A Petrographic Characterization of the Leatherwood Coal Bed in Eastern Kentucky

University of Kentucky UKnowledge

Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences Earth and Environmental Sciences

2014

Michelle N. Johnston University of Kentucky, [email protected]

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Recommended Citation Johnston, Michelle N., "A Petrographic Characterization of the Leatherwood Coal Bed in Eastern Kentucky" (2014). Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences. 18. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/18

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The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above.

Michelle N. Johnston, Student

Dr. Jim Hower, Major Professor

Dr. Edward Woolery, Director of Graduate Studies

A PETROGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LEATHERWOOD COAL BED IN EASTERN KENTUCKY

THESIS

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky

Michelle N. Johnston

Director: Dr. James C. Hower, Adjunct Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences

Lexington, Kentucky

2014

ABSTRACT OF THESIS

A PETROGRAPHIC CHRACTERIZATION OF THE LEATHERWOOD COAL BED IN EASTERN KENTUCKY

The Eastern Kentucky Coal Field is located in the central portion of the Appalachian Basin. The Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation in this region is characterized by numerous sequences of bituminous coal-bearing sedimentary rocks. These coals have distinct maceral compositions due to variations in depositional environments. Coal characterization is an important method for determining conditions that influenced peat accumulation and overall depositional settings of mires. This study focuses on the characterization of the maceral composition of the Middle Pennsylvanian-age Leatherwood coal bed. It utilizes petrographical, palynological, and geochemical analyses to describe specific depositional environments and associated peat accumulation conditions. Petrographic analyses indicate that these coals have relatively high liptinite and varying inertinite content, along with trace amounts of mineral matter. Vitrinite, mainly in the form of collotelinite, is the most dominant maceral group. Geochemical data reveal low ash and sulfur content. Ancillary palynological data shows the palynomorph assemblage to be dominated by tree fern and large lycopsid tree spores, with lesser amounts of small lycopsid tree, small fern, and cordaites and calamites spores. The petrographic, geochemical and palynological data indicate that both domed, ombrotrophic, and planar, rheotrophic mire conditions, with limited local detrital influx, contributed to the formation of the Leatherwood coal. .

Keywords: Coal, Petrography, Leatherwood, Appalachian Basin, Palynology

Michelle N. Johnston

April 24, 2014

A PETROGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LEATHERWOOD COAL BED IN EASTERN KENTUCKY

Michelle N. Johnston

Dr. James C. Hower (Director of Thesis)

Dr. Edward Woolery (Director of Graduate Studies)

April 24, 2014

This work is dedicated to my parents, Michael and Fran Johnston. I appreciate all of the love, support, and sacrifices my mother has made to help me succeed. I honor the memory of my father with my degree in geology. I love you both very much.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Foremost, it is with sincere gratitude that I acknowledge my advisor, Dr. James

Hower, for his continuous support, motivation, and immense knowledge. This thesis would not have been possible without his guidance and dedication. Words cannot begin to express how appreciative I am for Jim providing me with a positive and enjoyable graduate school experience.

It also gives me great pleasure in acknowledging the expertise of Dr. Cortland

Eble, and would like to give him thanks for his commitment and efforts to this project. I would also like to thank committee member, Dr. Rebecca Freeman, for her helpful feedback and support to this project.

In addition, a thank you to committee member, Dr. Jen O’Keefe, whose enthusiasm for research and science has allowed for the success of this project, and my career as a woman in the geosciences.

Lastly, I would like to give a special thanks to Dr. Kate Bulinski, who introduced me to the wonderful field of geology. Without her continuous encouragement, valuable advice, support, and life-long friendship, I would not be where I am today.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments………………………………………….…………………………….iii

List of Tables…………………………………………….…………………………….…vi

List of Figures…………………...……………………………………………....…....…viii

Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………..…..…1 1.1 Purpose……………………………..……………….……………….…………….1 1.2 Coal Overview………………………………….……………………..………..…2 1.2.1 Lithotypes……………...……………………………...……...……………..2 1.2.2 Maceral Groups……………….………………………………………..……3 1.2.3 Rank……………….…………………………………………………..……5 1.2.4 Grade……………………………………...…………..…………………….6 1.3 Geologic Setting………………………………………………………………..….6 1.3.1 Paleoenvironment………………………………………………………..…6 1.3.2 Palynology...…………………………………………………………….. …7 1.3.3 Stratigraphy………………………………………………………………....8

Chapter 2: Sampling and Analytical Methods………………………………...……..…..17 2.1 Sample Collection…………………………...……………...……………………17 2.2 Sample Preparation………………………………………………………..……..17 2.3 Etching Preparation………………………………………….…………….……..18 2.4 Data Collection…………………………………………………….…………….18

Chapter 3: Results……………………………………………………………………..…24 3.1 Quantitative Results……………………………………………………………...24 3.1.1 Coal Series 4477—4488…………………………..……………………...... 24 3.1.2 Coal Series 4489—4499……………………………………...……….…....25 3.1.3 Coal Series 4500—4511……………………………………..……...……...26 3.1.4 Coal Series 4599—4607…………..………………………………………..27 3.1.5 Coal Series 4978—4986………………………………………….....….…..28 3.1.6 Coal Series 41035—41041……………………………………………...…29 3.1.7 Coal Series 41042—41048…………………………………………..….…30 3.1.8 Coal Series 41049—41054……………………………...….……………...31 3.1.9 Coal Series 41055—41061………………………………………………...32 3.1.10 Coal Series 6468—6476……………………………………………..…...34 3.1.11 Coal Series 6477—6485………………………………………….…..…..35 3.2 Qualitative Results……………………………………………………..………...37 3.2.1 Coal Series 4477—4488………………………………………….………..38 3.2.2 Coal Series 4489—4499…………………………………………….……..38 3.2.3 Coal Series 4500—4511…………………………………………………...39

3.2.4 Coal Series 4599—4607…………………………………………………...39 3.2.5 Coal Series 4978—4986…………………………………………………...39 3.2.6 Coal Series 41035—41041…………………………………….…….….…40 3.2.7 Coal Series 41042—41048……………………………………..……….…40 3.2.8 Coal Series 41049—41054……………………………………..……….…41 3.2.9 Coal Series 41055—41061………………………………………..…….…41 3.2.10 Coal Series 6468—6476……………………………………………...…..42 3.2.11 Coal Series 6477—6485……………………………………………...…..42

Chapter 4: Discussion and Conclusions………………………………………………...147 4.1 Depositional Environment Interpretations…………………………….………..147 4.1.1 Petrography……………………..…………...……………………………147 4.1.2 Geochemistry……………………………………………………...……...148 4.1.3 Palynology…………………………………………………………...…...149 4.2 Interpretations……………………………………………………...……….…..150 4.3 Conclusions………………………………………………………………….….154

Appendix A: Petrographic Data ……..…………………………………………….…...163

Appendix B: Palynological Data ……..………………………..………………….…...181

Appendix C: Geochemical Data ……..…………………………………...……….…...202

Appendix D: Correlation Coefficient Analyses ……..…………………………….…...213

Appendix E: Field Descriptions ……..…………………………………………….…...238

References……………………………………………………………………….…..….250

Vita……………………………………………………...…………………….….…..…254

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1, Sampled mines with associated quadrangle, county, mining company, Carter Coordinate section, and sample ID number……………………………………...19 Table 3.1, Vitrinite reflectance values for maximum reflectance, maximum reflectance standard deviation, minimum reflectance, and minimum reflectance standard deviation for select benches that are representative of the entire dataset……...... 44 Table 3.2, Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 4477— 4488……………………………………………………………………………..136 Table 3.3, Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 4489— 4499………………………………………………………………………..……137 Table 3.4, Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 4500— 4511……………………………………………………………………………..138 Table 3.5, Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 4599— 4607………………………………………………………………………..……139 Table 3.6, Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite maceral (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 4978—4986..….. …………………………………………………………….…140 Table 3.7, Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 41035— 41041……………………………………………………………………………141 Table 3.8, Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 41042— 41048…….………………………………………………………………….…..142 Table 3.9, Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 41049— 41054……………………………………………………………………………143 Table 3.10, Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite

and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 41055— 41061……………………………………………………………………………144 Table 3.11, Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 6468— 6476..…… ………………………………………………………………..….…145 Table 3.12, Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 6477— 6485.……… ……………………………………………………………………146

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1, Map of Kentucky with the Pennsylvanian—aged Eastern Kentucky Coal Field outlined in red (Figure modified from Haney, 1979)………………………….….9 Figure 1.2, Photographs of representative vitrinite macerals under oil immersion with plane-polarized reflected white-light (Figure courtesy of Jim Hower) ………....10 Figure 1.3, Photographs of representative liptinite macerals under oil immersion with plane-polarized reflected white-light (Figure courtesy of Jim Hower)………....11 Figure 1.4, Photographs of representative inertinite macerals under oil immersion with plane-polarized reflected white-light (Figure courtesy of Jim Hower)………….12 Figure 1.5, The Appalachian Basin extending through eastern Kentucky outlined in red (Figure modified from Tankard, 1986)……………………………………….….13 Figure 1.6, Paleo—geographic reconstruction of North America in relation to the super continent, Pangaea, during the Late Pennsylvanian (300 Ma; Figure modified from Blakey, 2010)………………………………………………………. ….….14 Figure 1.7, A reconstruction of a typical arborescent lycopod—dominant planar mire during the middle Pennsylvanian (Figure from Greb et al., 1999).…………..….15 Figure 1.8, Stratigraphic units of Pennsylvanian rocks in eastern Kentucky; the Leatherwood coal bed is designated by the red outline overlain by the Peach Orchard coal zone (Figure modified from Rice and Smith, 1980).……………...16 Figure 2.1, Field map of sample locations in eastern Kentucky…………………..…..…20 Figure 2.2, Locations of Kentucky counties and associated 7.5 minute quadrangles (outlined in red) using the Carter Coordinate system (modified from Haney, 1981).……….………………………………………………………….…..….....21 Figure 2.3, Eastern Kentucky reserve districts (Personal communication with Dr. Jim Hower)…...... 22 Figure 2.4, Photographs of the Leatherwood sample collection (Photographs courtesy of Dr. Jim Hower)…………………………………………………………...….…..23 Figure 3.1, Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 4488 and the highest bench is 4477…………….....45 Figure 3.2, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 4477—4488……………….……………………..…………………….….46 Figure 3.3, Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 4477—4488……………………..………………….………………….….47 Figure 3.4, Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 4477—4488……………………..………………….………..….………...48 Figure 3.5, Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 4477— 4488...…………………………………………………………………………….49 Figure 3.6, Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 4477—4488……………………..………………….….…………..………….….50

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Figure 3.7, Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 4499 and the highest bench is 4489…………..…...51 Figure 3.8, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 4489—4499……………………………………..…………………….…..52 Figure 3.9, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 4489—4499……………………..………………….….………….………53 Figure 3.10, Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 4489—4499……………………..…………..…..………………….……..54 Figure 3.11, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 4489—4499……………………..…………………………….…….….…55 Figure 3.12, Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 4489—4499... ……………………..…………………………...…………...……56 Figure 3.13, Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 4511 and the highest bench is 4500……………….57 Figure 3.14, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 4500—4511……………………..………………….….……….…………58 Figure 3.15, Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 4500—4511……………………..………………….…....…...………..59 Figure 3.16, Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 4500—4511……………………..………………….….…….………..…..60 Figure 3.17, Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 4500— 4511………………………………………………………………………………61 Figure 3.18, Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 4500—4511…….………..……………..………………….…………….……….62 Figure 3.19, Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 4607 and the highest bench is 4599……………….63 Figure 3.20, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 4599—4607………..………………………….……………….………….64 Figure 3.21, Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 4599—4607………..………………….….………………….………...65 Figure 3.22, Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 4599—4607………..………………….….……………………..……..….66 Figure 3.23, Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 4599— 4607………………………………………………………………………………67 Figure 3.24, Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 4599—4607….………..………………….….……………………….…….…….68

Figure 3.25, Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 4986 and the highest bench is 4978………..…….69 Figure 3.26, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 4978—4986………..………………….….………………………….……70 Figure 3.27, Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 4978—4986………..………………….….……………………………71 Figure 3.28, Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 4978—4986………..………………….….……………………….………72 Figure 3.29, Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 4978— 4986...…………………………………………………………………..………...73 Figure 3.30, Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for the series 4978—4968………..………………….….……………………………..………..74 Figure 3.31, Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 41041 and the highest bench is 41035………..…...75 Figure 3.32, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 41035—41041………..………………….…..…………………….…...…76 Figure 3.33, Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 41035—41041………..………………….….……….…………...……77 Figure 3.34, Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 41035—41041………..………………….….….……………….….…..…78 Figure 3.35, Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 41035— 41041……………………...…..………………………………………………….79 Figure 3.36, Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 41035—41041………..………………….……..……………………….………..80 Figure 3.37, Plot showing the total percentages of the major palynological groups in each bench for series 41035—41041………..…………………………..………….…81 Figure 3.38, Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 41048 and the highest bench is 41042…………..82 Figure 3.39, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 41042—41048………..…………………………………...………………83 Figure 3.40, Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 41042—41048………..………………….……...………………..……84 Figure 3.41, Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 41042—41048………..………………….….………………..….……..…85 Figure 3.42, Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 41042— 41048……………………..…………..…………………………………………..86

Figure 3.43, Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 41035—41041………..…………………...…..………………….…...………….87 Figure 3.44, Plot showing the total percentages of the major palynological groups in each bench for series 41042—41048………..…………………………….……..……88 Figure 3.45, Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 41049 and the highest bench is 41054………….…89 Figure 3.46, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 41049—41054……………………………………………………….…….90 Figure 3.47, Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 41049—41054………………………………..…………...….……..…91 Figure 3.48, Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 41049—41054……………………………………….……………………92 Figure 3.49, Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 41049— 41054………………………………………………………………………..……93 Figure 3.50, Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 41049—41054………………………………..……………….……………….…94 Figure 3.51, Plot showing the total percentages of the major palynological groups in each bench for series 41049—41054………………………………..………………...95 Figure 3.52, Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 41061 and the highest bench is 41055…………….96 Figure 3.53, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 41055—41061……………………………………………………….……97 Figure 3.54, Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 41055—41061………………………………..…………………..…..…98 Figure 3.55, Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 41055—41061………………………………..………………………...…99 Figure 3.56, Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 41055— 41061………………………………..……………………………………….…100 Figure 3.57, Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 41055—41061…………………………….………………………………….…101 Figure 3.58, Plot showing the total percentages of the major palynological groups in each bench for series 41055—41061………………………………..…………….…102 Figure 3.59, Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 6476 and the highest bench is 6468……………...103 Figure 3.60, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 6468—6476…………………….….……………………..…………...…104

Figure 3.61, Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 6468—6476………………………………..………………..….….…105 Figure 3.62, Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 6468—6476…..……………………………..…………..…..………...…106 Figure 3.63, Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 6468— 6476... ………………………………………………………………..……....…107 Figure 3.64, Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 6468—6476….…………………………………..…….……………………..…108 Figure 3.65, Plot showing the total percentages of the major palynological groups in each bench for series 6468—6476…………………………………..…..…...………109 Figure 3.66, Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 6485 and the highest bench is 6477…………..….110 Figure 3.67, Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 6477—6485…………………………….…………..………………...….111 Figure 3.68, Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 6477—6485…………………………………..…………...…..…..….112 Figure 3.69, Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 6477—6485………………………………….……..………………...….113 Figure 3.70, Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 6477— 6485……………………………………..………………………………………114 Figure 3.71, Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 6477—6485….………………………………………..……………….……..…115 Figure 3.72, Plot showing the total percentages of the major palynological groups in each bench for series 6477—6485…………………………………...………………116 Figure 3.73, Photographs of vitrinite macerals……………..………………………..…117 Figure 3.74, Photographs of inertinite macerals…………………………………..……118 Figure 3.75, Photographs of the inertinite maceral, secretinite………………….……..120 Figure 3.76, Photographs of the inertinite maceral, funginite…….……………………121 Figure 3.77, Photographs of the liptinite maceral, sporinite…….…….………...….…..122 Figure 3.78, Photographs of the liptinite maceral, sporinite……………….….……..…123 Figure 3.79, Photographs of the liptinite maceral, cutinite………………….………….124 Figure 3.80, Photographs of the liptinite maceral, alginite………………………..……125 Figure 3.81, Photographs of mineral matter…………………………………..………..126 Figure 3.82, Photographs of carbonate mineral matter……………………………....…127 Figure 3.83, Photographs of etched vitrinite (images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble)… …………………………………………………………………………………..128 Figure 3.84, Photographs of etched liptinite macerals (images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble)………………………………………... ………………………………….129

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Figure 3.85, Photographs of etched macerals (images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble)……. ………………………………………………………………………………..…130 Figure 3.86, Photographs of Calamites spores (images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble)…. …………………………………………………………………………………131 Figure 3.87, Photographs of Cordaites pollen (top two images) and gymnosperm pollen from an unknown source (bottom three images; images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble)………………………………………………………………………….…132 Figure 3.88, Photographs of small Lycopsid spores (top images) and Lycopsid tree spores (bottom six images; images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble). ………………...... 133 Figure 3.89, Photographs of small fern spores (images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble) ………………………………………………………………………………..…134 Figure 3.90, Photographs of tree fern spores (images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble)…………………………………………………………………………….135 Figure 4.1, Figure showing the horizontal profile of the designated data series indicated by the red stars on the map. Ash yield percentages are indicated by the bar graphs, listed in consecutive order from A to A’…………………………………….…156 Figure 4.2, Figure showing the horizontal profile of the designated data series indicated by the red stars on the map. Sulfur percentages are indicated by the bar graphs, listed in consecutive order from A to A’……………………………………….158 Figure 4.3, Figure showing the horizontal profile of the designated data series indicated by the red stars on the map. Maceral group percentages are indicated by the bar graphs, listed in consecutive order from A to A’……………...………………..160 Figure 4.4,The figure above illustrates the interpreted reconstruction of the laterally confined peat body, showing the site locations, indicated by the red stars, in proximity to the mire’s perimeters. The figure below illustrates the mire pod’s relative elevation from A to A’…………………………………………………162

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CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION The Eastern Kentucky Coal Field (EKCF) is located in one of the major sedimentary basins in the state: the Appalachian Basin. The EKCF covers all or parts of 31 counties (approximately 34,628 square kilometers), and spans about 33 percent of the state’s area. The EKCF is part of the Central Appalachian Basin, and stretches from the Appalachian Mountains westward across the Cumberland Plateau (Figure 1.1). The lithology in this region is composed of numerous sequences of bituminous coals, many of which have distinct maceral (i.e., organic constituents present in coal) compositions, due to varying depositional environments (Chesnut, 1989). Coal characterization is an important method for determining conditions that influenced peat accumulation and overall depositional settings, especially in Kentucky where coal contains variable maceral assemblages.

