THE Clingendael NEWSLETTER Issue 19 Summer 2004

Contents: The Hague Academic Coalition Chatham House Doha Middle East Visit H.R.H. Princess Máxima ESDP Turkey and the EU CIEP Eastern Europe and Asia

The Hague Academic Coalition

Three years ago, Clingendael took the between the institutions. The Peace Palace public events. A principal tool for this initiative in inviting the directors of four and the Asser Institute held a joint session objective is the further development of a like-minded institutions - the Carnegie on Iraq, the Institute of Social Studies held portal on peace and justice as a service to Foundation (the Peace Palace), the Asser a session on the economic and social the global community. Institute for International Law, the Grotius dimensions of conflict and peace, and the Centre (The Hague branch of Leiden Grotius Centre held a session on the Truth Paul Meerts University), and the Institute of Social and Reconciliation Commission. Deputy Director Studies (ISS) - to find out whether it was At Clingendael, William Zartman chaired The Clingendael Institute possible to combine forces within a joint a session on negotiating peace and justice. setting. Together, these five organisations Participants included Victor Kremenyuk, now make up the The Hague Academic Philip Everts, Gerd Junne, Niels Biegman, Coalition (HAC). At the initiative of Georg Frerks, Paul de Waart, Leon Wecke, Mr Willem Deetman, Mayor of The Hague, Peter Baehr and Paul Meerts. they are now cementing their cooperation in the form of a fully fledged foundation. As a consortium of academic institutions in the fields of international relations and The aim of the Coalition is to create an diplomacy, international law and societal academic platform in a city that has no change, The Hague Academic Coalition will university of its own. It has four main areas promote academic work and public debate. of focus: first, international relations in its It seeks to combine the work of the various broadest sense; secondly, international international agencies in these fields in judicial affairs (this is of considerable im- The Hague. Its foremost aim is to assist the portance, as three out of the five institutions municipality of The Hague in emphasising deal with international law); thirdly, the its profile as a place of justice and peace. peaceful settlement of disputes (through The Forum during the opening session at the Peace Palace, negotiation, mediation and arbitration); and, Together with the municipality of The (f.l.r): Mr W. Deetman, Mayor of the Hague, Prof. C. Flinterman, chairing the meeting, Dr. P. Meerts, deputy-director of finally, the study of economic development Hague, the coalition is considering the Clingendael, and Mr. S. van Hoogstraten, director of the and underlying economic structures as options for establishing an International Carnegie Foundation. factors in conflicts and conflict management. Centre, which would provide a location where the Coalition’s events would take In Spring 2004, in order to give more im- place in addition to the individual activities petus to their cooperation, the five institutes that each separate institution organises at jointly held a conference entitled ‘From its own location. The following activities are Peace to Justice’. The first afternoon and foreseen: annual conferences, postgraduate the last morning were held at the Peace and post-academic courses, scholarly and Palace; the rest of the conference was divided policy-oriented research, publications, and Bilateral meeting International Expert meeting: with Chatham Towards a Doha package for development: House Proposals for the completion of the Doha

