5] Stonechild, Blair. “An Indian View of the 1885 Uprising” vived their battle and emerged with a new respect for na- in “Sweet Promises: A Reader on Indian-White Relations tive warriors.[12] in Canada”, J.R. Miller (ed) 28 CHAPTER 7. BATTLE OF CUT KNIFE

[6] Dewdney Papers, Vol. 5, p. 1806, Otter to Dewdney, April 26, 1885.

[7] Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parlia- ment., Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence

[8] Light, Douglas W. Footprints in the Dust. Turner-Warwick Publications, 1987.

[9] Battle of Cut Knife Hill, 2 May 1885, Canadian Military Heritage. Archived February 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.

[10] , Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.

[11] Morton, Desmond. The Canadian general: Sir William Otter. Toronto: A.M. Hakkert Ltd., 1974.

[12] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 (The Battle of Cut Knife Creek) p.183, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co

[13] “Our Legacy”. University of Saskatchewan Archives, University of Saskatchewan Library, and Pahkisimon Nuye?ah Library System. 2008. Retrieved September 20, 2009.

[14] Battle of Cut Knife Hill. Directory of Federal Heritage Designations. Parks Canada. Retrieved August 6, 2012.

[15] Battle of Cutknife Hill monument

[16] “Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion”. Home/About Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of Saskatchewan. June 7, 2008. Archived from the original on October 21, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2009.

[17] Brown., Brian M (July 4, 2002). “Poundmaker Historical Centre and Big Bear monument”. Retrieved September 20, 2009.

[18] McLennan, David (2006). “Cut Knife”. Canadian Plains Research Center University of Regina. Retrieved September 20, 2009.

[19] Yanciw, David (August 10, 2001). “Town of Cut Knife, Saskatchewan”. Big Things of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved Septem- ber 20, 2009.

[20] Davidson, Keith (2002). “Everyone Chuckled – A Rebel- lion Story Taking From Keith Davidson’s “Looking Back Series"". Saskatchewan Indian First Nations Periodical In- dex Search Winter 2002 v31 n01 p15. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved September 20, 2009.

Coordinates: 52°44′43″N 109°01′40″W / 52.7453°N 109.0278°W Chapter 8

Battle of Batoche

numbers and superior firepower of General Frederick Middleton’s force could not be successfully countered by the Métis, as had happened at the earlier Battle of Fish Creek, and the town was eventually captured. The defeat of the Métis led to the surrender of Louis Riel on May 15 and the collapse of the Provisional Government. Over the next several weeks, Poundmaker would surrender and Cree fighters and families under Big Bear held out the longest, fighting off Canadian troops pursuing them in the Battle of Frenchman’s Butte and Battle of Loon Lake, and, gradually dwindling in number, staying on the move until Big Bear eventually turned himself in to Mounties at Fort Carlton in early July.

8.1 Early advances and the crippling of the Northcote

Duck Lake Conscious of the numerous reverses that had been suf- Battleford fered by government forces in previous clashes with the Frog Lake rebels (see the battles of Duck Lake, Fish Creek, and Fort Pitt Cut Knife), Middleton approached Batoche with cau- Fish Creek tion, reaching Gabriel’s Crossing on 7 May and advanc- Cut Knife ing within eight miles (13 km) of the town the follow- Batoche ing day.[4] Middleton’s plan rested on an encirclement Butte strategy: as his main contingent advanced directly against Loon Lake Métis defensive lines, the steamboat Northcote, carrying some of Middleton’s troops, would steam past the dis- The District of Saskatchewan in 1885 tracted defenders and unload fifty men at the rear of the (within the black diamonds) included the central section town, effectively closing the pincer. However, due to the of Saskatchewan and extended into Alberta and Mani- difficulty of the terrain and Middleton’s penchant for pru- toba. dence, his force lagged behind schedule, and when the The Métis conflict area is circled in black. Northcote appeared adjacent to the town on 9 May it was spotted by Métis who had not yet come under artillery fire. Their small arms fire did little damage to the ar- The Battle of Batoche was the decisive battle of the moured ship, but they lowered Batoche’s ferry cable, into North-West Rebellion, which pitted the Canadian author- which the Northcote steamed unsuspectingly, slicing off ities against a force of insurrectionist Métis. Fought from its masts and smokestacks. Crippled, the ship drifted May 9 to May 12, 1885, at the ad hoc Provisional Gov- harmlessly down the South Saskatchewan River and out ernment of Saskatchewan capital of Batoche, the greater of the battle.[4][5]

29 30 CHAPTER 8. BATTLE OF BATOCHE

8.2 Mission Ridge conducted, keeping casualties to a minimum. A Métis attempt to surround the Canadian lines failed when the brushfires meant to screen the sortie failed to spread. Ignorant of the Northcote's fate, Middleton approached At the end of the day, both sides held their positions the church at Mission Ridge on the morning of 9 May at Mission Ridge. But Middleton, shaken by the fierce in order to bring his plan into effect. Some Métis in resistance, ordered the Canadian soldiers to retire to two houses south of the church began firing at Boulton’s a “zareba,” a hastily-improvised fortification about a Scouts (irregular Canadian cavalry), but artillery was mile from the Métis entrenchments, where the troops brought up to shell the houses, one of which caught fire. retired to sleep behind their network of improvised The Métis sharpshooters fled toward the settlement.[6] barricades.[4][5][7] The troops advanced toward the church. Sighting some people, the Connecticut National Guard officer Arthur L. Howard began firing his Gatling gun at the rectory. Then a white flag was seen, Howard’s firing stopped, 8.3 Probing attacks of 10 May to 11 and several priests and nuns and some women and chil- May dren surrendered.[7] Finding the mission occupied only by civilians, Middleton brought his artillery out onto the ridge and began shelling the town. On 10 May, Middleton established heavily defended gun- pits and conducted a devastating, day-long shelling of the The soldiers began advancing past the church, and got town. Attempted advances, however, were turned back about half a kilometre before they came under heavy fire by Métis fire, and no ground was gained. The next day, from both sides of the trail. The militia immediately took Middleton gauged the strength of the defenders by dis- cover. Their enemies, hidden in well-constructed rifle patching a contingent of men north along the enemy’s pits, were invisible. One trooper later wrote: "[The mili- flank while simultaneously conducting a general advance tia was] down some distance apart from each other, fir- along the front. Having redirected a portion of their ing at nothing, making guess shots and hearing the rebel strength to hold the northward flank, the Métis lacked the bullets zip all round you, and the everlasting clack as the manpower to oppose the Canadian thrust, ceding ground [6] bullets struck the trees.” with little resistance. Canadian soldiers ventured as far The now-dismounted irregular militia cavalry, Boulton’s as the Batoche cemetery before turning back. Satisfied and French’s Scouts, were deployed on the right. The with his enemies’ weakness, Middleton retired to sleep 10th Royal Grenadiers, militia infantry from Toronto, and contended to take the town in the morning.[4][5] were in the centre, with the 90th Winnipeg Rifles and Howard and his Gatling on the left, to protect the artillery. The infantry of the Midland Battalion, militia from east- 8.4 The storming of Batoche ern Ontario, were kept in reserve near the church, which was now being used as a Canadian field hospital. A very dangerous situation developed when a group of Métis rushed the artillery. Only Howard’s directing a heavy stream of Gatling fire at the attackers prevented a disaster. From these few minutes the frustrated soldiers got the only clear view of the Métis fighters that they were to have until the final moments of the battle, three days later. After the attack was repulsed, the artillery was pulled back a couple of hundred meters, and the infantry and dismounted Scouts followed suit. The Métis now rede- ployed their men to try to outflank the militia, and heavy fighting ensued. After noon, the artillery was ordered forward again, and it began fruitlessly bombarding the invisible Métis rifle pits. The gunners were under heavy fire, in a very unsafe position. The Midlanders, who had been Batoche battlefield sketch map brought forward from the church, wanted to charge their unseen enemies, but were ordered not to by Middleton.[6] By 12 May, Métis defences were in poor shape. Of the original defenders, three-quarters had either been Throughout, the Gatling gun was used to good effect, pro- wounded by artillery fire or were scattered and divided viding covering fire for the withdrawal of cannon that had in the many clashes with the Canadians on the outskirts come under sniper fire, and dispersing another attempt by [8] of the town. Those that still held their positions were Gabriel Dumont to capture the guns. fatigued and desperately short of ammunition. They re- Canadian advances saw less success but were carefully sorted to hunting in the underbrush for bullets fired by 8.6. AFTERMATH 31 government troops and firing them back and some fired • Hostilities open at Batoche nails and rocks, forks and knives, instead of bullets, out • of their rifles.[8] Damaged SS Northcote next to SS Marquis Middleton’s attack plan on this day was designed to mir- • Mission Ridge in 2005 (church and rectory) ror the success of the previous day’s flanking feint, with • one column drawing defenders away to the north and a Troops rest in the zareba second, under Colonel Bowen van Straubenzee, assault- • Louis Riel, prisoner ing the town directly. At first, on the morning of 12 16 May 1885 May, Middleton’s plan went awry. Van Straubenzee and his men did not attack, because the wind was blowing away from them and they did not hear the sound of the north column’s gunfire. Middleton, who had been with 8.6 Aftermath the north column, returned to the camp in a rage because van Straubenzee had not attacked. He shouted abuse at The Métis defeat at Batoche virtually ended the North- van Straubenzee and the Canadian colonels, and stalked West Rebellion. Louis Riel was captured (and was off to lunch. hanged for treason in Regina on 16 November). Gabriel The previous night, some of the senior Canadian offi- Dumont fled to the United States, returning to Batoche cers, exasperated by Middleton’s caution, had discussed only in 1893, and when he died, his body was buried undertaking a charge. Now van Straubenzee was more there. amenable to this, as well. After noon, the Midlanders Middleton’s forces proceeded north to Prince Albert, and Royal Grenadiers moved forward again, to a point Saskatchewan and some portions were disbanded without near the Batoche Cemetery. No one knows precisely who delay and sent home in Eastern Canada. ordered the wild mass Canadian charge which now ensued. Firing at will, and cheering, the Midlanders and Grenadiers, aided by the Winnipeg 90th Rifles, rushed at 8.6.1 Casualties the Métis rifle pits. Many of the Métis fighters were still out of position, having been drawn away from the ceme- Middleton reported 8 deaths and 46 wounded on the tery and church to the north-east by Middleton’s feint Canadian side and 51 deaths and 173 wounded on the that morning. Ammunition on the Métis side was very Métis side.[1][9] Later Father Vegreville reported that the low. Nevertheless, they resisted bravely, aided by sharp- Métis loss was not as high as the Mission first reported to shooters firing from across the Saskatchewan River at the Middleton. There were 16 Métis killed and between 20 charging militiamen. and 30 wounded.[2] Nine of the Métis killed in the battle were buried in the cemetery of Batoche. Eight were in a However, the charge was irresistible. Middleton ordered common grave.[3][10][11] the rest of the troops to assist by covering the flank of the charging men. Howard and his Gatling were moved up. The charging militia stormed into the village of Ba- 8.6.2 Bell of Batoche toche. Then their enemies rallied. Métis and Indians who had been drawn away to the east by Middleton’s feint in Main article: Bell of Batoche the morning now appeared, and commenced a heavy fire from rifle pits in brush near the village. A senior Cana- dian officer, Captain French, was killed as he fired from Following the battle, it is believed several Canadian sol- a second story window. But the artillery and the Gatling diers from Millbrook, Ontario, seized the bell from the [12] were brought up to break this new resistance. The last Batoche church and took it back to Ontario as a prize. defenders of Batoche surrendered. The fate of the bell became an issue of longstanding controversy, involving several Métis organizations and Straubenzee’s soldiers had performed brilliantly, charg- the provincial governments of Ontario, Manitoba, and ing into Batoche in the face of heavy fire and driving the Saskatchewan. remaining Métis clear of the town.[4][5][6][7] Middleton’s plan, plus an impetuous charge by Canadian militia had seen the last defenders overrun, and resistance 8.7 Legacy at Batoche ended.[8] BATOCHE. In 1872, Xavier Letendre dit Batoche founded a village at this site where Métis freighters 8.5 Gallery crossed the South Saskatchewan River. About 50 families had claimed the river lots in the area by 1884. Widespread anxiety regarding land claims and a chang- • Troops on the march (Qu'Appelle Valley) ing economy provoked a resistance against the Canadian 32 CHAPTER 8. BATTLE OF BATOCHE

Government. Here, 300 Métis and Indians led by Louis [5] Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppres- Riel and Gabriel Dumont fought a force of 800 men com- sion of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and mat- manded by Major-General Middleton between May 9 and ters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parlia- 12, 1885. The resistance failed but the battle did not ment.(P. 27-35), Ottawa: Department of Militia and De- mean the end of the community of Batoche. fence, retrieved 2014-04-10 Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada. Govern- [6] Beal, Bob, and Macleod, Rod (1994), Prairie Fire: The ment of Canada[13] 1885 North-West Rebellion (p.265-276), Toronto: Mc- Clelland and Stewart In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck lake, that “the [7] Morton, Desmond (1972), The Last War Drum (Canadian 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 Northwest War Museum Historical Publications Number 5) (p.82-92), Toronto: Hakkert Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples’ struggle [8] “The Battle of Batoche: British Small Warfare and the En- with Government forces and how it has shaped Canada trenched Métis” (PDF). The Battle of Batoche by Hilde- today.”[14] brandt, Walter. Parks Canada, Winnipeg. 1985. Re- trieved 2013-11-13. Batoche, where the Métis Provisional Government had been formed, has been declared a national historic site. [9] “The Battle of Batoche”. The New York Times. May 16, Batoche marks the site of Gabriel Dumont’s grave site, 1885. Retrieved 2013-11-13. Albert Caron’s House, Batoche school, Batoche ceme- [10] “Batoche”. Darren R. Préfontaine. Encyclopedia of tery, Letendre store, Gabriel’s river crossing, Gardepy’s Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2013-11-13. crossing, Batoche crossing, St. Antoine de Padoue Church, Métis rifle pits, and Canadian militia’s battle [11] “Heroes of the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Summary of camp.[15][16] those Killed.”. Barkwell, Lawrence J. Louis Riel Institute. 2010. Retrieved 2013-11-13. [12] “Bell of Batoche really the Bell of Frog Lake”. Alexandra Paul (Winnipeg Free Press). 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2014- 8.8 Maps 04-21. [13] Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada. Govern- • Military Map Battlefield of Batoche ment of Canada (21 Nov 2004). “Welcome To Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Region Gen Web Batoche / Fish Creek • Military Map of Mission Ridge Photo Gallery”. Saskatoon Gen Web. online by Julia Adamson. Retrieved 2009-09-20. • Military Map of Batoche (Position May 9) [14] “Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary • Military Map of Batoche Rifle Pits of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion”. Home/About Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of • Saskatchewan. June 7, 2008. Archived from the original Photo Collection (Glenbow Archives) on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-20. [15] “Batoche The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Cul- ture”. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Ap- 8.9 Footnotes plied Research. Retrieved 2009-09-20. [16] “Parks Canada Batoche National Historic Site of Canada”. [1] Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppres- Government of Canada. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2009- sion of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and mat- 09-20. ters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parlia- ment., Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, retrieved 2014-04-10 8.10 References [2] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 p.327, Toronto: A.H. • Barkwell, Lawrence J. Veterans and Families of the Hovey & Co, retrieved 2014-04-10 1885 Northwest Resistance. Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2011. ISBN 978-1-926795-03- [3] “Batoche: les missionnaires du nord-ouest pendant les 4 troubles de 1885 (La Liberation) P.206”. Le Chevallier, Jules Jean Marie Joseph. Montreal: L'Oeuvre de presse • Barkwell, Lawrence J. Women of the 1885 Resis- dominicaine. 1941. Retrieved 2013-11-13. tance. Winnipeg: Louis Riel Institute, 2008.

[4] Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the • Barkwell, Lawrence J. Veterans and Families of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 (p.196-215), Toronto: A.H. 1885 Resistance. Winnipeg: Louis Riel Institute, Hovey & Co, retrieved 2014-04-10 2008. 8.10. REFERENCES 33

• Barkwell, Lawrence J. Batoche 1885: The Militia of • ______“The Métis Homeland: Batoche in the Métis Liberation Movement. Winnipeg: Mani- 1885.” NeWest Review, Vol. 10 (9), May 1985. toba Métis Federation, #0-9683493-3-1, [2005]. • ______“Batoche After 1885, A Society in • Barnholden, Michael. Gabriel Dumont Speaks. Transition.” In F. Laurie Barron and James B. Wal- Vancouver: Talon Books, 1993. dram (Editors): 1885 and After: Native Society in Transition. Regina: University of Regina, Cana- • Beal, Bob and Rod Mcleod. Prairie Fire: The 1885 dian Plains Research Center, 1986: 173-187. North-West Rebellion. Edmonton: Hurtig Publish- ers, 1984. • ______The Free People – Otispemisi- wak. Ottawa: National Historic Parks and Sites, • Bingamin, Sandra Estlin. “The Trials of the 'White Environment Canada, 1990. Rebels’, 1885.” Saskatchewan History, Vol. 25, 1972: 41-54. • ______"'La vie en rose'? Métis Women at Batoche, 1870 to 1920.” In Christine Miller and • Boulton, Charles Arkell. Reminiscences of the Patricia Chuchryk (Editors): Women of the First North-West Rebellions. Toronto: Grip Printing & Nations: Power, Wisdom and Strength. Winnipeg: Publishing Co., 1886. University of Manitoba Press, 1996, reprinted 1997: • Cameron, W. B. “The Half-Breed Rising on the 19-37. South Saskatchewan, 1885.” Saskatoon: University • ______“The Willow Cree of One-Arrow First of Saskatchewan, Northwest Resistance Database, Nation and the Metis of Batoche 1870 to 1920: MSS C550/1/28.1 Part I.3. An Ambivalent Relationship.” Winnipeg: Parks • Cameron, W. B. “The Northwest Mounted Rifles.” Canada, Cultural Resource Services, 1997. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan, Northwest • Tolton, Gordon E. Prairie Warships: River Naviga- Resistance Database, MSS C550/1/28.1 Part I.4. tion in the Northwest Rebellion. Vancouver: Her- • Combet, Denis. “Les Mémoires dictés par Gabriel itage House, 2007. Dumont” et le “Récit de Gabriel Dumont.” Ca-heirs • Travis, Ralph. “Prairie General.” Military History, Franco-Canadiens de l'Ouest, Vol. 14, Nos. 1 et 2, vol. 12, No. 6, Issue 125, 1984: 241-249. 2002: 105-156. • Wiebe, Rudy and Bob Beal (Editors). War in the • Kermoal, Nathalie. “Les roles et les souffrances des West: Voices of the 1885 Rebellion. Toronto: femmes métisses lors de la Résistance de 1870 et de McClelland and Stewart Ltd., 1985. la Rébellion de 1885.” Prairie Forum, Vol. 19, No. 2, Fall 1993: 153-168 • Lee, David. “The Metis Militant Rebels of 1885.” Canadian Ethnic Studies, XXI, 3, 1989; 1-19. • McLean, Don. 1885: Métis Rebellion or Govern- ment Conspiracy? Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont In- stitute, 1985. • Mulvaney, Charles Pelham, M.D. The History of the North-West Rebellion of 1885. Toronto: A. H. Hovey & Co., 1885. • Payment, Diane. Structural and Settlement History of Batoche Village. Manuscript Report Number 248. Ot-tawa: Parks Canada and Department of In- dian and Northern Affairs, 1977. • ______“Monsieur Batoche.” Saskatchewan History, Vol. 22, No. 3, 1979: 81-103. • ______Batoche 1870-1910. St. Boniface, Manitoba: Les Éditions du Blé, 1983. • ______Batoche, Saskatchewan 1870-1930: Histoire dune communauté métisse/History of a Métis Community. Ottawa: Parks Canada Manuscript, 1984. Chapter 9

Battle of Frenchman’s Butte

9.1 Background

A band of Cree led by war chief Wandering Spirit, living in what is now central Alberta and Saskatchewan joined the North-West Rebellion of 1885 after the Métis success at the Battle of Duck Lake. The starving band seized food and supplies from several white settlements and captured Fort Pitt, taking prisoners. Major-General Thomas Bland Strange, a retired British oﬃcer living near Calgary, raised a force of cowboys and other white settlers, added to them two units of North-West Mounted Police (NWMP), and headed north. He was reinforced by three infantry units from the east, bringing his forces to some 1,000 men. While he left some of his force to provide protection for the isolated white settlements in the area, he led several hundred troops east to Fort Pitt. The Cree burnt the fort ahead of him and retreated to the nearby hills. Over the next few days, Strange’s scouts fought skirmishes with small groups of Cree and marched over Frenchman’s Butte. On the night of May 27, the Cree dug in at the top of a hill east of the Butte and waited.