1.1 Purpose The bituminous coal found in Kentucky’s coal field region encompasses a broad range of coals with varying maceral composition. Many of these coal beds have undergone extensive palynological, petrographical, and geochemical analyses. However, others, including the Leatherwood coal bed in the Hazard Coal Zone, have yet to be examined in detail. This study will focus on the organic petrography of the Middle Pennsylvanian-age Leatherwood coal bed. The identification of maceral assemblages through organic petrography provides vital information necessary for the interpretation and assessment of the conditions under which the peat accumulated, and associated depositional environments (Helfrich and Hower, 1991; Greb et al., 1999; Hower et al., 2007; Hower and Wagner, 2012). Geochemical and palynological data are incorporated to better define the complex processes behind the accumulation and coalification of the Leatherwood coal. Specifically, maceral analyses provide indicators of peat degradation and preservation. Miospore analyses provide an overview of the original mire flora, as well as temporal changes in vegetation during mire development; and geochemical analyses provide additional information about mire hydrology (Eble et al., 1994). These proxies have been effectively combined to reconstruct paleoecologies and

paleoenvironments of peat deposition in numerous Pennsylvanian-age coal beds (Grady and Eble, 1989; Hower and Bland, 1989; Eble and Grady, 1990; Helfrich and Hower, 1991; Eble et al., 1994; Greb et al., 1999; Greb et al., 2001; Greb et al., 2002; Hower et al., 2007).

1.2 Coal Overview

Coal is an organic-rich, combustible sedimentary rock composed primarily of carbonaceous material formed from the compaction and induration of plant remains (Schopf, 1956; Taylor et al., 1998; Suárez-Ruiz and Crelling, 2008). The properties of coal are the result of the interplay of three independent geological parameters that are used in describing coal: lithotype, rank, and grade (Taylor et al., 1998; Suárez-Ruiz and Crelling, 2008; O’Keefe et al., 2013). The Leatherwood coal bed is a part of the upper Middle Pennsylvanian (middle Bolsovian) Prater Coal Zone in the EKCF of the Central Appalachian Basin. It consists predominately of alternating clarain and durain lithotypes that are high volatile A bituminous in rank, and of varying grade.

1.2.1 Lithotypes

Coal lithotypes reflect the nature of plant debris from which the resulting peat was derived. This includes the amount and type of plant components (e.g., leaves, wood, algae, etc.), as well as the degree of degradation of the plant material. Two broad categories of coal are recognized: humic and sapropelic. Humic coals contain organic matter that originates primarily from terrestrial plant debris. Sapropelic coals, in contrast, contain organic matter more indicative of subaqueous deposition (e.g., algae and planktonic organisms; Taylor et al., 1998; Suárez-Ruiz and Crelling, 2008). Humic coals can be subdivided into four major macrolithotypes: durain, fusain, clarain, and vitrain, all of which are distinguished using brightness and texture (Stopes, 1911). Bright coals are usually dominated by vitrain and clarain, and have a brittle, satiny or glassy texture. Vitrain is a homogenous component of coal, having a massive texture and showing vitreous conchodial fracture, whereas clarain, is a more heterogeneous material with banded structure, smooth surfaces, and fractures at right angles (Taylor et al., 1998; Suárez-Ruiz and Crelling, 2008). Dull coals are rich in durain and fusain, and have a

grainy or charcoal-like texture. Durain has a dull, gray-black appearance, and is heterogeneous, with a firm granular texture. Fusain often occurs as lenses in coal (rather than a uniform band), and is comprised of relatively fibrous material resembling charcoal. Fusain can be readily powdered by fingers, and has an associated greasy feel (ICCP, 1963; Suárez-Ruiz and Crelling, 2008). The individual components of coal lithotypes are called macerals. Maceral assemblages are used to further describe a coal’s microlithotype composition, and are the fundamental criterion for coal petrographic studies.

1.2.2 Maceral Groups Macerals are the microscopic remnants of the original organic matter (largely derived from plants) that formed the coal. These remains have undergone extensive modification before, during, and after deposition and can be used to trace not only the origin, but also the developmental pathways of the coal (Grady and Eble,1989; Hower and Bland, 1989; Eble and Grady, 1990; Helfrich and Hower, 1991; Eble et al., 1994; Greb et al., 2002; Hower et al., 2007).There are three primary maceral groups: vitrinite, liptinite, and inertinite, all of which are characterized by distinctive microscopic optical properties (Ward, 1984; Tyson, 1995; Taylor et al., 1998). In high volatile bituminous rank coals, the maceral groups can be distinguished using their reflectance (i.e., appearance in reflected light): vitrinites will have a medium grey reflectance; liptinites will have a dark grey reflectance; and inertinites will have a pale grey to white reflectance (Taylor et al., 1998). In addition to reflectance, macerals can also be identified using additional parameters, such as chemical characteristics, morphology, and biological affinities. Additional optical properties include the degree of structure in preserved plant material, granularity, and particle size (Ward, 1984).

Vitrinite (telinite, collotelinite, collodetrinite, vitrodetrinite, gelinite, and corpogelinite; Figure 1.2) are coalification products of humic plant materials (e.g., lignin and cellulose of roots, bark and plant stems; Tyson, 1995; ICCP, 1998; Taylor et al., 1998; ICCP, 1998). Telinite contains clearly defined cell walls of intact plant tissue with a light grey reflectance under the microscope. Collotelinite is homogeneous, with a relatively structureless appearance, and has a reflectance similar to that of telinite. Collodetrinite occurs as a collection of vitrinite fragments that are each less than 10 µm

in size (ICCP, 1998; Taylor et al., 1998). Compared to vitrodetrinite, collodetrinite has a higher degree of homogenization, lacks textural continuity, and occurs as a mottled vitrinitic ground mass binding other macerals together. Vitrodetrinite is identifiable by small, distinct, ungelified vitrinitic fragments that are each less than 10 µm in size and are surrounded by non-vitrinitic material (ICCP, 1998; Taylor et al., 1998). Gelinite results from humic solutions that diffuse into cracks and other voids as a gel-like material, and is homogenous and structureless with a slightly higher reflectance than the other vitrinite macerals. Corpogelinite has the same characteristics of gelinite, but the precipitated gel fills void spaces in cell walls, forming ovoid bodies (i.e., discrete amorphous bodies representing cell infillings; ICCP, 1998; Taylor et al., 1998).

Liptinite macerals include sporinite, cutinite, resinite, liptodetrinite, exsudatinite, and alginite (Figure 1.3). Other liptinites, such as suberinite, chlorophyllinite, bituminite, and fluorinite, are not typically found in high volatile rank Pennsylvanian coals. Liptinites are not produced from wood or wood-like materials, but from hydrogen-rich plant remains. These include leaf cuticles, spores and pollen, algae, resins, and waxes (Ward, 1984; Tyson, 1995; Taylor et al., 1998). In high volatile bituminous coals, they collectively appear dark brown to black in reflected, white light, and fluoresce strongly in UV light with excitation. Sporinite originates from the exterior cell walls (exines) of pollen and spores. Cutinite originates from the protective outer walls of a leaf’s epidermis (Ward, 1984; Taylor et al., 1998). Resinite is predominately formed from waxes and resins derived from plants; however, resinite can also originate from oils and fats (e.g., animal fats and vegetable oils). Resinite often occurs as discrete bodies that appear rounded, black, and lustrous. Liptodetrinite consist of small liptinite particles that are unidentifiable due to their small size (Ward, 1984; Taylor et al., 1998). Exsudatinite is generated through secondary processes during the bituminization process (i.e., the generation of petroleum-like substances during coalification). Exsudatinite resembles resinite in color, but appears as intrusions that fill cracks, fissures, and other void spaces (Ward, 1984; Taylor et al., 1998). Alginite is formed from the remains of phytoplanktonic and other algal organisms that are characterized by having bright fluorescence and shapes similar to that of sporinite, but exhibiting internal structure of

varying form due to its colonial or multicellular nature (Mukhopadhyay and Hatcher, 1993; Taylor et al., 1998).

Inertinites represent oxidized organic material, either through charring (Scott and Jones, 1994), or intense microbial decay (Hower et al., 2011). Inertinites are characterized by relatively high carbon content as a result of chemical changes due to the oxidative processes of charring, moldering and fungal attacks. The inertinite macerals include: fusinite, semifusinite, macrinite, micrinite, funginite, secretinite, and inertodetrinite (Figure 1.4; Ward, 1984; Tyson, 1995; Taylor et al., 1998; ICCP, 2001). Fusinite and semifusinite are differentiated based on their degree of fusinization (i.e., process that produces relatively high carbon and low hydrogen content, such as fires; Taylor et al., 1998). Fusinite has high reflectivity, and well-preserved cellular structures. Semifusinite is designated as having an intermediate reflectance between fusinite and vitrinite, and moderately-preserved structural features (Taylor et al., 1998; ICCP, 2001). Macrinite, similar to that of corpogelinite, is structureless and amorphous, but has a higher reflectivity, and is typically elongated when viewed perpendicular to bedding. Micrinite is comprised of finely-grained inertinitic fragments with inertinite reflectance; it is defined by its granularity with an upper size limit of 2 µm (Taylor et al., 1998; ICCP, 2001). Funginite consists of single-celled or multi-celled fungal structures (e.g., mycelia, sclerotia, hyphae, or fungal spores) of high reflectance. Multicellular funginite or fungal sclerotia can commonly be identified by rounded masses with internal patterned chambers. Secretinite occurs as predominately rounded bodies with equant mass and a higher relief compared to macrinite. It also has higher reflectance, and larger size compared to the vitrinite maceral, corpogelinite. Inertodetrinite is composed of fine- grained inertinitic fragments with no recognizable structure that are > 2µm and <10µm in size (Taylor et al., 1998; ICCP, 2001).

1.2.3 Rank

Coal rank reflects the degree of metamorphism (i.e., coalification) that original botanical debris has been subjected to during its post-depositional history. Temperature gradients and pressure are the two major factors affecting metamorphism, where the

increase in time, pressure, and heat causes an increase in a coal’s rank (Taylor et al., 1998; Suárez-Ruiz and Crelling, 2008). As peat matures and the processes of burial and alteration continue, the coal is subjected to both physical and chemical changes. Very low rank coal, referred to as lignite, progressively alters to subbituminous, bituminous, and, ultimately, anthracite rank, as temperatures and pressures increase. During this transformation, carbon contents and calorific values progressively increase; moisture and volatile matter contents decrease (Taylor et al., 1998; Suárez-Ruiz and Crelling, 2008).

1.2.4 Grade

The grade of coal reflects the extent to which plant debris accumulation has remained free of contamination (e.g., mineral matter); this includes periods both before and after burial. Grade is generally independent of rank (Taylor et al., 1998; Suárez-Ruiz and Crelling, 2008).

1.3 Geologic Setting

1.3.1 Paleoenvironment

The development of the Appalachian basin was an important component in the development of a peat depositional setting and in the peat’s preservation. The Appalachian basin (see Figure 1.5) is a foreland basin that resulted from thrusting caused by collisional tectonics along eastern North America during the Paleozoic (Tankard, 1986). Although the formation of the Appalachian basin was impacted by the Middle Ordovician Taconic and the Late Devonian Acadian orogenies, the fold and thrust belt of the Appalachians evolved from the Pennsylvanian—Permian Alleghenian orogeny. This resulted in periodic basinal subsidence in response to successive thrust-belt loading (Tankard, 1986). The changing topographic depressions, as well as the fluctuating water levels induced by glacial waxing/waning cycles during the Carboniferous period (Greb et al., 2001), became principle controls on peat accumulation and preservation. During periods of increased water levels, mires (i.e., wetland environments that accumulate peat) developed along the margins of the paleo-continent Pangaea (Figure 1.6; Tankard, 1986). The mires were characterized by relatively consistent water cover, anaerobic conditions, and limited local detrital influx (Greb et al., 1999). Regional subsidence provided

accommodation space for sediment and peat accumulation. Greater subsidence rates in the Appalachian Basin resulted in a thicker sediment/coal package than equivalent sediments/coals in western Kentucky (Illinois Basin; Tankard 1986).

1.3.2 Palynology

Palynological studies conducted on eastern Kentucky coals similar to the Leatherwood (e.g., the Fire Clay coal bed) indicate that the middle to late Pennsylvanian palynoflora of eastern Kentucky coal consisted of a diverse assemblage of large and small lycopsid trees, tree ferns, cordaites, and calamites (Greb et al., 1999; Hower and Eble, 2004; Hower et al., 2011). These plants developed primarily in planar, rheotrophic mires (i.e., a mire in which peat formation is caused by a high groundwater level) that were rich in plant nutrients (Taylor et al., 1998; Greb et al., 1999). The secondary depositional environment present during this time include ombrogenous (i.e., dependent on the action of rain rather that ground water for its sustainment) domed mires (bog forests) with perched water tables.

Arborescent lycopsids dominated the vegetation during the Middle Pennsylvanian due to their ability to exploit low-nutrient coal swamps more effectively than other contemporaneous plant types (DiMichele and Phillips, 1985; Eble and Grady, 1990). Major lycopsid tree genera include Lepidodendron, Diaphorodendron, and Lepidophloios, which were predominately composed of bark instead of woody tissues (secondary xylem). They frequently reached heights over 30 meters, and had broad-based root systems, called Stigmaria, that spread laterally, rather than deeply, to provide support for the trees in wet environments (Figure 1.7; DiMichele and Phillips, 1985; Greb et al., 1999). Perhaps most importantly, they had developed a specialized megasporangium (Lepidocarpon and Achlamydocarpon) that allowed them to reproduce in consistently flooded areas.

Subarborescent lycopods, attributable to Chaloneria (Endosporites), and Omphalophloios (“densospores” - Densosporites, Cristatisporites, and Radiizonates) were also elements of Middle Pennsylvanian mire floras, apparently inhabiting “stressed” areas of mires that were prohibitive to the establishment and expansion of other flora.

Coal layers with abundant “densospores” are almost always associated with high liptinite and/or inertinite contents, indicating poor, or at least reduced levels of peat preservation.

Other plants that were major contributors to peat formation include calamite and cordaite trees and ferns (both tree ferns and small forms). Calamites and cordaites were medium-sized trees with trunks producing secondary xylem that favored the peripheral parts of mires. Middle Pennsylvanian forms attained heights of 3 to 5 meters. Ferns were a very diverse group during the Carboniferous, and included small ground-cover, and tree-like forms. These plants had the least specialized method of reproduction of all the major coal-forming plants, and exhibited herbaceous growth habits (Eble and Grady, 1990). Marattialean tree ferns had a cosmopolitan distribution during the Pennsylvanian, and were adapted to growth and reproduction in a variety of environments, including mires.

1.3.3 Stratigraphy

The Leatherwood coal bed is located near the middle of the Middle Pennsylvanian Four Corners Formation of the Breathitt Group. Breahitt Group strata are characterized by sub-graywacke sandstone, gray shale, and gray siltstone layers, as well as 26 major coal zones spanning a sequence that is up to 760- meters thick (Rice and Smith, 1980). The Leatherwood coal bed is located in the Hazard (also commonly referred to as Prater) coal zone found in the Hazard reserve district of Kentucky. This zone is composed of the Hazard No. 5A, Hazard No. 6, and the Leatherwood (also called Prater or Adele) coal beds (Figure 1.8; Rice and Smith, 1980).

8 9

Figure 1.1: Map of Kentucky with the Pennsylvanian-aged Eastern Kentucky Coal Field outlined in red (Figure modified from Haney, 1979).

Figure 1.2: Photographs of representative vitrinite macerals under oil immersion with plane-polarized reflected white-light. (1) telinite; (2) collotelinite and collodetrinite; (3) vitrodetrinite; (4) gelinite; (5) corpogelinite (Figure courtesy of Jim Hower).

gr 6

Figure 1.3: Photographs of representative liptinite macerals under oil immersion with plane-polarized reflected white-light. (1) sporinite; (2) cutinite; (3) resinite; (4) liptodetrinite; (5) exsudatinite; (6) alginite (Figure courtesy of Jim Hower).

Figure 1.4: Photographs of representative inertinite macerals under oil immersion with plane-polarized reflected white-light. (1) fusinite; (2) semifusinite; (3) macrinite; (4) micrinite; (5) funginite; (6) secretinite; (7) inertodetrinite (Figure modified from ICCP, 2001).

Figure 1.5: The Appalachian Basin extending through eastern Kentucky outlined in red (Figure modified from Tankard, 1986).

13 PANGAEA 14

Figure 1.6: Paleo-geographic reconstruction of North America in relation to the super continent, Pangaea, during the Late Pennsylvanian (300 Ma; Figure modified from Blakey, 2010).

Figure 1.7: A reconstruction of a typical arborescent lycopsid-dominant planar mire during the middle Pennsylvanian (Figure from Greb et al., 1999).

Figure 1.8: Stratigraphic units of Pennsylvanian rocks in eastern Kentucky; the Leatherwood coal bed is designated by the red outline overlain by the Peach Orchard coal zone (Figure modified from Rice and Smith, 1980).

16 CHAPTER 2

2. SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS

2.1 Sample Collection

Samples of the Leatherwood coal were collected from eleven underground mines covering five 7.5-minute quadrangles in eastern Kentucky, and were collected as whole channels, and as individual lithotypes with the latter most emphasized for this study (sample locations shown in Figure 2.1; see Appendix 1 for bench descriptions). The sampled mines include Turkey #1 and Gordon in Letcher County; Leatherwood, H5A-3, Simpson #7, and Longfork in Perry County; and the No. 11 mine in Harlan County (see Table 2.1 for summary; associated counties and quadrangles show in Figure 2.2). Sample numbering is based on the eastern Kentucky reserve districts where the first number of the sample coincides with the district number, and all other subsequent numbers coincide with the consecutive order of samples obtained by the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (Figure 2.3). Sampling was conducted and completed as a collaborative effort by the UK Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) Applied Petrology Laboratory, Kentucky Geological Survey (KGS), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS; photographs of collection efforts are shown in Figure 2.4).

2.2 Sample Preparation

All of the coals were prepared as epoxy-bound particulate pellets prior to the start of this study. The samples were crushed to -20 mesh, or 850 micron maximum particle sizes, and were split several times to obtain representative samples of approximately 50 g that were subsequently epoxy-bound. The petrographic pellets were prepared for anaylses using a Buehler Ecomet 3000 grinder and polisher with a Buehler Automet 2000 power head. The pellets were ground using CARBIMET ® Silicon Carbide 240-, 400-, and 600- grit abrasive surfaces, and polished using a TEXMET® Micropolish cloth with 0.3-µm alumina slurry for a coarse polishing, and an Ultra-Pol™ MASTERPREP® cloth with 0.05-µm alumina slurry for final polishing.

17 2.3 Etching Preparation

Select samples were re-polished and then etched using the methodology of Dr. Cortland Eble (personal communication, 2012) in order to show finer details of the wood structure of vitrinite macerals under the microscope. Etching was accomplished using an acidified saturated solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO4), made by dissolving 10 g of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in 100ml of distilled H2O. The solution was acidified by adding 20-25ml of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4), creating permanganic acid (HMnO4), a powerful oxidizer. Prior to etching, the solution is heated to near boiling, and tape is applied to a small section of the surface of the pellet to preserve a portion of the original polished surface. The surface of the pellets is then submerged into the etching solution for approximately 20-30 seconds. Etching strength is determined by time where the higher the temperature; the lower the etch time. Once the etching is complete, the pellets are rinsed with an acidified solution of sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) to remove the MnO2 residue left by the etching solution, and are wiped clean with dilute ammonia to remove any remaining surface deposits.