Every two years, a bilateral meeting takes Development Agenda place between Clingendael and its British ‘sister’, the Royal Institute of International On 10 June 2004, an international meeting The studies were presented at Affairs ‘Chatham House’. The meeting, of experts was held by Clingendael, in this meeting and incorporated into several which is funded by the Dutch Ministry of close cooperation with the Economics presentations. The keynote speakers, Joe Foreign Affairs, took place on 25 May at Faculty of Utrecht University and the Francois (Erasmus University, Rotterdam) Clingendael. Centre for Education and Development and Michiel Keyzer (Centre for World Food of Latin America (CEDLA/University of Studies, Free University, Amsterdam) The aim of the session was to enhance the Amsterdam), regarding the Doha discussed these results, comparing them political debate on international affairs bet- Development Agenda. The meeting is with results from their own studies in order ween the United Kingdom and the one of a series co-sponsored by the Dutch to understand better the probable economic , and to strengthen bilateral rela- Ministries of Foreign and Economic Affairs. impact of several of the proposals. The pro- tions. The participants were a select group of gramme, which was chaired by Dr Arie policymakers, politicians, journalists and Since the failure of the WTO Ministerial Kuyvenhoven (Wageningen University), researchers. Conference at Cancún, September 2003, was concluded with a general roundtable little, if any, progress has been made in discussion between representatives of the Topics discussed included ‘Transatlantic advancing the Doha Agenda. It now seems international and Dutch community at Relations: How Can They be Repaired?’, highly unlikely that negotiations will be large, the diplomatic corps, civil servants, ‘WMD Proliferation and Terrorism: Europe successfully finalised by 2005, as laid down representatives of the business community, after 3/11’, ‘The ‘Big Three’ as a Model for in the timetable included in the Doha trade unions and civil society. European Cooperation’, and ‘Looking Ahead: Declarations of November 2001. Priorities on the EU Agenda’. Guest lecturers Several of the main actors in the nego- The opening address, entitled ‘After were Christopher Hill (LSE), Rob de Wijk tiations – the EU, the USA, the G20 plus, Cancún: Initiative Required’, was presented (Clingendael), Julie Smith (Cambridge) and the Cairns Group, the G90, and others - by Ms Agnes van Ardenne, Dutch Minister Pieter de Gooijer (Dutch Foreign Ministry). have made proposals, which, so far, have for Development Cooperation. not resulted in the resumption of serious negotiations. In order to be able to analyse the economic implications of these various negotiating positions, the Dutch Govern- ment has asked the World Bank to model the likely impact of these proposals, in particular on the development prospects of several groups of developing countries, as well as on the main economic sectors in the European Union.

The participants of the bilateral meeting with Chatham House, Minister Agnes van Ardenne with, on the left, Dr Arie with Professor Alfred van Staden at the head of the forum next Kuyvenhoven, Chair of the meeting, talking to co-host Dr Pitou to Prof. Christopher Hill from the London School of Economics van Dyck from the CEDLA (far left) (right) Expert meeting: Islamic Grass Roots Movements and Democracy in the Middle East

On 24 May, an international expert meeting of September 11, 2001, on the democratic views on what constitutes a democracy. was jointly held by the International Institute deficit in the Muslim world, and the Arab Case studies from five different countries for the Study of Islam in the Modern World world in particular. One of the central (Egypt, Yemen, Jordan, Lebanon and (ISIM) and Clingendael. The main topic themes was the compatibility of Islam and Palestine) were discussed. The primary aim of discussion was whether democratisation democracy, which, with the exception of a of these was to identify democratic practices processes in the Middle East can be few countries like Iran, has largely been at a grass roots level, and to see what approached by focusing on ‘grass roots’ confined to hypothetical and theoretical elements of popular participation and organisations that define themselves as discourse. representation, transparency and accounta- Islamic. bility they included. The meeting was During this session, the concept of chaired by Mr Asef Bayat, Academic The context in which this meeting was held ‘democratic practice’ was employed in its Director of ISIM. was the increased focus, following the attacks widest possible sense, to allow for alternative H.R.H. Princess Máxima’s On 26 April, H.R.H. Princess Máxima honoured Clingendael with her presence. The purpose of the visit was to have an informal discussion working visit to the with various Clingendael experts. The Princess was also introduced to the participants of a course for representatives of the Sudanese Clingendael Institute Foreign Service.

H.R.H. Princess Máxima during her first informal meeting at Clingendael, with Professor Alfred van Representatives from the Sudanese Foreign Service in conversation with the Princess Staden (r.)

Princess Máxima with Professor Coby van der Linden, Head of the Clingendael International Energy Professor Georg Frerks, Professor of Disaster Studies at Wageningen University and Head of Programme (CIEP), who gave a short exposé on the activities of the CIEP Clingendael’s Conflict Research Unit (CRU), welcomes Princess Máxima during her visit to the CRU offices