Duck Lake 9.2 The battle Battleford Frog Lake Early on the morning of May 28, the Cree warriors di- Fort Pitt vided into two groups. Wandering Spirit, the Cree war Fish Creek chief, led some 200 warriors to positions in the trenches Cut Knife and rifle pits, while Little Poplar remained with a second Batoche group to protect the camp, some two miles away. General Butte Strange arrived opposite the Cree position at six in the Loon Lake morning and opened fire with a piece of artillery. The The District of Saskatchewan in 1885 (within Cree responded, opening fire on Strange’s units. Some the black diamonds) included the central section of Canadian troops tried to cross the valley, but they found Saskatchewan and extended into Alberta and Manitoba. the bottom covered in muskeg. On top of this, there was a steep, open hillside in front of the Cree, mak- The Battle of Frenchman’s Butte, fought on May 28, ing any frontal assault suicidal. Strange pulled his forces 1885, occurred when a force of Cree, dug in on a hillside back and deployed them along the bottom of the valley. near Frenchman’s Butte, was unsuccessfully attacked by The two units of NWMP formed the left flank. To their the Alberta Field Force. It was fought in what was then right was the 65th Battalion, Mount Royal Rifles, with the the District of Saskatchewan of the Northwest Territo- Winnipeg Light Infantry Battalion in the centre, while the ries.[1] right flank was formed by the Alberta Mounted Rifles. The two sides exchanged fire for three hours. Cree rifle fire wounded some of the Canadian troops in the valley,

34 9.3. CONCLUSION 35

galloped around the prairie with the rope attached to his saddle pommel, trailing the body in the grass in circles, the trails of which were still visible. He had thus been left exposed for days before being buried; and his body from the intense heat, was huge in size when I saw him. I requested to have him buried.” H.A. MacKay, memories, HBCo archives and Glenbow Archives.

9.3 Conclusion

The battle was a victory for the Cree, albeit a hollow one. It bought them time to escape from Strange, but the rebellion was hopeless. The Métis had been defeated at the Battle of Batoche three weeks earlier, and Poundmaker's joint Cree-Assiniboine force had been forced to surrender. The Big Bear band fell apart during the retreat to the north. The Battle of Loon Lake on June 3 demoralized them further, and by early July the rebellion was over. Big Bear was captured and imprisoned. Wander- ing Spirit was executed along with seven others. General Strange retired back to his ranch and the Alberta Field Force disbanded.

Canadian artillery fires on the Cree (illustration from a British 9.4 Legacy book) In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck Lake, that while the Canadian artillery put holes in the hillside, dam- “the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 North- aging the trenches. Eventually, General Strange ordered west Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the Major Sam Steele to lead the NWMP north and outflank story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples’ the Cree. The Cree saw this, and Wandering Spirit led struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped a group of warriors along the tops of the hills, parallel Canada today.”[2] to Steele, and occasionally opened fire. This caused the Frenchman Butte is a National Historic Site of Canada, NWMP to believe that the Cree’s lines were much longer which locates the theatre of the 1885 battle staged be- than they actually were, so Steele turned back. Around tween Cree and Canadian troops.[3][4] the same time, some Cree warriors managed to outflank the Alberta Mounted Rifles and almost captured the supply train. Afraid of being attacked from behind, General Strange ordered his force to retreat. The Canadians with- 9.5 References drew to Fort Pitt after three hours of fighting. The Cree slipped away later that day, initiating the final stage of the [1] “Canadian Plains Research Center Mapping Division” rebellion, as more than 1,000 men searched the woods for (PDF). Retrieved 13 Sep 2013. Big Bear’s band. [2] “Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary “On May 29, near Frenchman’s Butte Inspector S.B. of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion”. Home/About Steele made contact with an Indian scouting party. Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of Saskatchewan. June 7, 2008. Archived from the original Steele’s scouts called out to the party and were fired upon. on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-20. Steele’s troops returned fire and killed the first Indian ca- sualty of the war. They rode down with a friend to view [3] Frenchman Butte. Canadian Register of Historic Places. the remains and found his body on top the hill where he Retrieved 13 August 2012. evidently had been dragged by the scout. His body was [4] Chaput, John (2006). “Frog Lake Massacre”. Canadian stripped of all clothing with the rope (cut short to about Plains Research Center University of Regina. Retrieved one yard in length) still around his neck, which had cut 2009-09-20. into his jaw. He was a huge fine looking Indian, 'Ma-me- nook'by name. The scout who had captured his mount(a swift-footed black stallion belonging to the HBCo) had Chapter 10

Battle of Loon Lake

Scouts (a body of mounted militia raised by Steele himself) caught up with and dispersed a band of Plains Cree warriors and their white and Métis hostages. Cree scouts made a determined stand with what was left of their ammunition, but the body of the Cree column, realizing the hopelessness of their situation, released their prisoners and ﬂed. The Cree casualties were four dead and dozens wounded.[3] Wandering Spirit, the war chief leading the Cree military campaign, surrendered to authorities at Fort Pitt. Big Bear, the aging peacetime chief of this band of Cree, eluded capture until July 2.

10.1 Maps

• Military map of Loon Lake

• Military map of Loon Lake Ford

• Military map of Loon Lake Island and Muskeg Duck Lake Battleford Frog Lake 10.2 Legacy Fort Pitt Fish Creek The site of the battle was designated as a National Historic Cut Knife Site of Canada in 1950.[4] Batoche Butte In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Loon Lake Sport Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck Lake, The District of Saskatchewan in 1885 (within that “the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 the black diamonds) included the central section of Northwest Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell Saskatchewan and extended into Alberta and Manitoba. the story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples’ struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped Canada today.”[5] The Battle of Loon Lake is The Battle of Loon Lake concluded the North-West Re- commemorated today by interpretive signs placed by the bellion on June 3, 1885 and was the last battle fought on Government of Saskatchewan and a plaque placed by the Canadian soil. It was fought in what was then the District Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. The of Saskatchewan of the Northwest Territories,[2] at what place is today known as 'Steele Narrows’. The Narrows is now known as Steele Narrows, in Saskatchewan’s between Makwa Lake and Sanderson Bay, in the Makwa Makwa Lake Provincial Park. Lake Provincial Park, was the site of the last engagement Led by Major Sam Steele, a force of North-West of the rebellion. Steele Narrows Provincial Historic Park Mounted Police, Alberta Mounted Riﬂes and Steele’s conserves the lookout point of a Cree burial ground.[6][7]

36 10.3. REFERENCES 37

10.3 References

[1] William Bleasdell Cameron (1888), The war trail of Big Bear (p.207), Toronto: Ryerson Press (published 1926)

[2] “Canadian Plains Research Center Mapping Division” (PDF). Retrieved 13 Sep 2013.

[3] “The Canadian Encyclopedia (Steele Narrows Battle)". Retrieved 2013-11-18.

[4] Steele Narrows. Directory of Federal Heritage Designa- tions. Parks Canada. Retrieved 19 August 2012.

[6] “Steele Narrows Provincial Park - Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport -" (pdf). Brochure of the Northwest Rebellion. Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2009-09-20.

[7] “Makwa”. Sasl Biz community proﬁles. Enterprise Saskatchewan Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2009-09-20.

Coordinates: 54°2′26″N 109°18′34″W / 54.04056°N 109.30944°W Chapter 11

Louis Riel

This article is about the Métis rebel leader in Canada. ister MacDonald decided to hang him. Riel was seen For other uses, see Louis Riel (disambiguation). as a heroic victim by francophone Canadians; his execution had a lasting negative impact on Canada, polariz- ing the new nation along ethno-religious lines. Although Louis David Riel (English /ˈluːiː riːˈɛl/, French pronunci- only a few hundred people were directly affected by the ation: [lwi ʁjɛl]; 22 October 1844 – 16 November 1885) was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Rebellion in Saskatchewan, the long-term result was that Manitoba, and a political leader of the Métis people of the Prairie provinces would be controlled by the Anglo- the Canadian prairies.[1] He led two resistance move- phones, not the Francophones. An even more important ments against the Canadian government and its first post- long-term impact was the bitter alienation Francophones across Canada showed and anger against the repression of Confederation prime minister, Sir John A. Macdonald. [5] Riel sought to preserve Métis rights and culture as their their countrymen. homelands in the Northwest came progressively under the Riel’s historical reputation has long been polarized be- Canadian sphere of influence. Over the decades, he has tween portrayals as a dangerous half-insane religious fa- been made a folk hero by the Francophones, the Catholic natic and rebel against the Canadian nation, or by con- nationalists, the native rights movement, and the New trast a heroic rebel who fought to protect his Francophone Left student movement. Riel has received more schol- people from the unfair encroachments of an Anglophone arly attention than practically any other figure in Cana- national government. He is increasingly celebrated as a dian history. proponent of multiculturalism, although that downplays His first resistance was the Red River Rebellion of 1869– his primary commitment to Métis nationalism and political independence.[6] 1870.[2] The provisional government established by Riel ultimately negotiated the terms under which the modern province of Manitoba entered the Canadian Confedera- tion.[3] Riel ordered the execution of a Protestant who an- 11.1 Early life noyed him, Thomas Scott, and fled to the United States to escape prosecution. Despite this, he is frequently referred [4] The Red River Settlement was a community in Rupert’s to as the “Father of Manitoba”. While a fugitive, he was Land nominally administered by the Hudson’s Bay Com- elected three times to the Canadian House of Commons, pany (HBC), and largely inhabited by First Nations although he never assumed his seat. During these years, tribes and the Métis, an ethnic group of mixed Cree, he was frustrated by having to remain in exile despite his Ojibwa, Saulteaux, French Canadian, Scottish, and En- growing belief that he was a divinely chosen leader and glish descent.[7] Louis Riel was born there in 1844, near prophet, a belief which would later resurface and influ- modern Winnipeg, Manitoba, to Louis Riel, Sr. and Julie ence his actions. Because of this new religious convic- Lagimodière. tion, Catholic leaders who had supported him before increasingly repudiated him. He married in 1881 while in Riel was the eldest of eleven children in a locally well- exile in Montana in the United States; he fathered three respected family.[8] His father, who was of Franco- children. Ojibwa Métis descent, had gained prominence in this community by organizing a group that supported In 1884 Riel was called upon by the Métis leaders in Guillaume Sayer, a Métis imprisoned for challenging the Saskatchewan to articulate their grievances to the Cana- HBC’s historical trade monopoly.[9] Sayer’s eventual re- dian government. Instead he organized a military release due to agitations by Louis Sr.'s group effectively sistance that escalated into a military confrontation, the ended the monopoly, and the name Riel was therefore North-West Rebellion of 1885. Ottawa used the new well known in the Red River area. His mother was the rail lines to send in thousands of combat soldiers. It daughter of Jean-Baptiste Lagimodière and Marie-Anne ended in his arrest and conviction for high treason. Re- Gaboury, one of the earliest white families to settle in the jecting many protests and popular appeals, Prime Min- Red River Settlement in 1812. The Riels were noted for

38 11.2. RED RIVER REBELLION 39

ner of Lamartine; also that he was then for a time employed as a clerk in Saint Paul, Minnesota, before returning to the Red River Settlement on 26 July 1868.[15]

11.2 Red River Rebellion

Main article: Red River Rebellion

The majority population of the Red River had histori- cally been Métis and First Nation people. Upon his return, Riel found that religious, nationalistic, and racial tensions were exacerbated by an influx of Anglophone Protestant settlers from Ontario. The political situation was also uncertain, as ongoing negotiations for the transfer of Rupert’s Land from the Hudson’s Bay Company to Canada had not addressed the political terms of transfer. Finally, despite warnings to the Macdonald government from Bishop Taché[16] and the HBC governor William Mactavish that any such activity would precipitate unrest, the Canadian minister of public works, William Mc- Dougall, ordered a survey of the area. The arrival on 20 August 1869 of a survey party headed by Colonel John [17] Louis Riel, age 14 Stoughton Dennis increased anxiety among the Métis. The Métis did not possess title to their land, which was in any case laid out according to the seigneurial system rather than in English-style square lots.[18] their devout Catholicism and strong family ties.[10] Riel was first educated by Roman Catholic priests at St. Boniface. At age 13 he came to the attention of 11.2.1 Riel emerges as a leader Alexandre Taché, the Suffragan Bishop of St. Boniface, who was eagerly promoting the priesthood for talented In late August, Riel denounced the survey in a speech, young Métis. In 1858 Taché arranged for Riel to attend and on 11 October 1869, the survey’s work was dis- the Petit Séminaire of the Collège de Montréal, under the rupted by a group of Métis that included Riel. This group direction of the Sulpician order.[11] Descriptions of him organized itself as the “Métis National Committee” on at the time indicate that he was a fine scholar of languages, 16 October, with Riel as secretary and John Bruce as science, and philosophy, but exhibited a frequent and un- president.[19] When summoned by the HBC-controlled predictable moodiness.[12] Council of Assiniboia to explain his actions, Riel declared Following news of his father’s premature death in 1864, that any attempt by Canada to assume authority would be Riel lost interest in the priesthood and he withdrew from contested unless Ottawa had first negotiated terms with the college in March 1865. For a time he continued his the Métis. Nevertheless, the non-bilingual McDougall studies as a day student in the convent of the Grey Nuns, was appointed the lieutenant governor-designate, and at- but was soon asked to leave following breaches of dis- tempted to enter the settlement on 2 November. Mc- cipline. He remained in Montreal over a year, living at Dougall’s party was turned back near the American border, and on the same day, Métis led by Riel seized Fort the home of his aunt, Lucie Riel. Impoverished by the [20] death of his father, Riel took employment as a law clerk Garry. in the Montreal office of Rodolphe Laflamme.[6] During On 6 November, Riel invited Anglophones to attend a this time he was involved in a failed romance with a young convention alongside Métis representatives to discuss a woman named Marie–Julie Guernon.[13] This progressed course of action, and on 1 December he proposed to this to the point of Riel having signed a contract of marriage, convention a list of rights to be demanded as a condi- but his fiancée’s family opposed her involvement with a tion of union. Much of the settlement came to accept Métis, and the engagement was soon broken. Compound- the Métis point of view, but a passionately pro-Canadian ing this disappointment, Riel found legal work unpleas- minority began organizing in opposition. Loosely con- ant, and by early 1866 he had resolved to leave Canada stituted as the Canadian Party, this group was led by East.[14] Some of his friends said later that he worked odd John Christian Schultz,[21] Charles Mair,[22] Colonel John jobs in Chicago, Illinois, while staying with poet Louis- Stoughton Dennis,[23] and a more reticent Major Charles Honoré Fréchette, and wrote poems himself in the man- Boulton.[24] McDougall attempted to assert his author- 40 CHAPTER 11. LOUIS RIEL ity by authorizing Dennis to raise a contingent of armed men, but the Anglophone settlers largely ignored this call to arms. Schultz, however, attracted approximately fifty recruits and fortified his house and store. Riel ordered Schultz’s home surrounded, and the outnumbered Cana- dians soon surrendered and were imprisoned in Upper Fort Garry.

11.2.2 Provisional government

The execution of Thomas Scott

Métis, whom he regarded with open contempt. After Scott repeatedly quarreled with his guards, they insisted that he be tried for insubordination. At his court martial he was found guilty and was sentenced to death. Riel was The Métis provisional government repeatedly entreated to commute the sentence, but Riel responded, “I have done three good things since I have Hearing of the unrest, Ottawa sent three emissaries to the commenced: I have spared Boulton’s life at your instance, [30] Red River, including HBC representative Donald Alexan- I pardoned Gaddy, and now I shall shoot Scott. [25] der Smith. While they were en route, the Métis Na- Scott was executed by firing squad on 4 March. Riel’s mo- tional Committee declared a provisional government on tivations have been the cause of much speculation, but his 8 December, with Riel becoming its president on 27 own justification was that he felt it necessary to demon- [26] December. Meetings between Riel and the Ottawa del- strate to the Canadians that the Métis must be taken seri- egation took place on 5 and 6 January 1870, but when ously. Protestant Canada did take notice, swore revenge, these proved fruitless, Smith chose to present his case and set up a "Canada First" movement to mobilize their in a public forum. Smith assured large audiences of the anger.[31][32] Government’s goodwill in meetings on 19 and 20 Jan- uary, leading Riel to propose the formation of a new convention split evenly between French and English settlers 11.2.4 Creation of Manitoba and the to consider Smith’s instructions. On 7 February, a new Wolseley expedition list of rights was presented to the Ottawa delegation, and Smith and Riel agreed to send representatives to Ottawa The delegates representing the provisional government to engage in direct negotiations on that basis.[27] The pro- departed for Ottawa in March. Although they initially visional government established by Louis Riel published met with legal difficulties arising from the execution of its own newspaper titled New Nation and established the Scott, they soon entered into direct talks with Macdonald Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia to pass laws.[28] and George-Étienne Cartier.[33] An agreement enshrining the demands in the list of rights was quickly reached, and this formed the basis for the Manitoba Act[34] of 12 May 11.2.3 Canadian resistance and the execu- 1870, which formally admitted Manitoba into the Cana- tion of Scott dian confederation. However, the negotiators could not secure a general amnesty for the provisional government. Despite the apparent progress on the political front, the As a means of exercising Canadian authority in the set- Canadian party continued to plot against the provisional tlement and dissuading American expansionists, a Cana- government. However, they suffered a setback on 17 dian military expedition under Colonel Garnet Wolseley February, when forty-eight men, including Boulton and was dispatched to the Red River.[35] Although the gov- Thomas Scott, were arrested near Fort Garry. ernment described it as an “errand of peace”, Riel learned Boulton was tried by a tribunal headed by Ambroise- that Canadian militia elements in the expedition meant to Dydime Lépine and sentenced to death for his interfer- lynch him, and he fled as the expedition approached the ence with the provisional government.[29] He was par- Red River. The arrival of the expedition on 20 August doned, but Scott interpreted this as weakness by the marked the effective end of the Red River Rebellion. 11.3. INTERVENING YEARS 41

11.3 Intervening years rift in Quebec-Ontario relations and so he did not offer an amnesty. Instead he quietly arranged for Taché to offer 11.3.1 Amnesty question Riel a bribe of $1,000 to remain in voluntary exile. This was supplemented by an additional £600 from Smith for the care of Riel’s family.[38] It was not until 2 September 1870 that the new lieutenant- governor Adams George Archibald arrived and set about Nevertheless, by late June Riel was back in Manitoba the establishment of civil government.[36] Without an and was soon persuaded to run as a member of parlia- amnesty, and with the Canadian militia beating and in- ment for the electoral district of Provencher. However, timidating his sympathisers, Riel fled to the safety of following the early September defeat of George-Étienne the St. Joseph’s mission across the American border in Cartier in his home riding in Quebec, Riel stood aside so the Dakota Territory. However the results of the first that Cartier—on record as being in favour of amnesty for provincial election in December 1870 were promising for Riel—might secure a seat in Provencher. Cartier won by Riel, as many of his supporters came to power. Nev- acclamation, but Riel’s hopes for a swift resolution to the ertheless, stress and financial troubles precipitated a se- amnesty question were dashed following Cartier’s death rious illness—perhaps a harbinger of his future mental on 20 May 1873. In the ensuing by-election in October afflictions—that prevented his return to Manitoba until 1873, Riel ran unopposed as an Independent, although he May 1871. had again fled, a warrant having been issued for his arrest in September. Lépine was not so lucky; he was captured and faced trial. Riel made his way to Montreal and, fearing arrest or assassination, vacillated as to whether he should attempt to take up his seat in the House of Commons—Edward Blake, the Premier of Ontario, had announced a bounty of $5,000 for his arrest.[39] Famously, Riel was the only Member of Parliament who was not present for the great Pacific Scandal debate of 1873 that led to the resigna- tion of the Macdonald government in November. Liberal leader Alexander Mackenzie became the interim prime minister, and a general election was held in January 1874. Although the Liberals under Mackenzie formed the new government, Riel easily retained his seat. Formally, Riel had to sign a register book at least once upon being elected, and he did so under disguise in late January. He was nevertheless stricken from the rolls following a mo- tion supported by Schultz, who had become the member for the electoral district of Lisgar.[40] Undeterred, Riel prevailed again in the resulting by-election, and although again expelled, his symbolic point had been made and public opinion in Quebec was strongly tipped in his favour.