2.4 Data Collection

Maceral percentages were calculated from 500 point counts for each of the 120 samples using a Leitz Wetzlar microscope with an oil-immersion reflected-light 50x objective; each maceral was identified and named using ICCP (International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology) nomenclature. Digital photographs of representative macerals were taken using a SPOT Advanced (Version 4.7) Insight 4® camera.

Quadrangle County CC Sample ID Thickness section (Series) (cm) Tilford Letcher 7-G-78 4477—4488 158.0 Tilford Letcher 7-G-78 4489—4499 150.0 Tilford Letcher 7-G-78 4500—4511 191.4 Leatherwood Perry 20-G-76 4599—4607 167.6 Nolansburg Harlan 13-F-76 4978—4986 162.0 Tilford Perry 15-G-78 41035—41041 102.9 Tilford Perry 19-G-78 41042—41048 105.0 Tilford Perry 20-G-78 41049—41054 92.0 Louellen Letcher 4-F-78 41055—41061 132.6 Louellen Letcher 10-E-77 6468—6476 150.0 Benham Harlan 20-F-79 6477—6485 114.0 Table 2.1: Sampled mines with associated quadrangle, county, mining company, Carter Coordinate section, and sample ID number.

19 4477—4488 4489—4499 4500—4511 41035—41041

4599—4607 41049—41054 41042 —41048 4489—4499 4489—4499

4489—4499 448941055—4499—41061 4489—4499

4978—4986 4489—4499

6477—6485 4489—4499

4489—4499 6468—6476

4489—4499

Figure 2.1: Field map of sample locations in eastern Kentucky with designated coal series (modified from Hagan, 1969).

Figure 2.2: Locations of Kentucky counties and associated 7.5 minute quadrangles (outlined in red) using the Carter Coordinate system (modified from Haney, 1981).

21 Figure 2.3: Eastern Kentucky reserve districts (Personal communication with Dr. Jim Hower).

Figure 2.4: Photographs of the Leatherwood sample collection (Photographs courtesy of Dr. Jim Hower).

23 CHAPTER 3

3. RESULTS

3.1 Quantitative Results

Petrographic analyses indicate that the coal samples have relatively high liptinite and varying inertinite content, along with very low amounts of mineral matter. These coals are high volatile A bituminous in rank (vitrinite reflectance data for the study are shown in Table 3.1), and consist predominately of alternating clarain and durain lithotypes. Vitrinite, mainly in the form of collotelinite, generally is the most dominant maceral group. Inertinite assemblages or mineral matter exceed the vitrinite volume in select benches. Geochemical data reveal low sulfur contents and low ash yields in the majority of the benches. Ancillary palynological data shows that palynomorph assemblages are dominated by tree fern and lycopsid tree spores, with limited amounts of small lycopsid tree, small fern, and calamite spores, and cordaite pollen.

3.1.1 Coal Series 4477—4488

The coal series 4477—4488 contains large percentages of vitrinite with lesser amounts of inertinite and liptinite macerals, and minimal mineral matter (Figure 3.1). Vitrinite macerals have an average value of 60.0% (max: 81.4%, min: 42.6%) in all benches. Inertinite macerals have an average value of 27.5% (max: 44.4%, min: 9.0%); liptinite macerals and mineral matter account for less than 20.0% of the total counted volume. Collotelinite is the most abundant vitrinite maceral, with a secondary abundance of collodetrinite. Telinite, vitrodetrinite, gelinite, and corpogelinite occur in minimal amounts, or are absent in most benches (Figure 3.2).

The total amount of any individual inertinite maceral in each bench is less than 12.0% and often less than 7.0%. Macrinite and fusinite are the most abundant inertinite macerals; however, there are also considerable amounts of semifusinite and inertodetrinite. Micrinite and secretinite are found in minimal amounts, and funginite does not occur in this series (Figure 3.3).

24 Liptinite macerals are present in small quantities, less than 11% total volume in most benches. The dominant liptinite maceral is sporinite; minor amounts of cutinite, resinite, and liptodetrinite are also present. There are two occurrences of alginite in benches 4484 and 4488, and rare occurrences of exsudatinite. Suberinite is not present in this, or any other series in this study (Figure 3.4). Mineral matter is a minor constituent, and is present in quantities less than 5.0% in most benches. Sulfide (predominately in the form of pyrite) and clay minerals are the most abundant mineral forms, with minor amounts of quartz and carbonates (predominately in the form of siderite; Figure 3.5).

This series contains low sulfur content and low ash yield in most benches. The average sulfur content is 0.60 wt.%, and the average ash yield is 10.10 wt.% . Bench 4481 has a higher sulfur content with sulfur exceeding 1.0 wt.%, and benches 4478, 4481, and 4488 contain high ash yields, falling in the range of 15-25 wt.% ash (Figure 3.6).

Palynological data for this coal series are not available.

3.1.2 Coal Series 4489—4499

The coal series 4489—4499 contains large percentages of vitrinite macerals with lesser amounts of inertinite and liptinite macerals, and minimal mineral matter (Figure 3.7). Vitrinite averages 59.0% (max: 78.8%, min: 36.8%) in this column. Inertinite averages 27.3% (max: 45.6%, min: 7.6%), and liptinite macerals and mineral matter account for less than 18% of the total volume. Collotelinite is the most abundant vitrinite maceral, with a secondary abundance of collodetrinite. Telinite, vitrodetrinite, gelinite, and corpogelinite occur in minimal amounts, or are absent in most benches (Figure 3.8).

The total amount of any individual inertinite maceral in each bench is less than 15.0% and often less than 10.0%. Fusinite, semifusinite, and inertodetrinite are the most abundant inertinite macerals; however, there is also considerable amount of micrinite in select benches. Macrinite and secretinite are found in minimal amounts, and funginite does not occur in this series (Figure 3.9).

25 Liptinite macerals are present in small quantities, less than 15.0% total volume in most benches. The dominant liptinite is sporinite with minor amounts of cutinite, resinite, and liptodetrinite. There is one occurrence of alginite in bench 4491, and rare occurrences of exsudatinite (Figure 3.10). Mineral matter is a minor constituent, and is present in quantities less than 5.0% in most benches. Silicate minerals are the most abundant with minor amounts of quartz, sulfides, and carbonates (Figure 3.11).

Most of the benches in this series contain low sulfur contents and low ash yields. The average sulfur content is 0.57 wt.%, and the average ash yield is 7.80 wt.% among all benches. Bench 4490 is high in ash yield (22.06 wt.%, Figure 3.12).

Palynological data for this coal series are not available.

3.1.3 Coal Series 4500—4511

The coal series 4500—4511 contains large percentages of vitrinite with lesser amounts of inertinite and liptinite macerals, and minimal mineral matter (Figure 3.13). Exceptions include bench 4501, where mineral matter exceeds both inertinite and liptinite content, and bench 4503, where the inertinite content exceeds vitrinite in total volume. Vitrinite averages 55.0% (max: 81.2%, min: 21.6%) in all benches with the exception of bench 4503 where vitrinite macerals account for 21.6% of the total counted volume. Inertinite averages 26.5% (max: 49.2%, min: 4.0%), and liptinite macerals and mineral matter account for less than 20.0% of the total counted volume, excluding bench 4501. Collotelinite is the most abundant vitrinite maceral, with a secondary abundance of collodetrinite. Telinite, vitrodetrinite, gelinite, and corpogelinite occur in minimal amounts, or are absent in most benches (Figure 3.14).

The total amount of any individual inertinite maceral in each bench is less than 22.0% and often less than 10%. However, in bench 4501, inertinites account for less than 2.0% of the total volume counted. Fusinite, semifusinite, and inertodetrinite are the most abundant inertinite macerals in this series. Macrinite, micrinite, and secretinite are found in minimal amounts. Funginite does not occur in this series (Figure 3.15).

26 Liptinite macerals are present in small quantities, less than 12.0% total volume in most benches. The dominant liptinite is sporinite with minor amounts of cutinite and resinite. There is one occurrence of alginite in bench 4508, and rare occurrences of exsudatinite and liptodetrinite (Figure 3.16). Mineral matter is a minor constituent, and is present in quantities less than 5.0% in most benches with the exception of bench 4501 where silicate minerals reach 24.6% total volume. Silicate minerals are the most abundant with minor amounts of quartz, sulfides, and carbonates (Figure 3.17).

Most of the benches in this series contain low sulfur contents and high ash yields. The average sulfur content is 0.89 wt.%, and the average ash yield is 16.49 wt.%. The top two benches of the series are high in sulfur content at 2.5 wt.%. Benches 4501 and 4503, also located at the top of the series, have high ash yield, reaching 60.57 wt.% and 47.29 wt.%, respectively (Figure 3.18).

Palynological data for this coal series are not available.

3.1.4 Coal Series 4599—4607

The coal series 4599—4607 contains large percentages of vitrinite with lesser amounts of inertinite and liptinite macerals, and minimal mineral matter (Figure 3.19). Exceptions include bench 4603 and 4605, where inertinite exceeds vitrinite in total volume. Vitrinite averages 60.0% (max: 80.4%, min: 52.0%) in this series. Inertinite averages 27.3% (max: 50.6%, min: 11.0%), and liptinite macerals and mineral matter account for less than 18.0% of the total counted volume. Collotelinite is the most abundant vitrinite maceral, with a secondary abundance of collodetrinite. Telinite, vitrodetrinite, gelinite, and corpogelinite occur in minimal amounts, or are absent in most benches (Figure 3.20).

The total amount of any individual inertinite maceral in each bench is predominately less than 10.0%. However, in bench 4501, semifusinite accounts for 20.6% of the total volume counted. Semifusinite is the most abundant inertinite maceral in the series, with macrinite, micrinite, fusinite, and inertodetrinite occurring in

27 considerable amounts. Secretinite is found in minimal amounts, and funginite does not occur in this series (Figure 3.21).

Liptinite is present in moderate quantities, less than 17% total volume in most benches. The dominant liptinite maceral is sporinite with minor amounts of cutinite and resinite. There are no occurrences of liptodetrinite, exsudatinite, and alginite (Figure 3.22). Mineral matter, comprised of silicate, quartz, and carbonate minerals (Figure 3.23), is a minor constituent, and is present in quantities less than 2.0% of the total volume.

Most benches in this series contain low sulfur contents and low ash yields. The average sulfur content is 0.68 wt.%, and the average ash yield is 5.46 wt.% among all benches. No benches exceed 1.0 wt.% sulfur content or 10.0 wt.% ash yield (Figure 3.24).

Palynological data for this coal series are not available.

3.1.5 Coal Series 4978—4986

The coal series 4978—4986 contains large percentages of vitrinite with lesser amounts of inertinite and liptinite, and minimal mineral matter (Figure 3.25). Exceptions include bench 4985, where inertinite exceeds vitrinite in total volume. Vitrinite averages 62.0% (max: 76.0%, min: 26.6%). Inertinite averages 23.0% (max: 55.0%, min: 11.0%), and liptinite and mineral matter account for less than 18.0% of the total volume. Collotelinite is the most abundant vitrinite maceral, with a secondary abundance of collodetrinite. Telinite, vitrodetrinite, gelinite, and corpogelinite occur in minimal amounts, or are absent in most benches (Figure 3.26).

The total amount of any individual inertinite maceral in each bench is less than 10.0%. However, in bench 4501, semifusinite accounts for 17.8% and inertodetrinite accounts for 12.4% of the total volume counted. Fusinite, semifusinite, and inertodetrinite are the most abundant inertinite macerals in this series, with minor amounts of macrinite

28 and micrinite. Secretinite is found in minimal amounts, and there is one occurrence of funginite in bench 4981 (Figure 3.27).

Liptinite is present in small quantities, less than 16.0% total volume in most benches. The dominant liptinite is sporinite with minor amounts of cutinite, resinite, and liptodetrinite. There are two occurrences of alginite in benches 4979 and 4985, and rare occurrences of exsudatinite (Figure 3.28). Mineral matter is a minor constituent, and is present in quantities less than 5.0%, where sulfide and silicate minerals are the most abundant with minor amounts of quartz (Figure 3.29).

This series contains low ash yields and low sulfur content in most benches. The average sulfur content is 1.11 wt.%, and the average ash yield is 7.34 wt.%. Benches 4983, 4984, and 4986 have high sulfur contents falling in the range of 1.5-2.5 wt% sulfur, and benches 4981 and 4986 contain moderate ash yields falling in the range of 12-20 wt% ash (Figure 3.30).

Palynological data for this coal series are not available.

3.1.6 Coal Series 41035—41041

The coal series 41035—41041 contains moderate percentages of vitrinite with lesser amounts of inertinite and liptinite, and minimal mineral matter (Figure 3.31). Exceptions include bench 41035, where liptinite exceeds inertinite in total volume, and bench 41039 where the inertinites exceed the vitrinites in total volume. Vitrinite averages 44.0% (max: 62.4%, min: 37.4%) in this series. Inertinite averages 24.0% (max: 40.6%, min: 19.4%) in all benches, with the exception of bench 41039 where inertinite accounts for 40.6% of the total counted volume. Liptinite macerals and mineral matter account for less than 22.0% of the total counted volume. Collotelinite is the most abundant vitrinite maceral, with a sub-dominance of collodetrinite in this series. An exception is bench 41035, where collodetrinite is the dominant maceral (30.4% volume). Telinite, vitrodetrinite, gelinite, and corpogelinite occur in minimal amounts, or are absent in most benches (Figure 3.32).

29 The total amount of any individual inertinite maceral in each bench is less than 16.0% and often less than 5.0%. Bench 41039 has larger amounts of inertinite due to increased occurrences of semifusinite, inertodetrinite, and macrinite. Fusinite, semifusinite, and inertodetrinite are the most abundant inertinite macerals in this series. Macrinite, micrinite, and secretinite are found in minimal amounts, and funginite does not occur in this series (Figure 3.33).

Liptinite is present in small quantities, less than 16% total volume in most benches. However, bench 41035 contains 36.2% liptinite due to increased sporinite, resinite, and liptodetrinite occurrence. The dominant liptinites in this series are sporinite and resinite, with minor amounts of cutinite and liptodetrinite. There are two occurrences of alginite in benches 41038 and 41040, and rare occurrences of exsudatinite (Figure 3.34). Mineral matter is a minor constituent, and is present in quantities less than 3.0% with occurrences of silicate, quartz, sulfide, and carbonate minerals (Figure 3.35).

Most of the benches in this series contain low sulfur content and low ash yields. The average sulfur content is 0.52 wt.%, and the average ash yield is 13.16 wt.%. All benches remain under 10% ash, with the exception of bench 41035 located at the very top of the series, reaching 53.5 wt.% ash yield (Figure 3.36).

This series is characterized by a dominance of tree fern spores with the exception of bench 41040 where lycopsid tree spores exceed tree fern spore percentages. The total amount of all other palynological groups (small lycopsids, small ferns, calamites, and cordaites) in each bench is less than 10.0% except for small lycopsid spores in bench 41036 that reaches 21.6% (Figure 3.37).

3.1.7 Coal Series 41042—41048

The coal series 41042—41048 contains moderate percentages of vitrinite and higher percentages of inertinite with lesser amounts of liptinite, and minimal mineral matter (Figure 3.38). Vitrinite averages 36.0% (max: 53.8%, min: 23.6%). Inertinite averages 31.3% (max: 47.4%, min: 30.0%), and liptinite and mineral matter account for less than 20.0% of the total volume. Bench 41044 is an exception, where liptinite

30 comprises 28.2% of the total volume. Collotelinite is the most abundant vitrinite maceral, with a secondary abundance of collodetrinite. Telinite, vitrodetrinite, gelinite, and corpogelinite occur in minimal amounts, or are absent in most benches (Figure 3.39).

The dominant inertinite maceral in the series is inertodetrinite, reaching up to 26.6% of the total volume. However, semifusinite and fusinite also occur in significant quantities in each bench. Macrinite, micrinite, and secretinite are present in minor quantities, and there are no occurrences of funginite (Figure 3.40).

Liptinite is present in relatively large quantities, greater than 16% total volume in most benches. Bench 41044 has heightened percentages of liptinite due to increased resinite. The dominant liptinite macerals are sporinite and resinite with minor amounts of liptodetrinite. Alginite is present in four benches (41042, 41044, 41046, and 41047) with rare occurrences of cutinite (Figure 3.41). Mineral matter is a minor constituent, and is present in quantities less than 2.0% in most benches with small amounts of silicate, quartz, sulfide, and carbonate minerals. Bench 41042 is an exception where pyrite percentages reach 7.0% of the total volume (Figure 3.42).

The majority of the benches in this series contain low sulfur contents and low ash yields. The average sulfur content is 0.81 wt.%, and the average ash yield is 5.95 wt.% among all benches. Bench 41042, located at the top of the series, is a high sulfur bench that reaches 2.28 wt.% sulfur content located at the top of the series (Figure 3.43).

This series is characterized by a dominance of tree fern spores, accounting for 60.0-80.0% of the total palynoflora. The total amount of all other individual major palynological groups in each bench is less than 15.0% and often less than 10.0% except for lycopsid tree spores in bench 41048 that reaches 26.0%. Lycopsid tree spore occurrences gradually decrease from 26.0% to 0.8% ascending from the base in the bottom five benches (Figure 3.44).

3.1.8 Coal Series 41049—41054

31 The coal series 41049—41054 has high percentages of vitrinite and inertinite with lesser amounts of liptinite, and minimal mineral matter (Figure 3.45). Vitrinite averages 48.0% (max: 55.6%, min: 42.6%). Inertinite averages 34.0% (max: 48.8%, min: 25.0%), and liptinite and mineral matter account for less than 20.0% of the total counted volume. Collotelinite is the most abundant vitrinite maceral, with a secondary abundance of collodetrinite. Telinite, vitrodetrinite, gelinite, and corpogelinite occur in minimal amounts, or are absent in most benches (Figure 3.46).

The inertinite macerals average composition is 34% (max: 48.8%, min: 25%) of the bulk maceral content of each bench. Semifusinite and inertodetrinite are the most abundant with the exception of bench 41054 where fusinite is the most abundant. Bench 41049 has inertinites exceeding vitrinite in total volume by 16.0%. Macrinite, micrinite, fusinite, and secretinite are found in smaller quantities. There are no occurrences of funginite in this coal series (Figure 3.47).

Liptinite and mineral matter constitute the remaining fractions and are found in combined quantities 11.0-23.0% volume in each bench. Sporinite is the dominant liptinite maceral with a secondary abundance of resinite. There are minor amounts of cutinite and liptodetrinite with rare occurrences of exsudatinite. There is one occurrence of alginite in bench 41050 (Figure 3.48). Mineral matter constitutes less than 1.0% of the total bulk volume of each bench with sulfide, silicate, and carbonate occurrences (Figure 3.49).

This series contains low sulfur content and low ash yield in all benches. The average sulfur content is 0.48 wt.%, and the average ash yield is 4.31 wt.% among all benches. No benches exceed 0.7 wt.% sulfur or 7.0 wt.% ash yield (Figure 3.50).