Transatlantic Dialogue on Middle East Policy The Hague, 4-5 March 2004

Report of an international conference, orga- ductory session, three major themes were Clingendael conference reports nised by Clingendael in collaboration with addressed: Gulf policy, the Middle East June 2004, 65p. the Council on Foreign Relations (New York) Peace Process, and the problems related to Price: € 7.50 Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and The objective of this conference was to bring the rise of international terrorism. For more information, please contact the together a group of influential American and Contributions were made by Dalia Dassa secretariat of Clingendael’s Department of European foreign policy analysts, not only to Kaye, Alfred Pijpers, Alfred van Staden, Research (e-mail: [email protected]). compare their different approaches to Middle Robert Malley, William Wallace, Gregory East policy issues, but also to offer sug- Gause, Volker Perthes, Jon Alterman, Henry gestions on how to foster cooperative policies Siegman, Steven Everts, Stefano Silvestri, in the region. Some experts from the Middle Peter van Ham, Jonathan Stevenson, Mark East also took part. Following a general intro- Heller and Jim Goldgeier. ESDP and the challenges of Brussels

On 4 June 2004, Clingendael organised a whether current and potential force Stratégique) and Dr Burkard Schmitt seminar on recent developments concerning structures, such as the NATO Response (EU Institute for Security Studies). European Security and Defence Policy. Force, the EU Rapid Reaction Force and the Dr Alyson Bailes gave the closing address, The event was held in close cooperation with Battle Group concept, are compatible, and in which she presented a stimulating view the Dutch Ministries of Foreign Affairs and what impact the ‘new’ ESDP will have on of the future EU-US relationship. Defence, and was related to the forthcoming the relationship between NATO and the Dutch Presidency of the European Union. European Union. The future role of the recently established European Defence The conference took place within the context Agency was also addressed. of developments in 2003, culminating in the adoption of the ‘Solana Paper’ in December The event was preceded by a key-note 2003, which provided the outline of a speech, delivered by the Dutch Minister of European security strategy. This was a Defence, Mr . The conference remarkable step forward; nevertheless, was jointly chaired by Professor Alfred van several major issues still require further Staden, Director of Clingendael, and consideration and elaboration, including Dr Alyson Bailes, Director of SIPRI. the scope and range of Europe’s newly The programme included lectures delivered formulated ambitions in the field of security by Professor Jolyon Howorth (Yale and defence, and its continuing military University), Professor Rob de Wijk Guest speakers during the ESDP conference, from left to right: shortcomings, particularly in view of the (Clingendael), Dr Julian Lindley-French Professor Rob de Wijk, Head of the Clingendael Centre for continent’s increasing geopolitical (Geneva Centre for Security Policy), Strategic Studies (CCSS), Professor Alfred van Staden, Professor Jolyon Howorth from Yale University and Dr Alyson Bailes, aspirations. Other topics of debate were Dr Yves Boyer (Fondation pour la Recherche Director of SIPRI Turkey and the The First International Energy European Union Business Forum On 18 April, a closed lunch was hosted at Clingendael, during which representatives of From 22 to 24 May 2004, the 9th organisations, as established by the Business various institutions discussed the consequen- International Energy Forum (IEF), formerly Forum, were discussed. Mr Arne Walther, ces of possible future Turkish membership known as the Producer-Consumer Dialogue, the first Secretary General of the permanent of the European Union. The meeting, chai- took place in Amsterdam. The theme of the International Energy Forum Secretariat red by Professor Jan Rood, Clingendael’s Forum was ‘Investment in Energy, Choices (IEFS) presented a number of proposals on Director of Studies, was held according to the for the Future’. A back-to-back meeting with how best to develop such an ongoing dialo- ‘Chatham House’ rules, meaning that none the industry, the International Energy gue. of the participants would be quoted in public, Business Forum (IEBF), preceded the Forum nor would a written report be produced. for the first time in the twelve-year history of The IEBF participants were very pleased to this ministerial dialogue. The organisation of have been presented with the opportunity to Participants included representatives from the IEBF was largely in the hands of the discuss energy-related issues with all the the Dutch Foreign Office, various Dutch Clingendael International Energy major stakeholders. Both the next IEF and, universities, members of the Advisory Programme (CIEP, led by Coby van der hopefully, the second Business Forum, will Council on International Affairs, and Linde and Femke Hoogeveen). be hosted by Qatar and co-hosted by China representatives of the press and of the and Italy. Turkish community in the Netherlands. The purpose of the IEBF is to enable CEOs of leading international companies to discuss Guest lecturers certain key elements of the IEF agenda with were Professor ministers and representatives of internatio- Martin van nal organisations (in particular, the United Bruinessen (l), Nations, the European Union, OPEC, IEA Professor of Turkish and Kurdish Studies and IGU). The IEBF was chaired by Peter at Utrecht University, who elaborated on Sutherland, Chairman of British Petroleum the developments in the democratisation Plc and former member of the European of Turkish-Islamic movements both in Commission. Turkey and in Europe, and Professor Leo van Wissen, Senior Researcher at the In four sessions, market developments in Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic the oil and gas markets, necessities and The participants of the IEBF, with Mr Walther, Secretary General Institute (NIDI, The Hague) and Professor possibilities for future investments in the of the IEFS (front row), Mr Sutherland, Chairman of the IEBF of Spacial Sciences at Groningen University, energy sector and the feasibility of an (second row, second from the right) and Minister of Economic Affairs Mr Brinkhorst, host of the IEF/IEBF (second row, first who spoke on the possible demographic institutionalised dialogue between the from the right) developments of Turkish accession to the industry, governments and international EU. Specific attention was devoted to the political and social consequences of Turkey’s EU membership. Course for junior diplomats from Indonesia

