Avestan language: Vocabulary For more information, see writing. http://www.avesta.org/language/writing.pdf

Highest frequency: Words occurring over 500 times ahurO ,Oruha , the Lord, God (N) (509) aCahe ,ehaCa Of (Truth, Righteousness, World Order) (G) (621)

AaT ,TaA Then (adv.) (815) mazdl ,ldzam Mazda, God, Omniscient (NG) (808) nOiT ,TiOn Not (adv.) (564) (V) m. lord, husband; a leader. 3: (prep.) against; along, back; on, upon; paiti ,itiap because of; with regard to, for; in exchange for (515)

WA ,AW Or (encl.); ~ ... ~: either .. or (684)

YaT ,TaY Who, which, that (n. NAV); when, as (conj.) (716)

Yaqa ,aqaY As; when; that; (conj.); ~ ... ~: either .... or (507)

Yazamaide ,ediamazaY We worship, honor, venerate (verb. cl. 1.) (1791)

YO ,OY Who, which (pron., mNV) (768)

Highest frequency: Words occurring over 200 times ahe ,eha Of this, of that (mnG) (246) To (or for) this, to (or for) that (D); we (plD) ahmAi ,iAmha (208) ahurahe ,eharuha Of Ahura, of the Lord, of God (G) (292) Of Asha, of Truth, of Righteousness, World aCaonO ,OnoaCa Order (G) (422) Ashavan, owning Asha, Asha-sanctified (A) aCawanvm ,mvnawaCa (297) aCAum ,muACa O Ashavan, O righteous one (V) (286) Asha, Truth, Righteousness, World Order (NA) aCvm ,mvCa (400) asti ,itsa Is (3/1) (218) awi ,iwa towards (adv., prep. with A or G) (249) ayese ,eseya I wish, I desire, I demand (1/1) (249) dAtarv ,vratAd O Giver; O Maker, O Creator (mV) (249) (farohar); guardian spirit or angel (A) frawaCIm ,mICawarf (290) haca ,acah From (prep. with I, Abl) (453) Of him, to, for him, of her, to her, for her (DG) hE ,Eh (343) mraoT ,Toarm (He) said (inj. pres. act. 3/1) (305) ratUm ,mUtar Master, one who is in authority, judge (A) (275) taT ,Tat It (nNAV); then (adv.) (216) tlscA (tls + -cA) ,Acslt And this, that, he, she, it (GAV f. plN) (240)

WohU ,UhoW Good (A, nI, plA; GAv NA) (375) who; which; (I, m.duNV, n.duA, fN, plN, YA ,AY n.pl.NAV); so that (conj.) (446)

YeSti ,itSeY With worship, adoration (f.I) (249)

Yezi ,izeY If (conj.) (249)

Yim ,miY Who; whom; which (nN, mA) (222)

YOi ,iOY Who, which (m.plN) (284) ,artSuqaraz (also written Zarathushtra, name of the prophet of zaraquStra (pr. noun. m.) (307) ,ar!uqaraz)

Highest frequency: Words occurring over 100 times aECa ,aCEa This (NI,fN) (150) aECLm ,mLCEa This (fA,plG) (122) aEte ,etEa This, that (m.plNA) (116) ahmAT [azvm] ,TAmha Us (plAbl); this (Abl)(111) ahmi [aEm or ah] ,imha This (L); I am (ind. pres. act. 1/1) (187) ahurA [ahura] ,Aruha O Ahura, O Lord (V) (107) ahurvm [ahura] ,mvruha Ahura, Lord (A) (127) ahU [ahu] ,Uha Lord (mN) (154) aMhaT [ah] ,TahMa To be (subj. pres. act. 3/1) (117) aCaonLm [aCawan] ,mLnoaCa Of the Ashavans, of the righteous (plG) (148) aCaone ,enoaCa Ashavan, righteous one (D,fL) (169)

... aCaonIm ,mInoaCa Ashavan, righteous one (fA) (121) aCawa [ashawan] ,avaCa Ashavan, righteous one (102) Asha, Truth, Righteousness, World Order (L) aCaya [aCa] ,ayaCa (156) aCAunLm ,mLnuACa Of Ashavans, of righteous ones (plG) (117) aT [-, aem] ,Ta then, but, and (adv.) (138) that, those (dem. pron); so long, this, that (adv.) awaT [awa] ,Tawa (129) azvm [-] ,mvza I (pers. pron. N) (167) At, to, near, by, up, towards (adv., prep. with A, A ,A Abl, G, L) (145)