This series is characterized by a dominance of tree fern and lycopsid tree spores in the bottom lying two benches (41053 and 41054), and a dominance of tree fern spores in the remaining over-lying benches. All other major palynological groups occur in minor amounts that do not exceed 10.0% of all counted spores (Figure 3.51).

3.1.9 Coal Series 41055—41061

32 The coal series 41055—41061 contains large percentages of vitrinite with lesser amounts of inertinite and liptinite, and minimal mineral matter (Figure 3.52). Vitrinite averages 57.5% (max: 69.8%, min: 41.8%). The vitrinite composition is dominated by collotelinite, with a secondary abundance of collodetrinite. Telinite, vitrodetrinite, gelinite, and corpogelinite are found in minor quantities, or are absent in most benches (Figure 3.53).

Inertinite content averages 26.6% (max: 40.6%, min: 18.2%). The inertinite composition is predominately fusinite, semifusinite, and inertodetrinite, with smaller quantities of macrinite, micrinite, and secretinite. One occurrence of funginite is found in bench 41057 (Figure 3.54).

Liptinite and mineral matter represent small percentages of the total coal composition, comprising 20.0% or less in most benches. The dominant liptinite is sporinite, with minor amounts of cutinite, resinite, and liptodetrinite. There is one occurrence of alginite in bench 41055, and rare occurrences of exsudatinite (Figure 3.55). Mineral matter, in the form of sulfide, carbonate, and silicate occurrences (Figure 3.56), is a minor constituent, and is present in quantities less than 1.0% of the total volume.

This series contains low sulfur content and low ash yield in all benches. The average sulfur content is 0.49 wt.%, and the average ash yield is 3.96 wt.%, where sulfur values do not exceed 0.6 wt.%, and ash yields do not exceed 6 wt.% (Figure 3.57).

This series is characterized by a dominance of tree fern spores with the exceptions of benches 41055 and 41061, the top and bottom benches, respectively. A distinct pattern in the tree fern composition is evident throughout the series, moving through the section from bottom to top. Tree fern spores gradually increase, ascending from the bottom bench (41061) up until bench 41059 from 34.4% to 88.0% in total volume of spores. This increase followed by an immediate decrease in tree ferns ascending to the top bench (41055) from 88.0% to 31.6%. The change in tree fern spore occurrences is directly related to the changes found in the lycopsid tree spore abundance. As the tree fern spore

33 composition decreases, the occurrence of lycopsid tree spores increases, and vice versa. Lycopsid tree spores decrease from 42.0% to 0.4% from benches 41061 to41059, and increases ascending to the top of the series to 47.2% at bench 41055. All other major palynological groups occur in minor amounts that do not exceed 10.0% of the total spore volume (Figure 3.58).

3.1.10 Coal Series 6468—6476

The coal series 6468—6476 contains large percentages of vitrinite with lesser amounts of inertinite and liptinite, and minimal mineral matter (Figure 3.59). Exceptions include benches 6472, 6475, and 6476, where the mineral matter exceeds inertinite and liptinite in total volume; benches 6472 and 6475 also exceed vitrinite in total volume. These benches constitute the bottom lying benches in the series. Vitrinite averages 58.0% (max: 80.0%, min: 19.4%) in all benches, with the exception of bench 6472, where vitrinite only reaches 19.4% in total volume due to the dominance of mineral matter. Inertinite averages 12.0% (max: 30.0%, min: 0.6%), and liptinite and mineral matter account for less than 20.0% of the total counted volume in most benches. Exceptions to this are benches 6472, 6475, and 6476, where mineral matter is the most abundant constituent. Collotelinite is the most abundant vitrinite maceral, with a secondary abundance of collodetrinite, Bench 6472 is an exception, where vitrodetrinite is the dominant maceral. Telinite, vitrodetrinite, gelinite, and corpogelinite occur in minimal amounts, or are absent in most benches (Figure 3.60).

The total amount of any individual inertinite maceral in each bench is less than 10% and often less than 5.0%. Bench 6472 has smaller amounts of inertinites due to increased occurrences of mineral matter where the inertinites only reach 0.6% in total volume. Inertodetrinite and fusinite are the most abundant inertinite macerals, with a secondary abundance of semifusinite. Macrinite, micrinite, and secretinite are found in minimal amounts, and funginite does not occur in this series (Figure 3.61).

Liptinite is present in small quantities, less than 15.0% total volume in most benches. The dominant liptinite maceral is sporinite with minor amounts of cutinite,

34 liptodetrinite, and resinite. Alginite is present in all benches, except for 6475 and 6476; these benches deviate from the standard pattern of rare alginite occurrences found in the other benches in this coal series. There are no occurrences of exsudatinite (Figure 3.62). Mineral matter, in the form of silicate, quartz, sulfide, and carbonate minerals, is a minor constituent, and is present in quantities less than 2.0% in most benches. Benches 6472, 6475, and 6476 represent exceptions, and have silicate minerals (in the form of clay) as the most abundant mineral, and in bench 6472, the clay is the most abundant constituent in total volume (Figure 3.63).

Most of the benches in this series contain low sulfur contents and high ash yields. The average sulfur content is 0.58 wt.%,and the average ash yield is 34.77 wt.%. Benches 6468, 6470, 6472, 6475, and 6476 are high ash benches falling the range of 14-90 wt.% ash yield (Figure 3.64).

This series is characterized by a dominance of lycopsid tree spores reaching up to 92.4% of the total spore volume. All other major palynological groups occur in minor amounts that do not exceed 10.0% with the exception of benches 6469 and 6473 where tree fern spores occur in the range of 26-34% (Figure 3.65).

3.1.11 Coal Series 6477—6485

Coal series 6477—6485 contains large percentages of vitrinite with lesser amounts of inertinite and liptinite, and minimal mineral matter (Figure 3.66). Exceptions include benches 6477 and 6478, where the mineral matter exceeds the inertinite and liptinite in total volume; bench 6478 also exceeds vitrinite in total volume. These benches constitute the top lying benches in the series. Vitrinite averages 50.0% (max: 58.6%, min: 28.4%) in all benches with the exception of bench 6478, where vitrinite only reaches 28.4% in total volume due to the dominance of mineral matter. Inertinite averages 21.0% (max: 35.6%, min: 0%), and liptinite and mineral matter account for less than 25.0% of the total counted volume in most of the benches in this series. Exceptions are benches 6477 and 6478 where mineral matter is the most abundant constituent. Collotelinite and

35 collodetrinite are the most abundant vitrinite macerals. Telinite, vitrodetrinite, gelinite, and corpogelinite occur in minimal amounts, or are absent in most benches (Figure 3.67).

The total amount of any individual inertinite maceral in each bench is less than 15% and often less than 5.0%. Bench 6478 has no occurrences of inertinites, and fusinite, semifusinite, inertodetrinite, and macrinite are the major inertinite consitutents. Micrinite and secretinite are found in minimal amounts. Funginite does not occur in this series (Figure 3.68).

Liptinite is present in small quantities, less than 15.0% total volume in most benches. The dominant liptinite maceral is sporinite and resinite, with minor amounts of cutinite and liptodetrinite. Alginite occurs in benches 6479, 6480, 6482, and 6483, deviating from the standard rare alginite occurrences found in most of the other coal series, but similar to the pattern found in the 6468—6477 series. There are only rare occurrences of exsudatinite present in the series (Figure 3.69). Mineral matter, in the form of silicate, sulfide, and carbonate minerals, is a minor constituent, and is present in quantities less than 10.0%. Benches 6477 and 6478 contain large amounts silicate minerals (in the form of clay) falling in the range of 30.0-60.0% in total volume. Silicate minerals are the most abundant constituent in bench 6478 (Figure 3.70).

This series contains low sulfur contents and high ash yields in the majority of the benches. The average sulfur content is 0.86 wt.% and the average ash yield is 21.53 wt.%. Benches 6479 and 6480 have 1-2 wt.% sulfur content. Most benches do not have high ash levels, with the exception of bench 6478 with 86.32 wt.% ash yield (Figure 3.71).

This series is characterized by an overall transitional dominance of tree fern spores at the bottom of the series, into a dominance of lycopsid tree spores at the top of the series. Tree fern spores gradually increase in abundance from 36% in the bottom bench (6485) to 54.0% in bench 6482. This increase in tree fern spore abundance is mirrored by a decrease in lycopsid tree spores from 29.2% to 6.4%. Continuing upward in the series, tree fern spores decrease in abundance to bench 6478 from 54.0% to 4.8%. The decrease

36 in tree fern spore abundance is, again, directly related to lycopsid tree spore abundance, which increases from 6.4% to 60.4%. The top bench (6477) is dominated by both lycopsid tree and tree fern spores, each within the range of 30.0-33.0%. All other major palynological groups occur in minor amounts, not exceeding 10.0% of the total spore volume (Figure 3.72; maceral, mineral matter, and palynomorph images are shown in Figures 3.73-3.90).

3.2 Qualitative Results

Correlation analysis using Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients was used in measuring the degree of linear association between maceral, mineral, sulfur content, and ash yield, to determine statistical significance among parameters (Taylor, 1990; see Appendix D for correlation coefficient analysis results). The vitrinite fraction was also analyzed using telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for all series. Determining the vitrinite fraction is an indicator of the relative level of vitrinite preservation compared to the destruction of vitrinite which produces detrovitrinite and gelovitrinite. The three maceral subgroups were used as indicators of the relative level of vitrinite preservation, with telovitrinite indicating relatively good preservation of plant material, detrovitrinite and gelovitrinite indicating poorer preservation.

Correlation coefficient analysis for the entire data set shows that there is a general negative correlation between vitrinite and inertinite macerals. When examining specific macerals, increased amounts of collotelinite correspond to decreased amounts of collodetrinite. A positive correlation exists between telovitrinite and gelovitrinite. Higher sporinite content is associated with increased amounts of collotelinite, while other liptinite macerals correlated positively with collodetrinite and inertodetrinite contents.

There is a general positive correlation between degraded vitrinite macerals (detrovitrinite: vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) and inertodetrinite. Degraded macerals, as well as ash yield, are higher with increases in mineral matter, specifically in the form

37 of clay. Vitrinite with visible cell structures (telinite) is more abundant in benches with decreased inertinite content. Occurrences of alginite are typically associated with benches with increased amounts of vitrodetrinite, and the few occurrences of funginite were found in benches with elevated levels of macrinite, and inertinite in general. As overall intertinite and liptinite increases, there is a direct decrease in ash content, and high collotelinite content tends to be associated with increased sulfur content. Conversely, high silicate content in the form of clay is associated with low-sulfur, high-ash coals.

Benches with larger amounts of inertinie and liptinite, are typically associated with spore populations dominated with tree fern spores. Series 6468—6476 and 6477— 6485 where lycopsid tree spores are the dominant spore group have larger vitrinite content. As inertinite and liptinite content increases, the occurrences of tree fern and small lycopsids spores increase in most benches. The presence of higher mineral matter content is associated with a less taxonomically diverse spore population, as well as decreased sporinite occurrences.

Additionally, calculated vitrinite fractions indicate moderate to high vitrinite preservation for the entire data series, but telovitrinite abundance is generally greater in benches with small inertinie and liptinite content.

3.2.1 Coal Series 4477—4488

Calculated vitrinite fractions for series 4477—4488 indicate moderate to high vitrinite preservation (Table 3.2), and correlation analysis indicates a negative correlation between vitrinite and inertinite macerals. Specifically, as collotelinite abundance increases, there is a decrease in fusinite, semifusinite, and inertodetrinite. A positive correlation exists between collodetrinite and inertodetrinite with sporinite, and vitrodetrinite with alginite. Another positive correlation is present between vitrodetrinite and mineral matter, as vitrodetrinite increases, so does the silicate and ash content. Generally, as overall vitrinite content increases, there is a direct decrease in ash yield.

3.2.2 Coal Series 4489—4499

38 Calculated vitrinite fractions for series 4489—4499 indicate moderate to high levels of vitrinite preservation (Table 3.3), and correlation analysis indicates a negative correlation between vitrinite and inertinite macerals. Specifically, as collotelinite occurrences increase, there is a simultaneous decrease in fusinite, semifusinite, and inertodetrinite. There is also a negative correlation between collotelinite and collodetrinite. A positive correlation exists between telinite and the gelified vitrinite macerals; preservation in plant structure is associated with the corpogelinite found in the structures void spaces. Positive correlations also exist between collodetrinite and alginite, collodetrinite and liptodetrinite, and macrinite and sporinite. Results also indicate that high sulfur and ash content is associated with higher vitrodetrinite content.

3.2.3 Coal Series 4500—4511

Calculated vitrinite fractions for series 4500—4511 indicate moderate to high levels of vitrinite preservation (Table 3.4), and correlation analysis indicates a negative correlation between vitrinite and inertinite macerals. Specifically, as collotelinite occurrences increase, there is a simultaneous decrease in inertodetrinite and fusinite. There is also a negative correlation between vitrodetrinite with collodetrinite and sporinite where an increase in vitrodetrinite results in a simultaneous decrease in collodetrinite and sporinite occurrences. A positive correlation exists between collodetrinite with sporinite and resinite. Positive correlations also exist between vitrodetrinite and mineral matter. A decrease in vitrodetrinite is associated higher amounts of sulfide, carbonate, and silicate content, along with a simultaneous increase in sulfur and ash content. An increase in silicate content in the form of clay also results in higher ash content, as is exemplified in bench 4501.

3.2.4 Coal Series 4599—4607

Calculated vitrinite fractions for series 4599—4607 indicate moderate to high levels of vitrinite preservation (Table 3.5), and correlation analysis shows a dominant negative correlation between vitrinite and inertinite macerals. As collotelinite occurrences decrease, there is an associated increase in fusinite, semifusinite, and inertodetrinite. A

39 negative correlation also exists between collotelinite and sporinite. A positive correlation also exists between inertodetrinite and sporinite. Benches with larger amounts of micrinite also have increased amounts of pyrite and sulfur.

3.2.5 Coal Series 4978—4986

Calculated vitrinite fractions for series 4978—4986 indicate moderate to high levels of vitrinite preservation (Table 3.6), and correlation analysis shows negative correlations between vitrinite and inertinite macerals with liptinite macerals. Specifically, as collotelinite and vitrodetrinite occurrences decrease, there is a simultaneous increase in alginite and sporinite, respectively. There is also significant increase in semifusinite as collotelinite content decreases, as is exemplified in bench 4985. Positive correlations exist between collodetrinite with sporinite and resinite. Positive correlations also exist between vitrodetrinite with corpogelinite, micrinite, and sulfur and ash content. Results also show that an increase in inertodetrinite is associated with high sporinite and alginite occurrences.

3.2.6 Coal Series 41035—41041

Calculated vitrinite fractions for series 41035—41041 indicate moderate to high levels of vitrinite preservation (Table 3.7), and correlation analysis shows general negative correlations between vitrinite and inertinite macerals. Negative and positive correlations also exist between the vitrinite and liptinite macerals. Specifically, as collotelinite occurrences decrease, there is an increase in liptinite macerals, including resinite and liptodetrinite. A positive correlation exists between collodetrinite and the liptinite macerals, where an increase in collodetrinite is associated with an increase in resinite and liptodetrinite. Positive correlations also exist between vitrodetrinite with mineral matter. An increase in vitrodetrinite is related to larger amounts of silicate and ash found in the benches.

Benches with increased amounts of collotelinite, and vitrinite macerals in general, are typically associated with spore populations dominated with tree fern spores. As inertinite content increases, the occurrences of tree fern decrease in most benches, as

40 exemplified in benches 41040 and 41041. The increase in small lycopsid spores is associated with heightened amounts of inertinite, as is exemplified in bench 41036.

3.2.7 Coal Series 41042—41048

Calculated vitrinite fractions for series 41042—41048 indicate moderate to high vitrinite preservation (Table 3.8), and correlation analysis shows general negative correlations between vitrinite and inertinite macerals; however, larger amounts of collotelinite and collodetrinite are associated with larger amounts of fusinite and inertodetrinite, respectively. A positive correlation exists between vitrodetrinite with the liptinite macerals including resinite, alginite, and liptodetrinite. Conversely, a negative correlation exists between collotelinite and the same liptinite macerals. An increase in liptinite content, as well as high inertodetrinite content, corresponds to an increase in macrinite occurrences. Larger inertodetrinite amounts are associated with increased amounts of collodetrinite, corresponding to a simultaneous decrease in sporinite.

Additionally, benches rich in mineral matter, specifically in the form of clay, have a decrease of sporinite content as exemplified in bench 41042. High tree fern spore content is present in all benches independent of vitrinite or inertinite dominance. However, larger inertinite content corresponds to heightened small lycopsid assemblages, as is exemplified in benches 41043, 41044, and 41046.

3.2.8 Coal Series 41049—41054

Calculated vitrinite fractions for series 41049—41054 indicate moderate to high levels of vitrinite preservation (Table 3.9), and correlation analysis shows general negative correlations between vitrinite and inertinite macerals; an increase in collotelinite is associated with a decrease in semifusinite, macrinite, secretinite, and inertodetrinite. High collotelinite content is also associated with decreased amounts of vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite. Positive correlations exist between vitrodetrinite with macrinite, secretinite, and resinite; and between collodetrinite with semifusinite. Benches with high sulfur contents and ash yields correspond with larger amounts of collotelinite and vitrodetrinite, respectively. High tree fern spore content is present in majority of the

41 benches independent of vitrinite or inertinite dominance. Bench 41056 has the largest small lycopsid spore assemblage, as well as the largest amount of inertinite occurrences.

3.2.9 Coal Series 41055—41061

Calculated vitrinite fractions for series 41055—41061 indicate moderate to high levels of vitrinite preservation (Table 3.10), and correlation analysis shows general negative correlations between vitrinite and inertinite macerals. A positive correlation exists between telinite and the gelified vitrinite macerals; preservation in plant structure is associated with the corpogelinite found in the structures void spaces. High telinite content is also associated with decreased inertinite content, including fusinite and semifusinite. There is positive correlation between vitrodetrinite and liptodetrinite, and another between macrinite and funginite; the few occurrences of funginite were found in benches with elevated levels of macrinite. Additionally, high sulfur content corresponds to benches with larger collotelinite and lower inertinite content. High tree fern spore content is present in majority of the benches independent of vitrinite or inertinite dominance. Bench 41056 has the largest small lycopsid spore assemblage, as well as the largest amount of inertinite occurrences.

3.2.10 Coal Series 6468—6476

Calculated vitrinite fractions for series 6468—6476 indicate moderate to high levels of vitrinite preservation (Table 3.11), and correlation analysis shows general negative correlations between vitrinite and inertinite macerals, as well as vitrinite and mineral matter content. A positive correlation exists between telinite and the gelified vitrinite macerals; preservation in plant structure is associated with the corpogelinite found in the structures void spaces. Negative correlations exist between vitrodetrinite with collotelinite and collodetrinite, and larger vitrodetrinite amounts are also associated with a decrease in inertodetrinite and sporinite occurrences. Conversely, sporinite occurences increase with larger amounts of collotelinite and inertodetrinite.

In benches where mineral matter (in the form of clay) dominants, there is a direct decrease in collotelinite and collodetrinite with a simultaneous increase in vitrodetrinite.

