WILLIAM A. and HUGUETTE CLARK Presented to the Montana
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
WILLIAM A. AND HUGUETTE CLARK Presented to the Montana Luncheon Group Phoenix, Arizona-February 13, 2015 By Paul G. Ulrich I. Introduction. William A. Clark was a truly remarkable, self-made man. His wealth grew from 50 cents when he arrived in Bannack, Montana in 1863 as a young placer miner to possibly $250 million when he died in New York City in 1925 as one of America's richest men. Much of that wealth came from Clark's role in becoming one of Butte's early '"copper kings." However, he had many other mining and business interests as well. Clark also became involved in Montana and federal politics. After repeated, unsuccessful efforts to have the Montana legislature elect him to the United States Senate, he finally bribed it do so. He then resigned before the Senate could expel him for those ethics violations. However, the legislature elected him again the next year. He served one term as a senator but did not seek reelection. He instead returned to his numerous mining and other business interests. He also moved his primary residence from Butte to a 121-room Fifth Avenue mansion in New York City costing $7 million. A picture of that mansion is attached. Clark's youngest daughter, Huguette, was bom in France in 1906. She died in 2011 at age 104. Despite the numerous large gifts she made throughout her life, her estate was valued at $308 million. Huguette's life and personality were highly unusual. She had been a celebrity as Clark's daughter because of her family's wealth. However, she withdrew from public view soon after a short, unhappy marriage ended. After living with her mother and then alone in a large New York City apartment, she chose instead to live her last 20 years in hospital rooms. She didn't particularly need hospital care. She instead simply preferred to live there rather than in large, empty apartments or estates. A lawsuit challenging her will filed by 19 descendants of Clark's other children was settled shortly prior to trial in 2013. This article is based primarily on Michael P. Malone. The Battle for Butte: Mining and Polifics on the Northem Frontier: 1864-1906 (1981); Bill Dedman & Paul Clark Newell. Jr., Empty Mansions (2013); and Meryl Gordon, The Phantom of Fifth Avenue (2014). It also follows the "Early Butte History" article I presented last year. Malone was one of Montana's preeminent historians and writers. He was a history professor at Montana State University and served as its president from 1991 until he died of a sudden heart attack in 1999. Bill Dedman is a Pulitizer Prize-winning joumalist. Paul Clark Newell, Jr., one of Huguette's cousins, knew her when she was alive. His grandmother was one of Clark's sisters. Meryl Gordon is a New York joumalist. Although I haven't cited their books as references throughout the article, I acknowledge the information they've provided with appreciation. 1 11. Clark's Early Years. William Andrews Clark was born as one of eleven children, eight of whom survived, in a four-room log cabin on a southwestern Pennsylvania farm on January 8, 1839. He and his family moved to an Iowa farm near the Missouri border in 1856. He taught winter school in Iowa in 1857 and in a one-room Missouri school during 1860. He then enrolled at Iowa Wesleyan University in 1860 to study classics and law. However, he dropped out in 1862 to join the Colorado gold rush. To get there, he drove a six-oxen team over five months from Atchison, Kansas to Manitou Springs, Colorado. He worked as a hired hand on a small claim near Central City, Colorado during the winter of 1862-63, making at most $3 a day. He was about 5 1/2 feet tall and weighed 120-25 pounds. He appeared to be a "dynamo of nervous intelligence." A photo of Clark at that time is also attached. Clark and two prospector friends traveled to Bannack, Montana during 1863 after hearing of the gold strike at Grasshopper Creek. When he arrived, he was down to his last 50 cents. Clark and his friends soon learned that all the claims were staked out. However, another man staked them in and they worked on his claim. Clark's several thousand dollars in gold dust from that venture became the core of his later fortune. He then worked for a hotel owner during the winter of 1863-64, cutting firewood for $2 a day plus meals. After being caught in a winter blizzard while cutting firewood and nearly perishing, Clark turned to merchandising. He and his friends took wagons to Salt Lake City. Clark loaded his wagon with flour, butter, tobacco and eggs, which he sold for a profit in Bannack. He was a "genius at business