Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment

STAGE 1 AND 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PROPOSED ZONE CHANGE PART LOT 21 GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF THOROLD TOWN OF THOROLD FORMER COUNTY OF WELLAND REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF NIAGARA ORIGINAL REPORT

Prepared for:

Anthony Difruscia and Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport

SCARLETT JANUSAS ARCHAEOLOGY INC. Main: 269 Cameron Lake Road, Tobermory, Ontario, N0H 2R0 Branch: 1166 2nd Ave. W., Unit 1, Owen Sound, Ontario, N4K 2N2 Phone: 519-596-8243 / Cell: 519-374-1119 [email protected] www.actionarchaeology.ca

License #: P027 / PIF #: P027-0366-2018 December 6, 2018 © SJAI 2018 i

Executive Summary

The proponent retained the services of Scarlett Janusas Archaeology Inc. (SJAI) to conduct a Stage 1 and 2 archaeological resource assessment on property proposed for a zone change, hereafter referred to as the Study Area.

Permission to access the Study Area and to conduct all activities associated with the Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment was provided by the proponent. The Study Area is located at the municipal address of 205 St. David’s Rd., and has the following legal description: Part Lot 21, Geographic Township of Thorold, Town of Thorold, Regional Municipality of Niagara (former County of Welland).

The Regional Municipality of Niagara required an archaeological assessment for a zone change. The archaeological assessment was triggered by the Planning Act.

Background research indicated that there are five registered archaeological sites within one kilometer of the Study Area. There are four commemorative plaques near the Study Area. All four plaques relevant to the Study Area are located east of the Study Area. The first plaque is for “The Welland Mills”; the second is “First Cotton Factory”; the third is about the battle of “Beaver Dams”; and, lastly “The Founding of Thorold”. Historic records indicate that the Study Area was owned as early as 1797.

Soils are identified as Oneida Clay loam, a grey or to light brown clay loam over grey or reddish-brown stony clay loam with frequent stones and large boulders. Field observations noted that the Study Area consists of a residential lot with a house and manicured lawn. The topography is relatively level with an approximate elevation of 175 metres above sea level. The Study Area is 7,241 m² in size. Lake Ontario lies approximately 11 km south of the Study Area. There are no water sources located directly on the Study Area.

The Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment of the Study Area was conducted under license P027 (Scarlett Janusas, PIF#: P027-0366-2018) on November 27th, 2018 under good assessment weather conditions. No archaeological materials or features were located during the assessment.

Based upon the background research of past and present conditions, and the archaeological assessment, the following is recommended:

• No further archaeological assessment is required for the Study Area; and, • Compliance legislation must be adhered to in the event of discovery of deeply buried cultural materials or features

This archaeological assessment has been conducted under the 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, 2011).

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...... i Table of Contents ...... ii Project Personnel ...... iv 1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT ...... 1 1.1 Development Context ...... 1 1.2 Historical Context ...... 1 1.2.1 Current Environment ...... 1 1.2.2 Prehistory of Study Area ...... 1 1.2.3 Indigenous Historic Period ...... 3 1.2.4 Euro-Canadian Historic Period ...... 3 1.2.4.1 Specific Lot History: Part Lot 21, Thorold ...... 3 1.2.5 Plaques or Monuments ...... 6 1.2.6 Determination of Archaeological Potential ...... 7 1.2.7 Rationale for Fieldwork Strategy ...... 7 1.3 Archaeological Context ...... 8 1.3.1 Previously Known Archaeological Resources/Assessments ...... 8 1.3.2 Current Environment – Existing Features ...... 8 1.3.3 Physiography, Bedrock and Topography ...... 8 1.3.4 Prehistoric Shorelines ...... 9 1.3.5 Soils ...... 9 1.3.6 Drainage ...... 9 1.3.7 Vegetation ...... 9 1.3.8 Dates of Fieldwork ...... 9 2.0 FIELD METHODOLOGY ...... 10 2.1 Stage 1 (Background Research) ...... 10 2.2 Stage 2 (Archaeological Assessment) ...... 10 3.0 RESULTS ...... 12 3.1 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment ...... 12 3.2 Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment ...... 12 3.3 Summary of Finds ...... 12 3.4 Inventory of Documentary Records Made In Field ...... 12 4.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 13 iii

5.0 RECOMENDATIONS ...... 14 6.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION ...... 15 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES...... 16 8.0 TABLES ...... 18 9.0 MAPS ...... 23 10.0 FIGURES ...... 32 11.0 IMAGES ...... 34 12.0 APPENDICES ...... 36

MAPS Map 1: Regional Location of Study Area ...... 23 Map 2: Topographic Map of Study Area ...... 24 Map 3: Aerial of Study Area (2015 mapping) ...... 25 Map 4: Between the Lakes Land Treaty No. 3 (1792) (Mississauga of New Credit First Nation 2018) ...... 26 Map 5: 1876 Illustrated Historic Atlas Map Section (H.R. Page & Co.) ...... 27 Map 6: Tremaine's 1862 Map………………………………………………………………...28 Map 7: Location and Direction of Images ...... 29 Map 8: Archaeological Potential ...... 30 Map 9: Assessment Methodology ...... 31 FIGURES Figure 1: The Welland Mills ...... 32 Figure 2: First Cotton Factory ...... 32 Figure 3: Beaver Dams ...... 33 Figure 4: The Founding of Thorold ...... 33

IMAGES Image 1: Study Area from NW Corner (Facing SE) ...... 34 Image 2: Study Area from Western Edge (Facing NE)…………………………………...34 Image 3: Study Area from SW Corner (Facing NW)……………………………………….34 Image 4: Study Area from SW Corner (Facing NE)………………………………………..34 Image 5: Study Area from SE Corner (Facing NW)………………………………………..34 Image 6: Study Area from SE Corner (Facing SW)………………………………………..34 Image 7: Study Area from Eastern Edge (Facing SW)…………………………………….35 Image 8: Study Area from NE Corner (Facing SE)………………………………………...35 Image 9: Sample Test Pit……………………………………………………………………..35 . iv

