Class 8th Std. SOCIAL SCIENCE History - Ch-2nd Colonisation Of Short Question Answers Qns:1 What were factories? Why were they named so? Ans:1 Britishers established their trading centres in various parts of the world, especially on the coasts .These centres were called factories because the officials of the companies were known as factors. Qns:2 What were the causes behind the battle of Buxar? Ans:2 In 1760, the company made Mir Jafir's son-in-law Mir Qasim, the Nawab of . After some years, Mir Qasim attempted to free himself from the British domination. He dismissed court officials who favoured the British, hired European experts to train his army and abolished all duties on internal trade so that both the Indian and British merchants could trade on equal terms. All this irked the company and they declared a war on him. Qns:3 What were the causes that resulted in the Anglo-Afghan conflict? Ans:3 In the 1830s,the British started interfering in Afghanistan 'S internal affairs as they thought Russia might expand across Asia and attack India via Afghanistan. This insecurity resulted into Anglo -Afghan wars between 1838 and 1842. Qns:4 Discuss the causes of three Anglo -Maratha wars.After, their defeat in the third battle of Panipat ,the Marathas became weak. The different dynasties were held together by the Peshwa based in Pine. After 1770, the power struggle intensified. The British interfered in their internal matters and this led to the three Anglo- Marathas war. Long Answer Questions Qns:1 What was the most important result of the Battle of Plassey? Discuss Bengal after the Battle of Plassey. Ans:1 The Battle of Plassey is a significant landmark in the history of india as it transformed mere trading company into a political power. Mir Jafir became puppet in the hands of the British and they constantly demanded money and privileges. In 1760 the company made his son -in - law, Mir Qasim the Nawab of Bengal. In return Mir Qasim gave the company the zamidari of Burdwan, Mindapore and Chittagong. After some years, Mir Qasim attempted to free himself from the British domination. British got angry and declared war on him. Mir Qasim was defeated and Mir Jafir was restored. When the combined forces of Indians were defeated in the Battle of Buxar the company became the real master of Bengal. Qns:2 What were the consequences of the Battle of Buxar? How did it affect the Indian rulers? Ans:2 In 1765 the treaty of was signed between Shuja -ud -daulah, Shah Alam 2 and Clive. As per treaty : 1. The English got diwani of Bengal from the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam ll. 2. The Nawab of was made to pay an indemnity of 50 lakh rupees. The Company restored his kingdom and promised to help in case of attack on his territory. Qns:3 Discuss the relation between the British and the Mysore with reference to the four Mysore

wars. Ans:3 Mysore emerged as a powerful state under the outstanding leadership of Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. Mysore controlled the profitable spice trade of the Malabar coast. In 1785, Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper and cardamom through the ports of his kingdom, and prohibited local merchants from trading with the company. Qns:4 How did the (a) Subsidiary Alliance and (b) Doctrine of lapse help the British to gain control over India? Ans:4 (a)Subsidary Alliance - As per the Subsidary Alliance a ruler had to : Disband his own army and maintain British troops permanently at their cost or cede some territory in lieu of it. In case rulers failed to make payments a part of the territory was taken away as penalty. Expel all other foreigners from his Territory. Consult the British before negotiating with any other Indian state. (b) Doctrine of lapse- Like the policy of Subsidary Alliance, Doctrine of lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousi to annex the Indian states. According to the Doctrine of lapse a dependent state would pass into British hands if the ruler died without a natural male heir. It did not recognize the right of adopted children to inherit the throne. Multiple Choice Questions 1 ……….. defeated the British forces in the First Anglo -Mysore War. (a) Haider Ali (b) Tipu Sultan (c) Mir Qasim Answer -Haider Ali 2. In 1772 ……………became the Governor -General of Bengal. (a) Robert Clive (b) Warren Hastings (c) Lord Dalhousie Answer -Warren Hastings 3. The French and the British fought Carnatic Wars. (a) two (b)three (c) four Answer -three 4. During the British rule Indian territories were divided into administrative units called…. (a) Districts (b) Presidencies (c) Thanas Answer -presidencies Fill in the blanks 1. Vasco-da -Gama discovered the sea route to India . 2. The English East India Company established their first trade settlement at Surat. 3. Awadh was annexed on the pretext of mis governance. 4. In 1772,the British established two courts. Match the following 1. The principle of paramountcy Lord Hastings 2. Diwani rights. Robert Clive 3. Subsidary Alliance Lord Wellesley 4. Doctrine of lapse Lord Dalhousie Write (T) for true and (F) for false statements 1. In 1756, Siraj -ud -daulah became the Nawab of Bengal. T 2. Robert Clive introduced the system of dual government in Bengal. T 3. The treaty of Mangalore was signed between the English and the Marathas. T