On 26 April 2004, the first diplomatic On Friday 18 June, the diplomatic training the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. training course in international relations course closed with a festive ceremony, Clingendael’s Deputy Director Paul Meerts for junior Indonesian diplomats started. which was attended by representatives of awarded the junior diplomats their The eight-week course is part of a three-year the Indonesian Embassy in The Hague and certificates. contract with the Embassy in Jakarta. Clingendael has been contracted to train three levels of Indonesian diplomats: junior, mid-career and high-level.

During the eight weeks of training for junior diplomats, lectures were combined with working visits and with training in practical skills, allowing theoretical knowledge to be tested in practice. The diplomats were trained in presentation skills, written and oral reporting, and interview skills, receiving personal feedback from their trainers. In addition, they visited the Peace Palace, the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the VNO/NCW within the Netherlands. However, as important international organisations are also located abroad, a week of visits to Paris and Brussels was arranged. Several European Union institutions, UNESCO, the World Bank and the Indonesian Embassies were visited in order to gain an idea of working methods in these organisations, particularly regarding work Eighteen Indonesian junior diplomats posing with Ambassador Mohammad Jusuf, Professor Alfred van Staden and Mr Ron Milders of the related to Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the official opening of the programme Conference on Moldova

The Republic of Moldova, a small country the form of a secessionist regime in jointly with the Dutch Ministry of Foreign with a long history dating back to the 14th Transnistria, the strip of land between the Affairs and the Dutch Society for Inter- century, has been an independent state since Nistru river and the Ukrainian border, national Affairs. At the eve of the conferen- August 1991. Its location, on the frontier bet- which controls 12 per cent of the country’s ce, the Institute was visited by Moldova’s ween east and west, has meant that area. Minister of Foreign Affairs, who expressed Moldovan lands have been buffeted back and his gratitude for the training of 24 young forth between the Romanian and Russian The future of Moldova was discussed on Moldovan diplomats in recent years. states. Thirteen years after independence, 7 June at Clingendael’s second conference Moldova’s efforts to build a secure future are on Eastern Europe, organised by Dr John The conference drew a large audience of 80, still hampered by legacies of the past, now in Löwenhardt of the Department of Research including participants from Chisinau, Brussels and Stockholm. They were addres- sed by Gottfried Hanne, an authority on the Moldovan and Transnistrian economy now employed at the OSCE mission in Chisinau, Ambassador Adriaan Jacobovits de Szeged (who, in 2003, was the special representative for Moldova of the OSCE Chairman in Office) and Mr Dumitru Braghis, the leader of the largest opposition party in the Moldovan Parliament. The lively discussion yielded useful ideas for the Dutch to take on board during the Netherlands’ EU Presidency when setting the agenda for dealings with the EU’s eastern neighbours.