Project Personnel

Project Manager & Scarlett Janusas (P027) Principal Archaeologist

Report Preparation Scarlett Janusas (P027) Jordon MacArthur (R1214) Pete Demarte (R1073)

Field Director Pete Demarte (R1073)

Historic Research Jordon MacArthur (R1214) Justina Zivic

Field Crew Pete Demarte (R1073) Jordon MacArthur (R1214) Justina Zivic Chelsea Robert (R403)

Graphics Jordon MacArthur (R1214) Pete Demarte (R1073)

STAGE 1 AND 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PROPOSED ZONE CHANGE PART LOT 21 GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF THOROLD TOWN OF THOROLD REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF NIAGARA FORMER COUNTY OF WELLAND ORIGINAL REPORT

1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT 1.1 Development Context

Permission to access the Study Area and to conduct all activities associated with the Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment was provided by the proponent. The Study Area is located at the municipal address of 205 St. David’s Rd., and has the following legal description: Part Lot 21, (no concession), Geographic Township of Thorold, Town of Thorold, Regional Municipality of Niagara (former County of Welland). The Study Area measures approximately 0.72 hectares in size (Maps 1 – 3).

The Regional Municipality of Niagara required an archaeological assessment for a zone change. The archaeological assessment was triggered by the Planning Act.

This archaeological assessment has been conducted under the 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, 2011).

1.2 Historical Context 1.2.1 Current Environment

The Study Area measures approximately 98 metres deep (north-south) by 72 metres wide (east-west) and is located approximately 11 km south of Lake Ontario. The Study Area consists of a residential lot with a house and manicured lawn and several mature trees. The Study Area measures approximately 0.72 hectares in size (Maps 1 – 3).

1.2.2 Prehistory of Study Area

The Paleo-Indian period (11,000-9,500 BP), represents the first human populations in Ontario. These groups were migratory hunter-gatherers that travelled in small kin-based 2 bands that subsisted on megafauna, such as caribou, small mammals, fish and local plant life. These nomadic groups had yet to develop ceramics and are distinguished by distinctive styles of chipped lithic points that developed during this period (Fitzgerald 2016:13-14). During the Paleo-Indian period the climate in Ontario experienced environmental changes, and was punctuated by three main episodes.

Between 12,500-10,000 BP, the climate in the area was warming, however, from 11,200-10,300 BP a colder interval occurred, which later gave way to a second period of cooling from 9,700-9,400 BP (ibid: 14). These climatic episodes loosely coincide with technological changes associated with the efforts of these small hunting groups to most effectively survive in a changing environment (i.e. changes in available fauna and flora). The Early Paleo-Indian period (11,000-10,400 BP), and the Late Paleo-Indian period (10,400-9,500 BP) are both defined by notch-less and stem-less, lance-(leaf-) shaped projectile points (ibid: 14). Changes in lithic tool styles from the Early-to-Late periods are represented by a shift from points with channel flutes running along the central axis (Early), to those which lack fluting (Late).

Sites from this period are represented solely by lithic assemblages, however due to low population densities and shifting lake levels throughout the period, there is a paucity of archaeological evidence for these groups within Ontario. There are no registered Early or Late Paleo-Indian archaeological sites located on or in the vicinity of the Study Area.

The Archaic period (10,000-2,800 BP) is defined by a shift from the notch-less projectile points of the Late Paleo-Indian period to the development of basally-notched projectile points (ibid: 15). Although groups during this period remained nomadic aceramic hunters and gatherers, the raw materials used in tool production became much more diverse, and also included the development of groundstone tools in addition to chipped stone items.

The Archaic period is typically sub-divided into three main periods: Early Archaic (10,000-8,000 BP), Middle Archaic (8,000-4,500 BP), and Late Archaic (4,500-2,800 BP). The Early Archaic period coincides with a period of regional cooling and aridity as well as shifting lake levels and a pine dominated forest environment. Three distinct cultural horizons define the Early Archaic period, including: Side-notched (10,000-9,700 BP), Kirk/Nettling Corner-notched (9,800-8,900 BP), and LeCroy Bifurcate-based (8,900-8,000 BP) projectile point styles (ibid: 16).

During the Middle-Archaic period lake levels continued to rise and the climate warmed which appears to have spawned population growth as a result of an increase in, and diversity of food resources. Coincidentally this period is associated with a wide variety of utilitarian hunting, fishing, woodworking, food preparation, and hide working tools (ibid: 17). There were also many changes in projectile point styles themselves during the Middle-Archaic period.

The Late-Archaic period is one of projectile point style proliferation that is divided into three main complexes, including: Narrow Point (4,500-3,800 BP), Broad Point (4,000- 3

3,400 BP), and Small Point (3,500-2,800 BP) styles (ibid: 17-18). These lithic complexes also have numerous and various sub-types that are attributed to specialized hunting technologies. It was also during the Late-Archaic period that trade and exchange networks began to enlarge, as did habitation and workshop site areas.

Although they shared many traits with the earlier Late Archaic period, the Woodland period (2,800-350 BP / c. 800 BCE-1650+ CE) groups are typically defined by the appearance of the first fired ceramics in Ontario (ibid: 18). This period is also further subdivided into Early (2,800-2,400 BP), Middle (2,400-1,300 BP) and Late (1,300-350 BP) facets. These phases are defined by various technological and organizational changes and subsistence practices, as well differing ceramic styles, forms, decorative motifs, and uses. Also, it was during the Early Woodland period that plants were first domesticated (i.e. horticulture and agriculture). Additionally, throughout the Woodland period(s) settlement sizes began to increase and populations became more sedentary. These groups were now comprised of nuclear- and extended-family groups that would congregate in the spring and early summer when food supplies were abundant and reliable. The Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (2018) has indicated there are no archaeological sites from the Woodland period within a one kilometre radius of the Study Area.