4. Indians in the British army could at the most become a subedar. T

CHAPTER -3RD (RULING THE RURAL AREAS) SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Why was the East India company in need of money? Ans. The East India company was in need of money, to bear the cost of maintaining the administrative structure meet was expenses and fund for buying for exporting to England. 2. Why was theroleofmoneylenders improveishing the peasantry? Ans. When the poor farmers could not pay the revenue, they borrowed money from the moneylenders at a high interest. When they could not pay back the loan and they migrated to the cities. 3. List two main feature of permanent settlement. The two main feature of permanent settlement are- a. The revenue to be collected was fixed permanently, with no scope of revision later. b. What ever remained with the zamindars after paying the revenue was his profit. 4. Why did British need indigo? Why was its cultivation encouraged in India? Ans. It was the popular dye in India exported to England to be used in textiles industry. The expansion of cotton production in England increased the demand of indigo. So, the colonial government encourage indigo plantation in India . LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS Qns:1. Discuss the effects of the Permanent Settlement on the zamindars and peasants. Effects on the peasants and zamindars are as under : 1. Neither the British nor the landlords made any investment in the land to improve agricultural production. 2. The peasants were forced to grow cash crops such as indigo and cotton in order to earn maximum revenue. Qns :2 Differentiate between (a) the Ryotwari system and the Mahalwari system (b) Ryot and Nij system in indigo cultivation Ans:2 a) Ryotwari system : In this system, the farmers directly paid the land revenue to the government. Mahalwari system : In this system, the revenue settlement was made for the entire village or mahal. b) Indigo production was organised under two systems : Ryot and Nij Ryot : In the Ryot system, the planters entered into an agreement with the ryots. The planters bought or rented land to grow indigo. They personally owned the equipment like ploughs and carts. They hired peasants on daily wage to produce and transport indigo. Qns:3 Why did an acute shortage of food supply occur with the advent of the Industrial Revolution? Ans:3 Due to industrial revolution in England there was an increase in demand for commercial crops such as tea coffee indigo jute oilseeds sugarcane mulberry and rubber. These crops were grown on large estates called plantations owned by european. The plantations was

set up in Assam, Bengal and Kerala while indigo poppy and jute processing units were set up in Bengal and Bihar. The planters on these plantations lured the tribals and landless labourers to work for measly salaries. Incourse of time however this practice resulted in the decline of production of food grains and an acute shortage of food supply occurred. Qns:4 What was the indigo rebellion? Discuss the reactions of the intellectuals and the zamindars during the revolts? Ans:4 The indigo rebellion of 1859-60 was directed against the European planters where exploitation has pushed the peasants to the edge. The ryots refused to pay the rents,attacked palnters and gomasthas and destroy indigo factories. Women also actively participated in the rebellion against the indigo planters. Qns Write short note on (a) Garadari system (b) Effect of revenue policies on the common people. Ans. (a) Garadari system - Warren Hastings introduced the Garadari system in 1772 to improve the situation. In this system right to collect revenue was given to highest bidder for the period of five years. These bidders were called contractors but this system too was not successful as bides were unrealized . (b) Effect of revenue policies on the common people. - Due to abusive revenue policy of the English the condition deteriorated and they were forced to Se ll their land. They took loan and after had to sell their land repay the loan. Qns:3 Multiple choice questions 1 .A group of villages was called (a) ryots (b) mahal (c) villages Answer-mahal 2. In....system, the farmers paid land revenue directly to the government. (a) ijardari (b) Ryotwari (c) Mahalwari Answer :Ryotwari 3. Jute processing units were set up in (a) Bengal and Bihar (b) Bengal and Assam (c) Kerala Answer :Bengal and Bihar 4. It was another system of indigo cultivation in which planters purchased or rented land. (a) mahal (b) ryot (c) nij Answer :nij Qns:4 Match the following 1Ijardari Warren Hastings 2.Ryotwari. Thomas Munro 3.Mahalwari. Holt Mackenzie 4.Permanent settlement. Lord Cornwallis Qns:5 Fill in the blanks 1. In 1917..... Visit to Champaran marked the beginning of a movement against the indigo planters. Answer- 2...... devised the Mahalwari system. Answer-Holt Mackenzie