42 Large silicate content is also associated with low-sulfur, high-ash coals, as well as a lower sporinite count. Lycopsid tree spores are dominant in the majority of the benches independent of vitrinite, inertinite, and mineral matter dominance. Bench 41056 has the largest tree fern spore assemblage, as well as the largest amount of inertinite occurrences.

3.2.11 Coal Series 6477—6485

Calculated vitrinite fractions for series 6477—6485 indicate moderate to high levels of vitrinite preservation (Table 3.12), and correlation analysis shows general negative correlations between vitrinite and inertinite macerals, as well as vitrinite and mineral matter content. A positive correlation exists between telinite and the gelified vitrinite macerals. Negative correlations exist between vitrodetrinite with collotelinite. Positive correlations also exist between inertodetrinite with sporinite and cutinite, and fusinite is more prevalent in the presence of larger amounts of collotelinite

In benches where mineral matter (in the form of clay) dominates, there is a direct decrease in collotelinite and with a simultaneous increase in vitrodetrinite. Large silicate content is also associated with low-sulfur, high-ash coals, as well as lower sporinite counts. Larger vitrinite or inertinite content tends to not affect the palynological data; lycopsid tree spores and tree fern spores co-dominant in majority of the benches independent of vitrinite, inertinite, and mineral matter dominance.

Bench VMaxR VMaxSD VMnR VMnSD 4496 0.89 0.040 0.82 0.058 4484 0.84 0.060 0.77 0.075 4605 0.85 0.034 0.79 0.041 4606 0.85 0.036 0.78 0.038 4607 0.80 0.028 0.75 0.031 4602 0.86 0.039 0.80 0.047 4603 0.83 0.032 0.77 0.044 4604 0.83 0.039 0.76 0.045 4599 0.77 0.046 0.72 0.045 4600 0.82 0.055 0.77 0.067 4601 0.88 0.029 0.83 0.051 Table 3.1: Vitrinite reflectance values for maximum reflectance, maximum reflectance standard deviation, minimum reflectance, and minimum reflectance standard deviation for select benches that are representative of the entire dataset.

44 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

4477 4478 4479 4480 total vitrinite 4481 total inertinite 4482 total liptinite 4483 total mineral 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488

Figure 3.1: Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 4488 and the highest bench is 4477.

4477 4478 4479

4480 4481 4482

4483 4484 4485

4486 4488 4487 gelinite gelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite collodetrinite collodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite collotelinite collotelinite telinite telinite telinite 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30

Figure 3.2: Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 4477—4488.

46 4477 4478 4479

inertodetrin… inertodetrin… inertodetrin… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 8 0 3 6 9 12 0 2 4 6 4480 4481 4482

47 4477 4478 4479

exsudatinite exsudatinite exsudatinite suberinite suberinite suberinite liptodetrinite liptodetrinite liptodetrinite alginite alginite alginite resinite resinite resinite cutinite cutinite cutinite sporinite sporinite sporinite 0 2 4 6 8 1012 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 4480 4481 4482

exsudatinite exsudatinite exsudatinite suberinite suberinite suberinite liptodetrinite liptodetrinite liptodetrinite alginite alginite alginite resinite resinite resinite cutinite cutinite cutinite sporinite sporinite sporinite 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 Figure 3.4: Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 4477—4488.

48 4477 4478 4479

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 1 2 3 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 4480 4481 4482

silicate silicate carbonate carbonate silicate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.5 1 4483 4484 4485

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz 0 0.5 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 4486 4487 4488

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 0 2 4 6 Figure 3.5: Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 4477— 4488.

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

4477 4478 4479 4480 4481

4482 Sulfur 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488

0 5 10 15 20 25

4477 4478 4479

4480 4481 4482 Ash 4483 4484 4485

4486 4487 4488

Figure 3.6: Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 4477—4488.

50 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

4489 4490 4491

4492 total vitrinite 4493 total inertinite 4494 total liptinite 4495 total mineral 4496 4497 4498 4499

Figure 3.7: Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 4499 and the highest bench is 4489.

51 4489 4490 4491

gelinite gelinite gelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite collodetrinite collodetrinite collodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite collotelinite collotelinite collotelinite telinite telinite telinite 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 4495 4496 4497 gelinite gelinite gelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite collodetrinite collodetrinite collodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite collotelinite collotelinite collotelinite telinite telinite telinite 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 0 5 10 15 20 4498 4499

gelinite gelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite collodetrinite collodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite collotelinite collotelinite telinite telinite 0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 40 Figure 3.8: Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 4489—4499.

52 4489 4490 4491

inertodetrini… inertodetrini… inertodetrinite funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 0 2 4 6 8

4492 4493 4494

inertodetrini… inertodetrini… inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 4495 4496 4497

inertodetrinite inertodetrinite inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 4498 4499

inertodetrini… inertodetrinite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6

Figure 3.9: Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 4489—4499.

53 4489 4490 4491

exsudatinite exsudatinite suberinite suberinite liptodetrinite liptodetrinite alginite alginite resinite resinite cutinite cutinite sporinite sporinite 0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6 Figure 3.10: Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 4489—4499.

54 4489 4490 4491

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 2 4 6 0 0.5 1 1.5 4492 4493 4494

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 4495 4496 4497

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.5 1 0 1 2 3 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 4498 4499

silicate silicate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide quartz quartz

0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1 Figure 3.11: Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 4489—4499.

55 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

4489 4490 4491 4492 4493 Sulfur 4494 4495 4496 4497

4498

4499

0 5 10 15 20 25

4489 4490 4491 4492 4493 Ash 4494 4495

4496

4497

4498

4499

Figure 3.12: Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 4489—4499.

56 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

4500 4501 4502 4503 total vitrinite 4504 total inertinite 4505 total liptinite 4506 total mineral 4507 4508 4509 4510 4511

Figure 3.13: Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 4511 and the highest bench is 4500.

57 4500 4501 4502

4503 4504 4505

gelinite gelinite gelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite collodetrinite vitrodetrinite collodetrinite vitrodetrinite collodetrinite vitrodetrinite collotelinite collotelinite collotelinite telinite telinite telinite 0 5 10 15 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30

4506 4507 4508

4509 4510 4511

58 4500 4501 4502 inertodetrinite inertodetrinite inertodetrinite funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 8 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 5 10 15 20

4503 4504 4505 inertodetrinite inertodetrinite inertodetrinite funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 10 20 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 4506 4507 4508 inertodetrinite inertodetrinite inertodetrinite funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 5 10 15 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 4509 4510 4511 inertodetrinite inertodetrinite inertodetrinite funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 10 20 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 Figure 3.15: Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 4500—4511.

59 4500 4501 4502

4506 4507 4508

exsudatinite exsudatinite exsudatinite suberinite suberinite suberinite liptodetrinite liptodetrinite liptodetrinite alginite alginite alginite resinite resinite resinite cutinite cutinite cutinite sporinite sporinite sporinite 0 5 10 15 0 2 4 6 8 1012 0 5 10 15 Figure 3.16: Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 4500—4511.

60 4500 4501 4502

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz 0 2 4 6 8 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 1 2 3 4 4503 4504 4505

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz 0 2 4 6 8 101214 0 2 4 6 8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 4506 4507 4508

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz 0 1 2 3 4 0 0.5 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 4509 4510 4511

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Figure 3.17: Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 4500— 4511.

61 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

4500 4501 4502

4503

4504 4505 Sulfur 4506 4507 4508

4509

4510 4511

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

4500 4501 4502 4503 4504

4505 Ash

4506 4507 4508 4509 4510

4511

Figure 3.18: Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 4500—4511.

62 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

4599

4600

4601 total vitrinite 4602 total inertinite 4603 total liptinite

4604 total mineral

4605

4606

4607

Figure 3.19: Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 4607 and the highest bench is 4599.

63 4599 4600 4601

gelinite gelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite collodetrinite collodetrinite collodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite collotelinite collotelinite collotelinite

telinite telinite telinite

0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80

4602 4603 4604

0 20 40 60 0 5 10 15 20 0 10 20 30 40

4605 4606 4607

Figure 3.20: Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 4599—4607.

64 4599 4600 4601 inertodetrinite inertodetrini… inertodetrinite funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 8 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 8

4602 4603 4604 inertodetrinite inertodetrini… inertodetrinite funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 0 10 20 30 0 2 4 6 8 4605 4606 4607 inertodetrini… inertodetrinite inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 Figure 3.21: Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 4599—4607.

65 4599 4600 4601

4605 4606 4607

66 4599 4600 4601

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 4602 4603 4604

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.5 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

4605 4606 4607

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.5 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 Figure 3.23: Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 4599— 4607.

67 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

4599

4600 4601 4602 Sulfur 4603

4604

4605

4606

4607

0 2 4 6 8 10

4599

4600 4601

4602 Ash 4603

4604 4605 4606

4607

Figure 3.24: Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 4599—4607.

68 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

4978

4979

4980 total vitrinite 4981 total inertinite 4982 total liptinite total mineral 4983

4984

4985

4986

Figure 3.25: Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 4986 and the highest bench is 4978.

69 4978 4979 4980

0 10 20 30 40 50 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60

4981 4982 4983

gelinite gelinite gelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite collodetrinite collodetrinite collodetrinite

vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite collotelinite collotelinite collotelinite

telinite telinite telinite 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 4984 4985 4986

70 4978 4979 4980 inertodetrini… inertodetrinite inertodetrinite funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 4981 4982 4983 inertodetrinite inertodetrinite inertodetrinite funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 4984 4985 4986 inertodetrinite inertodetrini… inertodetrinite funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 Figure 3.27: Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 4978—4986.

71 4978 4979 4980

0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8

4981 4982 4983

0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 4984 4985 4986

0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 0.00.71.42.12.83.5 Figure 3.28: Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 4978—4986.

72 4978 4979 4980

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.5 1.0 4981 4982 4983

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 4984 4985 4986

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 Figure 3.29: Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 4978— 4986.

73 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

4978

4979

4980 4981 Sulfur 4982

4983

4984

4985

4986

0 5 10 15 20 25

4978

4979

4980

4981 Ash 4982 4983

4984

4985 4986

Figure 3.30: Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for the series 4978—4968.

74 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

41035

41036

41037 total vitrinite total inertinite 41038 total liptinite total mineral 41039

41040

41041

Figure 3.31: Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 41041 and the highest bench is 41035.

75 41035 41036 41037

41038 41039 41040

gelinite corpogelinite collodetrinite vitrodetrinite collotelinite telinite 0 20 40 60 Figure 3.32: Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 41035—41041.

76 41035 41036 41037 inertodetrini… inertodetrini… inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 5 10 15 20 0 4 8 12 16 20 0 5 10 15 41038 41039 41040

inertodetrini… funginite secretinite macrinite micrinite semifusinite fusinite 0 4 8 12 16 20 Figure 3.33: Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 41035—41041.

77 41035 41036 41037

exsudatinite exsudatinite exsudatinite suberinite suberinite suberinite liptodetrinite liptodetrinite liptodetrinite alginite alginite alginite resinite resinite resinite cutinite cutinite cutinite sporinite sporinite sporinite 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 41038 41039 41040

exsudatinite suberinite liptodetrinite alginite resinite cutinite sporinite 0 1 2 3 4 Figure 3.34: Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 41035—41041.

78 41035 41036 41037

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 1 2 3 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 41038 41039 41040

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 41041

silicate carbonate sulfide quartz

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Figure 3.35: Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 41035— 41041.

79 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

41035

41036

41037

Sulfur 41038

41039

41040

41041

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

41035

41036

41037

Ash 41038

41039

41040

41041

Figure 3.36: Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 41035—41041.

80 0 20 40 60 80 100

41035

41036 Lycopsid Trees 41037 Small Lycopsids Tree Ferns 41038 Small Ferns Calamites 41039 Cordaites

41040

41041

Figure 3.37: Plot showing the total percentages of the major palynological groups in each bench for series 41035—41041.

81 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

41042

41043

41044 total vitrinite total inertinite 41045 total liptinite total mineral 41046

41047

41048

Figure 3.38: Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 41048 and the highest bench is 41042.

82 41042 41043 41044

0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 0 2 4 6 8 10 41045 41046 41047

0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 41048

gelinite corpogelinite collodetrinite vitrodetrinite collotelinite telinite

0 20 40 60 Figure 3.39: Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 41042—41048.

83 41042 41043 41044 inertodetrini… inertodetrini… inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 10 20 30 41045 41046 41047 inertodetrini… inertodetrini… inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15

41048 inertodetrini… funginite secretinite macrinite micrinite semifusinite fusinite 0 5 10 15 Figure 3.40: Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 41042—41048.

84 41042 41043 41044

exsudatinite suberinite liptodetrinite alginite resinite cutinite sporinite 0 2 4 6 Figure 3.41: Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 41042—41048.

85 41042 41043 41044

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate

sulfide sulfide sulfide

quartz quartz quartz

0 2 4 6 0 0.5 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 41045 41046 41047

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate

sulfide sulfide sulfide

quartz quartz quartz

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 41048

silicate carbonate

sulfide

quartz

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Figure 3.42: Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 41042— 41048.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

41042

41043

41044 Sulfur 41045

41046

41047

41048

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

41042

41043

41044 Ash 41045

41046

41047

41048

Figure 3.43: Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 41042—41048.

87 0 20 40 60 80 100

41042

41043 Lycopsid Trees

41044 Small Lycopsids Tree Ferns 41045 Small Ferns Calamites 41046 Cordaites

41047

41048

Figure 3.44: Plot showing the total percentages of the major palynological groups in each bench for series 41042—41048.

88 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

41049

41050

total vitrinite 41051 total inertinite total liptinite 41052 total mineral

41053

41054

Figure 3.45: Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 41054 and the highest bench is 41049.

41049 41050 41051

0 5 10 15 20 0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 41052 41053 41054

0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 Figure 3.46: Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 41049—41054.

90 41049 41050 41051 inertodetrini… inertodetrini… inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite

0 4 8 12 16 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 20 41052 41053 41054 inertodetrini… inertodetrini… inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite

0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 Figure 3.47: Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 41049—41054.

91 41049 41050 41051

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 0 2 4 6 8 41052 41053 41054

0 4 8 12 16 20 0 5 10 15 0 2 4 6 Figure 3.48: Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 41049—41054.

92 41049 41050 41051

silicate silicate silicate

carbonate carbonate carbonate

sulfide sulfide sulfide

quartz quartz quartz

0 0.1 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 41052 41053 41054

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate

sulfide sulfide sulfide

quartz quartz quartz

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 0.5 1 Figure 3.49: Plot showing the percentages of m in each bench for series 41049—41054.

93 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

41049

41050

41051 Sulfur

41052

41053

41054

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

41049

41050

41051 Ash

41052

41053

41054

Figure 3.50: Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 41049—41054.

94 0 20 40 60 80 100

41049

41050 Lycopsid Trees Small Lycopsids 41051 Tree Ferns Small Ferns 41052 Calamites Cordaites 41053

41054

Figure 3.51: Plot showing the total percentages of the major palynological groups in each bench for series 41049—41054.

95 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

41055

41056

41057 total vitrinite total inertinite 41058 total liptinite total mineral 41059

41060

41061

Figure 3.52: Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 41061 and the highest bench is 41055.

96 41055 41056 41057

gelinite corpogelinite collodetrinite vitrodetrinite collotelinite telinite 0 20 40 60 Figure 3.53: Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 41055—41061.

97 41055 41056 41057 inertodetrinite inertodetrini… inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 8 0 4 8 12 16 20 0 5 10 41058 41059 41060 inertodetrini… inertodetrini… inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 41061 inertodetrinite funginite secretinite macrinite micrinite semifusinite fusinite 0 2 4 6 Figure 3.54: Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 41055—41061.

98 41055 41056 41057

exsudatinite suberinite liptodetrinite alginite resinite cutinite sporinite 0 2 4 6 8 10 Figure 3.55: Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 41055—41061.

99 41055 41056 41057

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1 41058 41059 41060

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 41061

silicate carbonate sulfide quartz

0 0.1 0.2 Figure 3.56: Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 41055—41061.

100 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

41055

41056

41057

Sulfur 41058

41059

41060

41061

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

41055

41056

41057

Ash 41058

41059

41060

41061

Figure 3.57: Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 41055—41061.

101 0 20 40 60 80 100

41055

41056 Lycopsid Trees 41057 Small Lycopsids Tree Ferns 41058 Small Ferns Calamites 41059 Cordaites

41060

41061

Figure 3.58: Plot showing the total percentages of the major palynological groups in each bench for series 41055—41061.

102 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

6468

6469

6470 total vitrinite 6471 total inertinite 6472 total liptinite

6473 total mineral

6474

6475

6476

Figure 3.59: Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 6476 and the highest bench is 6468.

103

6468 6469 6470

gelinite total… gelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite collodetrinite collodetrinite collodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite collotelinite collotelinite collotelinite telinite telinite telinite

0 20 40 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60

6471 6472 6473

gelinite gelinite gelinite

corpogelinite corpogelinite corpogelinite

collodetrinite collodetrinite collodetrinite

vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite vitrodetrinite collotelinite collotelinite collotelinite telinite telinite telinite 0 20 40 60 0 5 10 15 0 10 20 30 40

6474 6475 6476

Figure 3.60: Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 6468—6476.

104 6468 6469 6470

inertodetrinite inertodetrinite inertodetrinite funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite

0 2 4 6 0 1 2 3 4 0 2 4 6

6471 6472 6473

inertodetrinite inertodetrin… inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 5 10 15 6474 6475 6476

0 2 4 6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 1 2 3 4 Figure 3.61: Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 6468—6476.

105 6468 6469 6470

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 10

6471 6472 6473

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 2 4 6 8 10

6474 6475 6476

0 3 6 9 12 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 Figure 3.62: Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 6468—6476.

106 6468 6469 6470

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 6471 6472 6473

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0 20 40 60 80 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 6474 6475 6476

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 Figure 3.63: Plot showing the percentages of minerals in each bench for series 6468— 6476.

107 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

6468 6469

6470

6471 Sulfur 6472

6473 6474

6475

6476

0 20 40 60 80 100

6468

6469 6470

6471 Ash 6472

6473

6474 6475

6476

Figure 3.64: Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 6468—6476.

108 0 20 40 60 80 100

6468

6469 Lycopsid Trees 6470 Small Lycopsids 6471 Tree Ferns 6472 Small Ferns

6473 Calamites Cordaites 6474

6475

6476

Figure 3.65: Plot showing the total percentages of the major palynological groups in each bench for series 6468—6476.

109 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

6477

6478

6479 total vitrinite 6480 total inertinite 6481 total liptinite total mineral 6482

6483

6484

6485

Figure 3.66: Plot showing the total percentages of the major maceral groups (including mineral matter). Each bar represents one bench within an entire coal series. The lowest bench in the series is 6485 and the highest bench is 6477.

110 6477 6478 6479

6480 6481 6482

0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 40

6483 6484 6485

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 Figure 3.67: Plot showing the percentages of specific vitrinite macerals in each bench for series 6477—6485.