affairs" and had a "relentless, all-consuming ambition." Clark and his partners later made huge profits loading supply wagons in Salt Lake City, the Pacific coast and Boise for Bannack, Virginia City, Helena and Elk City. In 1867, Clark obtained a profitable mail contract between Walla Walla, Washington and Missoula. In the fall of 1868, Clark subcontracted his mail delivery business and went east to "bring back a wife." He traveled to Pennsylvania to court Katherine Louise "Kate" Stauffer, a childhood friend. They married at her parents' home on March 17, 1869, then moved to their new home in Helena. They had five children who survived: Mary Joaquina (1870- 1939), Charles Walker (1871-1933), Katherine Louise (1875-1974), William Andrews. Jr. (1877-1934), and Francis Paul (1880-1896). The Clark family tree also is attached. Clark and his new partners began another wholesale mercantile business, shipping goods to Helena and Deer Lodge. After a rough initial season, they whittled the business down to banking, most assaying and buying gold dust. The 1870 census listed Clark as a grocer and banker, with a $ 15,000 net worth. Clark and his partners formed the First National Bank of Deer Lodge in 1872 with a $50,000 capitalization, and established a branch in Butte. Two of Clark's younger brothers eventually joined him in the Butte bank. Clark then bought out his other partners and called the bank. "W.A. Clark & Brother, Bankers." II. Clark's Early Involvement in Butte. In 1872, Butte was a ''near-dormant," failed gold camp, with the beginnings of a rebirth as a mining camp for silver and copper. Upon arriving there, Clark immediately bought four major claims: the Original, Colusa, Mountain Chief and Gambetta mines. Taking a leave of absence from his bank, Clark left his children with family members in Pennsylva• nia and moved with Kate to New York City during 1872-73 so he could take a cram course in geological and mineralogical studies at Columbia University School of Mines. He and his professors then confirmed that he had tapped into major copper veins. Back in Butte, Clark began shipping copper ore by wagon to Utah for smelting. He also financed William Farlin, who had pioneered the Travona mine during the 1860s, in building the Dexter mill to reduce the Travona mine's silver ores. Clark took over Farlin's properties in 1880 when Farlin became over extended and could not make his payments. In 1877, Clark sent 150 tons of high-grade copper ore from his Original mine to the Boston and Colorado smelting firm in Black Hawk. Colorado. That firm was controlled by Nathaniel Hill, one of western mining's giants. Hill had previously applied German and English metallurgy and Boston capital to master the reduction of Colorado's complex silver ores. His experiment with Clark's ore led to creation of the Colorado Smelting and Mining Company in 1878-79. That company built a smelter on Montana Street, south of Silver Bow Creek, which began operating in 1879 and expanded in 1881. Clark's mines fed ores to that plant. Clark also did custom smelting, and bought ores from other miners to form the proper fluxing mixtures, and to combine and smelt them together with his own ore. Shipping copper from Butte became much easier after the railroad arrived in December 1881. In addition to his mining interests, Clark built Butte's water supply system, organized the electric light company and owned 77?^ Butte Miner newspaper. From 1884 to 1888 he built the most expensive home in Butte, a 34-room Victorian mansion on west Granite Street costing about $250,000, as an expression of confidence in the copper camp. However, Kate and their children spent most of 1884-93 in Europe and New York, seeking cleaner air, better schools and cultural opportunities. Clark joined them for vacations during the winter months, also then building his art collection. The family lived in New York or California when they returned to the United States. While Kate attended the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, she contracted typhoid fever. She died in New York City on October 19, 1893. III. Clark's Business Interests. By 1889, Clark was one of America's most wealthy businessmen. In addition to his mines, mills and smelters in Butte, he owned banks, retail stores, newspapers, coal mines, water, electrical and street utilities, and large lumber holdings in the Big Blackfoot and Missoula valleys. Clark saw samples from the United Verde mine in Jerome. Arizona at the 3 1885 New Orleans Exposition. The mine had begun operating in 1876. It closed in 1884 when its owners could no longer operate profitably because of leaner ore and falling copper prices.