ApO [ap] ,OpA Water (G, plNAV) (163) Riches, gifts of grace, blessings, boons (NA, Ayaptvm ,mvtpayA plA) (104) Lie, deceit, deceiver, lier, Druj (a demoness) druxS [druj] ,Sxurd (NV) (168) frasastayaEca And with praise, glorification, satisfaction (D) [frasasti] ,acEayatsasarf (158) , guardian spirits or angels (plNA) frawaCayO ,OyaCawarf (103) hazaMrvm [hazaMra] ,mvrMazah One thousand (A) (112) hvNti [ah] ,itNvh We are (pres. ind. act. 3/3) (114) (An indefinite pronoun of the neuter gender, mostly used in the Gatha dialect, implying:) 'that which'; (also used as a participle, which following different meanings:) therefore, consequently; thereby; when; from the time; hyaT ,Tayh because; that is, i.e.; (as a connecting particle between a noun and its qualifying adjective, e.g.:) "manascâ hyat vahishtem"; (in several instances, used as an expletive in the for the purpose of scansion. (Sp.) (see K605) (109) mazdA [-] ,Adzam O Mazda, God, Omniscient (V) (181) mazdLm ,mLdzam Mazda, God, Omniscient (A) (112) ! (emph. particle); not, never (do this)! mA ,Am (negative particle/prohibitive); [azem] my (mN, m.plA) (130) mE [azvm] ,Em For me, mine (encl. DG) (109) Mithra; a contract, promise, agreement, miqrvm [miqra] ,mvrqim friendship, commitment, 7th month of the year (A) (110) Dead matter; defilement; demon of corruption nasuS [nasa] ,Susan (m.f.N) (148) nLma [nLman] ,amLn Name (n. NA, plA) (145) For or to the master (one who is in authority, raqBe [ratu] ,eBqar judge) (D) (131) Splendor (see k433), riches, wealthy (see raya [raE] ,ayar Bailey 10) (I) (181) O Spitama, family name of Zarathushtra (V) spitama [-] ,amatips (177) tE [ta] ,Et This, that; he, she, it (DG, duA, plNA) (127) qwA [qwa] ,awq You, your (AI, n.plNA) (122) Near, towards, by, up, to (adv., prep.); high, upa ,apu much (adj.)(145) upa-dwLsaiti [upa- dwLs] ,itiasLwd-apu to rush on, to fall upon (pres. act. 3/1) (101)

WahiStvm [WahiSta] ,mvtSihaW Best (n.m.A) (141)

WahmAica ,aciAmhaW Adoration, prayer (D) (137) Agreeable, desirable; wish; will; self- WairyO [Wairya] ,OyriaW commanding (N) (157) Of good, virtuous; a thing (orig.) goods, a good WaMhuyl ,lyuhMaW thing; a gift, creation (fG) (110)

WaMuhIS ,SIhuMaW Good (see above) (f.pl.NA) (105)

WIspe [WIspa] ,epsIW All (m.plNAV) (109) xCnaoqrAica [xCnaoqra] ,aciArqoanCx propitiation, satisfaction (nD) (122) Khwarrah (often untransl.), divine grace or XarvnO [XarvnaMh] ,OnvraX fortune, favor, good things (NA) (111)

YasnAica [ + -ca] ,aciAnsaY And with worship, sacrifice; prayer (D) (142) As; when; that; (conj.); ~ ... ~: either .... or YaqA [Yaqa] ,aqaY (GAv) (175) YLm ,mLY Whom; which (fA) (103)

Yl ,lY Who; which (f.plNA) (163) zaraquStrO Zarathushtra, founder of Zoroastrianism (N) [ZaraquStra] ,OrtSuqaraz (124) zLm [zam, zem] ,mLz Earth (fA) (106)

Cardinal numbers: 1 aEwa- -awEa 2 dwa- -awd 3 qri- -irq 4 caqBar- -raBqac 5 paNca acNap 6 xCwaS SawCx 7 hapta atpah 8 aSta atSa 9 nawa awan 10 dasa asad 100 sata- -atas 1000 hazaMra- -arMazah

Time: century satayArv ,vrAyatas dawn WI-WaMh ,hMaW-IW day (daytime) asarv ,vrasa day (i.e. 24 hour period starting xCapara at midnight) ,arapaCx dusk uCaMh ,hMaCu month mlMh ,hMlm morning uCA ,ACu night naxtu ,utxan (n) night xCap ,paCx (f) noon rapiqBA ,ABqipar time zrwAn ,nAwrz year YArv ,vrAY

Animals: bear arCa ,aCra beaver baBra ,arBab boar, wild pig warAza ,azAraW camel uStra ,artSu cow or bull gao ,oag crab kahrpu ,uprahk dog span ,naps eagle saena ,aneas fish masya ,aysam goat bUza ,azUb hedgehog sIZaka, duZaka ,akaZud .,akaZIs horse aspa ,apsa livestock (small, i.e. goat, sheep, small cattle) anumaya ,ayamuna livestock pasu ,usap mouse mUS ,SUm otter udra ,ardu snake aZi ,iZa vulture karkAsa ,asAkrak wolf wvhrkA ,AkrhvW

Stars and planets English Avestan Middle Persian

Fomalhaut satawaesa Sadwēs (or Canopus?) meteor pairikA (also “fairy”)

Moon mlMh pvrvnO-mAh Full Moon

Pleiades paoiryaEinyl

Sirius Tishtrya (tiCtrya) Tištar (tiStryaEinyl = stars near Sirius) star star, stara

Sun hwar

Ursa Major Haptoiringa (haptOiriNga) Haftōring

Vega Vanant (wanaNT) Wanand

Venus (as cistA morning star)