111 6477 6478 6479 inertodetrinite inertodetrinite inertodetrinite funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 1 2 3 0 0.5 1 0 1 2 3 4

6480 6481 6482 inertodetrini… inertodetrini… inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15

6483 6484 6485 inertodetrini… inertodetrini… inertodetrini… funginite funginite funginite secretinite secretinite secretinite macrinite macrinite macrinite micrinite micrinite micrinite semifusinite semifusinite semifusinite fusinite fusinite fusinite 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 20 Figure 3.68: Plot showing the percentages of specific inertinite macerals in each bench for series 6477—6485.

112 6477 6478 6479

6483 6484 6485

113 6477 6478 6479

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 10 20 30 0 20 40 60 80 0 2 4 6 8 6480 6481 6482

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 6483 6484 6485

silicate silicate silicate carbonate carbonate carbonate sulfide sulfide sulfide quartz quartz quartz

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.1 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 Figure 3.70: Plot showing the percentages of specific liptinite macerals in each bench for series 6477—6485.

114

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

6477

6478 6479

6480 Sulfur 6481

6482

6483

6484

6485

0 20 40 60 80 100

6477

6478

6479 6480 Ash 6481

6482

6483

6484

6485

Figure 3.71: Plot showing the percentages of sulfur and ash in each bench for series 6477—6485.

115 0 20 40 60 80 100

6477

6478 Lycopsid Trees 6479 Small Lycopsids 6480 Tree Ferns 6481 Small Ferns

6482 Calamites Cordaites 6483

6484

6485

Figure 3.72: Plot showing the total percentages of the major palynological groups in each bench for series 6477—6485.

116

1 2

3 4

5 Figure 3.73: Photographs of vitrinite macerals. (1) collotelinite and vitrodetrinite in a clay matrix; (2) telinite with micrinite-filled cell lumens; (3) telinite and corpogelinite; (4) Corpogelinite in a collotelinite matrix; (5) vitrodetrinite with inertodetrinite.

117

2 3

4 5 6

118 Figure 3.74: Photographs of inertinite macerals. (1) fusinite; (2) inertodetrinite and macrinite; (3) macrinite; (4) micrinite alternating with telinite; (5) micrinite replacing telinite structures; (6) semifusinite; (7) semifusinite.

119

1 2

3 4 Figure 3.75: Photographs of the inertinite maceral, secretinite. (1) secretinite in a collodetrinite matrix; (2) secretinite in a collodetrinite matrix; (3) secretinite in a collodetrinite matrix; (4) secretinite in a collodetrinite and sporinite matrix.

120

1 2

Fungal spore

Figure 3.76: Photographs of the inertinite maceral, funginite. (1) fungal spore in a collodetrinite matrix; (2) fungal sclerotia in a collotelinite matrix.

121

2 1

3 4

Figure 3.77: Photographs of the liptinite maceral, sporinite. (1) meiospores; (2) meiospores and megaspores; (3) meiospores under plane-polarized light; (4) meiospores under blue light.

122

3 4

Figure 3.78: Photographs of the liptinite maceral, sporinite. (1) megaspore under plane- polarized light; (2) megaspore under blue light; (3) megaspore in a collodetrinite matrix; (4) megaspore in a collotelinite matrix.

123

1 2

3 Figure 3.79: Photographs of the liptinite maceral, cutinite. (1) cutinite under plane- polarized light; (2) cutinite under blue light; (3) cutinite; (4) cutinite in a collodetrinite matrix; (5) cutinite in a collotelinite matrix.

124

Figure 3.80: Photographs of the liptinite maceral, alginite. (1) lamalginite under blue light; (2) lamalginite under plane-polarized light; (3) botryococcus under blue light; (4) botryococcus under plane-polarized light.

125

1 3 Figure 3.81: Photographs of mineral matter. (1) clay; (2) small pyrite framboids; (3) massive pyrite.

126 1 2

4 5

Figure 3.82: Photographs of carbonate mineral matter. (1) siderite; (2) siderite aggregate; (3) siderite-infilling of cell lumens; (4) siderite replacing telinite structures under plane-polarized light; (5) siderite replacing telinite structures under polarized light.

127

1 2

3 4 Figure 3.83: Photographs of etched vitrinite. (1) telinite; (2) unetched collotelinite to the left, etched telinite to the right; (3) unetched collotelinite to the left, etched telinite to the right; (4) telinite (images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble).

128 1 2

3 4

5 6 Figure 3.84: Photographs of etched liptinite macerals. (1) sporinite and liptodetrinite; (2) sporinite and liptodetrinite; (3) sporinite and resinite etched telinite to the right; (4) sporinite, liptodetrinite, and resinite; (5) sporinite and cutinite; (6) megaspores (images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble).

129

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 Figure 3.85: Photographs of etched macerals. (1) corpogelinite; (2) semifusinite and secretinite; (3) vitrodetrinite and inertodetrinite in a clay matrix; (4) micrinite-replaced telinite and resinite; (5) secretinite in a collodetrinite matrix; (6) alternating collotelinite and collodetrinite; (7) telinite; (8) semifusinite and fusinite (images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble).

130

Figure 3.86: Photographs of Calamites spores (images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble).

131

Figure 3.87: Photographs of Cordaites pollen (top two images) and gymnosperm pollen from an unknown source (bottom three images; images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble).

132

Figure 3.88: Photographs of small Lycopsid spores (top images) and Lycopsid tree spores (bottom six images; images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble).

133

Figure 3.89: Photographs of small fern spores (images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble).

134

Figure 3.90: Photographs of tree fern spores (images courtesy of Dr. Cortland Eble).

135 Bench Total Telovitrinite Detrovitrinite Vitrinite Fraction Vitrinite + Gelovitrinite TV/(DV +GV) 4477 53.2 33.2 20.0 1.66 4478 53.8 38.8 15.0 2.59 4479 59.2 35.6 23.6 1.51 4480 54.2 42.4 11.8 3.59 4481 50.6 28.2 22.4 1.26 4482 57.6 41.6 16.0 2.60 4483 60.2 35.4 24.8 1.43 4484 78.6 55.8 22.8 2.45 4485 81.4 71.2 10.2 6.98 4486 42.6 25.4 17.2 1.48 4487 54.6 31.6 23.0 1.37 4488 74.2 46.4 27.8 1.67 Table 3.2: Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 4477—4488.

136 Bench Total Telovitrinite Detrovitrinite Vitrinite Vitrinite + Gelovitrinite Fraction TV/(DV +GV) 4489 55.2 33.2 22.0 1.51 4490 46.0 29.6 16.4 1.80 4491 58.8 29.4 29.4 1.00 4492 56.8 37.8 19.0 1.99 4493 52.2 39.4 12.8 3.08 4494 51.6 28.4 23.2 1.22 4495 75.6 65.2 10.4 6.27 4496 78.8 63.6 15.2 4.18 4497 36.8 17.6 19.2 0.92 4498 59.6 43.6 16.0 2.73 4499 78.4 47.6 30.8 1.55 Table 3.3: Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 4489—4499.

137 Bench Total Telovitrinite Detrovitrinite Vitrinite Fraction Vitrinite + Gelovitrinite TV/(DV +GV) 4500 61.0 46.0 15.0 3.07 4501 53.8 32.2 21.6 1.49 4502 52.8 30.8 22.0 1.40 4503 21.6 4.0 17.6 0.23 4504 52.4 31.2 21.2 1.47 4505 53.6 29.0 24.6 1.18 4506 47.6 17.6 30.0 0.59 4507 73.0 56.6 16.4 3.45 4508 81.2 70.0 11.2 6.25 4509 43.2 23.2 20.0 1.16 4510 57.8 36.6 21.2 1.73 4511 61.0 36.4 24.6 1.48 Table 3.4: Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 4500—4511.

138 Bench Total Telovitrinite Detrovitrinite Vitrinite Fraction Vitrinite + TV/(DV +GV) Gelovitrinite 4599 65.2 46.2 19.0 2.43 4600 52.0 39.6 12.4 3.19 4601 76.8 66.0 10.8 6.11 4602 63.0 49.2 13.8 3.57 4603 34.2 18.8 15.4 1.22 4604 65.0 43.0 22.0 1.95 4605 40.8 25.2 15.6 1.62 4606 80.4 66.4 14.0 4.74 4607 60.2 47.4 12.9 3.69 Table 3.5: Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 4599—4607.

139 Bench Total Telovitrinite Detrovitrinite Vitrinite Vitrinite + Gelovitrinite Fraction TV/(DV +GV) 4978 58.8 51.0 7.8 6.54 4979 63.4 47.0 16.4 2.87 4980 66.2 47.2 19.0 2.48 4981 69.4 45.8 23.6 1.94 4982 62.8 47.4 15.4 3.08 4983 66.2 52.2 14.0 3.73 4984 68.8 55.0 13.8 3.99 4985 26.6 16.6 10.0 1.66 4986 76.0 52.6 23.4 2.25 Table 3.6: Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 4978—4986.

140 Bench Total Telovitrinite Detrovitrinite + Vitrinite Vitrinite Gelovitrinite Fraction TV/(DV +GV) 41035 40.6 7.8 32.8 0.24 41036 48.4 41.6 6.8 6.12 41037 61.8 48.4 13.4 3.61 41038 55.0 48.4 6.6 7.33 41039 37.4 30.2 7.2 4.19 41040 62.4 50.0 12.4 4.03 41041 57.2 48.6 8.6 5.65 Table 3.7: Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 41035—41041.

141 Bench Total Telovitrinite Detrovitrinite + Vitrinite Fraction Vitrinite Gelovitrinite TV/(DV +GV) 41042 41.8 34.6 7.2 4.81 41043 51.0 44.8 6.2 7.23 41044 23.6 11.2 12.4 0.90 41045 53.4 46.2 7.2 6.42 41046 38.4 29.2 9.2 3.17 41047 44.0 34.8 9.2 3.78 41048 53.8 45.8 8.0 5.73 Table 3.8: Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 41042—41048.

142 Bench Total Telovitrinite Detrovitrinite + Vitrinite Fraction Vitrinite Gelovitrinite TV/(DV +GV) 41049 32.0 18.0 14.0 1.29 41050 55.8 51.2 4.6 11.13 41051 49.4 35.2 14.2 2.48 41052 44.8 32.6 12.2 2.67 41053 50.6 43.8 6.8 6.44 41054 55.6 50.0 506 8.93 Table 3.9: Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 41049—41054.

143 Bench Total Telovitrinite Detrovitrinite Vitrinite Vitrinite + Gelovitrinite Fraction TV/(DV +GV) 41055 61.6 56.8 4.8 11.83 41056 41.8 32.8 9.0 3.64 41057 48.6 39.6 9.0 4.40 41058 63.8 48.4 15.4 3.14 41059 59.8 51.6 8.2 6.29 41060 57.4 39.6 17.8 2.22 41061 69.8 57.6 12.2 4.72 Table 3.10: Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 41055—41061.

144 Bench Total Telovitrinite Detrovitrinite + Vitrinite Fraction Vitrinite Gelovitrinite TV/(DV +GV) 6468 71.2 49.0 22.2 2.21 6469 74.2 53.8 20.4 2.64 6470 74.2 54.0 20.2 2.67 6471 80.0 67.2 12.8 5.25 6472 19.4 7.0 12.4 0.56 6473 49.8 37.4 12.4 3.02 6474 64.8 47.4 17.4 2.72 6475 36.2 20.2 16.0 1.26 6476 51.6 35.2 16.4 2.15 Table 3.11: Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 6468—6476.

145 Bench Total Telovitrinite Detrovitrinite + Vitrinite Fraction Vitrinite Gelovitrinite TV/(DV +GV) 6477 52.4 38.8 13.6 2.85 6478 28.4 7.8 20.6 0.38 6479 58.6 46.8 11.8 3.97 6480 54.8 42.4 12.4 3.42 6481 46.6 21.2 25.4 0.83 6482 53.2 28.8 24.4 1.18 6483 42.2 18.4 23.8 0.77 6484 48.8 31.0 17.8 1.74 6485 62.8 47.0 15.8 2.97 Table 3.12: Vitrinite fraction calculated from telovitrinite (i.e. telinite and collotelinite), gelovitrinite (i.e. gelinite and corpogelinite), and detrovitrinite (i.e. vitrodetrinite and collodetrinite) maceral percentages in each bench for series 6477—6485.

146 CHAPTER 4

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Depositional Environment Interpretations

4.1.1 Petrography

Petrographic analyses indicate that these coals have relatively high liptinite and varying inertinite content, along with generally very low, but variable, amounts of mineral matter. Vitrinite, mainly in the form of collotelinite, is the most dominant maceral group. Despite liptinite content rarely exceeding 15% in total volume, and vitrinite being the dominant maceral group, the Leatherwood coal is considered to be relatively low in vitrinite content, high in liptinite content, and variable inertinite content compared to other, especially older, eastern Kentucky coal beds. A majority of the Middle Pennsylvanian coals located in the EKCF close to the Leatherwood coal bed stratigraphically (e.g. Fire Clay coal bed and Pond Creek coal bed) are characterized by having a much higher vitrinite content, ranging from 75-95% total volume, and low liptinite content, ranging from 5-10% total volume (Hower and Pollock, 1988; Eble and Grady, 1990; Helfrich and Hower, 1991; Eble et al., 1994; Greb et al., 1999). The 4000- and 6000- series sets are characterized by relatively high liptinite and low inertinite content, along with minimal amounts of mineral matter. Vitrinite is the dominant maceral group, which occurs in high to moderate abundance, averaging between 50-60% in total volume. The most prevalent maceral is collotelinite, followed by collodetrinite, indicating that the processes of gelification, and degradation, occurred during peat accumulation. There is a general correlation between inertinite and vitrinite content; conditions do not appear to have been conclusive to inertinite, especially fusinite, formation in or near the mire. High sporinite occurrences are associated with larger collotelinite content, suggesting that conditions allowing for vitrinite formation have greater preservation potential, most likely attributed to wetter environments. In the 6000+ -series sets, where select benches have inorganic partings, conditions suitable for detrital influx can be inferred, including changes in water flow. High mineral content is associated with greater degraded maceral content, suggesting high energy conditions

147 associated with a heightened water flow, which would act as an additional source for degradation. The 41000+ - series sets show increased amounts of inertinite and liptinite. Increased inertinite content is associated with drier conditions, which would make the surficial peat more susceptible to exposure to air and oxygenated waters; these conditions would promote fungal and bacterial activity (Hower et al., 2009; Hower et al., 2011). The few occurrences of funginite were found in benches with elevated levels of macrinite, and large inertinite volume in general. There is a negative correlation between inertinite and preserved structures in vitrinite, and a positive correlation between inertinite and degraded vitrinite macerals. These petrographic results suggest drier conditions suitable for inertinite formation, as well as extensive peat exposure to atmospheric conditions, allowing for accelerated degradation. Alternatively, elevated inertinite contents could also be attributed to an increased frequency of fires within the mire. The increased liptinite contents could further suggest that many of these fires may have been “crown fires,” burning aerial portions of the plants, but leaving the surface of the peat relatively unaffected (Scott, 1989). An increase in liptinite is also a result from the destruction of pre-vitrinitic materials, leaving behind liptinites, which are more resistant by nature. These conditions are consistent with, and most likely the result of, peat accumulation in a domed mire setting (Eble and Grady, 1990; Eble et al., 1994).

4.1.2 Geochemistry

Geochemical data reveal low sulfur contents and ash yields for all series. Low- sulfur and low-ash coals, in association with minimal amounts of mineral matter, are indicative of limited detrital influx and minimal authigenic mineral formation. The Leatherwood is a low-sulfur coal compared to other coals sharing similar stratigraphic positions. This can be associated with environments of acidic stagnant standing waters, or drier environments with lowered water levels and domed surfaces where leaching can occur. In benches with large mineral content, as exemplified in series 6468—6476 and 6477—6485 with the dominance of clay, elevated water levels with increased input flow from extra-mire sources can be inferred, possibly attributed to a flooding event.

148 4.1.3 Palynology

Although palynologic results reveal a wide diversity of palynomorphs, most of the palynofloras are dominated by taxa assignable to large lycopod trees and tree ferns. Contributions from other plant groups, including small lycopsids, small ferns, cordaites, and calamites are minor by comparison, as exemplified in the 6000- series set. Lycopsid tree spore abundance corresponds with abundant vitrinite occurrence. The same “wet” conditions that promote the formation of vitrinite (Teichmuller, 1989) correspond to environmental conditions that allowed for the establishment, and proliferation, of large lycopsid trees. The stratigraphic interval in which the Leatherwood coal bed occurs is accompanied by a tremendous increase in diversity and in tree fern spore content (Eble, 1994). Tree ferns were adapted to growth and reproduction in a wide range of environment, including mires. The fact that most Late Pennsylvanian coal bed palynofloras in the Appalachian basin are dominated by tree fern spores attests to their ability to flourish in mire systems (Eble et al., 1990). Therefore, the diminished presence of lycopsid tree spores in many of the Leatherwood benches does not necessarily reflect “drier” conditions; it is more probably a reflection of an increased presence of tree ferns during the time of Leatherwood peat accumulation. Conditions of consistent and extensive water coverage are indicative of planar or slightly domed mires. However, the 6000- series set has a more diverse palynoflora assemblage with mixed palynoflora in select benches. In contrast, 41000 -series set is characterized by more abundant tree fern and small lycopsid spore assemblages. Small lycopsid spores are associated with inertinite and liptinite occurrences, which parallel a decrease in vitrinite from the degradation of vitrinite-producing materials. Elevated concentrations of small lycopsids are usually indicative of increased levels of biotic and/or abiotic stress. In the 41000 -series, the stress appears to have been caused by ombrogenous peat formation in domed mires, which is supported by the very low ash yields and total sulfur contents. It should be noted that larger spores have a greater chance at being recorded during the quantification process (point counts), as opposed to the smaller spores, such as lycospora, which are much are much smaller and thinner in nature compared to most other spores. The larger spores have a greater chance at being recorded during the quantification process.

149 4.2 Interpretations

Studies by Eble and Grady (1990), Eble et al. (1994) and Greb and et al. (1999) reveals that, when combining petrographical, geochemical, and palynological data, there are four major depositional groups found in central Appalachian basin coals that formed in close proximity to the Leatherwood coal bed during the Middle Pennsylvanian:

(1) This group is a Lycospora-vitrinite dominant group characterized by high percentages of Lycopsid spores, and contains high percentages of vitrinite macerals with variable sulfur, ash, and mineral content. This group is associated with topogenous mires, which would be most conducive for arboreous Lycopsid growth and reproduction (DiMichele and Phillips, 1985). The expansive water cover prevents oxidation of the peat surface, allowing for the formation of high- vitrinite coals and better plant preservation in the coals. These conditions would allow for telinite to be the most abundant maceral, suggesting that waters were most likely acid, inhibiting microbial decay of the vitrinite-precursor material. Low inertinite is also characteristic of these mires, possibly indicating that fires were uncommon due to extensive water exposure (DiMichele and Phillips, 1985; Eble et al., 1994). Periodic detrital influx results in variable ash, sulfur, and mineral content. The predominantly anaerobic conditions would also result in formation of authigenic mineral matter (Cecil et al., 1982). (2) The second group is a mixed palynoflora-vitrinite dominant group that is petrographically and geochemically similar to group 1, but more palynologically diverse, containing increased percentages of tree fern, small fern and calamite miospores, as well as variable sulfur and low ash content. This group also forms in topogenous mires. The wider range of diversity in the palynoflora may be a response to changes in nutrient availability, changes in acidity, or other changes related soil factors. The low ash and low sulfur yields indicate that detrital input and authigenic mineral emplacement were minimal (Eble et al., 1994). (3) The third group is a mixed palynoflora-moderate/low vitrinite group that palynologically consist of various admixtures of lycopsid (trees and small varieties), fern (tree-like and small forms), and minor calamite spore content.