1.2.3 Indigenous Historic Period

During the sixteenth century the Niagara Peninsula was populated by the Neutral Nation, so named by the French (la nation neutre) for their neutral stance between the Iroquois of the Five Nations and the Huron-Wendat, who were in conflict. The Neutral Nation were settled horticulturists and only left the area due to eventual conflict from the Five Nation Iroquois. Between 1647 and 1651, the Neutral Nation was dispersed by the Five Nations Iroquois, and the Five Nations Iroquois began to extensively use the region of southern Ontario as a hinterland for the beaver hunt as well as farming as they were also agriculturalists (Konrad 1974). There is one Neutral Village site located within one kilometre of the Study Area.

The Five Nation Iroquois were displaced come the mid to late- seventeenth century by the Ojibwa bands migrating into the area from the north. It was through the Mississauga and Ojibwa groups that the land was sold to the European settlers in 1784. Map 4 illustrates the treaties in the area.

1.2.4 Euro-Canadian Historic Period

The first appearance of Europeans in the Niagara region was by Jesuit Hennepin who wintered along the shorelines of Lake Huron in the winter of 1678-79. It would be almost 100 years before a French post was erected in 1750 near the present location of old Fort Erie (Historical Publisher Company 1887: 245). The area saw continuous settlement from both the French and later British settlers (owing to the Conquest of Canada where France ceded the lands to England). Included in the settlement were 4

Loyalists arriving before the War, and also those opposed to the conflict such as Quakers, Mennonites and Tunkers (Fretz 1953:3). As more Europeans entered the area, the need for more land was evident. Officials began to work toward a land purchase from the Mississaugas, described below:

“Recognizing that under the terms of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 the land needed to be purchased from its owners before the resettlement of the Grand River Valley could begin, Col. John Butler was sent to negotiate with the Mississaugas at the western end of Lake Ontario. On May 22, 1784, for the sum of £1180 worth of trade goods, the Mississaugas of the Credit ceded to the Crown approximately 3,000,000 acres of land located between Lakes Huron, Ontario, and Erie. Of the land ceded, some 550,000 acres were granted to the Six Nations in the Haldimand Proclamation of October 25, 1784, with the remainder to be utilized for the settlement of other Loyalists. The land grant to the Six Nations was to extend six miles on both sides of the Grand River from its mouth to its source. When it was later discovered that the upper limits of the between the Lakes Purchase were in error due to faulty geographical assumptions, actual boundaries were defined and a confirming document signed by the Mississaugas and the Crown in 1792” (Mississauga of the New Credit First Nations 2018).

The land purchase allowed for more settlers and in 1784 the actual settlement by Loyalists commenced (Historical Publisher Company 1887:245). The free land grants for 200 acres (80.94 hectares) were given, and in the late 1700’s, Governor Simcoe was successful in attracting many emigrants from New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania (ibid: 246).

Augustus Jones surveyed Township No. 9 in 1788. It was laid out in 100 acre (40.47 hectare) lots to provide land for Loyalist Refugees and disbanded soldiers following the American Revolutionary War. Township No. 9 was renamed Thorold in 1793, after the creation of Upper Canada, by John Graves Simcoe after Sir John Thorold, an English Baronet and Member of Parliament (www.thorold.com/content/history-and-heritage).

Although Thorold Township was not surveyed until 1788, settlers had already begun to populate the area. Many were Loyalists who began to move into the area during the American Revolutionary War, and at the close of the war around 1784, the number of Loyalists increased significantly in the township.

Many hardships befell the new settlers of the area, such as a famine caused by severe frost and crop failure in 1789, and a hurricane or cyclone in 1792 (Historical Publisher Company 1887: 351-352). The pioneers of Thorold continued working, despite these difficulties, on clearing the land and building homes and farms until the start of the War of 1812. Most of the early settlers took part in this war as the English Troops were engaged in European warfare (ibid: 352). At the close of the war, the settlers were quick to get back to their farms and by 1817 the population of Thorold had increased to 830 (ibid). 5

The Town of Thorold in Thorold Township was first settled by George Keefer, as early as 1790. Mr. Keefer and one or two other families commenced to level the forest in the north-eastern corner of the Township, and it was at referred to as “Stump Town” (ibid: 363). The Town of Thorold was slow to grow until 1827 when the first mill was built, by George Keefer, and the opening of the first canal in 1829 (ibid). The Government took control of the canal in 1842, and the population began to increase rapidly allowing for Thorold to do business on its own account as the “Municipality of the Village of Thorold” in 1850 (ibid: 363-364).

The construction of the Second Welland Canal began on August 2, 1873, and the growth of the Village of Thorold increased dramatically allowing it in 1870 to be incorporated as a Town and elect its first Mayor in January 1875 (ibid: ). When the Regional Municipality of Niagara was formed in 1970, the Town of Thorold expanded to include the township, and in 1975 the town became the City of Thorold (www.thorold.com/content/history-and-heritage).

The Study Area occupies Part of Lot 21, no concession, Thorold Township.

Page’s 1876 Historic Atlas of Thorold Township, Ontario does list an owner or illustrate a structure in the location of the Study Area. It should be noted that the atlas was subscription based, meaning that not all could afford to have their names or homes printed on the maps, or chose not to subscribe to the atlas for personal reasons. In this case, however, the name of John Brown appears as well as the possible location of a house (Map 5). Tremaine’s 1862 map (Map 6) has incorrectly labelled the lots (Tremaine’s map indicate the Study Area as Lot 24, however, it is Lot 21) however, the same owner, John Brown, is indicated on the Tremaine map as well.

The Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (2018) has indicated there are three registered archaeological sites from the early Euro-Canadian period within one kilometre of the Study Area.

1.2.4.1 Specific Lot History: Part Lot 21, Thorold

The patent for Lot 21 was acquired from the Crown in 1797 by Andrew Jones. In 1803, Andrew Jones sold 146 acres (59.10 hectares) to Jacob Keefer, who in turn deeded the land to George Keefer in 1812. In 1834, Anthony Ernor deeded 100 acres (40.47 hectares) of land to Tyler Upper. In 1836, George Keefer and his wife deeded 142 acres (57.47 hectares) of land to Coleman Dixon. Coleman Dixon deeded the land to John Brown for $6,000 in 1858, who in turn mortgaged the same land to Coleman Dixon and Joseph Dixon in the same year. A mortgage is often associated with the purchase or building of a house, and this may be (ca 1858) that the original house on the lot was erected. John Brown, a subscriber to the 1862 Tremaine map, is listed as a contractor. It is likely that this is the same John Brown occupying the Study Area. In 1859 Coleman and Joseph Dixon mortgaged the land to Samuel Reese, who in 1864 had paid out the mortgage to John Brown. In 1879, the heirs of John Brown, Matthew Brown and his wife, sold 142 acres (57.47 hectares) to Grace Edmonstone. Grace Edmonstone held 6 the land for thirty-five years, before she deeded it to John Smith and his wife, Jessie in 1914. In 1921, John and Jessie Smith granted 142 acres (57.47 hectares) to William J. Smith and Fredrick J. Smith as tenants in common. Fredrick J. Smith, and William J. Smith and his wife granted 90.8 acres (36.74 hectares) to Thomas J. Kohoe in 1943, and in 1952 they granted part of the land to James J. Whalon. In 1954, the Smith’s granted a portion of their land to Colin H. Laird and his wife Marion J. Laird, one transaction taking place in July, and another in August of that year. In 1955 Colin and Marian Laird granted their land to Clarke and Florence, a couple with an unidentifiable last name (illegible), who acted as joint tenants.

1.2.5 Plaques or Monuments

Thorold has six commemorative plaques, however only four are relevant and close to the Study Area. All four are located to the east of the Study Area. The first plaque is on the east side of Pine Street North, located half a block north of Albert Street in Thorold (Figure 1). The text reads:

“Believed to have been one of Upper Canada's largest flour mills, this substantial limestone structure was erected in 1846-47 by Jacob Keefer. It was constructed on the Second Welland Canal, a channel which has since been filled in, and used that waterway as a source of power as well as a means of transport. Solidly built and functional in design, the structure possesses the massive exterior walls and symmetrical façade which were distinctive features of contemporary industrial architecture. Throughout its history the mill has had a series of owners including the prominent Howland family, the Hedley Shaw Milling Company, and more recently the Maple Leaf Milling Company. Although no longer in operation, it remains an excellent example of the province's early milling technology”.

The second commemorative plaque is located on the south side of Albert Street West, between Pine and Front Streets (Figure 2). The text reads:

“The first cotton goods produced in this province were being manufactured in Thorold in 1847. The mill, a joint stock company founded by local citizens, included Jacob Keefer as president and James Munro as secretary, and was located near here. About twenty looms, driven by water power, produced unbleached sheetings, scrim and cotton batting. The factory operated till about 1849. A few years later, after a period of renewed activity under different ownership, it was destroyed by fire. This cotton mill was the forerunner of what later developed into an important provincial industry”.

The third plaque is located in Beaverdams Battlefield Park, about three quarters of the way between the parking lot on Ormond Street South across from Portland Street and the Sullivan Avenue pedestrian entrance (Figure 3). The text reads:

“Following their repulse at Stoney Creek the Americans sent a force from Fort George to destroy a British advanced post at Beaver Dams. Warned of their approach by an 7

Indian scout and by Laura Secord, a force of Iroquois from Caughnawaga and the Grand River, led by Captains Dominique Ducharme and William Kerr, ambushed the attackers near here on 24 June 1813, and compelled them to surrender to Lieutenant James Fitzgibbon of the regular British army. After this defeat the Americans did not again venture out in force, leaving the British in control of the area”.

The fourth and last commemorative plaque is also located in Beaverdams Battlefield Park, beside the third plaque (Figure 4). The text reads:

“During the construction of the original Welland Canal, 1824-1829, a number of communities sprung up along its length. Here, on land belonging to George Keefer, a village known as Thorold had developed by 1828. A large flouring mill was built on the canal and the Thorold Township post office was moved from Beaverdams to the new settlement by Jacob Keefer. By 1831 two sawmills were in operation and in 1835 the village contained 370 inhabitants. During the 1840's the building of the Welland Mills, then one of the largest flour mills in Canada, and the establishment of Ontario's first cotton factory, stimulated the community's growth. It was incorporated as a Village in 1850, as a Town in 1875 and as a City in 1975”.

1.2.6 Determination of Archaeological Potential

There are a number of variables that are evaluated when determining archaeological potential. These include:

• presence of previously identified archaeological sites; • water sources (primary, secondary, features indicating past water sources, accessible or inaccessible shorelines); • elevated topography; • pockets of sandy soil in heavy soil or rocky ground; • distinctive land formations; • resource areas (food or medicinal plants, scarce raw materials, early Euro-Canadian industry); • non-Aboriginal settlement (monuments, cemeteries); • areas of early Euro-Canadian settlement; • early historic transportation routes; • listed or designated heritage property; and, • and properties with archaeological potential as identified by local histories or informants

1.2.7 Rationale for Fieldwork Strategy

The Study Area exhibits archaeological potential based on its proximity to five registered archaeological sites within one kilometre of the Study Area, both primary and secondary water sources (i.e. the Welland Canal and a small unnamed tributary), as 8 well as being an area of early Euro-Canadian settlement in the township, and having potential for both pre-contact and historic Indigenous sites.