11.3.2 Exile and mental illness

Louis Riel circa 1875 During this period, Riel had been staying with priests of the Oblate order in Plattsburgh, New York, who intro- The settlement now faced a possible threat, from cross- duced him to Father Fabien Martin dit Barnabé in the border Fenian raids coordinated by his former associate nearby village of Keeseville. It was here that he received William Bernard O'Donoghue.[37] Archibald proclaimed news of Lépine’s fate: following his trial for the murder of a general call to arms on 4 October. Companies of armed Scott, which had begun on 13 October 1874, Lépine was horsemen were raised, including one led by Riel. When found guilty and sentenced to death. This sparked outrage Archibald reviewed the troops in St. Boniface, he made in the sympathetic Quebec press, and calls for amnesty the significant gesture of publicly shaking Riel’s hand, for both Lépine and Riel were renewed. This presented a signaling that a rapprochement had been affected. This severe political difficulty for Mackenzie, who was hope- was not to be—when this news reached Ontario, Mair and lessly caught between the demands of Quebec and On- members of the Canada First movement whipped up anti- tario. However, a solution was forthcoming when, acting Riel (and anti-Archibald) sentiment. With Federal elec- on his own initiative, the Governor General Lord Duf- tions coming in 1872, Macdonald could ill afford further ferin commuted Lépine’s sentence in January 1875. This 42 CHAPTER 11. LOUIS RIEL opened the door for Mackenzie to secure from parliament an amnesty for Riel, on the condition that he remain in exile for five years.[6] During his time of exile, he was primarily concerned with religious rather than political matters. Spurred on by a sympathetic Roman Catholic priest in Quebec, he was increasingly influenced by his belief that he was a divinely chosen leader of the Métis. Modern biogra- phers have speculated that he may have suffered from the psychological condition megalomania.[41] His mental state deteriorated, and following a violent outburst he was taken to Montreal, where he was under the care of his uncle, John Lee, for a few months. But after Riel disrupted a religious service, Lee arranged to have him com- mitted in an asylum in Longue Pointe on 6 March 1876 under the assumed name “Louis R. David”.[6] Fearing discovery, his doctors soon transferred him to the Beau- port Asylum near Quebec City under the name “Louis Larochelle”.[42] While he suffered from sporadic irrational outbursts, he continued his religious writing, com- posing theological tracts with an admixture of Christian and Judaic ideas. He consequently began calling himself Louis “David” Riel, prophet of the new world, and he would pray (standing) for hours, having servants help him to hold his arms in the shape of a cross. Nevertheless, he slowly recovered, and was released from the asylum on 23 January 1878[43] with an admonition to lead a quiet life. He returned for a time to Keeseville, where he became involved in a passionate romance with Evelina Martin dit Jean-Louis and Marie-Angélique Riel, children of Louis Riel Barnabé,[27] sister of his friend, the oblate father Fabien Barnabé. But with insufficient means to propose mar- Riel soon became involved in the politics of Montana, and riage, Riel returned to the west, hoping that she might in 1882, actively campaigned on behalf of the Republican follow. However, she decided that she would be unsuited Party. He brought a suit against a Democrat for rigging to prairie life, and their correspondence soon ended. a vote, but was then himself accused of fraudulently in- ducing British subjects to take part in the election. In response, Riel applied for United States citizenship and 11.3.3 Montana and family life was naturalized on 16 March 1883.[45] With two young children, he had by 1884 settled down and was teaching In the fall of 1878, Riel returned to St. Paul, and briefly school at the St. Peter’s Jesuit mission in the Sun River visited his friends and family. This was a time of rapid district of Montana. change for the Métis of the Red River—the buffalo on which they depended were becoming increasingly scarce, the influx of settlers was ever-increasing, and much land was sold to unscrupulous land speculators. Like other 11.4 The North-West Rebellion Red River Métis who had left Manitoba, Riel headed further west to start a new life. Travelling to the Montana Main article: North-West Rebellion Territory, he became a trader and interpreter in the area surrounding Fort Benton. Observing rampant alcoholism and its detrimental impact on the Native American and Métis people, he engaged in an unsuccessful attempt to 11.4.1 Grievances in the Saskatchewan ter- curtail the whisky trade. In 1881, he married Marguerite ritory Monet dit Bellehumeur (1861–1886),[44] a young Métis, “in the fashion of the country” on 28 April, an arrange- Following the Red River Rebellion, Métis travelled west ment that was solemnized on 9 March 1882. They were and settled in the Saskatchewan Valley, especially along to have three children: Jean-Louis (1882–1908); Marie- the south branch of the river in the country surrounding Angélique (1883–1897); and a boy who was born and the Saint-Laurent mission (near modern St. Laurent de died on 21 October 1885, less than one month before Riel Grandin, Saskatchewan). But by the 1880s, it had be- was hanged.[27] come clear that westward migration was no panacea for 11.4. THE NORTH-WEST REBELLION 43

the troubles of the Métis and the plains Indians. The rapid terim, Riel’s support began to waver. As Riel’s religious collapse of the buffalo herd was causing near starvation pronouncements became increasingly heretical the clergy among the Plains Cree and Blackfoot First Nations. This distanced themselves, and father Alexis André cautioned was exacerbated by a reduction in government assistance Riel against mixing religion and politics. Also, in rein 1883, and by a general failure of Ottawa to live up to sponse to bribes by territorial lieutenant-governor and its treaty obligations. The Métis were likewise obliged to Indian commissioner Edgar Dewdney,[54] local English- give up the hunt and take up agriculture—but this tran- language newspapers adopted an editorial stance critical sition was accompanied by complex issues surrounding of Riel.[27] Nevertheless, the work continued, and on 16 land claims similar to those that had previously arisen in December Riel forwarded the committee’s petition to the Manitoba. Moreover, settlers from Europe and the east- government, along with the suggestion that delegates be ern provinces were also moving into the Saskatchewan sent to Ottawa to engage in direct negotiation. Receipt of territories, and they too had complaints related to the ad- the petition was acknowledged by Joseph-Adolphe Chap- ministration of the territories. Virtually all parties there- leau, Macdonald’s Secretary of State, although Macdon- fore had grievances, and by 1884 English settlers, Anglo- ald himself would later deny having ever seen it.[27] By Métis and Métis communities were holding meetings and then many original followers had left; only 250 remained petitioning a largely unresponsive government for redress. at Batoche when it fell in May 1885.[55] In the electoral district of Lorne, a meeting of the south branch Métis was held in the village of Batoche on 24 March, and thirty representatives voted to ask Riel to re- 11.4.3 Break with the church turn and represent their cause. On 6 May a joint “Set- tler’s Union” meeting was attended by both the Métis Historian Donald Creighton has argued that Riel’s had be- and English-speaking representatives from Prince Albert, come a changed man: including William Henry Jackson,[46] an Ontario settler sympathetic to the Métis and known to them as Honoré In the 15 years since he had left Red River, [47] Jackson, and James Isbister of the Anglo-Métis. It was his megalomania had grown greater than ever. here resolved to send a delegation to ask Riel’s assistance His ungovernable rages, delusions of grandeur, in presenting their grievances to the Canadian govern- messianic claims, and dictatorial impulses had ment. all become more extreme; but these violent ex- cesses were not the only symptoms of his cu- rious mental and moral decline. He had lost 11.4.2 Return of Riel his shrewd appreciation of realities. His sense of direction was confused in his purposes were The head of the delegation to Riel was Gabriel Du- equivocal. He showed, at intervals, a cyni- mont,[48] a respected buffalo hunter and leader of the cal selfishness and the ruthless cupidity.... al- Saint-Laurent Métis who had known Riel in Manitoba. though in public he professed that his sole aim James Isbister[49] was the lone Anglo-Métis delegate. was the redress of the Métis grievances, and Riel was easily swayed to support their cause—which private he was quite ready to promise that if the was perhaps not surprising in view of Riel’s continuing government made him a satisfactory personal conviction that he was the divinely selected leader of payment of a few thousand dollars he would in- the Métis and the prophet of a new form of Christian- duce his credulous followers to accept almost ity. Riel also intended to use the new position of influ- any settlement the federal authorities desired, [56] ence to pursue his own land claims in Manitoba. The and would quietly leave Canada forever. party departed 4 June, and arrived back at Batoche on 5 July. Upon his arrival Métis and English settlers alike While Riel awaited news from Ottawa he considered re- formed an initially favourable impression of Riel follow- turning to Montana, but had by February resolved to stay. ing a series of speeches in which he advocated moder- Without a productive course of action, Riel began to en- ation and a reasoned approach. During June 1884, the gage in obsessive prayer, and was experiencing a sig- Plains Cree leaders Big Bear[50] and Poundmaker[51] were nificant relapse of his mental agitations. This led to a independently formulating their complaints, and subse- deterioration in his relationship with the Catholic hier- quently held meetings with Riel. However, the Native archy, as he publicly espoused an increasingly heretical grievances were quite different from those of the set- doctrine. On 11 February 1885, a response to the pe- tlers, and nothing was then resolved. Inspired by Riel,[52] tition was received. The government proposed to take Honoré Jackson and representatives of other communi- a census of the North-West Territories, and to form a ties set about drafting a petition,[53] and Jackson on 28 commission to investigate grievances. This angered a July released a manifesto detailing grievances and the faction of the Métis who saw it as a mere delaying tac- settler’s objectives. A joint English-Métis central com- tic; they favoured taking up arms at once. Riel became mittee with Jackson acting as secretary worked to rec- the leader of this faction, but he lost the support prac- oncile proposals from different communities. In the in- tically all the Anglophones (who included many Métis), 44 CHAPTER 11. LOUIS RIEL the Catholic Church, and the great majority of Indians. He also lost the support of the Métis faction supporting local leader Charles Nolin.[57] But Riel, undoubtedly influenced by his messianic delusions,[58] became increasingly supportive of this course of action. In the church at Saint-Laurent on 15 March, Riel disrupted a sermon to argue for this position, following which he was barred from receiving the sacraments. He took more and more about his “divine revelations”. But disenchanted with the status quo, and swayed by Riel’s charisma and elo- quent rhetoric, hundreds of Métis remained loyal to Riel, despite his proclamations that Bishop Ignace Bourget[59] should be accepted as pope, and that “Rome has fallen”. At his trial, Riel denied allegations that his religious be- liefs were as irrational as was being (and continue to be) Louis Riel imprisoned in Middleton’s camp at Batoche, 16 May alleged. He explained as follows: 1885 “I wish to leave Rome aside, inasmuch as it is the cause of division between Catholics and Protestants. I did not wish able to effectively respond to another uprising in the dis- to force my views...If I could have any influence in the tant North-West Territories, thereby forcing them to ac- new world it would be to help in that way, even if it takes cept political negotiation. This was essentially the same 200 years to become practical...so my children’s children strategy that had worked to such great effect during the can shake hands with the Protestants of the new world in 1870 rebellion. But in that instance, the first troops did a friendly manner. I do not wish those evils which exist not arrive until three months after Riel seized control. in Europe to be continued, as much as I can influence it, However, Riel had completely overlooked the signifi- among the (Metis). I do not wish that to be repeated in cance of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Despite some America.[60] uncompleted gaps, the first Canadian regular and militia units, under the command of Major-General Frederick Dobson Middleton, arrived in Duck Lake less than two 11.4.4 Open rebellion weeks after Riel had made his demands. Knowing that he could not defeat the Canadians in direct confrontation, On 18 March it became known that the North-West Dumont had hoped to force the Canadians to negotiate by Mounted Police garrison at Battleford was being rein- engaging in a long-drawn out campaign of guerrilla war- forced. Although only 100 men had been sent in response fare; Dumont realised a modest success along these lines to warnings from father Alexis André and NWMP super- at the Battle of Fish Creek on 24 April 1885.[63] Riel, intendent L.N.F. Crozier, a rumour soon began to circu- however, insisted on concentrating forces at Batoche to late that 500 heavily armed troops were advancing on the defend his “city of God”. The outcome of the ensuing territory. Métis patience was exhausted, and Riel’s fol- Battle of Batoche which took place from 9 to 12 May[64] lowers seized arms, took hostages, and cut the telegraph was never in doubt, and on 15 May a disheveled Riel sur- lines between Batoche and Battleford. The Provisional rendered to Canadian forces. Although Big Bear's forces Government of Saskatchewan was declared at Batoche on managed to hold out until the Battle of Loon Lake on 3 19 March, with Riel[61] as the political and spiritual leader June,[65] the rebellion was a dismal failure for Métis and and with Dumont assuming responsibility for military af- Natives alike, as they surrendered or fled. fairs. Riel formed a council called the Exovedate[62] (a neologism meaning “those who have left the flock”), and sent representatives to court Poundmaker and Big Bear. On 21 March, Riel’s emissaries demanded that Crozier 11.5 Trial for treason surrender Fort Carlton, but this was refused. The situation was becoming critical, and on 23 March Dewdney Main article: Trial of Louis Riel sent a telegraph to Macdonald indicating that military in- tervention might be necessary. Scouting near Duck Lake Several individuals closely tied to the government re- on 26 March, a force led by Gabriel Dumont unexpect- quested that the trial be held in Winnipeg in July 1885. edly chanced upon a party from Fort Carlton. In the ensu- There are historians who contend that the trial was moved ing Battle of Duck Lake, the police were routed, and the to Regina because of concerns with the possibility of an Natives also rose up once the news became known. The ethnically mixed and sympathetic jury.[66] Tom Flanagan die was cast for a violent outcome, and the North-West states that an amendment of the North-West Territories Rebellion was begun in earnest. Act (which dropped the provision that trials with crimes Riel had counted on the Canadian government being un- punishable by death should be tried in Manitoba) meant 11.6. EXECUTION 45 that the trial could be convened within the North-West Territories and did not have to be held in Winnipeg.

Louis Riel testiﬁes at his trial

Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald ordered the trial to be convened in Regina, where Riel was tried before a jury of six English and Scottish Protestants, all from the area surrounding the city. The trial began on 28 July 1885, and lasted ﬁve days.[2] Riel delivered two long speeches during his trial, defending his own actions and aﬃrming the rights of the Métis people. He rejected his lawyer’s attempt to argue that he was not guilty by reason of insanity, asserting, Riel’s tombstone at the St. Boniface Cathedral Life, without the dignity of an intelligent [67] being, is not worth having. ... Père André, after explaining to Riel that the end was at hand, asked The jury found him guilty but recommended mercy; him if he was at peace with men. nonetheless, Judge Hugh Richardson sentenced him to Riel answered “Yes.” The next ques- death, with the date of his execution initially set for 18 tion was, “Do you forgive all your [41] September 1885. “We tried Riel for treason,” one ju- enemies?" “Yes.” Riel then asked ror later said, “And he was hanged for the murder of him if he might speak. Father An- [68] Scott.” dré advised him not to do so. He then received the kiss of peace from both the priests, and Father André 11.6 Execution exclaimed in French, “Alors, allez au ciel!" meaning “so, to heaven!" Boulton writes in his memoirs that, as the date of his execution approached, Riel regretted his opposition to the ... [Riel’s] last words were to defence of insanity and vainly attempted to provide evi- say good-bye to Dr. Jukes and dence that he was not sane. Requests for a retrial and an thank him for his kindness, and appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in just before the white cap was pulled Britain were denied. Sir John A. Macdonald, who was over his face he said, “Remerciez, instrumental in upholding Riel’s sentence, is famously Madame Forget.” meaning “thank, quoted as saying: Ms. Forget”.

He shall die though every dog in Quebec The cap was pulled down, and while bark in his favour.[69] he was praying the trap was pulled. Death was not instantaneous. Louis Before his execution, Riel was reconciled with the Riel’s pulse ceased four minutes af- Catholic Church, and assigned Father André as his spiri- ter the trap-door fell and during tual advisor. He was also given writing materials so that that time the rope around his neck he could employ his time in prison to write a book. Louis slowly strangled and choked him Riel was hanged for treason on 16 November 1885 at the [70][71] to death. The body was to have North West Mounted Police barracks in Regina. been interred inside the gallows’ en- Boulton writes of Riel’s ﬁnal moments, closure, and the grave was com- 46 CHAPTER 11. LOUIS RIEL

menced, but an order came from 11.8 Revoking Riel’s conviction the Lieutenant-Governor to hand the body over to Sheriff Chapleau That Riel’s name still has resonance in Canadian poli- which was accordingly done that tics was evidenced on 16 November 1994, when Suzanne [72] night. Tremblay, a Bloc Québécois member of parliament, introduced private members’ bill C-228, “An Act to revoke [76] Following the execution, Riel’s body was returned to his the conviction of Louis David Riel”. The unsuccess- mother’s home in St. Vital, where it lay in state. On 12 ful bill was widely perceived in English Canada as an at- December 1886, his remains were laid in the churchyard tempt to arouse support for Quebec nationalism before of the Saint-Boniface Cathedral following the celebration the 1995 referendum on Quebec sovereignty.[77] Bill C- of a requiem mass. 213 or Louis Riel Day Act and Bill C-417 Louis Riel Act are the more notable acts which have gone through The trial and execution of Riel caused a bitter and pro- parliament.[78] Bill C-297 to revoke the conviction of longed reaction which convulsed Canadian politics for Louis Riel was introduced to the House of Commons decades. The Orange Irish Protestant element in On- 21 October and 22 November 1996, however the mo- tario had demanded the execution as the punishment for tion lacked unanimous consent from the House and was Riel’s treason and his execution of Thomas Scott in 1870. dropped.[79] Bill C-213[80] or the Louis Riel Day Act of With their revenge satisfied, the Orange turned their at- 1997 attempted to revoke the conviction of Louis Riel for tention to other matters (especially the Jesuit Estates pro- high treason and establish a National Day in his honour posal). In Quebec there was no forgetting, and the politi- on 16 November.[81] Bill C-417[82] or the Louis Riel Act cian Honoré Mercier rose to power by mobilizing the op- [73] which also had a first reading in parliament to revoke the position in 1886. conviction of Louis Riel, and establish 15 July as Louis Riel Day was tabled.[83] On 18 February 2008, the province of Manitoba officially 11.7 Legacy recognized the first Louis Riel Day as a general provincial holiday. It will now fall on the third Monday of February [85] 11.7.1 Political each year in the Province of Manitoba.