150 Petrographically, this group contains greater percentages of liptinite and inertinites macerals, low-ash and low-sulfur content, and limited mineral content. The increased percentages of liptinite and inertinite (mainly semifusinite and fusinite) macerals suggest intermittent surficial exposure to air and oxygenated rain water (Eble et al., 1994). Inertinite formation can also be attributed to increased frequencies of mire fires (Scott and Jones, 1994; Scott, 2010). This is indicative of environmental settings where the water table has dropped below the surface level due to decreased moisture input (Eble et al., 1994). These conditions would most likely accelerate microbial degradation of peat through fungal and bacterial activity (which is normally kept in check by acidic, anaerobic water cover), also promoting the formation of inertinite macerals and maceral precursors (Eble et al., 1994). These processes are typically observed in modern domed mires during dry seasons. Decreased amounts of lycopsid miospores is a result of the inconsistent water cover, which can inhibit the lycopsids’ reproductive mechanism (DiMichele and Phillips, 1985). Low ash, sulfur, and mineral matter are also associated with lowered water levels, inhibiting detrital contamination in the peat (Eble et al., 1994). (4) The fourth group is a mixed palynoflora-high ash yield group, typically dominated by fern spores (tree-like and small forms), with frequent occurrences of Lycopsid (trees and small varieties), calamite and cordaite spores. Petrographically, the composition of macerals defined by this group is variable, but generally consists of greater quantities of liptinite and inertinite. Ash yields are predominantly high for this group, but also tend to be variable, along with low to moderate sulfur content (Eble et al., 1994).

This group probably formed in areas that were exposed to periodic detrital influx, including sediment and inertinite fragments (e.g. buoyant charcoal), raising both mineral mater and inertinite content. Oxygenated extra-mire water influx can accelerate the degradation of peat material, producing inertinites and inertinite precursors (Eble et al., 1994).

151 When examining the combined petrographical, geochemical, and palynological data, results indicate that both domed, ombrotrophic and planar, rheotrophic mire conditions, with limited local detrital influx, contributed to the formation of the Leatherwood coal. The 4000- series for this study does not have corresponding palynological data to aid in depositional interpretations; however, based on the petrographic and geochemical data, planar, rheotrophic mire settings can be inferred. Similar to group 1, the Lycospora-vitrinite dominant group suggests areas of near- constant water cover from a high groundwater level. Morphologically, these areas were probably planar or slightly domed. Considering the vitrinite content is not as high as most of the vitrinite seen in neighboring and adjacent coal seams, it is more probable that the mire was slightly domed and not fully planar. The expansive water cover in association with a relatively planar setting prevents surficial exposure to atmospheric conditions, allowing for the formation of high vitrinite content and better plant and spore preservation in coal in anaerobic environments.

The 6000-series set has similar characteristics to the 4000-series, but is more similar to group 2 with a more mixed palynoflora assemblage, containing increased percentages of tree fern spores, also reflecting a planar, rheotrophic mire. The mixed palynoflora and infrequent inorganic partings with high ash yield zones, which appear to be short-lived, can be attributed to changes in mire morphology and edaphic conditions, as well as increases in water flow. Modern domed peat systems consist of both planar and domed peat phases. Peat bodies can start out as planar mires, and with consistent high moisture levels, can evolve into domed mires (Moore, 1987). It should also be noted that there are a number of factors that influence peat development and deposition, including variations in climate, rates of sedimentation and subsidence which cannot be observed in petrographic, palynologic, and geochemical data. These processes should be considered non-static and accompany the influence of peat accumulation.

Despite most planar mires exhibiting anaerobic conditions, the planar mires in this study show signs of slightly oxygenated (i.e., disoxic) waters. In the planar mire setting, there was still enough oxygen to destroy pre-vitrinitic material, thus explaining relatively low vitrinite content for a planar mire conditions. However, the lack of pyrite formation,

152 along with the presence of siderite, indicates oxide formation due to oxygenated waters. Siderite is an iron carbonate, indicating that the system still had enough oxygen in the waters to allow for oxide formation, limiting sulfur formation. The planar mires in this study are disoxic, explaining siderite formation in wet environments. In these settings, the top of the water column gains oxygen from rain water, allowing for microbe activity in the peat.

The 41000-series is most similar to the group 3 depositional environment. The characterization of tree fern spores and arboreous lycopsids dominance along with mixed palynoflora, low ash and sulfur yields, limited mineral content, and increased inertinite and liptinite contents can be interpreted as a domed mire setting that was primarily ombrotrophic. A domed mire morphology would effectively restrict widespread detrital influx due to mire drainage from positive relief, and promote the leaching of minerals. Decreased water levels would simultaneously inhibit lycopsid growth, as well as allowing for surficial peat exposure to air and oxygenated rain water promotes inertinite formation. This is also supported by the increase in small lycopod pollen; small lycopods are associated with drier environments typically found in domed settings.

Some of the sites that lie within the domed mire setting contain partings. This can be explained by domed mire settings having domed-planar life cycles. The mire is kept domed by rainfall, resulting in a perched water table. Variation in climate, such as alternating dry and wet seasons, alters water influx. Dry seasons and a net decrease in water influx can cause a domed mire to experience deflation, causing a temporary planar mire to form. A mire that is deflated is more prone to sediment influx and clastic activity.

Horizontal profiles for data series 4000 and 41000 were constructed due to the sites’ close proximity, examining ash yield, sulfur content, and maceral composition (Figures 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3). Data series 6000 was excluded because of its locality on the Pine Mountain thrust, causing the series to be isolated from the other collection sites. Based on the horizontal profiles, a laterally confined peat body can be inferred, where data series 4477—4488, 4489—4499, 4500—4511, 4599—4607 and 4978—4986 are relatively closer to the central part of the peat body, and 41055—41061, 41042—41043,

153 and 41035—41041 are closer in proximity to the margins of the peat body. One attempt at a reconstruction of the peat body is shown in Figure 4.4.

Collection sites within the central area of the laterally confined peat body indicate a higher composition of degraded macerals, and also contain larger amounts of inertinite and liptinite with low ash and sulfur content. This is explained by the domed region being higher in elevation, and by having a larger acrotelm area. The acrotelm if the area of peat, usually closest to the surface, that remains oxygenated. A larger acrotelm causes the peat to be more susceptible to degradational processes (i.e., fungal and bacterial activity), resulting in further destruction to the peat. The greater positive relief of the elevated central area would also allow for conditions more conducive to inertinite and liptinite formation. The positive relief would promote the leaching of water, allowing for surficial peat exposure to air and oxygenated rain water. The data series located on the margins of the peat body have relatively higher vitrinite content, and were described previously as ‘slight planar.’ The planar-like setting can coincide to the peats edges, where higher vitrinite content would be anticipated due to wetter conditions found along the margins of peat bodies. Individual collection sites that have higher ash at the bottom and top of the beds also verify a location proximal to the peat body’s edge. The margins are more susceptible to flooding events as opposed to the central regions of the peat body due to its peat surface being near, or at, local topography. Flooding events move water-borne detritus across areas of similar, or lower, elevation more easily compared to pulling up water up into the domed region of the mire.

4.3 Conclusions

This thesis set out to characterize the maceral composition of the Leatherwood coal bed in order to determine specific depositional environments and associated peat accumulation conditions through the use of petrographic, geochemical, and palynological data. The conclusions drawn from this investigation include:

(1) Petrographic analyses indicate that these coals have relatively high liptinite and varying inertinite content, along with trace amounts of mineral matter. Vitrinite,

154 mainly in the form of collotelinite, is the most dominant maceral group found in relatively moderate abundance.

(2) Geochemical data reveal low-sulfur content and ash yield in majority of the coal benches.

(3) Ancillary palynological data shows that the palynomorph assemblages are dominated by tree fern and large lycopsid tree spores, with limited amounts of small lycopsid tree, small fern, and calamite spores, and cordaite pollen.

(4) The petrographic, geochemical, and palynological data indicate that both domed, ombrotrophic, and slightly planar, rheotrophic mire conditions, with limited local detrital influx, contributed to the formation of the Leatherwood coal.

155

A’

156

Figure 4.1: Figure showing the horizontal profile of the designated data series indicated by the red stars on the map. Ash yield percentages are indicated by the bar graphs, listed in consecutive order from A to A’.

157

A’

158

Figure 4.2: Figure showing the horizontal profile of the designated data series indicated by the red stars on the map. Sulfur percentages are indicated by the bar graphs, listed in consecutive order from A to A’.

159

A’

160

Figure 4.3: Figure showing the horizontal profile of the designated data series indicated by the red stars on the map. Maceral group percentages are indicated by the bar graphs, liste din consecutive order from A to A’.

161

A’

Elevation A’

Relative Relative A

Figure 4.4: The figure above illustrates the interpreted reconstruction of the laterally confined peat body, showing the site locations, indicated by the red stars, in proximity to the mire’s perimeters. The figure below illustrates the mire pod’s relative elevation from A to A’.

162 APPENDIX A: PETROGRAPHIC DATA

Table A.1. Maceral volume percent data for series 4477—4488.

Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 4477 4478 4479 4480 4481 4482 Telinite 1.4 7.2 1.6 2.2 0.0 1.2 Collotelinite 31.8 31.6 34.0 40.2 28.2 40.4 Vitrodetrinite 2.0 2.4 4.4 0.8 0.8 0.0 Collodetrinite 16.4 10.2 16.8 9.0 18.8 11.6 Corpogelinite 0.0 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.6 Gelinite 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.0 1.8 2.8 Fusinite 5.6 11.6 5.2 11.0 9.4 5.2 Semifusinite 7.2 8.2 5.6 9.6 8.6 9.6 Micrinite 5.6 2.0 3.2 5.2 4.2 7.2 Macrinite 2.4 11.6 0.4 11.0 9.4 1.2 Secretinite 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 5.6 4.8 6.4 6.2 7.4 4.0 Sporinite 11.6 10.0 10.0 8.0 7.4 11.6 Cutinite 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 Resinite 4.0 2.4 2.0 2.6 7.6 3.2 Alginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liptodetrinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 2.8 6.4 6.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 Sulfide 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.2 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0

163 Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 Telinite 3.2 5.0 3.0 1.6 2.0 4.8 Collotelinite 32.2 50.8 68.2 23.8 29.6 41.6 Vitrodetrinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 3.2 9.2 Collodetrinite 20.2 18.0 3.4 13.4 18.0 10.0 Corpogelinite 1.8 2.0 2.4 0.4 0.8 3.0 Gelinite 2.8 2.8 4.4 2.0 1.0 5.6 Fusinite 5.8 1.4 2.2 21.0 8.2 6.8 Semifusinite 4.2 0.0 1.2 11.6 3.4 2.8 Micrinite 2.2 5.0 1.6 2.8 6.8 3.4 Macrinite 2.4 1.4 0.0 3.4 0.8 6.8 Secretinite 1.2 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 6.2 2.0 3.4 4.8 6.2 2.4 Sporinite 15.6 8.2 4.2 11.0 14.4 3.2 Cutinite 2.2 1.6 2.0 0.4 0.8 0.4 Resinite 0.0 1.4 2.4 0.4 2.0 2.0 Alginite 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 Liptodetrinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 0.0 0.4 1.0 1.2 0.0 4.4 Sulfide 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

164 Table A.2. Maceral volume percent data for series 4489—4499.

Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 4489 4490 4491 4492 4493 Telinite 0.8 4.0 7.6 4.8 0.8 Collotelinite 32.4 25.6 21.8 33.0 38.6 Vitrodetrinite 0.4 2.4 2.2 0.4 0.0 Collodetrinite 18.6 11.6 21.4 17.0 10.0 Corpogelinite 0.8 0.8 3.0 1.2 0.8 Gelinite 2.2 1.6 2.8 0.4 2.0 Fusinite 7.0 10.8 8.0 7.0 8.0 Semifusinite 9.0 9.2 5.2 8.0 11.0 Micrinite 4.8 1.6 4.4 6.8 6.4 Macrinite 1.6 0.4 1.6 0.8 1.6 Secretinite 1.2 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.4 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 5.6 9.2 9.0 9.0 6.8 Sporinite 10.4 12.0 10.2 8.6 9.8 Cutinite 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 Resinite 2.8 4.4 0.6 1.2 3.4 Alginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Liptodetrinite 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 1.6 5.2 1.2 0.4 0.0 Sulfide 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 Carbonate 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

165 Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 Telinite 0.8 4.4 2.4 0.0 3.2 9.6 Collotelinite 27.6 60.8 61.2 17.6 40.4 38.0 Vitrodetrinite 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.8 2.0 4.8 Collodetrinite 18.8 7.6 12.0 16.0 11.2 13.6 Corpogelinite 0.0 1.2 0.4 1.2 0.8 4.4 Gelinite 4.0 1.6 2.0 1.2 2.0 8.0 Fusinite 6.0 6.0 1.6 9.6 9.6 2.0 Semifusinite 8.8 0.8 0.8 15.2 8.4 3.2 Micrinite 8.8 4.0 4.0 8.4 2.0 5.2 Macrinite 3.6 0.4 0.0 3.6 1.2 0.0 Secretinite 0.4 0.4 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.4 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 8.0 2.8 1.2 7.6 7.6 1.6 Sporinite 10.4 7.2 6.4 14.0 6.0 4.0 Cutinite 1.2 2.0 1.2 0.4 0.8 0.8 Resinite 0.4 0.8 2.4 2.8 4.8 4.4 Alginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liptodetrinite 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 0.4 0.0 2.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 Sulfide 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

166 Table A.3. Maceral volume percent data for series 4500—4511.

Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 4500 4501 4502 4503 4504 4505 Telinite 2.8 3.6 2.8 0.0 2.0 0.4 Collotelinite 43.2 28.6 28.0 4.0 29.2 28.6 Vitrodetrinite 2.4 17.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.0 Collodetrinite 8.0 2.2 17.6 14.2 18.4 21.8 Corpogelinite 0.8 0.2 1.6 0.0 0.8 0.4 Gelinite 3.8 1.8 2.4 2.6 1.2 2.4 Fusinite 5.2 1.6 14.4 21.8 9.2 6.0 Semifusinite 6.8 1.6 6.8 2.6 6.0 9.2 Micrinite 2.4 0.0 2.4 5.2 6.4 4.2 Macrinite 2.6 0.4 2.4 0.0 2.0 1.4 Secretinite 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 5.4 0.4 5.6 19.6 7.2 9.6 Sporinite 4.2 1.2 9.2 8.8 8.0 9.6 Cutinite 1.2 0.8 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.4 Resinite 1.8 0.4 2.0 4.0 0.8 4.8 Alginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liptodetrinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 Silicate 2.6 24.6 4.0 14.0 7.2 0.0 Sulfide 6.4 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Carbonate 0.0 8.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 Quartz 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0

167 Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 4506 4507 4508 4509 4510 4511 Telinite 0.8 6.6 5.6 2.8 1.6 2.6 Collotelinite 16.8 50.0 64.4 20.4 35.0 33.8 Vitrodetrinite 0.4 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.8 0.8 Collodetrinite 28.0 10.4 7.2 14.0 17.6 20.0 Corpogelinite 0.4 1.0 2.0 0.4 0.8 1.8 Gelinite 1.2 5.0 2.0 2.4 2.0 2.0 Fusinite 7.2 2.8 1.6 7.6 2.4 3.4 Semifusinite 13.2 5.0 1.6 20.4 7.2 5.4 Micrinite 3.2 7.6 4.4 5.2 3.8 2.4 Macrinite 0.4 0.4 0.0 1.6 1.2 1.2 Secretinite 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.4 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 7.2 2.6 2.0 6.4 9.6 8.8 Sporinite 12.8 6.0 6.0 10.4 12.0 12.2 Cutinite 0.0 1.6 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Resinite 3.6 1.0 0.0 2.4 4.4 4.8 Alginite 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liptodetrinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 3.2 0.0 0.4 2.4 0.8 0.4 Sulfide 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0

168 Table A.4. Maceral volume percent data for series 4599—4607.

Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 4599 4600 4601 4602 4603 Telinite 1.6 2.8 4.0 2.8 1.4 Collotelinite 44.6 36.8 62.0 46.4 17.4 Vitrodetrinite 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Collodetrinite 13.8 8.0 6.4 11.8 10.6 Corpogelinite 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 Gelinite 4.2 4.4 4.0 1.2 3.6 Fusinite 4.8 7.2 2.0 5.6 6.0 Semifusinite 5.0 14.4 2.0 4.0 20.6 Micrinite 4.8 3.6 6.4 6.8 5.2 Macrinite 1.6 3.6 1.2 2.8 7.6 Secretinite 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 6.6 5.2 1.6 4.6 10.6 Sporinite 8.6 8.4 4.4 7.2 9.2 Cutinite 1.2 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.0 Resinite 0.8 2.0 2.0 3.6 6.0 Alginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liptodetrinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 1.4 1.2 0.0 0.8 0.0 Sulfide 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Carbonate 0.0 0.4 1.6 0.4 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

169 Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench 4604 4605 4606 4607 Telinite 6.2 1.2 4.4 4.2 Collotelinite 36.8 24.0 62.0 43.2 Vitrodetrinite 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Collodetrinite 15.4 9.6 4.2 7.2 Corpogelinite 3.6 0.8 3.6 1.2 Gelinite 3.0 5.0 6.2 4.4 Fusinite 4.0 7.2 1.6 3.4 Semifusinite 3.0 14.6 1.6 4.4 Micrinite 6.6 7.4 7.8 9.8 Macrinite 1.6 10.4 0.0 2.0 Secretinite 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 4.6 6.8 0.0 2.2 Sporinite 9.2 8.4 5.6 9.6 Cutinite 4.2 0.0 1.0 2.0 Resinite 1.2 3.6 1.2 4.8 Alginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liptodetrinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sulfide 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0

170 Table A.5. Maceral volume percent data for series 4978—4986.

Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 4978 4979 4980 4981 4982 Telinite 3.2 5.0 2.2 1.8 1.2 Collotelinite 47.8 42.0 45.0 44.0 46.2 Vitrodetrinite 0.2 0.0 0.6 1.0 0.0 Collodetrinite 5.8 13.4 15.2 15.6 10.6 Corpogelinite 0.6 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.4 Gelinite 1.2 2.4 1.8 6.2 4.4 Fusinite 8.6 2.8 7.2 5.4 4.2 Semifusinite 5.4 5.8 4.8 1.6 3.6 Micrinite 3.0 2.0 2.4 2.8 2.2 Macrinite 1.0 1.6 0.8 1.0 3.2 Secretinite 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Inertodetrinite 7.4 8.4 5.4 3.0 6.2 Sporinite 7.2 9.2 6.2 6.6 9.0 Cutinite 2.8 2.0 0.6 0.2 0.8 Resinite 2.4 2.4 3.0 6.4 4.6 Alginite 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liptodetrinite 1.0 1.2 2.6 1.0 1.4 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Silicate 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.2 Sulfide 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.4 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