3. ....landlords owned huge areas of land in the villages but lived in towns. Answer-absentee 4. The was led by..... and..... Answer-Peasants and villagers Qns:6 True or false 1. Under permanent settlement peasants were owners of landlords. F 2. The Ryotwari system was also known as the Munro system. T 3. The Nij system of indigo plantation was beneficial for the planters. F 4. The indigo Rebellion started in Bihar. T

GENERAL SCIENCE

CHAPTER – 15( PHYSICS) - SOME NATURAL PHENOMENA Oral Ques/Ans Q-1 Name any Four Destructive natural Phenomena? Ans – Lighting, Eathquake, Cyclone and Volcanic Eruption. Q-2 What happens when ebonite rod is rubbed with the wool? Ans – Ebonite rod gets negatively charged. Q-3 What things were used in Benjamin Franklins Experiment? Ans – Kite, Silk string, Iron key, Metal Wire and Leyden Jar. Q-4 What are tectonic plates? Ans – The large broken pieces of the surface of the earth are called tectonic plates. Science Quiz Q-1 What is the point vertically above the Seismic focus called? Ans – Epicenter. Q-2 Name the sea waves caused by an Earthquake under the ocean floor. Ans – Tsunami Q-3 Which elecriscope is used to find the nature of change of an object charged or uncharged? Ans – charged gold leaf electroscope. Very Short Ques/ Ans Q-1 When an object is said to be charged? Ans – An object is said to be charged when it has electric charge on itself. Q-2 Name the instrument for meaning the intensity of an earthquake. Ans – Seismograph Q-3 What is ment by thunder? Ans – The loud sound produced during lighting is called thunder. Q-4 Why does a comb rubbed on dry hairs attract pieces of paper? Ans – Comb attracts pieces of paper because its gets electrically charged. Short Type- I Ques/ Ans Q-1 What is meant by charging by friction? Ans – The process of charging an object by rubbing it against the another object is known as charging by friction. Eg – charging a glass rod by rubbing it with silk. Q-2 What is an earthquake? Name the scale which describes the magnitude of an earthquake. Ans – The sudden shaking of earth’s crust for a short time is called an earthquake. Ritcher scale is used to measure magnitude of an earthquake. Q-3 What is meant by electrostatic force? Ans – The force of attraction or repulsion produced in an object after charging is called electrostatic force.

Q-4 Why do we say that repulsion is a sure test of charge on an object. Ans – A charged object can attract another charge object with opposite charge as well as an uncharged object, when an object being tested is repelled by a charged object, it becomes sure that the object under examination is charged. So, repulsion is sure test of charge on an object. Short Type- II Ques/ Ans Q-1 List any three causes and effects of Earthquake. Ans – Causes of Earthquake are:- 1. Earthquake is caused due to movement of tectonic plates. 2. It can be caused due to volcanic eruptions. 3. It can be caused due to dislocation of earth’s crust. 4. It can be caused due to underground nuclear explosions. Effects of Earthquake 1. Human made structures get severly damage. 2. It can cause floods by changing course of rivers. 3. Sewer system burst open causing epidemic. 4. Fire breaks due to sparkling from electrical poles. Q-2 What are the harmful effects of lightning? Ans – Harmful effects of lightning are as follows:- 1. It can shatter the buildings causing a lot of destruction. 2. It can burn trees and cause forest fire. 3. It can kill animals and human beings instantly. Q-4 If you are outside your home and an earthquake occurs, what precautions would you take to protect yourself? Ans –  Move to an open area.  Do not come out of a car or a bus if travelling.  Move away from buildings, trees, electrical poles, etc. Long Ques/ Ans Q-1 A. What is the gold - leaf electroscope? Ans – The electroscope that uses two gold foils for detecting a charge on an object is called gold - leaf electroscope. Q-1 B. Draw its labeled diagram. Ans –