The Saskatchewan Métis’ requested land grants were all provided by the government by the end of 1887, and 11.8.1 Historiography the government resurveyed the Métis river lots in ac- cordance with their wishes. The Métis did not under- Historians have debated the Riel case so often and so passionately that he is the most written-about person in all of stand the long term value of their new land, however, [86] and it was soon bought by speculators who later turned Canadian history. Interpretations have varied dramat- huge profits from it. Riel’s worst fears were realised— ically over time. The first amateur English language his- following the failed rebellion, the French language and tories hailed the triumph of civilization, represented by Roman Catholic religion faced increasing marginalisation English-speaking Protestants, over savagery represented in both Saskatchewan and Manitoba, as exemplified by by the half-breed Métis who were Catholic and spoke French. Riel was portrayed as an insane traitor and an ob- the controversy surrounding the Manitoba Schools Ques- [87][88] tion. The Métis themselves were increasingly forced to stacle to the expansion of Canada to the West. By live on undesirable land or in the shadow of Indian re- the mid-20th century academic historians had dropped serves (as they did not themselves have treaty status). the theme of savagery versus civilization, deemphasized Saskatchewan did not attain provincehood until 1905. the Métis, and focused on Riel, presenting his execution as a major cause of the bitter division in Canada along Riel’s execution and Macdonald’s refusal to commute his ethnocultural and geographical lines of religion and lan- sentence caused lasting discord in Quebec, and led to a guage. W. L. Morton says the execution: fundamental alteration in the Canadian political order.[74] In Quebec, Honoré Mercier[75] exploited the discontent to reconstitute the Parti National. This party, which pro- gave rise to a bitter and prolonged reaction moted Quebec nationalism, won a majority in the 1886 which convulsed the course of national politics Quebec election by winning a number of seats formerly for the next decade. In Ontario it had been de- controlled by the Quebec Conservative Party. The federal manded and applauded by the Orange element election of 1887 likewise saw significant gains by the as the punishment of treason and a vindica- federal Liberals, again at the expense of the Conserva- tion of loyalty. In Quebec Riel was defended, despite his apostasy and megalomania, as the tives. This led to the victory of the Liberal party under [89] Sir Wilfrid Laurier in the federal election of 1896, which symbol, indeed as a hero of his race. in turn set the stage for the domination of Canadian federal politics by the Liberal party in the 20th century. Morton argued that Riel’s demands were unrealistic: 11.8. REVOKING RIEL’S CONVICTION 47

[They] did touch on some real grievances, such exactly like insanity. Flanigan emphasizes that Riel ex- as the need for increased representation of the emplified the tradition of religious mystics involved in people in the Council of the Territories, but politics, especially those with a sense that the world was they did not present a program of practical about to be totally transformed by their religious vision. substance which the government might have In his case it meant his delivering the Métis from colonial granted without betrayal of its responsibili- domination. More broadly, Flanagan argues that Riel was ties....the Canadian government can hardly be devoutly religious and rejected equalitarianism (which he blamed for refusing to continue its private ne- equated with secularism), concluding he was “a millenar- gotiations with him, or for sending in the troops ian theocrat, sympathetic to the 'ancien régime' and op- to suppress rebellion.[90] posed to the French Revolution, democracy, individual- ism, and secular society.”[97][98] The Catholic bishops had originally supported the Métis Métis scholars have noted that Riel is a more important but reversed themselves when they realized that Riel was figure to non-Métis than to Métis; he is the only Métis fig- leading a heretical movement. They made sure that he [91] ure most non-Métis are aware of. Political scientists such was not honored as a martyr. However the bishops as Thomas Flanagan have pointed out certain parallels be- lost their influence during the Quiet Revolution, and ac- tween Riel’s following during the North-West Rebellion tivists in Québec found in Riel the perfect hero, with and millenarian cults. the image now of a freedom fighter who stood up for his people against an oppressive government in the face of widespread racist bigotry. His insanity was ignored 11.8.2 Commemorations and he was made a folk hero by the Francophones, the Catholic nationalists, the native rights movement, and the New Left student movement. Activists who espoused violence embraced his image; in the 1960s, the Quebec terrorist group, the Front de libération du Québec adopted the name “Louis Riel” for one of its terrorist cells.[92] Riel has received more scholarly attention than practically any other figure in Canadian history.[93] Across Canada there emerged a new interpretation of re- ality in his rebellion, holding that the Métis had major un- resolved grievances; the government Was unresponsive; that Riel resorted to violence only as a last resort; and he was given a questionable trial then executed by vengeful government.[94] John Foster said in 1985 that:

the interpretive drift of the last half- century...has witnessed increasingly shrill though frequently uncritical condemnations of Canadian government culpability and equally uncritical identiﬁcation with the “victimization” of the “innocent” Métis.[95]

However, a leading specialist Thomas Flanagan reversed his views after editing Riel’s writings:

As I sifted the evidence this became less and less convincing to me until I concluded that “Tortured” Louis Riel statue at the Collège universitaire de Saint- the opposite was closer to the truth: that the Boniface Métis grievances were at least partly of their own making; that the government was on the A resolution was passed by Parliament on 10 March 1992 verge of resolving them when the Rebellion citing that Louis Riel was the founder of Manitoba.[99] broke out; That Riel’s resort to arms could not Two statues of Riel are located in Winnipeg.[100] One be explained by the failure of constitutional ag- of the Winnipeg statues, the work of architect Étienne itation and that he received a surprisingly fair Gaboury and sculptor Marcien Lemay, depicts Riel as a trial.[96] naked and tortured ﬁgure. It was unveiled in 1970 and stood in the grounds of the Legislative Assembly of Mani- As for the insanity, historians have noted that many reli- toba for 23 years. After much outcry (especially from the gious leaders the past have exhibited behavior that looks Métis community) that the statue was an undigniﬁed mis- 48 CHAPTER 11. LOUIS RIEL

representation, the statue was removed and placed at the One of three Territorial Government Buildings remains Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface. It was replaced on Dewdney Avenue in the Saskatchewan capital city of in 1994 with a statue designed by Miguel Joyal depicting Regina, Saskatchewan which was the site of the Trial of Riel as a digniﬁed statesman. The unveiling ceremony Louis Riel, where the drama the “Trial of Louis Riel” was on 16 May 1996, in Winnipeg.[99] is still performed. Following the May trial, Louis Riel was hanged 16 November 1885. The RCMP Heritage Centre, in Regina, opened in May 2007.[107][108][109] The Métis brought his body to his mother’s home, now the Riel House National Historic Site, and then interred at the St. Boniface Basilica in Manitoba, his birthplace, for burial.[110][111]

11.8.3 Arts, literature and popular culture

In 1925, the French writer Maurice Constantin-Weyer who lived 10 years in Manitoba published in French a fic- tionalized biography of Louis Riel titled La Bourrasque. An English translation/adaptation was published in 1930 : A Martyr’s Folly (Toronto, The Macmillan Company), Statue of Louis Riel by Miguel Joyal in Winnipeg, Manitoba. and a new version in 1954, The Half-Breed (New York, The Macaulay Compagny).[112] A statue of Riel on the grounds of the Saskatchewan leg- Portrayals of Riel’s role in the Red River Rebellion in- islative building in Regina was installed and later removed clude the 1979 CBC television film Riel and Canadian for similar reasons. cartoonist Chester Brown's acclaimed 2003 graphic novel Louis Riel: A Comic-Strip Biography.[113] In numerous communities across Canada, Riel is commemorated in the names of streets, schools, neighbour- In the 1940 film North West Mounted Police Riel is por- hoods, and other buildings. Examples in Winnipeg in- trayed by Francis McDonald. clude the landmark Esplanade Riel pedestrian bridge An opera about Riel entitled Louis Riel was commis- linking Old Saint-Boniface with Winnipeg, the Louis sioned for Canada’s centennial celebrations in 1967. It Riel School Division, Louis Riel Avenue in Old Saint- was an opera in three acts, written by Harry Somers, Boniface, and Riel Avenue in St. Vital's Minnetonka with an English and French libretto by Mavor Moore and neighbourhood (which is sometimes called Riel). The Jacques Languirand. The Canadian Opera Company pro- student centre and campus pub at the University of duced and performed the first run of the opera in Septem- Saskatchewan in Saskatoon are named after Riel (Place ber and October 1967.[114] Riel and Louis’, respectively).[101] Highway 11, stretching from Regina to just south of Prince Albert, has been named Louis Riel Trail by the province; the roadway passes near locations of the 1885 rebellion.[102] One of the student residences at Simon Fraser Univer- sity in Burnaby, British Columbia is named Louis Riel House. There is a Louis Riel School in Calgary.[103] and Ottawa.[104] On 26 September 2007, Manitoba legisla- ture passed a bill establishing a statutory holiday on the third Monday in February as Louis Riel Day, the same day some other provinces celebrate Family Day, beginning in 2008.[105] The first Louis Riel Day was celebrated on 18 February 2008. This new statutory holiday coin- cides with the celebration on 15–24 February of the Fes- tival du Voyageur. In the spring of 2008, the Government of Saskatchewan Louis Riel House in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck Lake that “the 125th commem- From the late 1960s until the early 1990s, the city of oration, in 2010, of the 1885 Northwest Resistance is Saskatoon hosted “Louis Riel Day”, a summer celebration an excellent opportunity to tell the story of the prairie that included a relay race that combined running, back- Métis and First Nations peoples’ struggle with Govern- pack carrying, canoeing, hill climbing, and horseback ment forces and how it has shaped Canada today.”[106] riding along the South Saskatchewan River in the city’s 11.10. FOOTNOTES 49

downtown core. Traditionally, the event also included a • The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples cabbage roll eating contest and tug-of-war competition, as well as live musical performances. Although not affil- iated with the Saskatoon Exhibition, for years Louis Riel 11.10 Footnotes Day was scheduled for the day before the start of the fair, and as such came to be considered the Exhibition’s unof- ficial kick-off (the scheduling of the two events was sep- [1] “Louis Riel”. A database of materials held by the Uni- versity of Saskatchewan Libraries and the University arated in later years). The event was discontinued when Archives. Retrieved 23 September 2007. major sponsors pulled out. Billy Childish wrote a song entitled “Louis Riel”, which [2] Ricketts, Bruce (1998–2007). “Louis Riel – Martyr, hero was performed by Thee Headcoats. Texas musician Doug or traitor?". Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2007. Sahm wrote a song entitled “Louis Riel,” which appeared [115] on the album S.D.Q. '98. In the song, Sahm likens [3] The Heritage Centre. “Louis Riel The Provisional Gov- the lore surrounding Riel to David Crockett’s legend in ernment”. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. his home state, spinning an abridged tale of Riel’s life as Retrieved 23 September 2007. a revolutionary: "...but you gotta respect him for what he thought was right... And all around Regina they talk about [4] “Louis Riel Biography”. Government of Manitoba. Re- him still – why did they have to kill Louis Riel?"[116] trieved 18 December 2011. The Seattle-based Indie rock band Grand Archives also [5] J. M. Bumsted, The Peoples of Canada: A Post- wrote a song entitled “Louis Riel” that appears on their Confederation History (1992), pp xiii, 31 2008 self-titled album. [6] Stanley, George F. G. (22 April 2013). “Louis Riel”. The A track entitled Snowin' Today: A Lament for Louis Riel Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada. appears on the 2009 album Live: Two Nights In March by Saskatchewan singer/guitarist Little Miss Higgins; a [7] Bumsted, J. M.; Smyth, Julie (6 August 2013). “Red studio version features on her 2010 release Across The River Colony”. The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Plains. Historica Canada. Retrieved 5 January 2016. On 22 October 2003, the Canadian news channel CBC [8] “University of Manitoba : Archives & Special Collections. Newsworld and its French-language equivalent, Réseau Canadian Wartime Experiences. Riel’s Parents and Child- de l'information, staged a simulated retrial of Riel.[117] hood.”. University of Manitoba. Archives & Special Col- Viewers were invited to enter a verdict on the trial over lections. 1998–2004. Retrieved 23 September 2007. the internet, and more than 10,000 votes were received— [118] [9] “Parks Canada – Riel House National Historic Site of 87% of which were “not guilty”. The results of this Canada ...”. Parks Canada. Retrieved 5 January 2007. straw poll led to renewed calls for Riel’s posthumous pardon. Also on the basis of a public poll, the CBC’s [10] Stanley (1963), pp. 13–20 Greatest Canadian project ranked Riel as the 11th “Great- est Canadian”.[119] [11] “Parks Canada: Riel House National Historic Site of Canada Historic Themes”. Government of Canada. 5 An episode of the TV-series How the West Was Won from January 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2007. 1979 was named L'Affaire Riel, featuring Louis Riel while in exile in the United States.[120] [12] Stanley (1963), pp. 26–28

In 2001, Canadian sketch comedy troupe Royal Cana- [13] “The MNO | History & Culture | Louis Riel”. Métis Na- dian Air Farce featured Riel in its send-up of the CBC tion of Ontario. 2006. Archived from the original on 7 documentary series Canada: A People’s History. Sig- July 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2007. niﬁcant parallels were drawn between Riel’s actions and those of modern-day Québécois separatists, and the co- [14] Stanley (1963), pg. 33 median who portrayed Riel was made up to look like then- [15] for this section, see Stanley, Louis Riel, pp. 13–34. Premier Lucien Bouchard. [16] Dorge, Lionel. “Manitoba History: Bishop Taché and the Confederation of Manitoba, 1969–1970”. Manitoba His- 11.9 See also torical society. Retrieved 13 November 2007. [17] Read, Colin. “Manitoba History: The Red River Rebel- • Aboriginal Canadian personalities lion and J. S. Dennis ...”. Manitoba Historical society. • History of Manitoba Retrieved 13 November 2007. • List of Canadian First Nations leaders [18] “Canada in the Making: The Riel Rebellions”. Canadi- ana.org 2001–2005 (Formerly Canadian Institute for His- • Métis National Council torical Microreproductions). Retrieved 6 October 2007. 50 CHAPTER 11. LOUIS RIEL

[19] “Reading #9: National Committee of the Métis”. Dumont [35] “PL-1553 Wolseley Expedition—Province of Manitoba | Technical Institute (DTI) Métis Studies Adult 10 course General Page”. Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 23 > Module 5: Métis Resistance > Metis Studies 10. 2003. September 2007. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2007. [36] Bowles, Richard S (2002–2007). “MHS Transactions: Adams George Archibald, First Lieutenant-Governor of [20] “From Sea to Sea. The Métis Resistance The Execution Manitoba”. MHS Transactions Series 3, Number 25, of Thomas Scott”. CBC. 2001. Retrieved 23 September 1968–69 season. Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 2007. 23 September 2007.

[21] “John Christian Schultz”, Virtual American Biographies [37] Ruth Swan, “and Edward A. Jerome. "'Unequal justice:' (Evisum Inc.), 2000 The Metis in O’Donoghue’s Raid of 1871,” Manitoba His- tory (2000) #39 online [22] “Louis Riel”. Virtual American Biographies. Evisum Inc. 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2007. [38] Richard J. Gwyn, Nation Maker: Sir John A. Macdonald: His Life, Our Times. 1867-1891 (2011) 2:150-51 [23] “Metis culture 1869”. The infamous John A. MacDon- ald, an avid Orangeman of a foreign country, makes plans [39] “Louis Riel (1844–1885): Biography Louis Riel, Métis to annex the independent Metis Nation of the North West. leader” (PDF). Retrieved 23 September 2007. METIS HISTORY. Retrieved 25 September 2007. [40] Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille (2000). “House of [24] Mitchell, Ross (January 1960). “John Christian Schultz, Commons Procedure and Practice The House of Com- M.D. – 1840–1896”. Manitoba Pageant 5 (2). Retrieved mons and Its Members – Notes 351–373”. Parliament of 23 September 2007. Canada. Retrieved 23 September 2007.

[25] Reford, Alexander (1998). “Smith, Donald Alexander, [41] “A Biography of Louis Riel”. The Trial of Louis Riel 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal”. In Cook, Ram- Homepage. University of Missouri Kansas City School say; Hamelin, Jean. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. of Law. Retrieved 24 September 2007. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto [42] “Was Riel mentally ill? – Rethinking Riel – CBC Press. Archives”. CBC. 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2007. [26] Bumsted, J.M.; Foot, Richard (4 March 2015). “Red [43] Hird, The Reverend Ed. “The Passion of Louis Riel”. River Rebellion”. The Canadian Encyclopedia (online March 2004 Deep Cove Crier. St. Simon’s Anglican ed.). Historica Canada. Retrieved 5 January 2016. Church. Retrieved 15 November 2007.

[27] Thomas, Lewis H. (1982). “Riel, Louis (1844-85)". In [44] “Musée McCord Museum – Fonds – Louis Riel Collec- Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biogra- tion”. McCord Museum of Canadian History. Retrieved phy. XI (1881–1890) (online ed.). University of Toronto 24 September 2007. Press. [45] “Louis Riel – Canadian Confederation”. Library and [28] “Local Laws”. Vol I No. 18 (New Nation). 15 April 1870. Archives Canada. 14 December 2001. Archived from the p. 3. original on 4 May 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2007.

[29] Bélanger, Claude (2007). “The Murder of Thomas Scott”. [46] Bushong, Mary Lynn (2007). “The Northwest Rebellion”. Marianopolis College. Retrieved 23 September 2007. edHelper. Retrieved 24 September 2007.

[30] Boulton, Charles Arkoll and Robertson, Heather (1985). [47] Flanagan, Thomas (2002–2007). “Manitoba History: I Fought Riel. James Lorimer & Company. p. 51. ISBN Louis Riel’s Land Claims”. Louis Riel’s Land Claims. 0-88862-935-4. Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 24 September 2007. [31] Dimitry Anastakis (2015). Death in the Peaceable King- dom: Canadian History since 1867 through Murder, Exe- [48] Gaudry, Adam (2007). “Gabriel Dumont”. The Canadian cution, Assassination, and Suicide. U of Toronto Press. p. Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada. Retrieved 5 27. January 2016.

[32] Lyle Dick, “Nationalism and Visual Media in Canada: [49] Smyth, David (1998). “Isbister, James”. In Cook, Ram- The Case of Thomas Scott’s Execution,” Manitoba His- say; Hamelin, Jean. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. tory (2005) 48#1 pp:2-18 XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. [33] Maton, William F (8 February 2006). “Appendix 5C: Métis Nation Land and Resource Rights*". Indian and [50] Welker, Glenn; The Indigenous Peoples’ Literature pages. Northern Aﬀairs Canada. Archived from the original on “Big Bear”. Retrieved 23 September 2007. 1 October 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2007. [51] “Virtual Saskatchewan – Cree Chief Poundmaker”. Vir- [34] Maton, William F. “Manitoba Act, 1870”. The Solon Law tual Saskatchewan. 1997–2007. Retrieved 24 September Archive. Retrieved 23 September 2007. 2007. 11.10. FOOTNOTES 51

[52] “Louis Riel to W. Jackson 22 September 1884.: Call No. [69] Bélanger, Claude (2007). “North-West Rebellion – Cana- MSS C555/2/13.7d”. Northwest Resistance Database. dian History”. Marianopolis College. L'Encyclopédie de University of Saskatchewan. 2006. Retrieved 15 Novem- l'histoire du Québec / The Quebec History Encyclopedia. ber 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2012.

[53] “Jackson, William Henry to Friend? 21 January 1885.: [70] “Louis Riel – Canadian Confederation”. Library and Call No. MSS C555/2/13.9e”. Northwest Resistance Archives Canada. Government of Canada. 2 May 2005. Database. University of Saskatchewan. 2006. Retrieved Archived from the original on 4 May 2007. Retrieved 24 15 November 2007. September 2007.

[54] “The Dewdney Trail – Biography”. Biography of Edgar [71] Martin, Sandra (22 September 2012). “Material history: Dewdney. Nelson & District Museum, Archives, Art The rope that hanged Louis Riel”. The Globe and Mail. Gallery & Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2007. [72] Boulton (1886), Chapter 19 [55] James Rodger Miller (2004). Reﬂections on Native- newcomer Relations: Selected Essays. University of [73] Roderick Stewart (2002). Wilfrid Laurier. Dundurn. p. Toronto Press. p. 44. 156.