The Study Area is a residential lot with a manicured lawn and could not be ploughed and was therefore subjected to a test pitting methodology conducted in standardized five metre intervals.

1.3 Archaeological Context 1.3.1 Previously Known Archaeological Resources/Assessments

The Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport PastPortal site (MTCS 2018) indicated that there are five archaeological sites located within one kilometre of the Study Area. The sites are as follows:

AgGt-7 and AgGt-8 are both Euro-Canadian artifact scatters. Both sites have been disturbed by the Bruce Trail.

AgGt-49 is also known as Lock 24 for the first Welland Canal. This site consists of structural remains of the first Welland Canal dating to c. 1829-1842.

AgGt-264 is a pre-contact “Aboriginal” site. The site has yet to produce any temporally or culturally specific/diagnostic artifacts as it was a debitage lithic scatter and is still pending completion.

And the last site is AgGt-1, a Neutral village site dating to c. 1620-1630.

1.3.2 Current Environment – Existing Features

The Study Area is a residential lot with an existing house (with an attached garage), driveway, and manicured lawn. There are no water sources located directly within the Study Area.

1.3.3 Physiography, Bedrock and Topography

The underlying bedrock of the Study Area is the Lockport Guelph formation (Chapman and Putnam 1973:4-5).

The Study Area lies in the physiographic region known as Haldimand Clay Plain. The Haldimand Clay Plain encompasses almost all of the Niagara Peninsula, with the exception of the fruit belt, with a total area of 1,350 square miles (3,496.484 km2). Along the shore of Lake Erie the area appears to be more controlled by the surface of limestone, resistant beds of which form headlands, and several lines of active sand dunes like the ones present at Crystal Beach (Chapman and Putnam 1973:255-258).

The Study Area has an elevation of 175 metres above sea level.

1.3.4 Prehistoric Shorelines

There are no prehistoric shorelines located within or near to the Study Area.

1.3.5 Soils

Soils of the Study Area consist of Oneida Clay loam. Oneida Clay loam soils are described as a grey or light-brown clay loam over a grey or reddish-brown stony clay loam with several cobbles and large boulders (no author 1935, map). Site observations noted that the soils were a mottled dark-brown and grey clay overlying a golden clay subsoil.

1.3.6 Drainage

The Study Area is situated approximately 11 km south of Lake Ontario and approximately two kilometers north of Lake Gibson. There are no water sources located directly on the Study Area. There is a small unnamed tributary of Dick’s Creek (formed by the First Welland Canal) located approximately 200 metres to the northwest of the Study Area.

1.3.7 Vegetation

The Study Area is comprised of residential lot with a manicured lawn and several mature trees. 1.3.8 Dates of Fieldwork

The Stage 2 archaeological assessment was conducted on November 27th, 2018 under overcast skies with a high of 1°C.

As per the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sports’ Standards and Guidelines (2011: Section 2.1, Standard 3) the fieldwork was conducted under the appropriate lighting and weather conditions.

2.0 FIELD METHODOLOGY 2.1 Stage 1 (Background Research)

As part of the background research, an examination of the following was conducted:

• the Site Registration Database (maintained by the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport) was examined for the presence of known archaeological sites in the project area and within a radius of one kilometer of the project area by contacting the data coordinator of the Ministry of Tourism and Culture; • reports of previous archaeological fieldwork within a radius of 50 m around the property; • topographic maps at 1:10,000 (recent and historical) or the most detailed map available; • historic settlement maps such as the historic atlases; • available archaeological management/master plans or archaeological potential mapping; • commemorative plaques or monuments; and, • any other avenues that assist in determining archaeological potential were examined

There are five registered archaeological sites located within a one kilometre radius of the Study Area discussed in Section 1.3.1. None of these sites, or any previously known archaeological assessments, are located within 50 metres of the Study Area. Maps of various scales are presented in the Maps section of the report. A search conducted online does not show any extant archaeological management plans for the Regional Municipality of Niagara (conducted November 15th, 2018). There are four commemorative plaques located close to the Study Area (Section 1.2.5).

2.2 Stage 2 (Archaeological Assessment)

Approximately 70% of the Study Area was subject to a Stage 2 test pitting survey. Areas not test included standing buildings, driveways and slopes in excess of 20 degree. The remaining areas were test pitted in five metre intervals by hand and shovel. Soils were screened through six mm metal mesh. All test pits were a minimum of 30 cm in diameter and were excavated a minimum of five cm into sterile subsoil. No cultural materials or features were detected during the assessment, and all test pits were backfilled.

The field assessment was conducted on November 27th, 2018, under overcast skies with a high of 1°C. All field activities were documented (Images 1 – 9; Map 5). No heavy machinery was used for the assessment.

Maps 1 to 3 illustrate the location of the Study Area. Map 7 illustrates the images taken during the archaeological assessment (Images 1 - 9), Map 8 illustrates the archaeological potential of the property, and, Map 9 illustrates the Stage 2 assessment methodology.

3.0 RESULTS 3.1 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment

The Stage 1 archaeological assessment indicated that the Study Area exhibits archaeological potential based on its proximity to the five registered archaeological sites located within one kilometre of the Study Area, both primary and secondary water sources (i.e. the Welland Canal and a small unnamed tributary), as well as being an area of early Euro-Canadian settlement in the township, and having potential for pre- contact and historic Indigenous sites.