To register for the Clingendael Conferences on Ukraine (30 September) and Belarus (29 November), Guest lecturers from the conference on Moldova, from left to right: Mr Braghis, Dr John Löwenhardt (Chair), Mr Hanne and Ambassador please e-mail [email protected]. Jacobovits de Szeged Italian Dutch exploring the differences and similarities Inaugural keynote addresses were given by between the two countries within the frame- Mr Franco Frattini, the Italian Minister of work of the European Union. Foreign Affairs, and Mr Bernard Bot, the Forum Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs. At the first forum meeting, in Milan on 3 In response to an initiative of the Italian and and 4 May 2004, a number of political, Dutch Ministries of Foreign Affairs, the economic, social and cultural issues were Institute for International Political Studies discussed, including current developments (ISPI) in Milan and Clingendael have set up in the EU, business cultures, company law a forum of permanent dialogue between and organisation, labour markets, and high-level representatives of the two society and culture. Concerning cultural countries in the fields of politics, economics, issues, attention was focused on past and science, culture and civil society. The forum future cooperation with regard to museums will help foster better mutual understanding and exhibitions, cinema, architecture and Italy’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, H.E. Mr Franco Frattini, between Italy and the Netherlands by design. together with his counterpart from the Netherlands, H.E. Mr Bernard Bot, during the Italian Dutch Forum

The conference was held in the magnificent Tiepolo room at the 18th-century Palazzo Clerici, the premises of ISPI, in the heart of Milan. The frescos in the Tiepolo Room were created in 1740 by Giovanni Batista Tiepolo, famous painter of the Venetian School, during his third and last Prof. Alfred van Staden, Director of the Dutch film director and Academy Award Dutch researcher and publicist Mr Paul period in Milan. Clingendael Institute, welcoming the winner Mr Fons Rademakers, guest Scheffer, who participated in the debate conference-participants during the speaker during the sessions on ‘Culture’. on ‘Society and Culture: Common opening session. Grounds and Perceptions’.