[56] Donald Creighton, Canada’s First Century: 1867-1967 [74] Mason Wade, The French Canadians: 1760-1967 (1968) (1970) p 54 1:416-23

[57] Payment, Diane P. (1994). “Nolin, Charles”. In Cook, [75] Lindsay, Lionel (1911). “Louis-Honore Mercier”. The Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean. Dictionary of Canadian Biog- Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume X. New York: Robert Ap- raphy. XIII (1901–1910) (online ed.). University of pleton Company. Toronto Press. [76] “BILL C-288 (First Reading)". House Publications. Par- [58] Dumontet, Monique. “Essay 16 Controversy in the Com- liament Government of Canada. 1994. Retrieved 24 memoration of Louis Riel”. University of Western On- September 2007. tario. Retrieved 15 November 2007. [77] “Act to Revoke the Conviction of Louis Riel BILL C-288 [59] “Was Riel mentally ill? – Rethinking Riel – CBC (First Reading)". Debates of the House of Commons of Archives”. CBC. 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2007. Canada 35th Parliament – 1st and 2nd Sessions. Univer- sity of Missouri Kansas City School of Law Famous Tri- [60] default. “Final Statement of Louis Riel at his trial in als. 1994. Retrieved 14 November 2007. Regina, 1885”. Law.umkc.edu. Retrieved 27 July 2010. [78] “Bill Re-Introduced”. LEGISINFO – The Library of Par- [61] “Louis Riel: A Brief Chronology” (PDF). Retrieved 24 liament’s research tool for finding information on legisla- September 2007. tion. The House of Commons of Canada. Retrieved 15 November 2007. [62] “Why did the 1885 Resistance Happen? The 1885 Resis- tance did not ...” (PDF). Virtual Museum. Retrieved 24 [79] “Act to revoke the conviction of Louis Riel”. September 2007. [80] “BILL C-213”. Parliament Canada. The House of Com- [63] “The Battle of Fish Creek (April 23, 1885) The Battle at mons of Canada. Retrieved 15 November 2007. Fish Creek ...” (PDF). Virtual Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 24 [81] “BILL C-213 first reading”. Parliament Canada. The September 2007. House of Commons of Canada. Retrieved 15 November 2007. [64] Beal, Bob; MacLeod, Rod; Foot, Richard (4 March 2015). “North-West Rebellion”. The Canadian Encyclo- [82] “BILL C-417 first reading”. Parliament Canada. The pedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 5 January 2016. House of Commons of Canada. Retrieved 15 November 2007. [65] “The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan – North-West Resis- tance”. Canadian Plains Research Center. University of [83] Préfontaine, Darren R. (2006). “Riel, Louis “David” Regina. 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2007. (1844–85)". Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. Retrieved [66] Basson, Lauren L. (2008). White enough to be American?. 15 November 2007. University of North Carolina Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-8078- 5837-4. [84] “Bills Re-Introduced”. LEGISINFO – The Library of Par- liament’s research tool for finding information on legisla- [67] “Final Statement of Louis Riel at his trial in Regina, tion. The House of Commons of Canada. Retrieved 15 1885”. Louis Riel Trial Homepage. University of Mis- November 2007. souri Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved 24 Septem- ber 2007. [85] “Employment Standards (Louis Riel Day)". Manitoba La- bor Board – Employee Standards – Louis Riel Day Fact- [68] George F.G. Stanley, Louis Riel: Patriot or Rebel? (1979) sheet. The Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 17 Febru- p 23 ary 2008. 52 CHAPTER 11. LOUIS RIEL

[86] Doug Owram, ed., Canadian History: A Reader’s Guide: [106] “Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary vol. 2, Confederation to the Present (1994) p 18 of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion”. Home/About Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of [87] R. Douglas Francis; Richard Jones; Donald B. Smith Saskatchewan. 7 June 2008. Retrieved 20 September (2009). Journeys: A History of Canada. Cengage Learn- 2009. ing. pp. 306–7. [107] “Regina History Guide Tour”. Saskatchewan Genealog- [88] D. N. Sprague, Canada and the Métis, 1869-1885 (1988) ical Society – Regina Branch. Retrieved 20 September p 1 2009. [89] William Lewis Morton (1963). The Kingdom of Canada: [108] “RCMP traditions centre in Regina” (republished on- A General History from Earliest Times. McClelland and line Saskatchewan News Index 1884–2000 University of Stewart. p. 371. Saskatchewan Libraries.). Top News Stories Beginnings [90] Morton (1963). The Kingdom of Canada. p. 369. and Landmarks. Leader-Post. 16 May 1955. p. 13. Re- trieved 20 September 2009. [91] Roberto Perin, Rome in Canada: The Vatican and Cana- dian Aﬀairs in the Late Victorian Age (1990) p 259 [109] “History of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police”. Mounted Police Post. Retrieved 20 September 2009. [92] John T. Saywell, ed., Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Public Aﬀairs: 1971 (1973) p 94 [110] “Explore Our Heritage Louis Riel 1844–1885”. CHTS Home Manitoba Heritage Council Commemorative [93] J. M. Bumstead, “The 'Mahdi' of Western Canada: Lewis Plaques. Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 20 Riel and His Papers,” The Beaver (1987) 67#4 pp 47-54 September 2009.

[94] Thomas Flanagan, Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsid- [111] “Manitoba History Red River Resistance”. Number 29, ered (2000) p. x Spring 1995. Manitoba Historical Society. 1998–2009. [95] John E. Foster, “Review of Riel and the Rebellion 1885 Retrieved 20 September 2009. Reconsidered By Thomas Flanagan.” Great Plains Quar- [112] Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. terly (1985) 5#4 pp. 259-60 online. “Dictionnaire des auteurs de langue française en [96] Thomas Flanagan, Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsid- Amérique du Nord – Aﬃchage de la notice du docu- ered (2nd ed. U of Toronto Press, 2000). p. x ment”. Services.banq.qc.ca. Retrieved 10 September 2013. [97] Thomas Flanagan, “Louis Riel: Icon of the Left,” Trans- actions of the Royal Society of Canada (1986), Vol 1, pp [113] “Biography of Louis Riel: Excerpts from a comic-strip 219-228. biography”. The Trial of Louis Riel Homepage. University of Missouri Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved 24 [98] Manfred Mossmann, “The Charismatic Pattern: Canada’s September 2007. Riel Rebellion of 1885 as a Millenarian Protest Move- ment,” Prairie Forum (1985) 10#2 pp 307-325. [114] “Music Division Archival Guide—Somers, Harry, 1925– 1999”. Collections Canada. Library Archives Canada. 11 [99] “Friday, November 22, 1996 (105)". PRIVATE MEM- August 2003. Retrieved 24 September 2007. BERS' BUSINESS AN ACT TO REVOKE THE CONVIC- TION OF LOUIS DAVID RIEL. House Publications Par- [115] “Discography”. Gourds.org. Retrieved 10 September liament of Canada. Retrieved 15 November 2007. 2013.

[100] Bower, Shannon (2002–2007). “Manitoba History: [116] Album review by Eugene Chadbourne “Practical Results": The Riel Statue Controversy at the Manitoba Legislative Building”. Manitoba History, Num- [117] Strange, Carolyn (2006). “Crime, Media, Culture” ber 42, Autumn / Winter 2001–2002. Manitoba Historical (PDF). Hybrid history and the retrial of the painful past. Society. Retrieved 24 September 2007. Sage Publications Australian National University. Re- trieved 14 November 2007. [101] “Deo et Patriae: Events in the History of the University of Saskatchewan 1980: Place Riel opens”. University of [118] Muise, Del (2002). “CSHC: Celebratory Opening FOOT- Saskatchewan. Retrieved 24 September 2007. NOTES 2”. Media and Public History: Canada: A Peo- ple’s History. Centre for the Study of Historical Con- [102] “Scenic Routes – The Louis Riel Trail”. Tourism sciousness. Archived from the original on 25 May 2005. Saskatchewan. Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved Retrieved 14 November 2007. 24 September 2007.

[103] Calgary Board of Education website [119] “CBC.ca – The Greatest Canadian – Top 100 – 11 to 100”. Meet Some Great Canadians (CBC). 2007. Archived from [104] “Louis Riel School website”. the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 14 Novem- ber 2007. [105] “Manitoba’s new holiday: Louis Riel Day Day”. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 September 2007. Re- [120] “How the West Was Won, Aﬀaire Riel, L”. Internet trieved 16 November 2007. Movie Database. Retrieved 18 July 2008. 11.11. FURTHER READING 53

11.11 Further reading • Siggins, Maggie (1994). Riel: a life of revolution. HarperCollins, Toronto. ISBN 0-00-215792-6.A • Barrett, Matthew. "'Hero of the Half-Breed Rebel- sympathetic reevaluation of Riel drawing heavily on lion': Gabriel Dumont and Late Victorian Military his own writings. Masculinity.” Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue • Stanley, George (1963). Louis Riel. McGraw-Hill d'études canadiennes 48#3 (2014): 79-107. Ryerson, Toronto. ISBN 0-07-092961-0. A stan- • Brown, Chester (2003). Louis Riel: A Comic-strip dard Riel biography, covering most of the material Biography. Drawn and Quarterly, Montreal. ISBN in this article; source where no other is cited. 1-896597-63-7. A biography of Riel in the form of • Thistle, Jesse. “The 1885 Northwest Resistance: a graphic novel. Causes to the Conflict.” HPS History and Political Science Journal 3 (2014). online • Careless, J.M.S. (1991). Canada: A story of chal- lenge. Stoddart. ISBN 0-7736-7354-7. A survey of Canadian history. 11.11.1 Historiography • Flanagan, Thomas (1983). Riel and the Rebellion. • Western Producer Prairie Books, Saskatoon. ISBN Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion and Darren 0-88833-108-8. Prefontaine. Metis Legacy: A Historiography and Annotated Bibliography. Winnipeg: Pemmican • Flanagan, Thomas (1992). Louis Riel. Canadian Publications Inc. and Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Historical Association, Ottawa. ISBN 0-88798- Institute, 2001. ISBN 1-894717-03-1 180-1. A short work highlighting the complexity of • Riel’s character. Betts, Gregory. “Non Compos Mentis: A Meta- Historical Survey of the Historiographic Narratives • Flanagan, Thomas (1979). Louis 'David' Riel: of Louis Riel’s 'Insanity'", International Journal of prophet of the new world. University of Toronto Canadian Studies / Revue internationale d’études Press, Toronto. ISBN 0-88780-118-8. An influ- canadiennes, n° 38, 2008, p. 15-40. online ential work portraying Riel as a religious prophet • Braz, Albert. The False Traitor: Louis Riel in Cana- and responsible for the rebellion; highly controver- dian Culture (University of Toronto Press, 2003) sial among Riel admirers online review • George R. D. Goulet (2005). The Trial of Louis Riel, • Bumstead, J. M. “The 'Mahdi' of Western Canada: Justice and Mercy Denied. FabJob, Calgary. ISBN Lewis Riel and His Papers,” The Beaver (1987) 1-894638-70-0. A critical legal and political analy- 67#4 pp 47–54 sis of Riel’s 1885 high treason trial. • Dick, Lyle. “Nationalism and Visual Media in • Hansen, Hans. Riel’s Defence: Perspectives on His Canada: The Case of Thomas Scott’s Execution.” Speeches (2014) Manitoba History (Autumn/Winter2004-05), Issue • Howard, Joseph Kinsey (1952). Strange Empire: A 48, pp 2–18. online Narrative of the Northwest (Louis Riel and the Metis • Flanagan, Thomas. Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Re- People). William Morrow & Co, New York. ISBN considered (2nd ed. U of Toronto Press, 2000). 0-87351-298-7., Online text."first reasonably accurate biography of Louis Riel to be written." An ex- • Flanagan, Thomas. “Louis Riel: Icon of the Left,” haustive, “objective” yet sympathetic scholarly ac- Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (1986), count. Vol 1, pp 219–228.

• Knox, Olive. “The Question of Louis Riel’s Insan- • Mossmann, Manfred. “The Charismatic Pattern: ity,” Manitoba Historical Society Transactions Series Canada’s Riel Rebellion of 1885 as a Millenarian 3, Number 6, 1949-50 online Protest Movement,” Prairie Forum (1985) 10#2 pp 307–325. • Morton, Desmond. The Last War Drum (1972). military history of 1885. • Miller, J. R. “From Riel to the Metis.” Canadian Historical Review 69#1 (1988): 1-20. • Read, Geoﬀ, and Todd Webb. "'The Catholic Mahdi of the North West': Louis Riel and the Metis • James Rodger Miller, “From Riel to the Métis” Resistance in Transatlantic and Imperial Context.” (2004). Reﬂections on Native-newcomer Rela- Canadian Historical Review (2012) 93#2 pp: 171- tions: Selected Essays. University of Toronto 195. Press. pp. 37–60., historiography 54 CHAPTER 11. LOUIS RIEL

• Morton, Desmond. “Image of Louis Riel in 1998,” Canadian Speeches (May 1998) 12#2 online • Owram, Doug, ed. (1994). Canadian History: Con- federation to the present. U. of Toronto Press. pp. 18, 168, 191–95, 347–50.

• Reid, Jennifer; Long, Charles & Carrasco, David (2008), Louis Riel and the Creation of Modern Canada: Mythic Discourse and the Postcolonial State, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, ISBN 978-0-8263-4415-1 • Sprague, D.N. “Historiographical introduction” ch 1 of Sprague, Canada and the Métis, 1869-1885 (1988), pp 1–17.

• Stanley, George F.G. Louis Riel: Patriot or Rebel? Canadian Historical Association Booklet No. 2 (1979) online

11.11.2 Primary sources

• Boulton, Charles A. (1886) Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions. Toronto. Online text. A ﬁrst person account of the rebellions. • Riel, Louis (1985). The collected writings of Louis Riel. ed. George Stanley. (5 vol. University of Al- berta Press,. ISBN 0-88864-091-9. Riel’s own writings and letters.

11.12 External links

• CBC Digital Archives: Rethinking Riel

• Heritage Minutes: Historica Minutes (History by the Minute): Louis Riel

• Synopsis of federal political experience from the Li- brary of Parliament

• Louis Riel – University of Saskatchewan library • Louis Riel, The Amnesty, Translation of L'Amnistie, Bureau du Nouveau Monde, Montreal, 1874. Chapter 12

Gabriel Dumont (Métis leader)

Gabriel Dumont (December 1837 – May 19, 1906) was Bridge is today) and also farmed near there. a leader of the Métis people of what is now Western Canada. In 1873 Dumont was elected to the presidency of the short-lived republic of St. Laurent; afterward he 12.2 Resistance continued to play a leading role among the Métis of the South Saskatchewan River. He played a critical role in Dumont’s enemies in 1885, including General Frederick bringing Louis Riel back to Canada, in order to pres- Middleton of the Northwest Field Force, praised his gen- sure the Canadian authorities to pay attention to the trou- eralship and martial abilities. Despite huge logistic and bles of the Métis people. He was adjutant general in the morale problems, he can be credited with a victory at provisional Métis government declared in the District of the Battle of Fish Creek and managed to hold off a much Saskatchewan in 1885, and commanded the Métis forces larger force at the Battle of Batoche for several days. Riel in the North-West Rebellion or North West Resistance of refused to let him make vital strategic actions such as 1885.[1] damaging railway lines to hinder the enemy’s movement, providing the Canadian government with an advantage. Following the defeat at Batoche, Dumont made his way 12.1 Early life via the Cypress Hills to the Montana Territory, where he surrendered to the U.S. Cavalry. However, the U.S. gov- Dumont was a grandson of the French Canadian Jean- ernment determined that he was a political refugee and Baptiste Dumont and his Sarcee-Crow wife, Josette. he was shortly released.[3] He was the second son of Isidore Dumont and Louise Laframboise. The family were at various times involved in farming, trading, hunting, and trapping in what is 12.3 Later life now the province of Saskatchewan. Gabriel was raised a Métis, learning both French Catholic and Cree cus- toms. By the time he was 12, he was considered an ac- In 1886, Dumont joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West, where he received top billing as a rebel leader and crack marks- complished shot with both gun and bow, and was well known as a master horseman. In 1848, the Dumont fam- man. He traveled with the show from July until Septem- ber, but returned for brief appearances as an extra in 1887 ily moved south to the area where Regina, Saskatchewan, [3] would later be founded. Dumont, and his older brother and 1888. Isidore, became buffalo hunters. Over time, Dumont While living in New York, Dumont made contacts with learned six languages, and established a reputation as a the French Canadian community there, including French guide, hunter and interpreter. He was also famed for Canadian nationalists who saw parallels between the sup- his drinking and gambling. Dumont participated in skir- pression of the Metis rebellions and their own political sit- mishes with First Nations, including the Blackfoot and uation. [3] Laurent-Olivier David, serving as president of Sioux. the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal invited Du- Dumont married Madeleine Wilkie, the daughter of the mont to Quebec for a lecture tour. Dumont’s criticism Anglo-Métis chief, Jean Baptiste Wilkie, in 1858, and of Roman Catholic clergy for its lack of support for the [2] rebellion proved unpopular with audiences, however, and in 1862 was elected chief of his Métis band. He led [3] the band to the North Saskatchewan River, where they the tour was cancelled after a single lecture. briefly settled near Fort Carlton. By 1868, the band estab- In 1889, he provided a complete account of his expe- lished a permanent settlement near Batoche on the South riences in the rebellion, but after that his life is poorly Saskatchewan River. In 1872 Gabriel established a ferry documented.[3] He later claimed to have traveled to service near Batoche, at “Gabriel’s Crossing” (east of France during this time, but he was certainly in Winnipeg present-day Rosthern, Saskatchewan, where the Gabriel in 1893 to acquire land-scrip for his homestead near Ba-

55 56 CHAPTER 12. GABRIEL DUMONT (MÉTIS LEADER) toche. At some point, he built a small cabin on the farm 12.5 See also of his nephew, Alexis Dumont, and lived there until his death in 1906. At the time, his death went unnoticed • James Isbister among the broader Canadian community, having largely • slipped from the public consciousness.[3] Lawrence Clarke • Aboriginal Canadian personalities • Southbranch Settlement • Métis buﬀalo hunt

12.4 Legacy 12.6 Footnotes

[1] Canadian Encyclopedia Retrieved 31 Jan 2011. BATOCHE. In 1872, Xavier Letendre dit Batoche founded a village at this site where Métis freighters [2] George R. D. Goulet; Goulet, Terry (2006). “The crossed the South Saskatchewan River. About 50 fam- Métis: Memorable Events and Memorable Personalities”. FabJob, Calgary. ilies had claimed the river lots in the area by 1884. Widespread anxiety regarding land claims and a chang- [3] Macleod, Roderick C. “Dumont, Gabriel”. Dictionary of ing economy provoked a resistance against the Canadian Canadian Biography. Retrieved 22 January 2016. Government. Here, 300 Métis and Indians led by Louis [4] Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada. Govern- Riel and Gabriel Dumont fought a force of 800 men com- ment of Canada (21 Nov 2004). “Welcome To Saskatoon, manded by Major-General Middleton between May 9 and Saskatchewan Region Gen Web Batoche / Fish Creek 12, 1885. The resistance failed but the battle did not Photo Gallery”. Saskatoon Gen Web. online by Julia mean the end of the community of Batoche. Adamson. Retrieved 2009-09-20. Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada. Govern- [5] “Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary ment of Canada [4] of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion”. Home/About In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of Saskatchewan. June 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-20. Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck Lake, that “the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 North- [6] “Batoche The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Cul- west Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the ture”. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Ap- story of the Prairie Métis and First Nations peoples’ strug- plied Research. Retrieved 2009-09-20. gle with government forces and how it has shaped Canada [7] “Parks Canada Batoche National Historic Site of Canada”. [5] today.” Government of Canada. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2009- Batoche, where a Métis Provisional Government had 09-20. been formed, has been declared a National Historic Site. Batoche marks the site of Gabriel Dumont’s grave marker, Albert Caron’s House, Batoche school, Ba- 12.7 Further reading toche cemetery, Letendre store, Gabriels river crossing, Gardepy’s crossing, Batoche crossing, St. Antoine • Barrett, Matthew. "'Hero of the Half-Breed Rebel- de Padoue Church, Métis riﬂe pits, and NWMP battle lion': Gabriel Dumont and Late Victorian Military camp.[6][7] Masculinity.” Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue The Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Ap- d'études canadiennes 48#3 (2014): 79-107. plied Research in Saskatchewan was named in his honour. • McLean, Donald George. 1885: Metis Rebellion or The Dumont Bridge over the South Saskatchewan River Government Conspiracy? (Pemmican Publications, east of Rosthern, Saskatchewan, is also named for him. 1985) It is located at the site of Gabriel’s Crossing, where he ran a small store, billiards hall and ferry service in the • Woodcock, George Woodcock; James Rodger late 1870s and early 1880s. There is also a park along Miller (2003). Gabriel Dumont: the Métis chief and the South Saskatchewan in Saskatoon named for him, as his lost world. Broadview Press. ISBN 1-55111- well as an equestrian statue depicting him along the river 575-1. between the Broadway and Victoria Bridges on the west side of the South Saskatchewan River. 12.7.1 Primary sources In 1998, the public French-ﬁrst-language high school in London, Ontario, was renamed École secondaire Gabriel- • Gabriel Dumont (2009). Gabriel Dumont Speaks Dumont in his honour. (2nd ed.). Talonbooks. ISBN 9780889226258. 12.8. EXTERNAL LINKS 57

12.8 External links

• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online • http://library.usask.ca/northwest/background/ dumont.htm

• http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/dumont_gabriel_ 1837-1906.html

• Gabriel Dumont Institute Chapter 13

Frederick Dobson Middleton

“Frederick Middleton” redirects here. For the English footballer, see Fred Middleton.