3.2 Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment

Approximately 70% of the Study Area holds archaeological potential and was subjected to Stage 2 archaeological assessment (Map 8). This portion of the Study Area includes the manicured lawn surrounding the extant house, attached garage and driveway. The Stage 2 survey of the Study Area was conducted by test pitting methodology at five metre intervals as the area is an existing residential lot. Test pitting was conducted within 1 m of the existing house and driveway.

Approximately 30% of the Study Area had been the subject of deep and extensive disturbance evaluated as areas of low archaeological potential (Map 8). The disturbed portions of the Study Area include the existing house and attached garage (5%), and the existing driveway (10%). The remaining portion of the Study Area with low archaeological potential includes slopes that exceed 20 degrees (15%).

3.3 Summary of Finds

No archaeological materials or features were located during the Stage 2 archaeological assessment.

3.4 Inventory of Documentary Records Made In Field

Documents made in the field include: • Daily record log and field notes – 1 page (double-sided) • Image log – 1 page • Digital images – 9 colour images • Field map showing location and orientation of images taken

4.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

Approximately 70% of the Study Area was evaluated as exhibiting archaeological potential and was subject to Stage 2 archaeological assessment (Map 8). This portion of the Study Area includes the manicured lawn surrounding the extant house, attached garage and driveway. The Stage 2 survey of the Study Area was conducted by test pitting methodology at five metre intervals as the area is an existing residential lot. Test pitting was conducted to within one metre of the existing house and driveway.

Approximately 30% of the Study Area has been the subject of deep and extensive disturbance evaluated as low archaeological potential (Map 8). The disturbed portions of the Study Area with low archaeological potential include the existing house and attached garage (5%), and the existing driveway (10%). The remaining portion of the Study Area with low archaeological potential includes slopes that exceed 20 degrees (15%). Map 9 illustrates the methodologies used to assess the Study Area.

No archaeological materials or features were located during the Stage 2 archaeological assessment.

Based on Section 2.2 of the 2011 MTCS Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists, no further archaeological assessment is required for the Study Area.

5.0 RECOMENDATIONS

Based upon the background research of past and present conditions, and the archaeological assessment, the following is recommended:

• No further archaeological assessment is required for the Study Area; and, • Compliance legislation must be adhered to in the event of discovery of deeply buried cultural materials or features. 15

6.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

According to the 2011 Standards and Guidelines (Section 7.5.9) the following must be stated within this report:

This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the Ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be an archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with sec. 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

Archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological fieldwork or protection remain subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not be altered, or have artifacts removed from them, except by a person holding an archaeological license.

7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES

Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam 1973 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

Government of Ontario 1990a The Ontario Heritage Act R.S.O. 1990. Ontario Regulation 9/06, made under the Ontario Heritage Act. Criteria for Determining Cultural Heritage Value or Interest. Queen's Printer, Toronto.

1990b The Planning Act. R.S.O. 1990. Queen's Printer, Toronto.

Fretz, J.C. 1953 The Early History of the Mennonites in Welland County, Ontario. The Mennonite Quarterly.

Historic Publisher Company 1887 The History of the County of Welland, Ontario, Its Past and Present: Containing a condensed History of Canada; A Complete History of Welland County, Its Townships, Towns, Villages, Schools, Churches, Societies, Industries, Statistics, etc.; Portraits of Some of its Prominent Men; Description of its Various Historic and Interesting Localities; Miscellaneous Matter; Biographies and Histories of Pioneer Families, Etc. Welland Tribune Printing House.

Konrad, V.A. 1974 Iroquois Villages on the North Shore of Lake Ontario, 1665-1687. Paper Presented at the Fall Meeting of the Ontario Historical Geographers. November 9, 1974, Carleton university, Ottawa, Ontario.

Middleton, Jesse Edgar, and Fred Landon 1927 Province of Ontario – A History, 1615-1927. Dominion Publishing Co., Toronto.

Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport.

2018 Archaeological Sites Data Base Files. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. Provided through Pastportal.

No author 1935 Soil Survey Map of County of Welland, Province of Ontario. Soil Survey Report No. 5. Experimental Farms Unit.

Page, H.R 1876 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the Counties of Lincoln and Welland. Toronto. H.R. Page and Co.

Rogers, Edward S., and Donald B. Smith 1994 Aboriginal Ontario – Historical Perspectives on the First Nations. Dundurn Press Limited, Toronto.

Tremaine, George 1862 Tremaine’s Map of the Counties of Lincoln and Welland, Canada West. Compiled and drawn from Actual Surveys from the Publishers, Geo. R. and G.M. Tremaine, St. Lawrence Buildings, Toronto.

On-Line and Other Sources

Topographic Mapping www.atlas.nrcan.gc.ca

Mississauga of the New Credit First Nation http://mncfn.ca

Land Abstract Records http:/www.onland.ca

Ontario Historical County Maps Project. http://maps.library.utoronto.ca/hgis/countymaps/lincolnwelland/index.html