Q-1 C. List its uses. Ans – Uses of gold – leaf electroscope:-

1. It is used to detect whether an object is charged or uncharged. 2. It is used to identify the nature of charge on charged object.

Q-2 A. How does lightning strike the ground? Ans – When a charged cloud passes over the tall building or a tree, it induces an opposite charge on them. The negative charge at the base of the cloud pulls the positive charge induced in the building upward with a tremendous speed. As soon as these opposite charges connect, a continuous path is formed from the cloud to the tall building on the ground. The large amount of negative charge rushes down this path giving rise to electric discharge in the form of lighting strike. Q-2 B. What is a lighting conductor? Ans – A lighting conductor is a device which is fixed over the top of tall buildings to protect them from damage due to lightning. Q-2 C. How does lightning conductor protect tall buildings? Ans – Lightning conductor rod with sharp spikes is fixed over the tall building. This rod is fixed over the tall building. This rod runs from the top to bottom along the outer wall of the buildings. The lower end of the rod is connected to the metal plate buried under the earth. When lightning strikes, the lightning conductor provides an easy path for the charge to pass through to the earth and protects the building. Q-2 D. Give two safety measures to be taken during thunderstorm. Ans – 1. On hearing thunder rush to safer places such as building or a car with closed windows. 2. Stay away from water bodies as water is a good conductor of electricity. 3. Do not lie flat on the ground. 4. Come down from the elevated places such as roof top. Q-3 A. What is volcano? Ans – Volcano is the hole in the earth’s crust through which molten rocks and hot gases under high pressure rush out. Q-3 B. How do Volcanoes cause earthquake? Ans – The energy released during volcanic eruption causes vibrations in earth’s crust. These vibrations causes earthquakes. CIRCLE THE ODD ONES- Pollution 1) Cyclone lightning pollution earthquake Reason- It is odd one because except it others are natural phenomena. 2) Crust Core Mantle Ocean Reason- It is odd one because except it others are three layers of earth and ocean is a water body. Drought 3) Landslide Tsunami Flood Reason- It is odd one because except it others are damaging effects of earthquake. BOOKWORK (Page no. 215) 1. Charges are of _____ types. Ans- 2 2. The electric charge on a glass rod when it is rubbed with a silk cloth is ______. Ans- positive 3. Like charges ______each other. Ans- repel 4. Charged glass rod and ebonite rod _____ each other.

Ans- attract 5. Types of charges were discovered by ______. Ans- Benjamin Franklin ( Page no. 222) 1. Trees get burnt due to ______. Ans- lightning 2. Movement of the tectonic plates leads to ______. Ans- earthquake 3. A place of origin of an earthquake inside the earth is called______. Ans- seismic focus 4. The graphical record of the intensity of seismic waves is called______. Ans- seismogram ( Page no. 225-226) 1. Which of the following is not a natural phenomenon? Ans- Nuclear explosion 2. When we rub things, they get charged. This is called charging by______Ans- friction 3. When an ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, it acquires ______charge. Ans- negative 4. The gas which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun is______Ans- ozone • FILL IN THE BLANKS: 1. When electric charge move, they constitute an______(electric current) 2. The loud sound produced during lightning is called ______(thunder) 3. Weak points on the earth's crust are called ______(faults) 4. The waves generated inside the earth's surface due to an earthquake are called _____ (seismic waves or shock waves) SECTION- B 1. Glass rod is rubbed with a piece of ______(silk) 2. A glass rod acquires ______charge. (positive) 3. Two charged glass rods ______each other. (repel)