General Sir Frederick Dobson Middleton KCMG CB (4 November 1825 – 25 January 1898) was a British general noted for his service throughout the Empire and par- ticularly in the North-West Rebellion.

13.1 Military career

Educated at Maidstone Grammar School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Middleton was commissioned into the 58th Regiment of Foot in 1842.[1] He served in the New Zealand Wars and in 1845, he was mentioned in dispatches for his part in the capture of the stronghold of Māori chief Te Ruki Kawiti.[1] In 1848 he transferred to the 96th Regiment of Foot in India and took part in the suppression of the Indian Mutiny in which campaign he was recommended for, but not actually awarded, the Victoria Cross.[1] He went on to be Commandant of the Royal Military College, Sand- hurst, in 1879.[1] He was appointed General Oﬃcer Commanding the Militia of Canada in 1884.[1] In 1885 the North-West Rebellion took place and Middleton had to respond.[1] Despite a defeat at the Battle of Fish Creek, his cau- tious approach reached Batoche, Saskatchewan, where [1] the Métis surrendered after three days’ bombardment. Lady Marie Cecile Eugenie Middleton For his service in the war, Middleton was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1885.[1] He also received the thanks of Parliament and the sum of $20,000.[1] He married in February 1870 as his second wife, Marie He resigned as head of the Militia in 1890 when a select Cecile Eugénie Doucet, daughter of Theodore Doucet, committee of the House of Commons criticized him for N.P., of Montreal. She was born in Montreal in 1846, and the misappropriation of furs from a Métis named Charles was educated at the Convent of the Sacred Heart, Sault- Bremner during the rebellion.[1] au-Recollet. The couple had two sons and a daughter. She died at Tateley, Hants, England, 1 November 1899.[2]

13.2 Family 13.3 References Frederick Dobson Middleton married, as his ﬁrst wife, Mary Emily Hassall.[1] [1] Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

58 13.3. REFERENCES 59

[2] Morgan, Henry James Types of Canadian women and of women who are or have been connected with Canada : (Toronto, 1903) Chapter 14

Pitikwahanapiwiyin

Pîhtokahanapiwiyin (c. 1842 – 4 July 1886), better Blackfoot and the Cree, which successfully stopped the known as Poundmaker, was a Plains Cree chief known struggling over the now very scarce buﬀalo. as a peacemaker and defender of his people. 14.2.1 North-West Resistance/Rebellion

14.1 Name Main article: Battle of Cut Knife

According to Cree oral history, Pîhtokahanapiwiyin, The shortage of bisons left Poundmaker’s people des- known to English speakers as Chief Poundmaker, inher- perately hungry, and in 1885, they traveled south to ited his name from his grandfather who had a special Battleford. Oral history accounts suggest Poundmaker ability to attract buffalo into pounds; however, another went to the fort to speak with the Indian agent, Rae, and [1] source states that the name was awarded to him because reaffirm his loyalty to the Queen after a murder at the of his own skill with the use of these pounds (and does nearby Mosquito Reserve; however, the people of Bat- not relate to his ancestry). A buffalo pound resembled tleford and some of the settlers in the surrounding area, a huge corral with walls covered by the leaves of thick hearing reports of large numbers of Cree and Assini- bushes. Usually herds of buffalo were stampeded into boine leaving reserves and making their way to Battleford, this trap, or on other occasions, the buffalo were drawn feared for their safety. On the night of 30 March 1885, in by a person like Pîhtokahanapiwiyin, who was accord- townspeople began to abandon the town and seek shelter ing to tradition, gifted by spirit helpers to use a special in the North-West Mounted Police Fort Battleford. When song to lure in the buffalo. As he sang, he used a drum. Poundmaker and his party reached the town, the first na- The song enticed the lead buffalo cow to bring her herd tion agent refused to come out of the fort to meet with [2] into the enclosure. them. He kept them waiting for two days. Telegrams sent by those barricaded in the fort indicated they believed it was an attack, but Peter Ballantyne exited the fort and, 14.2 Biography acting as a spy, checked Poundmaker’s plans and found his intentions peaceful.[4] Poundmaker was born in Rupert’s Land, near present Looting of the abandoned buildings of the town took day Battleford; the child of Sikakwayan, an Assiniboine place, but the identity of the looters is disputed. Some re- medicine man, and a mixed-blood Cree woman, the sis- ports claimed Poundmaker’s people were responsible, but ter of Chief Mistawasis.[3] Following the death of his one observer alleged that most of the looting had already [5] parents, Poundmaker, his brother Yellow Mud Blanket, been done by whites. Oral history accounts claim that and his younger sister, were all raised by their mother’s the looting was done by Nakoda people, and that Pound- [6] Cree community, led by Chief Wuttunee, but later known maker did his best to stop it. Either way, Poundmaker’s as the Red Pheasant Band. In his adult life, Pound- people left the next day. maker gained prominence during the 1876 negotiations On 2 May 1885, a military force of 332 Canadian troops, of Treaty 6 and split off to form his own band. In 1881, led by Lieutenant-Colonel William Dillon Otter, attacked the band settled on a reserve about 40 km northwest of Poundmaker’s camp near Cut Knife Hill.[3] Lieutenant Fort Battleford.[3] Poundmaker was not opposed of the R.S. Cassels, attached to the command of the “C” School, idea of a treaty, but became critical of the Canadian gov- a military division of the troops under Otter, stated the ernment’s failures to live up to its promises.[3] following: In 1873, Crowfoot, chief of the Blackfoot First Nation, had adopted Poundmaker thereby increasing the latter’s “About 4 P.M. the column starts. Our force influence. This move also cemented the ties between the is eight scouts; sixty Mounted Police under

60 14.3. LEGACY 61

Captain Neale; “B” Battery, eighty men un- said to Riel “You did not catch me, I gave myself up. I der Major Short; “C” School, forty-five men wanted peace.” [9] At his trial, he is reported to have said: under Lieutenant Wadmore, No. 1 Com- pany, Queen’s Own Rifles, under Captain “Everything that is bad has been laid against me Brown, fifty-five men; Battleford Rifles, un- this summer, there is nothing of it true.[10] ... der Captain Nash, forty men; twenty men Had I wanted war, I would not be here now. I of the Guards under Lieutenant Gray and should be on the prairie. You did not catch me. Queen’s Own Rifles Ambulance Corps; Sur- I gave myself up. You have got me because I geon Lesslie; Sergeant Fere and eight men; wanted justice.”[11] Colonel Otter in command; and Colonel Her- chmer,Surgeon Strange, Captain Mutton and Because of the power of his adopted father, Crowfoot, Lieutenant Sears on the Staff. Hume Cronyn, Poundmaker’s hair was not cut in prison, and he served E.C. Acheson, and Blakely of “K,” McLennan only seven months. Nonetheless, his stay there devastated and Prior of “T,” Farin Wallace and Grierson his health and led to his death (from a lung hemorrhage) of “H,” Fraser and A.J. Boyd of “F” are at- in 1886, at the age of 44.[3] He was buried at Blackfoot tached to No. 1”[7] Crossing near Gleichen, Alberta, but his remains were ex- humed in 1967, and reburied on the Poundmaker Reser- When the army was forced to retreat, Poundmaker, who vation, Saskatchewan. had not taken part in the fight, prevented his warriors from Pictures from the exhumation and reburial were donated pursuing the soldiers. It is thought that this action pre- to the Allen Sapp museum in North Battleford. vented the loss of many lives on both sides since a serious amount of counter-measures would have had to be placed to cover the retreat—and the Cree fought best while their enemy was retreating.[8] 14.3 Legacy

The Poundmaker Cree Nation continues to this day, 14.2.2 Aftermath near Cut Knife. His grandnephew John Tootoosis, Cree leader, and great-grandnephew Gordon Tootoosis, actor, both lived on this reserve.

14.4 References

[1] Poundmaker, The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan

[2] Mandelbaum, David G. (1940). The Plains Cree: An Ethnographic, Historical, and Comparative Study. New York: Aims Pr Inc. ISBN 978-0-404-15626-8.

[3] Poundmaker, Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan

[4] Stonechild, Readings in Canadian History, Volume 2, 66

[5] Robert Jeﬀerson, Fifty Years on the Saskatchewan, 127

[6] Stonechild, Blair. “An Indian View of the 1885 Uprising” in “Sweet Promises: A Reader on Indian White Relations in Canada”, J.R. Miller (ed)

[7] Mcleod, R.C. (Ed.) (1983). Reminiscenses of a Bungle by One of the Bunglers: and Two Other Northwest Rebellion Diaries Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press, 150.

[8] Light, Douglas W. Footprints in the Dust. Turner-Warwick Publications, 1987.

With the news of Louis Riel's actions and defeat at [9] Stonechild, Readings in Canadian History, Volume 2, 70 Batoche, Poundmaker went there to surrender. On the [10] Canada, Sessional Papers, 1886, No. 52, 336 basis of a letter written by Louis Riel bearing his name, Poundmaker was convicted of treason in 1885 and sen- [11] Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online (2000). tenced to three years in Stony Mountain Penitentiary. He “Poundmaker”. Retrieved 8 January 2007. 62 CHAPTER 14. PITIKWAHANAPIWIYIN

14.5 External links

• Pîhtokahanapiwiyin(Poundmaker)

• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

• CBC article “Photos of Cree chief surface” Chapter 15

Big Bear

For other uses, see Big Bear (disambiguation). with ﬁve ivory claws hanging from it, which he called the Chief’s Son’s Hand.[5] This necklace was the source of his nickname “Maskwa”, meaning bear, and “Mistahi”, Big Bear also known as Mistahi-maskwa (c.1825 – 17 [6] January 1888[1]) was a powerful and popular Cree chief meaning much. who played many pivotal roles in Canadian history. He It is reported that over the course of Big Bear’s life he took was appointed to chief of his band at the age of 40 upon several wives, in turn producing at least four male children the death of his father, Black Powder, under his father’s who would carry on his name.[7] However, there is little harmonious and inclusive rule which directly impacted documentation to support the names of these individuals. his own leadership. Big Bear is most notable for his in- Before becoming a great leader, Big Bear became a volvement in Treaty Six, he was one of the few chief great warrior, taking warriors under his fathers com- leaders who objected to the signing of the treaty with mand on missions which he described as “haunting the the Canadian government. He felt that signing the treaty Blackfoot”.[8] Upon the death of his father Black Powder would ultimately have devastating eﬀects on his tribe as in the winter of 1864, the Cree band with over 100 mem- well as other Aboriginal tribes. This included losing the bers was in need of a new chief. Big Bear was 40 years free nomadic lifestyle that his tribe and others were ac- old and was the obvious choice as the next leader of the customed to. Big Bear also took part in one of the last Cree people. major battles between the Cree and the Blackfoot tribe. He was one of the leaders to lead his people against the last largest battle on the Canadian Plains.[2] 15.2 Historical context

15.1 Early life and leadership The Western Plains Aboriginal population underwent a cultural, environmental and structural change starting in Big Bear(Mistahi-maskwa) was born in 1825 in Jack- the mid 1870s and continuing into the late 1800s. The fish Lake, near North Battleford, Saskatchewan. His fa- Dominion of Canada was attempting to cultivate the land ther, Black Powder, was the chief of a tribe of 80 Plains that the indigenous population occupied for European set- Cree-Saulteaux people who were deemed to be “true tlers. The treaties were the method of choice by the gov- nomadic hunters”.[3] Little is known about Big Bear’s ernment to gain rights to the land; all Aboriginal groups mother. When Big Bear was old enough to walk on his were given the opportunity, according to the government, own he spent his time wandering the camp socializing to sign and receive the benefits of the treaty terms. How- with many people, from the women to council members. ever the Aboriginal groups who did not want to sign were In the spring of 1837, smallpox struck Big Bear’s com- ultimately forced to sign because of environmental and munity and caused the quick departure of the Cree from cultural changes in 1870-1885.[9] The largest contribut- the plains.Big Bear was infected with the virus but un- ing factor to this was the disappearance of the bison like many in the community, after two months of suffer- which created a region-wide famine; in addition to this ing he overcame it although it did leave his face partly there was the emergence and widespread epidemic of disfigured.[4] After his recovery from smallpox, Big Bear tuberculosis which had a devastating effect on the in- began to spend a great deal of time with his father, indigenous population.[10] The disappearance of the bison cluding a journey by the two of them to Bull’s Forehead has been explained to some extent by the over hunting Hill, where they spent a great deal of time reflecting and by white settlers and Aboriginals to supply the fur trade offering to their gods and spirits. Upon his reflection, Big which ultimately lead to the famine. There were some Bear was visited by many spirits, but the bear took great attempts by the Canadian government to conserve the bi- prominence in his mind. After his reflection was com- son but the measures were not enacted in time to stop the plete he created a fur necklace in the shape of a bear paw drastic depletion of the bison food supply.[11] In the early

63 64 CHAPTER 15. BIG BEAR

1880s tuberculosis was the main killer of the Indigenous people on the reserve, this disease was brought over by European settlers and spread through coughing and the sharing of pipes during tobacco-smoking ceremonies.[10] The disappearance of the bison was devastating to the In- digenous population because hunting allowed them to be self-suﬃcient and free from the dominion government; once the bison disappeared their need for assistance was imperative.[12] The Canadian government was the only option of survival but this meant signing the numbered treaties which would change their culture indeﬁnitely. During this time Big Bear tried to withhold his signature from the treaty so that his people might get better terms but by 1885 malnutrition was severe and the mea- ger rations given by the dominion government did not supply enough food. Big Bear was ultimately forced to sign the treaty to save his people from starvation and disease because the dominion government would not help unless they signed.[13] These factors contributed to the many deaths of Aboriginal leaders leaving tribes without their history, which was taught by the elderly, and without men to lead their tribes changing their life from that point on.

15.3 Conﬂict with other aboriginal A letter from General Middleton to Big Bear, urging him to sur- tribes render

in. A constant enemy of the Cree was the Blackfoot tribe and in 1870 Big Bear was involved in an attack against the Blackfoot near present-day Lethbridge, Al- berta. The Cree band lost between 200-300 warriors while the Blackfoot only lost 40, it was known to be the largest Indian battle to be fought on the Canadian Plains.[2]

15.4 Treaty 6 Big Bear trading at Fort Pitt in 1884 (from left to right) Four Sky Thunder, Sky Bird, Matoose, Napasis, Big Bear, Angus McKay, As the 1870s began, Big Bear and his tribe had reached Otto Dufresne, Louis Goulet, Stanley Simpson, Mr. Rowley, the high point of development for their Band. It started to Alex McDonald, Captain R. B. Sletch, Mr. Edmund, and Henry become more and more apparent as time passed that these Dufrain.[14] conditions would not remain the same forever. Disease had begun to ravage his people and the declining numbers To be a Plains Cree aboriginal man it was an expectation of Buﬀalo threatened their food source and economy.[16] to be an accomplished hunter and warrior, Big Bear was This was quite worrisome for Big Bear as both a father no exception to the rule. Big Bear was known to be a and a chief, and he knew something was needed to be strong warrior and was often, as an adult, called upon to done. On 14 August 1874, The Hudson Bay Company defend the community. A Cree man, to raise his position visited Big Bear and his fellow Cree people. This was in the community, participated in raids and or attacks of seen as peculiar to Big Bear and his people as the Hudson enemy tribes which meant stealing of horses, land and Bay Company would have had to travel 7 days from the food from their enemies. Big Bear’s main responsibil- nearest trading post to visit their camp. The Hudson Bay ity was to be a hunter and provide for his family but he Company arrived with four wagons full of supplies.[17] was involved in attacks against the enemies of the Cree Factor William McKay came along for the trip, (as he Aboriginals.[15] The battle of the Belly River was one was an old friend with Big Bear) and while he was there he of the largest battles the Cree Aboriginals were involved warned Big Bear of the establishment of the North West 15.5. LIFE AFTER TREATY 6 AND THE TRIAL OF BIG BEAR 65

ing as well as pursue better terms for Treaty Six. Big Bear made several attempts to warn the others against signing Treaty 6, at one point Big Bear rode by horse back to each lodge in the area urging people not to sign the treaty and not to give up the land, because it was so rich in natural resources.[22] Big Bear also resisted publicly at both Fort Carleton and Pitt, where the treaty was being signed. Big Bear understood the importance of making the best of this treaty as it would have implications on the generations to come. Big Bear also questioned the Eurocentric world view and new order being brought forth with these treaties.[23] There were also attempts made by others to discredit Big Bear in his attempt to pursue/change Treaty 6. John Mc- Dougall tried on several occasions to discount him. He claimed Big Bear was an outsider, that he was not of the area and did not deserve the esteem he carried among the people of this area.[24] This was not true as he was a Cree but also his father was Saulteaux (the other aboriginal group present in the signing of Treaty 6). He was not an outsider but rather leader of a group of people who had elements of both cultures.[25] Big Bear resisted from signing from as long as he could but eventually had to sign treaty six in 1882. He did so because he believed he had no other choice.[26] Big Bear Survivor of the Frog Lake Massacre William Bleasdell Cameron believed he was betrayed by the other chiefs as they signed with Horse Child, 12-year-old son of Big Bear. They were pho- the treaty after all of his warnings. Big Bear’s hope of tographed together in Regina in 1885 during the trial of Big Bear. negotiating a more favourable treaty for his people was Cameron testiﬁed in Big Bear’s defense. over.