8.0 TABLES

Table 1: Abstract Index for Part Lot 21, Thorold Township Instr. No. Instr. Date Grantor Grantee Comments Type Patent Feb 10, Crown Andrew Jones All 214.22 acres 1797 505 B&S Apr 26, Andrew Jones et ux. Jacob Keefer 146 acres 1803 4053 B&S Apr 6, 1812 Jacob Keefer et ux George Keefer 146 acres, pt. 21 + 22 10255 B&S Sept 1, Anthony (illegible) Tyler Upper 100 acres, 250 1834 Ernor pounds 11261 B&S Sept 6, George Keefer & Clement Dixon 142 acres, 450 1836 Mary his wife pounds 6659 B&S Nov 8, Clement Dixon John Brown $6000 1858 6660 Mortgag Nov 8, John Brown Clement On #5, $5600 e 1858 Dixon, Joseph Dixon 12993 Dischar Nov 18, Samuel Reese John Brown Mortgage #7 ge 1864 4884 Assignm Nov 30, Clement Dixon, Samuel Reese $1000 ents 1859 Joseph Dixon 8576 Assignm July 3, Clement Dixon, Samuel Reese $1361 ents 1860 Joseph Dixon 1885 B&S May 30, Matthew Brown et ux Grace 142 acres, $1.00 1879 heirs of late John Edmonstone Brown 6888 Grant Apr 6, 1914 Grace B. John Smith + $1500 Edmonstone Jessie Smith his wife as joint tenants 9297 Grant Apr 16, John Smith & Jessie William J 140 acres, lot 21 1921 Smith, his wife as Smith, Fredrick joint tenants J Smith as tenants in common 15294 Grant July 7, Fredrick J Smith Thomas J 90.8 acres, $1.00 1943 unmarried, J Smith + Kehoe wife 20363 Grant May 30, Fredrick J Smith, James J Part of lot 21 $600 1952 unmarried. William J Whalon Smith + wife 22434 Grant July Fredrick J Smith Colin H Laird, Part of lot 21 (1 22,1954 Unmarried and Marion J Laird acre) $8000 William J Smith his wife, joint tenants 22486 Grant Aug 12, Fredrick J Smith, Colin H Laird Part Lot 21, $1.00 1954 Unmarried, William J Marion J Laird Smith + Wife his wife, joint tenants 19

Instr. No. Instr. Date Grantor Grantee Comments Type 67793 Grant Dec 2, Colin H Laird, Marion Clarke 1955 J Laird his wife, joint Manning, tenants Florence Manning, his wife, joint tenants 90175 Mortgag Apr 1, 1957 Charles C Manning, The Crown Part Lot 21, e Joyce Manning his Life Insurance $9500.00 not wife, joint tenants Company rec’vd in full 97811 R-of- Sept 27, Catherine Kehoe, T. Dominion Inter Alia, S.W. Way 1957 Francis Kehoe and J. Natural Gas part of Lot 21 Agmt F. Kehoe Company $2.00 term of ten Limited years 2901A Grant Feb 14, Charles Manning, The Part of N Part of 1958 Florence Manning Corporation of Lot 21 $183.00 his wife the County of see recitals Welland 2993A Grant Feb 21, Daniel Stewart, Ethel The Inter Alias, Part of 1958 A. Stewart his wife Corporation of lot 21 $198.00 the County of Recital Welland 3866A Grant Feb 13, Stanley Leishman The Inter Alias Part of 1958 and Anne C. Corporation of Lot 21 $418.00 Leishman his wife the County of Road Purposes, Welland Special Covenants 3966A Grant Feb 17, William J. Smith and The North 10ft Lot 21 1958 wife, Frederick J Corporation of $258.00 Recital. Smith unmarried the County of Special re: Fence Welland 4111A Part Mar 18, The Crown Life Charles S Part North Part of Dischar 1959 Insurance Company Manning, Lot 21 $1.00 from ge Florence Mortgage # 90175 Manning his wife, joint tenants 20635A Grant Mar 9, Charles Manning, William Part Lot 21 $1 and 1959 Florence Manning Manning, his wife, joint tenants Evelyn Manning his wife, joint tenants 31742A Assignm Apr 15, Dominion Natural Provincial Gas Inter Alia S’W’ly ent of 1958 Gas Company Company part of Lot 21 Grant of Limited Limited $1.00 and. Of R- R-of- of-Way agreement Way #97811 38237A Grant Apr 27, James F Whalen and Alma F. York Part Lot 21 1960 wife married $3,000.00 woman 51448A Mortgag Feb 28, Alma F. Tork of first The Huron and Part Lot 21 e 1961 part, Clarence H Erie Mortgage $4500.00 York of third part Company 20

Instr. No. Instr. Date Grantor Grantee Comments Type 71480A By-Law Dec 28, By-Law No. 556 of Inter Alia Lot 1960 Twp of Thorold being 21 in by-law to provide the making or establishment of pits and quarries 72588A Grant May 14, Frederick J Smith DeCou Inter Alia Part Lot 1962 unmarried, William J Developments 21 $1.00 and. Smith and wife Limited Planning Board approves Plan attached 72589A Mortgag May 9, DeCou William J Inter Alia, Part Lot e 1962 Developments Smith, 21 $70, 000.00 Limited Frederick J. Special Smith 74243A Grant June 4, Frederick J Smith William J Inter Alia undivided 1962 unmarried Smith ½ interest Part Lot 21, $5000.00 Recitals 80171A Agreem Oct 3, 1962 Thomas F. Kehoe Aloysuca T. Inter Alia Part Lot ent Clancy as 21 $50.00 plan Trustee attached 90158A Agreem May 27, William J smith of first part, DeCou Inter Alia Part Lot ent 1963 Developments Ltd. of second part, 21; Prime and Benedict J. Grosse of third part $1.00 re surveyor plans attached 5749B Agreem Feb 6, William Smith of first part, DeCou Inter Alia Parts Lot ent 1964 Developments Ltd. of second part, 21, Premises and Benedict J. Grosse of third part, The $1.00. Plan corporation of the Township of Thorold Attached Re: of the fourth part Drainage 9423B Option Mar 17, William J Smith, DeCou Inter Alia part Lot to 1964 Vivian M Smith his Developments 21 $1. Subject to purchas wife Ltd. easements es 30391B Notice July 12, David Stern, Armin Schonberger, Inter Alia Part Lot of Claim 1965 Robert Mann claim to be interested as 21 Optionees 36498B Order in Nov 4, Department of Highways Plan of a Inter Alia Lot 21 Council 1965 proposed Highway #P-2043-46 being Part 3 on revoking Order-In-Council Dated Feb said plan 4, 1965 38138B Expropri Dec 20, Lands of Thomas F. Kehoe Inter Alia Part Lot ation of 1965 expropriated by Department of 21 having Part land Highways Plan P-2043-52 Pact 2 on said plan 44370B Mortgag May 4, DeCou Dietrich Koop Inter Alia part Lot e 1966 Developments 21 (72.2 acres) Limited and Thorold $70, 000.00 Rose-Mount Recital Collateral Developments Security Special Limited 21