Recent Clingendael publication For more information, please contact the secretariat of Clingendael’s Department De Militaire Ambities van de Europese Unie: Doel analyses the concept of the battle of Research retoriek of werkelijkheid? (The Military Ambition group, and concludes that the principles of (e-mail: [email protected]). of the European Union: Rhetoric or Reality?) the (English version will be issued this summer) concept are out of balance with the political About the author: ambition of the Union. The battle group Theo van den Doel concept is based on standby forces, some- Theo van den Doel thing that has hitherto not been successful. is a senior research In the recently published Clingendael Essay The member states themselves are responsi- fellow at the entitled The Military Ambition of the European ble, on a voluntary basis, for the training, Research Union: Rhetoric or Reality?, Senior Researcher deployability, readiness, etc. of the battle- Department. Theo van den Doel addresses the implica- groups. The author believes that this is not He studied at the tions that the draft European Constitution a good recipe for rapid reaction forces. Royal Military will have for the development of the He also explores the possible division of Academy and was European Security and Defence Policy labour between the NATO Response Force graduated at the (ESDP). He noted that the establishment and the EU battle groups. He concludes that Dutch Army War of a model for permanent structured a geographical division is not possible, due College. From 1991-1994 he was a military cooperation will give the ESDP new impetus. to the different capabilities of these two strategy researcher at the Clingendael This cooperation is intended for the rapid reaction forces. A division of labour Institute. One of his international publica- execution of the most demanding and based upon the scale of operations, as well tions was about the NATO enlargement. far-reaching tasks. Van den Doel developed as the level of force required, is a feasible In 1994 he became a Member of the Dutch political and military criteria that can help option, however. The study also analyses the Parliament and was until 2003 the spokes- identify the countries that may opt for this capabilities of the Dutch Armed forces and man for defence and security matters for new military cooperation. makes some policy proposals for the present his party. As a researcher his focus is Dutch Presidency of the EU. primarily on defence and international The military embodiment of this cooperation security matters is the ‘battle group’, a small formation 77 p. e-mail: [email protected] / tailored to each specific mission. Van den Price: € 7.50 [email protected] Seminar on Training for peace The training programme provided a compre- hensive overview of international relations and diplomatic practice. Elaborating on Privatisation The people of are celebrating the recent developments in international affairs, beginning of a new era. On 26 May 2004, the course highlighted the need to foster the government in Khartoum signed a cooperation between international institu- of Warfare framework peace agreement with the tions in order to maintain international southern Sudanese opposition movement security. The curriculum was a slightly On 2 June 2004, in cooperation with the (SPLM/A), marking, after 21 years, the modified version of earlier training courses Interchurch Peace Council (IKV), end of ’s longest running civil war. for Sudan. The training department inclu- Clingendael held a seminar entitled ‘The Until two weeks before the ceremonial ded more lectures on the Horn of Africa and Privatisation of Warfare’. signing of the peace accord in , organised an additional three-day program- Clingendael hosted a delegation of 18 staff me on diplomatic protocol for a select group Nation states are increasingly losing their members from the Sudanese Foreign of six participants. Lectures and workshops monopoly on military might. Over the past Service. On 12 May, the participants left covered human rights issues, development decade, private military companies have been the Netherlands after a four-week training cooperation, international judicial systems, operating in zones of conflict and transition course at Clingendael on ‘International civil society and international trading across the globe. Private security firms are Relations and Diplomatic Practice’. relations. A three-day visit to Brussels filling a void by offering military and security They returned home just in time for the provided good networking contacts in the services for national governments and non- nationwide celebrations. European institutions and gave the partici- governmental organisations. The instability pants valuable insights into the workings of post-war Iraq has turned private military In recent years, Clingendael has been of the union. The personal skills programme services into a booming business, and engaged in the Sudanese peace process. was intended to improve mediating skills experts estimate that there are as many as While ongoing research by Clingendael’s and individual negotiation techniques. 15,000 private contractors doing military Conflict Research Unit focuses on the The programme ended on 11 May, with work in Iraq. The coalition authorities have effectiveness of regional and extra-regional Minister Agnes van Ardenne signing the awarded contracts to private companies for actors in past and present peace efforts, the Clingendael training certificates during the the provision of a plethora of security serv- Department of Training has been organising official closing ceremony. ices, including protecting oil sites, training training courses since April last year at the Iraqi security forces, ensuring the security of request of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign With the landmark peace agreement signed, the occupation authority’s headquarters in Affairs. As part of its effort to support the hopes are high that Sudan will find its way Baghdad and providing security for Paul IGAD-brokered peace negotiations, in early towards lasting peace. After 21 years of civil Bremer III, the American proconsul. Private 2003 the Netherlands offered to provide war, however, implementation of political military companies have also found a lucrati- diplomatic training for both the Sudanese agreements will prove challenging and ve market in post-war Afghanistan. This government and the SPLM/A. require the full commitment of the country’s ever-increasing use of private military organi- best policymakers. Clingendael’s coopera- sations has raised issues of loyalty, accounta- Between 14 April and 12 May 2004, 18 junior tion with Sudan aims to contribute to tack- bility and ethics, which were highlighted and mid-career staff members of the ling these challenges through constructive during the seminar. Sudanese Foreign Service stayed at dialogue with, and training for, Sudan’s civil Clingendael for the second training course servants. In June/July 2004, Clingendael The proceedings were co-chaired by Major of this project. At a time when the Khartoum is looking forward to welcoming 18 repre- General (ret.) Kees Homan RNLMC, Senior government faced international criticism sentatives of the SPLM for the upcoming Researcher at Clingendael, and Professor for the unfolding crisis in the Darfur region, training programme. Clingendael is determ- Joseph. L. Soeters of the Royal Dutch Clingendael aimed to facilitate an open ined to remain committed to Sudan, and to Military Academy. Topics addressed included dialogue and provided a unique opportunity continue providing training for peace. ‘The Privatisation of Security’, for both participants and lecturers to listen, For more information, please contact ‘The Privatisation of Warfare’, ‘Legal Issues learn and reflect on today’s challenges of Mr Ulrich Mans, Programme Coordinator concerning Private Military Companies’, international policymaking. for Clingendael’s Department of Training and ‘The Rise of Private Military Firms’. (e-mail: [email protected]).