Mounted Police in the area. McKay told Big Bear of how the North West Mounted Police were here to preserve the 15.5 Life after Treaty 6 and the west as Canadian and how they were not to interfere with Trial of Big Bear but to protect aboriginal interests.[18] At the end of the visit, McKay and the HBC distributed gifts to the 65 tents Big Bear had resisted signing Treaty 6 for four years. of Big Bear`s people, however some were reluctant, they With food supplies running low and his people facing viewed the gifts and the North West Mounted Police as starvation, he was forced to sign the Treaty.[27] After sign- a means of appeasement and incentive to start the treaty [19] ing the Treaty, Big Bear and his people could not decide process with Canada. where their reserve would be. Though they did not want Big Bear began talks with the Canadian government in the to live on a reserve, in order to receive food rations from 1870s in an attempt to work out a treaty. Big Bear was the government a location needed to be decided on. The never open to the idea of reserve life, as he feared his loss ﬁrst winter after signing the treaty, Big Bear and his peo- of freedom and identity as a hunter.[20] But he knew as ple did not receive any rations as they had not decided food sources grew weaker, and the best way for him and what reserve to live on.[28] In 1885 Big Bear had cho- his band to avoid starvation was to sign a treaty with the sen a reserve to live on. After Big Bear was unable to Canadian government. By 1876, all major Plains Cree choose a reserve quickly, he began losing inﬂuence over chiefs had signed Treaty 6 except for Big Bear. Big Bear his people. Cree Chief Wandering Spirit rose in author- stalled signing as he believed that the Canadian govern- ity among the Cree people.[29] When the Métis initiated ment would surely violate the treaty upon its signing. Big the North-West Rebellion of 1885 under Louis Riel and Bear said “we want none of the Queen’s presents: When Gabriel Dumont, Big Bear and his supporters played a we set a fox trap we scatter pieces of meat all around but minimal role in the overall uprising, Big Bear’s son Little when the fox gets into the trap we knock him on the head. Bear joined with Chief Wandering Spirit to go to Frog We want no baits. Let your chiefs come like men and talk Lake and kill some of the white residents. Nine men to us.”[21] Big Bear strongly believed that the Canadian were killed, and this later became known as the Frog government was simply telling him and his fellow chiefs Lake Massacre. Though Big Bear tried to stop this from what they wanted to hear. This led Big Bear to resist sign- happening, as he was a Chief he was arrested for trea- 66 CHAPTER 15. BIG BEAR son. Big Bear had tried to solve the problems between [10] Daschuk, James. Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of his people and the Canadian government peacefully.[30] Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life. University of Many people felt Big Bear would be found ‘not guilty’ as Regina Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-0-88977-296-0. he had tried to stop the Massacre at Frog Lake and tried [11] Friessen, Gerald (1987). The Canadian Prairies: A His- to protect those that were taken prisoner. At the time of tory. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 150. ISBN the trial, Big Bear was 60 years old. The trial was con- 0-8020-6648-8. fusing for Big Bear as the trial was in English, and had to be translated into Cree. Hugh Dempsey has stated in [12] Daschuk, James. Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of his book, that Stanley Simpson, a man who was taken Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life. University of prisoner at Fort Pitt, was the only man to appear for the Regina Press. ISBN 978-0-88977-296-0. Prosecution. Much of the evidence was in favour of Big [13] Daschuk, James (2013). Clearing the Plains: Disease, Pol- Bear innocence. The evidence was clear that Big Bear itics of Starvation and the Loss of Aboriginal Life. Univer- had not taken part in killings at Frog Lake or the looting sity of Regina Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-0-88977- and taking of prisoners at Fort Pitt. However, Big Bear 2960. was found guilty of treason and sentenced to three years at Stony Mountain Penitentiary in Manitoba. In 1887, after [14] http://scaa.sk.ca/ourlegacy/permalink/23713 serving two years of his sentence, Big Bear was released due to failing health conditions. Big Bear died soon af- [15] Jenish, D'arcy (1999). Indian Fall: The Last Great Days of the Plains Cree and the Blackfoot Confederacy. Toronto, ter being released on the Poundmaker Reserve in January Ontario: Penguin Group. p. 49. ISBN 0-670-88090-6. 1888 at 62 years of age. [16] Miller, James Rodger (1996). Big Bear, Mistahimusqua. Toronto: ECW Press. p. 58. 15.6 Legacy [17] Miller, James Rodger (1996). Big Bear, Mistahimusqua. Toronto: ECW Press. p. 59. Big Bear is largely known for his role with Treaty 6 and his dealings with the Canadian Government, however from [18] Miller, James Rodger (1996). Big Bear, Mistahimusqua. his humble beginning to Big Bear’s trial he will always be Toronto: ECW Press. p. 60. remembered by his people as a man who fought peace- [19] Miller, James Rpdger (1996). Big Bear, Mistahimusqua. fully for the rights of his band. Big Bear led his band for Toronto: ECW Press. p. 60. 20 years, and he has left a legacy among his people for generations to come. [20] Allard, Jean (2002). “Big Bear’s treaty: The road to freedom”. Inroads.

[21] McLeod, Neil (1999). “RETHINKING TREATY 15.7 References SIX IN THE SPIRIT OF MISTAHI MASKWA (BIG BEAR)". The Canadian Journal of Native Studies. [1] Mistahimaskwa, Dictionary of Canadian Biography On- line [22] McLeod, Neal (1999). “RETHINKING TREATY SIX IN THE SPIRIT OF MISTAHI MASKWA (BIG [2] Wiebe, Rudy. “MISTAHIMASKWA (Big Bear)". Dic- BEAR)". The Canadian Journal of Native studies XIX: tionary of Canadian Biography. University of Toronto. 70. [3] Wiebe, Rudy (September 16, 2008). Extraordinary [23] Mcleod, Neal (1999). “RETHINKING TREATY SIX IN Canadians Big Bear. Penguin Toronto. p. 7. THE SPIRIT OF MISTAHI MASKWA (BIG BEAR)". [4] Wiebe, Rudy (September 16, 2008). Extraordinary The Canadian Journal of Native studies XIX: 71. Canadians Big Bear. Penguin Toronto. pp. 10–11. [24] Mcleod, Neal (1999). “RETHINKING TREATY SIX IN [5] Wiebe, Rudy (September 16, 2008). Extraordinary THE SPIRIT OF MISTAHI MASKWA (BIG BEAR)". Canadians Big Bear. Penguin Toronto. p. 14. The Canadian Journal of Native studies XIX: 75–76.

[6] Wiebe, Rudy (September 16, 2008). Extraordinary [25] Mcleod, Neal (1999). “RETHINKING TREATY SIX IN Canadians Big Bear. Penguin Toronto. p. 15. THE SPIRIT OF MISTAHI MASKWA (BIG BEAR)". [7] Wiebe, Rudy. “MISTAHIMASKWA”. Dictionary of The Canadian Journal of Native studies XIX: 76. Canadian Biography. University of Toronto. Retrieved [26] Allard, Jean (2002). “Big Bear’s Treaty: The road to free- April 1, 2015. dom”. Inroads 11: 117. [8] Wiebe, Rudy (September 16, 2008). Extraordinary Canadians Big Bear. Penguin Toronto. p. 17. [27] Dempsey, Hugh (2006). Big Bear: The End of Freedom. University of Regina Press. p. 120. [9] Friesen, Gerald (1987). The Canadian Prairies: A His- tory. University of Toronto Press. pp. 148–149. ISBN [28] Thompson, Christian (2004). Saskatchewan First Nations: 0-8020-6648-8. Lives Past and Present. University of Regina. p. 28. 15.9. EXTERNAL LINKS 67

[29] Thompson, Christian (2004). Saskatchewan First Nations: Live Past and Present. University of Regina Press. p. 28.

[30] Dempsey, Hugh (2006). Big Bear: The End of Freedom. University of Regina Press. p. 122.

15.8 Further reading

• Hugh Dempsey, Big Bear : The End of Freedom, Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1984. ISBN 0- 88894-506-X • Blair Stonechild and Bill Waiser. Loyal Till Death: Indians and the North-West Rebellion (1997) • Rudy Wiebe, The Temptations of Big Bear, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1995. ISBN 0-7710-3454-7 • Jim Miller, Big Bear: (Mistahimusqua), Toronto: ECW, 1996. ISBN 1-55022-272-4

15.9 External links

• Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear)

• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online • “Chief Big Bear”. Cree Indian Leader. Find a Grave. Dec 7, 2003. Retrieved Aug 18, 2011. 68 CHAPTER 15. BIG BEAR

15.10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

15.10.1 Text • North-West Rebellion Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Rebellion?oldid=720907375 Contributors: Brion VIBBER, Maury Markowitz, Frank Warmerdam, Kchishol1970, Ahoerstemeier, Stan Shebs, Julesd, Jfitzg, Adam Bishop, Doradus, Omegatron, Topbanana, Indefatigable, Dimadick, Bearcat, RedWolf, DocWatson42, Shanemcd, Tom harrison, Varlaam, Quinwound, Rsloch, Geni, Formeruser-81, Albrecht, FelineAvenger, Mzajac, PBrain, Alperen, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Bender235, CanisRufus, Mwanner, Bobo192, Smalljim, Shenme, Lokifer, Sam Korn, Pearle, Alansohn, JYolkowski, LtNOWIS, McMuff, Kurieeto, Fawcett5, Hohum, BrentS, Evil Monkey, Itschris, Sciurinæ, Geraldshields11, Embryomystic, Firsfron, Mindmatrix, Stefanomione, Dysepsion, WBardwin, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Tim!, Joe Decker, Yamamoto Ichiro, Latka, Margosbot~enwiki, RexNL, Gurch, Leslie Mateus, Phoenix2~enwiki, Jaraalbe, Cornellrockey, Vmenkov, EamonnPKeane, Rsrikanth05, Wimt, Rjensen, Retired username, Brian Crawford, Wyldkat, Moe Ep- silon, Alex43223, LaLa, Gadget850, NYArtsnWords, Katieh5584, SmackBot, Small Profit, KnowledgeOfSelf, Skeezix1000, Eskimbot, Flying Canuck, Mike McGregor (Can), Srnec, Yamaguchi, Gilliam, Bluebot, Skookum1, Anabus, Trekphiler, Donmcc, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Fishhead64, Nick Levine, Masalai, Natty10000, Kevlar67, Freemarket, Pilotguy, SirIsaacBrock, HDarke, Dumelow, IronGargoyle, SQGibbon, Neddyseagoon, Qyd, Keith-264, Iridescent, JayZ, CuffX, 67854678907, KenWalker, Courcelles, Threadnecro- mancer, Adam Keller, CmdrObot, ShelfSkewed, Themightyquill, Gogo Dodo, Corpx, Fifo, DumbBOT, DBaba, Optimist on the run, Marek69, Miller17CU94, AgentPeppermint, Dgies, Nick Number, AntiVandalBot, Majorly, Seaphoto, List of marijuana slang terms, Husond, Grant Gussie, Igodard, Hut 8.5, PhilKnight, VoABot II, Radioactive Superfly, DerHexer, Edward321, MartinBot, CliffC, Cent- pacrr, CommonsDelinker, Patar knight, J.delanoy, Trusilver, Davidprior, Shawn in Montreal, Screen111, Dr d12, SriMesh, Robertgreer, Juliancolton, Xiahou, RJASE1, Funandtrvl, Mastrchf91, Z.E.R.O., Jediknightyoda, Ng.j, Carlsbad science, Meters, Brclayton, K. An- noyomous, Tiddly Tom, Malcolmxl5, Keilana, Quitesilly, Bentogoa, Flyer22 Reborn, Eóin, Wilson44691, Username9000, Ballzey, No- remedy~enwiki, Lightmouse, Hobartimus, Fratrep, WikiLaurent, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheOldJacobite, Foofbun, Parkwells, Scottlawson11, Excirial, Cenarium, Doprendek, Aitias, DumZiBoT, Mr Larrington, IOU4BJ, Gwandoya, Khazzhar, J Haz- ard, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, Boyerk1981, Heavenlyblue, Willking1979, Muffyn, Dj Jenkem, Fred123fred, The connman, Glane23, Tyw7, Tassedethe, Tide rolls, Gail, Yobot, Fraggle81, Wikipedian2, QueenCake, Tempodivalse, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313, Materialscien- tist, Canuck-qw, Gurisguyss, LilHelpa, GenQuest, Shirik, Jamesrnorwood, Anotherclown, Moxy, A.amitkumar, Pamdhiga, Ssfreak1992, Jaystubbs, Rushbugled13, Serols, Fox Wilson, Kayoty, EyeKnows, Fry1989, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Hantsheroes, Typewriter99, Alphas- niper, ZéroBot, Dolovis, Bloom6132, H3llBot, Furries, Donner60, NTox, Slickmoves, ClueBot NG, Zuzubak, This lousy T-shirt, Your- momblah, Widr, Cowik, Helpful Pixie Bot, Gob Lofa, Arnavchaudhary, JoJaEpp, Shawnshur, PhnomPencil, Aidanfletcher, Joseon Em- pire, Gordandrews, BattyBot, ~riley, W.D., Arr4, Cyberbot II, The Illusive Man, ChrisGualtieri, Nikalion, 86steveD, Esszet, Rorossier, E-TREATY, Lugia2453, Frosty, Elevatorrailfan, RotlinkBot, ArmbrustBot, Chunky monkey 69, UnbiasedVictory, C. Luke Gurbin, Sports- guy17, Monkbot, BethNaught, BrightonC, Lor, Mewiththeface20, MRD2014, Adam (Wiki Ed), Cm7 smcs, Irishblackwolf, CAPTAIN RAJU, Neyihawak-Iskwew, Hudson9190, Se hawes, Darkduke360 and Anonymous: 368 • Battle of Duck Lake Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Duck_Lake?oldid=720084359 Contributors: Indefatigable, Huangdi, Sietse, Gdr, Albrecht, Rich Farmbrough, Rupertslander, Jberkan, McMuff, Fawcett5, Canadian Paul, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Matt Deres, Ahunt, YurikBot, Kirill Lokshin, Wyldkat, LaLa, Gadget850, Elkman, SmackBot, Pfly, Skeezix1000, Fishhead64, Kukini, Chris- tian75, PKT, CharlotteWebb, The Anomebot2, Gabriel Kielland, CommonsDelinker, SriMesh, Kelapstick, Jackfork, Neil-R-Rogers, Cal- tas, Sscott328, Rosiestep, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, Editor2020, DumZiBoT, Skunkboy74, Bilsonius, J Hazard, Addbot, Alanscottwalker, Yobot, Magog the Ogre, Jim1138, Materialscientist, Xqbot, Moxy, Haydenbecker, FrescoBot, Pamdhiga, Kayoty, DASHBot, Dolovis, ClueBot NG, Camurg, ChrisGualtieri, Dreamatorium, Mogism, Izkala, Sunekit and Anonymous: 34 • Looting of Battleford Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting_of_Battleford?oldid=694095853 Contributors: Indefatigable, Bearcat, McMuff, Pigman, Bachrach44, SmackBot, Kevlar67, Qyd, P199, Harej bot, CommonsDelinker, SriMesh, Queenmomcat, Kayoty, ArmbrustBot and Anonymous: 3 • Frog Lake Massacre Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_Lake_Massacre?oldid=720770284 Contributors: Samw, Adam Bishop, FelineAvenger, D6, McMuff, Embryomystic, Tabletop, Ketiltrout, Lairor, Ground Zero, DVdm, Wavelength, Pigman, Abarry, Wyldkat, SmackBot, Verne Equinox, Backspace, Kevlar67, SirIsaacBrock, CastorCanada, Themightyquill, JamesAM, Masticore~enwiki, JustAGal, Dalliance, The Anomebot2, Drm310, Grapher78, CommonsDelinker, Octopus-Hands, Shawn in Montreal, SriMesh, Mcsnet, Yoho2001, Jungegift, ClueBot, Franamax, Shaliya waya, Parkwells, Piledhigheranddeeper, Trivialist, Käptn Weltall, Bilsonius, Good Olfactory, J Hazard, Addbot, Green Squares, Whereareyouroaming, Jim1138, GenQuest, Moxy, Stoneridge, Kayoty, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Hwy43, John of Reading, Wikipelli, FrancescoXXXX, ClueBot NG, Yourmomblah, BG19bot, PhnomPencil, EdwardH, BattyBot, Smokeridge, UnbiasedVictory, Kflynn2015 and Anonymous: 30 • Battle of Fort Pitt Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pitt?oldid=694045214 Contributors: Albrecht, Rich Farm- brough, Kevin Myers, Fawcett5, Alai, Canadian Paul, RetiredUser167213, Pigman, LaLa, SmackBot, Fishhead64, Backspace, Kevlar67, SirIsaacBrock, Cydebot, PKT, Masticore~enwiki, The Anomebot2, CommonsDelinker, Patar knight, SriMesh, Jevansen, Meters, Thingg, Thebestofall007, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Seahorseruler, Kayoty, DASHBot, Shearonink, Kamster1 and Anonymous: 6 • Battle of Fish Creek Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fish_Creek?oldid=717907962 Contributors: Gdr, Albrecht, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Rupertslander, CWood, McMuff, Fawcett5, Wiggy!, BD2412, Enzo Aquarius, Alaney2k, RobertG, Kafziel, Manxruler, Wyldkat, LaLa, Gadget850, That Guy, From That Show!, SmackBot, Skeezix1000, Popo le Chien, Gilliam, Chris the speller, EncMstr, Fish- head64, Backspace, Agentscott00, Themightyquill, PKT, Epbr123, CommonsDelinker, Patar knight, J.delanoy, Katharineamy, SriMesh, STBotD, Keilana, ClueBot, J Hazard, Addbot, Fraggle81, LilHelpa, Boogerbrad, FrescoBot, Trappist the monk, Kayoty, DASHBot, Wik- itanvirBot, Josve05a, Dolovis, H3llBot, ClueBot NG, Dsrichards, IconicCC, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, RotlinkBot, 123456987gmb, WPGA2345, Izkala and Anonymous: 29 • Battle of Cut Knife Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cut_Knife?oldid=707356397 Contributors: Gsl, Delirium, Inde- fatigable, MK~enwiki, Bearcat, RedWolf, Chris Roy, Texture, Halibutt, Hadal, Decumanus, ChicXulub, Gdr, Albrecht, Neutrality, JamesTeterenko, Rich Farmbrough, Rupertslander, Kurieeto, Fawcett5, Username314, Rjwilmsi, CraigWyllie, Choess, Jaraalbe, Kirill Lok- shin, Howcheng, Wyldkat, LaLa, Gadget850, Elkman, SmackBot, Skeezix1000, Hmains, Fishhead64, Ohconfucius, HDarke, KenWalker, Tawkerbot2, Themightyquill, Victoriaedwards, JamesAM, AntiVandalBot, The Anomebot2, MetsBot, MartinBot, Hogie75, Kevinsam, CommonsDelinker, Dermanus, SriMesh, SKDodd, Anonyminous, Ja 62, Kelapstick, Ng.j, InternetHero, DavisGL, Excirial, Spoonky- monkey, J Hazard, Addbot, Heavenlyblue, Jojhutton, TutterMouse, Gail, Anotherclown, Qingda97:awsome, Kayoty, DASHBot, ZéroBot, Doomedtx, H3llBot, ClueBot NG, Gob Lofa, JoJaEpp, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, I eat BC Fish and Anonymous: 43 15.10. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 69

• Battle of Batoche Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Batoche?oldid=721570829 Contributors: Indefatigable, Saforrest, Bob- blewik, Gdr, BruceR, Albrecht, Lucky13pjn, Ukexpat, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Rupertslander, Circeus, McMuff, Fawcett5, Wt- mitchell, Canadian Paul, Prashanthns, Leslie Mateus, Jared Preston, Pigman, Stormbay, Kirill Lokshin, Howcheng, Wyldkat, LaLa, Gad- get850, Closedmouth, Thespian, Katieh5584, SmackBot, Jab843, Popo le Chien, Skizzik, Modest Genius, Fishhead64, Backspace, Curly Turkey, FelisLeo, HDarke, LaMenta3, BranStark, Themightyquill, Epbr123, Res2216firestar, VoABot II, The Anomebot2, Drm310, Mar- tinBot, CliffC, CommonsDelinker, EdBever, Gurchzilla, SriMesh, Ja 62, OhlundFan2, LeaveSleaves, Red, Caltas, Smsarmad, Momo san, Nuttycoconut, ClueBot, Arakunem, TheOldJacobite, Protozoon, Bilsonius, Addbot, Gail, Fraggle81, FrescoBot, Reaper Eternal, Kayoty, Fry1989, DASHBot, Immunize, Optiguy54, RA0808, Active Banana, Wikipelli, Djembayz, Fæ, Dolovis, Pooscrew90, Clue- Bot NG, Primergrey, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, Gob Lofa, PhnomPencil, IconicCC, Glacialfox, BattyBot, MadGuy7023, Cadencetory, PigeonOfTheNight and Anonymous: 86 • Battle of Frenchman’s Butte Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman’{}s_Butte?oldid=696421446 Contributors: Gsl, Indefatigable, Bwmodular, Gdr, Albrecht, Adrian Morrow, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Bender235, LtNOWIS, Yamla, McMuff, Fawcett5, Embryomystic, Canadian Paul, Ian Pitchford, RetiredUser167213, Stormbay, Kirill Lokshin, Gaius Cornelius, LaLa, SmackBot, Skeezix1000, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Fishhead64, Backspace, HDarke, ShelfSkewed, Themightyquill, The Anomebot2, Hogie75, CommonsDelinker, SriMesh, Jungegift, Rosiestep, SewerCat, 1974-75 Quebec Nordiques season, Addbot, LilHelpa, Diannaa, Kayoty, DASHBot, BattyBot, Justincheng12345-bot, Howicus and Anonymous: 13 • Battle of Loon Lake Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loon_Lake?oldid=654623067 Contributors: Albrecht, Rich Farm- brough, Hurricane111, McMuff, Fawcett5, Embryomystic, Username314, BD2412, Tim!, YurikBot, Kirill Lokshin, LaLa, Caerwine, SmackBot, Skeezix1000, Fishhead64, HDarke, Qyd, PKT, The Anomebot2, CommonsDelinker, SriMesh, GrahamHardy, Ampwright, ClueBot, Stepheng3, SewerCat, 1974-75 Quebec Nordiques season, Addbot, Wikationer, FrescoBot, Kayoty, Fry1989, DASHBot, Ph- nomPencil, BattyBot and Anonymous: 10 • Louis Riel Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Riel?oldid=720198749 Contributors: Vicki Rosenzweig, Stephen Gilbert, Eclec- ticology, Jkominek, Danny, SimonP, Maury Markowitz, Frank Warmerdam, Camembert, Hephaestos, Olivier, Reigh, Kchishol1970, Paul Barlow, Pit~enwiki, Llywrch, Kalki, Cyde, Minesweeper, Ahoerstemeier, Snoyes, Kingturtle, Julesd, Vzbs34, Big iron, Jfitzg, Etaoin, Zarius, Hashar, JidGom, The Tom, Adam Bishop, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Trontonian, Jallan, Denni, Snickerdo, Alpdpedia, Timc, Tpbradbury, Tlotoxl, Topbanana, Indefatigable, Rbellin, Bearcat, Tremblay, Astronautics~enwiki, Earl Andrew, RedWolf, Mathieugp, Naddy, Sam Spade, Merovingian, Premeditated Chaos, Meelar, Auric, Sunray, Angelique, Hadal, Saforrest, Lupo, Cordell, Alexwcoving- ton, Oberiko, Tom harrison, Doovinator, Lupin, Brian Kendig, Orangemike, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Yukichin~enwiki, Michael Devore, Gamaliel, David Johnson, Bobblewik, Edcolins, Hob, Chowbok, Utcursch, Andycjp, Telso, CryptoDerk, Ran, Antandrus, Madmagic, Benw, MisfitToys, Quarl, HistoryBA, Mzajac, CJCurrie, Pmanderson, Mozzerati, Gscshoyru, JHCC, Bradlegar, Neutrality, JamesTeterenko, Neschek, D6, PZFUN, Mjuarez, RossPatterson, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Themusicking, Qutezuce, John FitzGerald, YUL89YYZ, Ericamick, Xezbeth, Alistair1978, Paul August, MDCore, ESkog, Kbh3rd, El Juno, CanisRufus, Sharkford, Kwamikagami, Worldtraveller, Pneuhaus, Shanes, Sietse Snel, RoyBoy, Jpgordon, Guettarda, Bobo192, Dralwik, NetBot, 23skidoo, Mricon, Cmdrjameson, CWood, Lok- ifer, Oarih, 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BIG BEAR