Instr. No. Instr. Date Grantor Grantee Comments Type 53967B Grant June 23, Thomas F. Kehoe Benedict J Part Lot 21, $1.00 1966 and wife Investments and; subject to Limited, Lorrie easement J Investment Ltd, Nokara Ltd., Beaverdam Investments Limited in partnership as “Confederation Heights” 53968B Mortgag Oct 14, Benedict J Thomas F. Inter Alia part Lot e 1966 Investments Limited, Kehoe 21 $307, 792.62 Lorrie J Investment subject to Ltd, Nokara Ltd., easement Beaverdam Investments Limited in partnership as “Confederation Heights” 57747B Quit Oct 31, David Stern married, Benedict J Inter Alia Part Lot Claim 1966 Armin Schonberger Investments 21 $2. and married, Robert Limited, Lorrie Mann married J Investment Ltd, Nokara Ltd., Beaverdam Investments Limited in partnership as “Confederation Heights” 101871 Cert May 5, Minister of Revenue Estate of Inter Alia Part Lot 1969 Frederick J. 21 as in no Smith 72589A 102246 Surrend May 16, The Consumers Gas Catherine Inter Alia SW’ly er of 1969 Company successor Kehoe, T. part of lot. Of Lease to Provincial Gas Co. Francis Kehoe, Lease #97811 Ltd. J. F. Kehoe 121580 Dischar July 16, Dietrich Koop DeCou Of Mortgage ge 1969 Developments #44370B Limited, Thorold Rose- Mount Developments Ltd. 121617 Agreem Apr 15, Gladys m Smith, DeCou Inter Alia Part Lot ent 1970 Elsie W Moore, Developments 21 Prem and Extendi Exors of Frederick J Limited agreement. ng Smith and William J Extending Mortgag Smith Mortgage #72589A e Consent Attached 22

Instr. No. Instr. Date Grantor Grantee Comments Type 138893 Dischar Mar 19, The Huron and Erie Alma F York Of Mortgage ge 1971 mortgage #51448A Corporation 153512 Mortgag Nov 22, Benedict J DeCou Inter Alia part Lot e 1971 Investments, Lorrie J Developments 21 $310, 000.00 Investments Ltd., Ltd. Nokora Ltd., Beaverdams Investments Ltd., Farview Land Developments Ltd., Lorben Ltd., carrying on business as “Confederation Heights” 153513 Grant Nov 22, DeCou Benedict J Inter Alia Part Lot 1971 Developments Litd. Investments, 21 Lorrie J Investments Ltd., Nokora Ltd., Beaverdams Investments Ltd., Farview Land Developments Ltd., Lorben Ltd., carrying on business as “Confederation Heights” 153514 Dischar Nov 29, Gladys M Smoth, DeCou Of Mortgage ge 1971 Elsie W Moore, Developments #72589A William J Smith Ltd. 169418 Mortgag June 20, Benedict J Dietrich Koop Inter Alia Part Lot e 1971 Investments, Lorrie J 21 $150, 000.00 Investments Ltd., Collateral Security Nokora Ltd., Beaverdams Investments Ltd., Farview Land Developments Ltd., Lorben Ltd., carrying on business as “Confederation Heights”

9.0 MAPS

Map 1: Regional Location of Study Area

Map 2: Topographic Map of Study Area

Map 3: Aerial of Study Area (2015 mapping) 26

Map 4: Between the Lakes Land Treaty No. 3 (1792) (Mississauga of New Credit First Nation 2018)

Map 5: 1876 Illustrated Historic Atlas Map Section (H.R. Page & Co.)

Map 6: Tremaine’s 1862 Map (http://maps.library.utoronto.ca/hgis/countymaps/lincolnwelland/index.html) Note the lots are mislabeled in the Tremaine map. Study Area shown as Lot 24, should be, Lot 21.

Map 7: Location and Direction of Images

Map 8: Archaeological Potential

Map 9: Assessment Methodology

10.0 FIGURES

Figure 1: The Welland Mills

Figure 2: First Cotton Factory

Figure 3: Beaver Dams

Figure 4: The Founding of Thorold 34

11.0 IMAGES

Image 1: Study Area from NW Corner Image 4: Study Area from SW Corner (Facing SE) (Facing NE)

Image 2: Study Area from Western Image 5: Study Area from SE Corner Edge (Facing NE) (Facing NW)

Image 3: Study Area from SW Corner Image 6: Study Area from SE Corner (Facing NW) (Facing SW)

Image 7: Study Area from Eastern Edge (Facing SW)

Image 8: Study Area from NE Corner (Facing SE)

Image 9: Sample Test Pit 36

12.0 APPENDICES

Appendix A: Image Log

Image # Description Direction 1 Study Area from NW Corner SE 2 Study Area from Western Edge NE 3 Study Area from SW Corner NW 4 Study Area from SW Corner NE 5 Study Area from SE Corner NW 6 Study Area from SE Corner SW 7 Study Area from Eastern Edge SW 8 Study Area from NE Corner SE 9 Sample Test Pit -