Keynote speakers were Michael Bourne (University of Bradford), Eimert van Middelkoop (member of the Dutch Senate), Avril McDonald (the Asser Institute), David Isenberg (British American Security Information Council), John Holmes (ERINYS) and Tobias Masterton (Global Peace & Security Partnership). Bilateral Chinese seminar on regional security 29 March – 2 April 2004

During his visit to Beijing in August 2003, The two-and-a-half-day seminar, which was capital) offered the participants an oppor- the former Dutch Minister of Foreign held at Clingendael, provided the partici- tunity to become acquainted with several Affairs, , briefed his pants with greater knowledge and under- institutions involved in international law Chinese counterpart, Minister Li, on the standing of the concept of comprehensive and to meet with Members of the Dutch Dutch Chairmanship of the OSCE. In his security, OSCE and Asian perspectives Parliament. The trip to Brussels provided briefing and in his speech at the Chinese on regional security in Asia and conflict participants with the latest insights into People’s Institute of Foreign Affairs, prevention. Special attention was paid to the security issues and conflict prevention. Minister De Hoop Scheffer stressed the relevance to Asian regional security of the importance of the concept of ‘comprehensive experiences of the Dutch during their security’. Security, he emphasised, is more tenureship of the OSCE Chairmanship. than security simply in a military sense: it The participants were able to discuss and includes the OSCE dimensions of economic, exchange views with Dutch and European environmental and human security. He experts on the above-mentioned themes. illustrated his message with various recent Furthermore, specialists amongst the developments in Central Asia, a region of Chinese participants were encouraged to interest both to the OSCE and to China. provide their insights in various panel Minister de Hoop Scheffer concluded his discussions and the workshop. visit by agreeing, together with Minister Li Zhaoxing, to organise a bilateral seminar The working visit programme in The Hague for Chinese diplomats and policymakers on (often referred to as the world’s judicial the theme of regional security to be held at Clingendael in March-April 2004.

Ten Chinese diplomats, policymakers and Third Asser-Clingendael academics were invited to the Netherlands for a one-week programme on regional security. The programme consisted of a two- International Sports Lecture and-a-half-day seminar on regional security and conflict prevention, a working visit On 6 May, the third Asser-Clingendael The national football team is one of the programme in The Hague and a visit to International Sports Lecture was held at modern wonders of the world. At its best it Brussels. Clingendael. This series of lectures on the exudes an allure like nothing else on earth. role of sports in international relations, Football is how the world sees Brazilians initiated by Dr Robert Siekmann, Director of and how they see themselves. The game Introducing: the Asser International Sports Law Centre, symbolises racial harmony, flamboyance, started in 2001 and has developed into a youth, innovation and skill; yet at the same On 1 July 2004, tradition. time football is also a microcosm of Latin Femke Hoogeveen America’s largest country and contains all joined the The main topic of this year’s lecture was of its contradictions.’ Clingendael ‘Brazil: Football, Culture and National International Identity’, and Clingendael was honoured The session was jointly chaired by Dr Robert Energy Programme that two distinguished local experts had Siekmann and Mr Roberto Branco Martins, (CIEP) as accepted our invitation to speak on this also attached to the Asser International Researcher. subject. Mr Luiz Roberto Martins Castro, Sports Law Centre. Ms Hoogeveen President of the Instituto Brasileiro de studied at the Vrije Direito Desportivo in Sao Paulo, spoke on Universiteit Amsterdam and the University ‘Sports Law in Brazil’, dealing, among other of Bologna, and holds a degree in Political things, with the ‘Zico’ and ‘Pelé’ Laws; Science (International Relations). Prior to and Mr Alex Bellos, correspondent for taking up the post of Researcher, she worked The Guardian and The Observer in Rio de with CIEP on organising the International Janeiro and author of Futebol, The Brazilian Energy Business Forum (see p. 4), as well as Way of Life (Bloomsbury) (the Dutch trans- on CIEP’s Energy Course and on a number lation of which was published last year) of other Clingendael training and research presented a lecture on the ways Brazilian projects. Within CIEP, she will focus on the society and culture are influenced by their political relations between the European most popular sport. As he put it: ‘Football Union and the Mediterranean and Persian is the pre-eminent trademark of Brazil. Back row: Dr Robert Siekmann (left) and Mr Roberto Branco Gulf states and the role of energy politics Martins. Front row: Mr Luiz Roberto Martins Castro (left) and (in particular, oil politics). In addition to her Mr Alex Bellos research, she will continue to coordinate CIEP’s training activities on international Published by: the Netherlands Institute of International Relations “Clingendael”, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, the Netherlands, telephone: + 31.(0)70.324.53.84, telefax: + 31 (0)70 328.20.02, energy issues. internet: www.clingendael.nl. email: [email protected] or [email protected]. Photographs: Coby Gerharz.