Vanished User 1004, EstherLois, DumZiBoT, Mr Larrington, Skinner24, XLinkBot, Spitfire, NYencyclopedist, Jovianeye, Rror, Bradv, WikHead, NellieBly, Mifter, Rtl1994, Mv 008, Noctibus, MystBot, KEVINWUm.o.m., Good Olfactory, Pocketemo, Thatguyflint, J Haz- ard, HexaChord, Ammoboy26, 12gillni, Addbot, Proofreader77, Foggyster, Willking1979, Wsvlqc, How.shud.i.feel, Hero970, Cana- dianLinuxUser, Guitarmang123, Derhty, Kinamonjuu, Devrit, MrOllie, Cbkoala, Richguy773, Favonian, ChenzwBot, Wikiguy1113, Sanawon, Tide rolls, Bfigura’s puppy, Lightbot, Gail, HerculeBot, Cenadaveen, MissAlyx, Ayaz360, Legobot, Yobot, Daveen6199, 2D, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, The Earwig, Xxskeeterxx, Lylenorton, AnomieBOT, Ipatrol, Bob farter, Tjade6, Baseballking66, ℍuman, The High Fin Sperm Whale, Citation bot, OllieFury, Bob Burkhardt, Maxis ftw, ArthurBot, Brendawg1234, The sock that should not be, Capri- corn42, 4twenty42o, TomTancy, Inferno, Lord of Penguins, Ianthenerd, Off2riorob, ProtectionTaggingBot, Shirik, Amaury, Ifarted3times, Chris squash, Theshado, Moxy, Pussylvr2, Cristel23, Ridgeram, CSIDGR1, Ryryrules100, Deagster1, Mckenzdo, Lildude1209, Spunky- girl1234, Citation bot 1, A8UDI, Full-date unlinking bot, Sheogorath, Vrenator, Raidon Kane, Jmfriesen, Mr Serjeant Buzfuz, Kayoty, Suffusion of Yellow, Tbhotch, MegaSloth, RjwilmsiBot, Bento00, Phlegat, Mourt4444, WildBot, Steve03Mills, JRSchmidtPhD, Emaus- Bot, Grambowambo, Nerds4life, Typewriter99, Anthony 87, Akhil 0950, Dolovis, Empty Buffer, Ὁ οἶστρος, AvicAWB, H3llBot, Rap- tureBot, ClueBot NG, CactusBot, ArchieOof, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie Bot, Interchangeable, Davidiad, Drewrau, BattyBot, YFdyh-bot, Teilletd, Tobsterz58, Dexbot, Fromthevaults, VIAFbot, Elevatorrailfan, Willskywalker16, Akesgeroth, Theflashsaunders, Jim Carter, Em- perorNapoléonI, Darrend1967, Librariabryan, KasparBot, MadmanPeirce and Anonymous: 874 • Gabriel Dumont (Métis leader) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Dumont_(M%C3%A9tis_leader)?oldid=720303525 Contributors: Kchishol1970, Big iron, Jfitzg, Gh, Indefatigable, Aurang, Bearcat, Varlaam, Gadfium, Albrecht, TreyHarris, JamesTeterenko, D6, YUL89YYZ, Jwerner, Kurieeto, Fawcett5, OwenX, Kilter, Cab938, WBardwin, Mayumashu, Lockley, RexNL, Leslie Mateus, Scim- itar, Pigman, CambridgeBayWeather, Manxruler, Badagnani, Arichnad, Cooker, Rjensen, Wyldkat, Rockero, Gadget850, Wknight94, Esprit15d, SmackBot, S charette, Eskimbot, Gilliam, Chris the speller, Persian Poet Gal, Junyor, HDarke, Fremte, Hawjam, Good- nightmush, CmdrObot, Usgnus, Dgw, Themightyquill, Cydebot, Omicronpersei8, Victoriaedwards, Epbr123, Marek69, Nick Number, VoABot II, JamesBWatson, Edward321, MartinBot, Uncle Dick, SriMesh, KylieTastic, Devk, Witchzilla, Falcon8765, WereSpielChequers, BlueAzure, Topher385, Antonio Lopez, Faradayplank, John McDG, Sean.hoyland, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Franamax, TheOldJacobite, Trivialist, DragonBot, Excirial, Alexbot, Hotcrocodile, Feinoha, WikHead, J Hazard, Addbot, CanadianLinuxUser, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, QueenCake, Xxskeeterxx, JackieBot, Ulric1313, Hi878, Moxy, Mystery ace, Citation bot 1, I dream of horses, Oveckin 08, Bolt is fast, Skullman8990, Kayoty, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Guerillero, RjwilmsiBot, Llorando, Tlnbks, RA0808, Dolo- vis, NicatronTg, Tolly4bolly, DASHBotAV, ClueBot NG, Widr, WikiPuppies, Helpful Pixie Bot, HMSSolent, MusikAnimal, BattyBot, Vyeko, CJ0FNinja, CaSJer, VIAFbot, Jamesx12345, Epicgenius, Howicus, Ginsuloft, Monkbot, Saidevan12, Happy Attack Dog, Cm7 smcs, Renegadekid2001, KasparBot, Suckyguy, XXOOXXOOXXLOLHI, Elfknjasd, Legolas790, Xhdhgxydcgx, Barker16 and Anony- mous: 100 • Frederick Dobson Middleton Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Dobson_Middleton?oldid=717286838 Contributors: Deb, Big iron, Zoicon5, Indefatigable, Folks at 137, Albrecht, JamesTeterenko, Discospinster, YUL89YYZ, Bender235, CanisRufus, Senor 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Getcrunk, Prodego, Popo le Chien, Kintetsubuffalo, Yamaguchi, Kevlar67, HDarke, Edwy, IronGargoyle, JHunterJ, Qyd, Dl2000, Seal Clubber, Dgw, NickW557, Themightyquill, Cydebot, Red Director, JamesAM, Epbr123, WilliamH, Missvain, X96lee15, Storkian, Seaphoto, Waacstats, Stephenchou0722, Tgeairn, Uncle Dick, Anonyminous, WOSlinker, Philip Trueman, Lal shazada, Qxz, Király-Seth, Enigmaman, Purgatory Fubar, Crazy dude17, The Devil’s Advocate, Artful Andy, BotMultichill, Ahuhu, Thee darcy, ClueBot, Excirial, PixelBot, Aitias, Bilsonius, Rror, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Raven eyes1234, Materi- alscientist, Xqbot, Zad68, Noel baran, J JMesserly, Abce2, MandelBot, Philcott, Diannaa, Kayoty, RjwilmsiBot, Xaphnir, Salvio giuliano, Tommy2010, Djembayz, ZéroBot, Traxs7, ClueBot NG, Satellizer, Widr, Theopolisme, McZusatz, Klilidiplomus, Jep Tong, Lugia2453, VIAFbot, Mikisiw, Camyoung54, Imreallyfuckingdumbok, Pound Maker Sr., Zambonidrivationor, Jamespoopzhang, JaconaFrere, Bana- naramabanana, Zortwort, KasparBot and Anonymous: 102 • Big Bear Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bear?oldid=713801135 Contributors: Kosebamse, Big iron, Dunning, Olathe, Chl, Bearcat, Meelar, DocWatson42, Varlaam, ChicXulub, SarekOfVulcan, Antandrus, CJCurrie, Sam Hocevar, D6, Vsmith, Giraffedata, Cyrloc, Kurieeto, Fawcett5, Luigizanasi, WadeSimMiser, Pdn~enwiki, Magister Mathematicae, Ketiltrout, Mayumashu, FlaBot, Who, Gurch, DVdm, Bgwhite, Wavelength, SpuriousQ, Manxruler, Bachrach44, BOT-Superzerocool, Getcrunk, Josh3580, SmackBot, Hero- stratus, Popo le Chien, Gilliam, Skizzik, Chris the speller, Jeremyw, Hammer1980, SirIsaacBrock, TJ Spyke, Peter M Dodge, Shizane, Themightyquill, Cydebot, Torvik, UberScienceNerd, Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii~enwiki, Bobblehead, Peter Gulutzan, X96lee15, Majorly, LittleOldMe, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Waacstats, Twsx, R'n'B, Corlyon, DrKay, Rhinestone K, Katharineamy, Lloydhulmes, Cometstyles, Jevansen, Lights, Deor, Gmischke, TXiKiBoT, Helpme15, 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Shann.dillon, Tgoodkey, Chelssmcgee, Evo mather, Justo Mendoza, Canadian Stingers, KasparBot, ProprioMe OW, CAPTAIN RAJU, Egretsarvrw and Anonymous: 121

15.10.2 Images • File:Aboriginal_War_Veterans_monument_(close).JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Aboriginal_ War_Veterans_monument_%28close%29.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: This work was created by, and should be attributed to, Padraic Ryan. Please notify me if you use my work outside Wikimedia. 15.10. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 71

• File:Artillery_at_Frenchman’{}s_Butte.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Artillery_at_Frenchman% 27s_Butte.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: From page 775 of the 1895 British book Illustrated Battles of the Nineteenth Century, volume 1. Uploaded by the British Library to Flickr here. Cropped and rotated. Original artist: Alfred Pearse • File:Batoche_Battle_Field_1885.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Batoche_Battle_Field_1885.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Sessional papers of the Dominion of Canada. Ottawa : King’s printer, 1868- 1925] -- Vol. 19, no. 5 (1886 No. 6). -- ISSN 1487-1858. -- Plate VII. Digitized by Library and Archives Canada (reference number nlc-4369): http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/025002/f1/xx004369-v6.jpg Original artist: Un- known • File:Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Battle_of_ Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: jameshmarsh.com and Library and Archives Canada (ICON control number: ICON168173; MIKAN number: 2999644) Original artist: Seargent Grundy • File:Battle_of_Cut_Knife.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Battle_of_Cut_Knife.jpg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Battle_of_Cut_Knife_Creek.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Battle_of_Cut_Knife_Creek.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the reproduction reference number ICON98677 and under the MIKAN ID number 2837539 Original artist: Artist: Blatchly, William Daniel, 1838-1903. Artist: Rutherford, Robert William, Capt., 1857-1933. Artist: Wadmore, R. Lyndhurst, Lieut., active ca. 1885. • File:Battle_of_Duck_Lake.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Battle_of_Duck_Lake.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Credited by The History Project, University of California Davis as “Library and Archives Canada - Cana- dian Illustrated News, 1885”. Given that the Canadian Illustrated News ceased publication in 1883, the UC Davis cite is incorrect. The Library and Archives Canada does contain illustrations of the battle at Duck Lake from two 1885 publications: The Canadian Pictorial & Illustrated War News and The Illustrated War News (see Mikan nos. 2932185, 2934208, 2932696), either of which UC Davis may have intended to refer to. Original artist: Believed to be from The Canadian Pictorial & Illustrated War News, a souvenir number published on 1885-07-04, or The Illustrated War News, published 1885-04-04. • File:Battle_of_Fish_Creek.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Battle_of_Fish_Creek.jpg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the reproduction reference number C-002425 and under the MIKAN ID number 2837591 Original artist: Curzon, Fred W. (ca. 1862-1890) • File:Battle_of_Fort_Pitt.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Battle_of_Fort_Pitt.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Online at Canadian Military Heritage, Department of Defence. Original artist: The Illustrated London News • File:Battle_template.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Battle_template.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Con- tributors: • File:Warfare version2.svg Original artist: Ain92, Urutseg, Militaryace and others • File:Big_Bear_at_Fort_Pitt,_Saskatchewan,_in_1884.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Big_ Bear_at_Fort_Pitt%2C_Saskatchewan%2C_in_1884.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Mistahi maskwa (Big Bear, lived ca. 1825-1888), (standing forth from left) a plains Cree chief trading at Fort Pitt, Northwest Territories, 1884 / Mistahi maskwa (Big Bear, vers 1825-1888), (4e à partir de la gauche) un chef cri des Plaines, en train de f Original artist: Library and Archives/Bibliothèque et Archives Canada from Canada • File:Canada_Saskatchewan_relief_location_map.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Canada_ Saskatchewan_relief_location_map.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: File:Canada Saskatchewan location map.svg by NordNordWest. Original artist: Carport • File:Canadian_Red_Ensign_1868-1921.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Canadian_Red_Ensign_ 1868-1921.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Original artist: Greentubing~commonswiki (SVG ﬁle) • File:Cercle_noir_50%.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Cercle_noir_50%25.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Diamond_sheer_black_20.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wikid77 • File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li- cense: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_provisional_government_of_saskatchewan.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/ Flag_of_the_provisional_government_of_saskatchewan.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally created by Louis Riel in 1870 Original artist: Louis Riel • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? 72 CHAPTER 15. BIG BEAR

• File:Frog_Lake_National_Historic_Site.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Frog_Lake_National_ Historic_Site.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Grapher78 • File:HostilitiesOpenAtBatoche.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/HostilitiesOpenAtBatoche.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the reproduction reference number C-003464 and under the MIKAN ID number 3246023 Original artist: Photo by James Peters (1853-1927) • File:Hourglass_drawing.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Hourglass_drawing.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Jean-LouisAngeliqueRiel.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Jean-LouisAngeliqueRiel.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Bibliothèque et Archives Canada / PA-139072 Original artist: Steele & Wing • File:Lady_Middleton_by_William_James_Topley.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Lady_ Middleton_by_William_James_Topley.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Types of Canadian women and of women who are or have been connected with Canada : (Volume 1) Creator: Morgan, Henry J. (Henry James), 1842-1913 Toronto 1903 Original artist: William James Topley • File:Locator_Dot2.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Locator_Dot2.gif License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:LouisRielPortrait2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/LouisRielPortrait2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:LouisRielTombstone.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/LouisRielTombstone.jpg License: CC- BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. JamesTeterenko assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:LouisRielTortured.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/LouisRielTortured.jpg License: CC-BY- SA-3.0 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine- readable author provided. JamesTeterenko assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Louis_Riel.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Louis_Riel.jpg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: Immediate image source for this post-processed version was probably [1]. See File:LouisRiel1870.jpg for the original. The University of Manitoba states that engraver Octave-Henri Julien (1852-1908) was believed to have used the carte de visite for an engraving published in The Canadian Illustrated News, so possibly this digital image was derived from that newspaper publication. Original artist: Photographer: I. Bennetto & Co. (Israel Bennetto, 1860-1946[2])

• File:Louis_Riel_House.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Louis_Riel_House.JPG License: CC BY- SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Krazytea • File:Louis_Riel_Signature.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Louis_Riel_Signature.svg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Own work by uploader, traced in Adobe Illustrator from http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/www/peelbib/7436/pages/ 4/Pg004.png Original artist: Connormah, Louis Riel • File:Louis_Riel_Statue.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Louis_Riel_Statue.jpg License: CC-BY- SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Louis_Riel_prison.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Louis_Riel_prison.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the reproduction reference number C-003450 and under the MIKAN ID number 3623590 Original artist: James Peters • File:Map_of_Battleford_1885.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Map_of_Battleford_1885.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1508/107.html Original artist: Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1835-1885) • File:Maple_Leaf_(from_roundel).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_ roundel%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: • Roundel_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_(1946-1965).svg Original artist: Roundel_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_(1946- 1965).svg: F l a n k e r • File:Metis_Blue.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: Originally from en.wikipedia. Original artist: Original uploader was Enjoyhats at en.wikipedia • File:Metisprisoners.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Metisprisoners.jpg License: Public domain Con- tributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the reproduction reference number C-006688b and under the MIKAN ID number 3228114 Original artist: O.B. Buell • File:Middleton-BigBear_letter.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Middleton-BigBear_letter.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the reproduction reference number R7740-0-7-E and under the MIKAN ID number 98287 Original artist: Fred Middleton • File:North_Battleford_Panorama_from_King_Hill.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/North_ Battleford_Panorama_from_King_Hill.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tungilik • File:Pano_Fort_Battleford.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Pano_Fort_Battleford.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Canadian2006 • File:People_icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open- Clipart Original artist: OpenClipart 15.10. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 73

• File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Poundmaker_surrenders_to_Middleton.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Poundmaker_ surrenders_to_Middleton.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction= genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=2837188&rec_nbr_list=2837188,3354526,4111990,4111991,4111805,3354528,3354527, 3192743,2895893,2898775 Original artist: Rutherford, Robert William, 1857-1933 • File:Poundmaker_with_woman.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Poundmaker_with_woman.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as POUNDMAKER THE WARRIOR Original artist: dubdem sound system • File:ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/ProvisionalMetisGovernment. jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the reproduction reference number PA-012854 and under the MIKAN ID number 3194516 Original artist: Unknown • File:Provisional_Government_of_Saskatchewan_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/ Provisional_Government_of_Saskatchewan_flag.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Elevatorrailfan • File:Qu_Appalle_Valley_1885_Rebellion.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Qu_Appalle_Valley_ 1885_Rebellion.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the McCord Museum under the access number MP-1993.6.2.30 Original artist: Oliver B. Buell

• File:Red_pog.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:RielAtTrial.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/RielAtTrial.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Cropped version of Image:RielAtTrialUncropped.jpg Original artist: O.B. Buell • File:ShootingThomasScott.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/ShootingThomasScott.jpg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Skull_and_crossbones.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Skull_and_crossbones.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: http://vector4u.com/symbols/skull-and-crossbones-vector-svg/ Original artist: Unknown • File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This ﬁle was derived from Wiki letter w.svg: Original artist: Derivative work by Thumperward • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Origi- nal artist: ? • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Rei- artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau • File:William_Bleasdell_Cameron_1885.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/William_Bleasdell_Cameron_1885.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: http://scaa.sk.ca/ourlegacy/permalink/28300 Original artist: William Beaswell Cameron • File:YoungLouisRiel.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/YoungLouisRiel.gif License: Public domain Contributors: Trans- ferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.; Transfer was stated to be made by Undead warrior. Original artist: ?

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