171 Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench 4983 4984 4985 4986 Telinite 4.4 3.2 1.0 3.2 Collotelinite 47.8 51.8 15.6 49.4 Vitrodetrinite 0.0 0.6 1.6 7.6 Collodetrinite 9.2 9.8 7.0 12.2 Corpogelinite 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.6 Gelinite 4.4 3.0 1.0 2.0 Fusinite 3.4 5.2 9.6 1.2 Semifusinite 2.0 4.6 17.8 0.0 Micrinite 2.6 5.4 4.6 8.6 Macrinite 2.4 5.2 9.6 0.0 Secretinite 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.0 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 4.2 2.4 12.4 1.2 Sporinite 6.8 5.6 8.8 3.4 Cutinite 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.0 Resinite 1.6 2.0 5.0 1.6 Alginite 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 Liptodetrinite 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 5.0 0.2 0.0 4.2 Sulfide 3.8 3.0 5.0 3.6 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.2

172 Table A.6. Maceral volume percent data for series 41035—41041.

Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 41035 41036 41037 41038 41039 41040 41041 Telinite 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.6 0.4 2.8 0.0 Collotelinite 7.8 41.6 47.2 46.8 29.8 47.2 48.6 Vitrodetrinite 0.8 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.2 1.4 Collodetrinite 30.4 5.2 10.6 2.2 3.2 8.8 5.6 Corpogelinite 1.4 0.4 0.8 2.8 1.4 2.2 0.8 Gelinite 0.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 2.2 1.2 0.8 Fusinite 1.4 13.2 4.0 6.8 4.0 2.8 15.6 Semifusinite 0.4 4.8 14.0 2.6 13.2 5.4 3.2 Micrinite 1.6 4.6 3.8 6.2 3.8 2.8 4.8 Macrinite 0.0 1.0 1.2 0.4 5.8 2.4 1.8 Secretinite 1.4 0.0 0.8 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.4 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 14.6 16.0 2.2 8.4 12.6 0.8 8.8 Sporinite 12.2 6.2 8.4 13.8 13.8 7.8 3.8 Cutinite 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 Resinite 15.2 5.2 2.2 3.8 6.0 5.0 2.0 Alginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 Liptodetrinite 8.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.6 1.2 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 Silicate 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.6 Sulfide 3.0 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.0 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

173 Table A.7. Maceral volume percent data for series 41042—41048.

Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 41042 41043 41044 41045 41046 41047 41048 Telinite 0.6 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 Collotelinite 34.0 44.8 10.0 46.2 29.2 34.4 45.8 Vitrodetrinite 0.2 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 Collodetrinite 5.6 5.6 8.8 2.6 7.0 3.2 6.8 Corpogelinite 1.0 0.4 0.6 3.0 1.0 3.4 0.6 Gelinite 0.4 0.2 1.2 1.6 0.8 2.6 0.2 Fusinite 8.2 11.4 2.0 8.0 3.4 5.8 10.2 Semifusinite 3.6 7.2 9.6 1.0 16.6 11.0 4.6 Micrinite 2.8 3.6 2.4 10.6 2.8 5.0 4.0 Macrinite 5.8 0.0 6.4 1.6 3.2 2.6 1.8 Secretinite 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 2.2 0.6 0.8 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 12.6 9.2 26.6 5.0 14.4 11.8 8.6 Sporinite 9.2 13.4 7.2 15.0 11.2 13.2 5.4 Cutinite 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.4 Resinite 6.0 4.0 14.6 2.6 4.2 4.2 7.0 Alginite 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 Liptodetrinite 0.8 0.0 5.2 1.0 2.2 0.6 1.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.0 1.6 Sulfide 7.0 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.4 Carbonate 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4

174 Table A.8. Maceral volume percent data for series 41049—41054.

Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 41049 41050 41051 41052 41053 41054 Telinite 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.2 Collotelinite 17.0 51.2 34.6 32.4 43.2 49.8 Vitrodetrinite 2.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 Collodetrinite 7.2 1.0 11.8 7.6 4.8 2.2 Corpogelinite 1.8 1.2 1.2 2.4 0.8 2.0 Gelinite 2.8 2.4 1.0 1.8 1.0 1.0 Fusinite 2.4 5.2 1.4 1.6 4.8 13.8 Semifusinite 18.2 4.4 15.0 14.4 10.8 4.6 Micrinite 3.0 5.4 2.8 3.6 1.8 5.8 Macrinite 8.6 0.4 1.8 2.2 2.0 1.2 Secretinite 2.4 0.2 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 14.2 9.4 13.4 9.0 9.0 6.4 Sporinite 9.4 13.0 7.8 17.0 12.8 6.8 Cutinite 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.0 1.2 0.0 Resinite 8.0 3.6 3.6 3.4 4.4 3.4 Alginite 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liptodetrinite 1.4 0.4 2.6 1.8 0.8 1.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 Silicate 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 Sulfide 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.0 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

175 Table A.9. Maceral volume percent data for series 41055—41061.

Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 41055 41056 41057 41058 41059 41060 41061 Telinite 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.2 3.4 Collotelinite 56.2 32.8 39.2 47.8 51.6 39.4 54.2 Vitrodetrinite 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 Collodetrinite 2.2 7.6 7.4 12.2 6.0 17.4 9.8 Corpogelinite 1.2 0.8 0.6 2.0 1.0 0.4 2.4 Gelinite 1.4 0.6 0.2 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 Fusinite 1.0 16.2 1.8 9.4 9.0 12.2 7.0 Semifusinite 7.6 8.6 7.8 4.4 4.8 7.4 2.2 Micrinite 3.8 3.0 1.6 3.8 2.0 4.2 4.0 Macrinite 3.4 0.8 4.6 1.0 1.4 2.2 1.2 Secretinite 0.2 10 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.2 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 4.4 11.0 13.6 1.0 7.8 4.8 3.6 Sporinite 9.2 9.8 12.2 12.2 9.2 9.4 9.8 Cutinite 1.4 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.4 1.0 Resinite 4.4 6.8 6.4 2.2 1.6 0.8 0.8 Alginite 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liptodetrinite 1.0 0.8 2.4 0.2 2.8 0.0 0.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 1.0 0.2 Sulfide 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

176 Table A.10. Maceral volume percent data for series 6468—4976.

Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 6468 6469 6470 6471 6472 Telinite 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.2 Collotelinite 47.8 52.8 52.8 66.8 6.8 Vitrodetrinite 3.0 2.2 2.8 0.6 12.2 Collodetrinite 16.0 14.6 14.0 12.0 0.2 Corpogelinite 1.2 1.6 1.8 0.2 0.0 Gelinite 2.0 2.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 Fusinite 4.0 3.8 3.8 1.2 0.2 Semifusinite 2.0 2.2 2.2 0.4 0.0 Micrinite 4.2 2.4 2.4 1.4 0.0 Macrinite 1.2 3.8 3.8 0.6 0.0 Secretinite 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 4.0 4.0 4.2 1.8 0.4 Sporinite 8.6 7.8 6.4 8.4 0.8 Cutinite 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.0 Resinite 1.6 1.2 1.6 2.4 0.8 Alginite 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.2 Liptodetrinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.2 76.0 Sulfide 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.4

177 Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench 6473 6474 6475 6476 Telinite 1.0 4.0 0.0 1.6 Collotelinite 36.4 43.4 20.2 33.6 Vitrodetrinite 0.0 0.6 3.8 3.2 Collodetrinite 11.2 11.0 12.0 10.4 Corpogelinite 0.6 2.8 0.0 1.2 Gelinite 0.6 3.0 0.2 1.6 Fusinite 1.2 3.0 0.2 3.2 Semifusinite 8.0 4.6 0.4 1.0 Micrinite 2.2 2.0 0.6 0.8 Macrinite 2.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 Secretinite 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.0 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 7.0 5.2 1.6 0.2 Sporinite 8.6 11.8 2.6 2.2 Cutinite 2.0 0.4 0.4 0.6 Resinite 2.8 4.6 1.8 3.6 Alginite 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 Liptodetrinite 4.0 1.2 0.2 0.2 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 0.4 1.0 51.6 29.2 Sulfide 1.8 0.2 3.8 7.4 Carbonate 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

178 Table A. 11. Maceral volume percent data for series 6477—6485.

Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench Bench 6477 6478 6479 6480 6481 Telinite 2.4 0.0 1.8 0.0 12.0 Collotelinite 36.4 7.8 45.0 42.4 94.0 Vitrodetrinite 2.4 0.0 1.0 0.6 4.0 Collodetrinite 9.2 20.6 7.6 11.4 114.0 Corpogelinite 0.4 0.0 1.2 0.2 6.0 Gelinite 1.6 0.0 2.0 0.2 3.0 Fusinite 2.8 0.0 2.6 11.0 12.0 Semifusinite 0.8 0.0 3.2 2.4 76.0 Micrinite 0.4 0.0 3.8 1.4 0.0 Macrinite 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.8 73.0 Secretinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 0.0 0.0 3.4 6.8 15.0 Sporinite 1.2 0.0 7.6 10.6 39.0 Cutinite 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 9.0 Resinite 3.2 5.6 5.0 3.2 37.0 Alginite 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.6 0.0 Liptodetrinite 0.4 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silicate 28.4 60.6 7.4 1.8 0.0 Sulfide 10.0 5.0 3.6 5.0 6.0 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

179 Maceral Bench Bench Bench Bench 6482 6483 6484 6485 Telinite 0.2 0.0 1.4 0.0 Collotelinite 28.6 18.4 29.6 47.0 Vitrodetrinite 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 Collodetrinite 22.4 22.2 17.0 14.6 Corpogelinite 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 Gelinite 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.2 Fusinite 8.0 5.0 8.2 14.6 Semifusinite 7.0 12.8 9.8 3.4 Micrinite 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.8 Macrinite 2.6 6.2 4.0 1.2 Secretinite 1.0 0.8 1.4 0.6 Funginite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inertodetrinite 10.6 4.6 11.2 3.8 Sporinite 9.8 8.8 5.8 7.4 Cutinite 1.2 0.4 1.8 0.8 Resinite 3.8 4.4 6.8 2.8 Alginite 0.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 Liptodetrinite 0.0 1.8 1.0 0.0 Suberinite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exsudatinite 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 Silicate 2.0 9.4 0.2 0.4 Sulfide 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 Carbonate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 Quartz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

180 APPENDIX B: PALYNOLOGICAL DATA

Table B.1. Palynology percentages of the total palynoflora assemblage for series 41035—41041.

Sample Number 41035 41036 41037 41038 41039 41040 41041 Taxon/Plant Group Lycospora pellucida 2.8 0.4 1.2 0.4 2 4 L. pusilla 3.6 3.6 0.8 8.8 1.2 18.8 13.2 L. granulata 11.2 3.2 1.6 11.2 3.2 18.8 6.8 L. orbicula 0.4 0.4 0.8 L. micropapillata 1.6 3.2 2 0.8 1.2 1.6 L. rotunda 1.2 0.4 L. rugosa 0.4 Granasporites medius 1.6 2 2.8 1.6 1.6 8 2.8 Crassispora kosankei 0.4 Total Lycopsid Trees 21.2 13.6 9.2 22.8 6.4 48.8 29.6 Densosporites 0.8 1.6 0.8 0.4 annulatus D. sphaerotriangularis 1.2 7.2 3.2 1.2 1.2 D. triangularis 2 0.4 0.8 D. lobatus 0.4 10 1.2 1.2 Radiizonates difformis 0.4 0.4 Cristatisporites 1.2 indignabundus Endosporites 1.2 0.4 0.4 globiformis Cirratriradites saturni 0.4 Anacanthotriletes spinosus Total Small Lycopsids 4.8 21.6 4.4 2.4 4 0.4 0.4 Punctatisporites 49.2 27.6 48 48.4 64 34.4 42 minutus Punctatosporites 3.2 1.6 7.2 3.6 2.4 3.2 minutus P. rotundus 7.6 14.8 20 10.4 8 5.2 7.2 P. granifer 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.4 Laevigatosporites 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 minimus L. perminutus L. globosus Apiculatisporites saetiger Total Tree Ferns 60 46 76 59.6 76.4 42.4 53.2 Granulatisporites 1.2 0.4 1.2 0.4 3.2 1.6 3.2 parvus

181 G. piroformis 0.4 0.4 G. granulatus 0.4 G. verrucosus G. minutus G. pallidus Cyclogranisporites microgranus Lophotriletes microsaetosus L. granoornatus L. commissuralis 0.4 0.8 0.4 1.2 L. mosaicus L. insignitus 0.4 Leiotriletes 0.8 0.4 0.4 1.2 subadnatoides L. adnatus L.priddyi L. sphaerotriangulus L. levis Acanthotriletes 0.8 4.4 2.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 aculeolatus A. triquetrus 0.4 1.2 2 0.4 Pustulatisporites pustulatus Converrusosisporites converrucosus Savitrisporites nux 0.4 Microreticulatisporites harrisonii Apiculatasporites 0.4 spinulistratus Raistrickia abdita R. saetosa R. superba Verrucosisporites 0.4 verrucosus V. sifati V. donarii 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 V. microtuerosus Punctatisporites stramineus P. pseudolevatus P. punctatus P. aearius Total Small Ferns 3.2 6.8 4.8 3.2 6.8 3.2 7.6 Calamospora 0.4 1.2 0.8 1.6

182 breviradiata C. pedata C. microrugosa C. parva Laevigatosporites 6.4 8.8 3.2 10 4.8 4 4 minor L. vulgaris 0.4 Vestispora pseudoreticulata Reticulatisporites reticulatus R. muricatus Total Calamites 6.8 10 3.6 10 5.6 4 5.6 Florinites florini 3.6 1.2 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.4 2.8 F. mediapudens 0.4 F. milloti 0.8 0.8 F. similis F. pumicosus F. visendus 0.4 Pityosporites westphalensis Total Cordaites 3.6 2 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.4 3.2 Stenozonotriletes lycosporoides S. bracteolus Triquitrites sculptilis 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 T bransonii 0.4 Ahrensisporites guerickei Planisporites granifer Hymenospora 0.4 paucirugosa Echinatisporites knoxiae Dictyotriletes bireticulatus Tantillus triquetrus 0.4 0.4 Total Unknown 0.4 0 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 Affinity

183 Table B.2. Palynology percentages of the total palynoflora assemblage for series 41042—41048.

Sample Number 41042 41043 41044 41045 41046 41047 41048 Taxon/Plant Group Lycospora 1.2 3.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 pellucida L. pusilla 0.4 1 1.6 2 11.6 L. granulata 2 1 1.6 8.8 11.2 L. orbicula 1 0.4 L. micropapillata 0.3 0.8 1.2 L. rotunda 1 L. rugosa 0.4 Granasporites 1.6 2.3 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.6 medius Crassispora 0.4 0.3 kosankei Total Lycopsid 5.6 10.2 0.8 1.2 6 13.2 26 Trees Densosporites 1 0.4 1.6 annulatus D. 0.3 8.4 0.4 4 1.6 sphaerotriangularis D. triangularis 0.4 2 2 1.6 0.4 D. lobatus 0.4 1 0.8 0.4 1.6 Radiizonates 1.2 difformis Cristatisporites 3.2 6 0.8 0.4 indignabundus Endosporites 0.4 2 0.4 1.2 0.4 1.2 globiformis Cirratriradites saturni Anacanthotriletes 0.4 spinosus Total Small 4.4 12.3 12.4 2.8 8.8 3.6 1.6 Lycopsids Punctatisporites 70 54 70 63.6 53.6 62 48 minutus Punctatosporites 4.8 4.3 1.6 7.6 0.4 2.4 4.4 minutus P. rotundus 0.8 2 4.4 12.4 11.2 5.6 4.8 P. granifer 1 0.8 0.4 Laevigatosporites 2 0.7 minimus L. perminutus

184 L. globosus Apiculatisporites saetiger Total Tree Ferns 77.6 62 76.8 84 65.2 70 57.2 Granulatisporites 5.2 1.3 1.6 4.4 2.8 4.4 3.2 parvus G. piroformis 0.4 G. granulatus G. verrucosus G. minutus 1.6 G. pallidus Cyclogranisporites microgranus Lophotriletes 0.4 0.4 microsaetosus L. granoornatus L. commissuralis 0.4 0.4 2 0.4 L. mosaicus L. insignitus Leiotriletes 0.4 0.4 subadnatoides L. adnatus L.priddyi L. sphaerotriangulus L. levis Acanthotriletes 0.4 0.3 0.4 2.8 aculeolatus A. triquetrus 1.7 0.4 0.4 1.2 Pustulatisporites 0.4 pustulatus Converrusosisporit es converrucosus Savitrisporites nux Microreticulatispor ites harrisonii Apiculatasporites spinulistratus Raistrickia abdita R. saetosa 0.4 R. superba Verrucosisporites 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.4 verrucosus V. sifati 0.7 0.4 V. donarii 0.4 V. microtuerosus

185 Punctatisporites stramineus P. pseudolevatus 0.4 0.4 P. punctatus P. aearius 0.8 Total Small Ferns 6.4 4.7 3.2 6.4 12 5.6 5.6 Calamospora 0.8 1 2 1.2 0.4 breviradiata C. pedata C. microrugosa 0.3 0.4 C. parva Laevigatosporites 4.4 7.3 1.6 4.4 3.6 6 5.6 minor L. vulgaris 0.4 0.8 Vestispora pseudoreticulata Reticulatisporites reticulatus R. muricatus Total Calamites 5.2 8.6 3.6 4.4 5.2 7.2 6 Florinites florini 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.8 3.6 F. mediapudens F. milloti 0.4 F. similis F. pumicosus F. visendus Pityosporites westphalensis Total Cordaites 0.8 0.3 0 0.4 1.2 0 3.6 Stenozonotriletes lycosporoides S. bracteolus Triquitrites 1 0.4 0.4 sculptilis T bransonii 0.8 Ahrensisporites guerickei Planisporites granifer Hymenospora 0.4 paucirugosa Echinatisporites knoxiae Dictyotriletes 1 0.4 bireticulatus Tantillus triquetrus 0.4 0.4

186 Total Unknown 0 2 0.4 0.8 1.6 0.4 0 Affinity

187 Table B.3. Palynology percentages of the total palynoflora assemblage for series 41049—41054.

Sample Number 41049 41050 41051 41052 41053 41054 Taxon/Plant Group Lycospora pellucida 0.4 0.8 0.8 1.2 8.8 L. pusilla 0.4 1.6 1.2 10 14.4 L. granulata 1.6 2 1.2 0.4 17.2 15.2 L. orbicula 1.6 0.4 L. micropapillata 0.4 5.2 0.8 L. rotunda 0.4 L. rugosa 0.4 Granasporites 0.8 0.4 1.6 2.8 3.6 medius Crassispora kosankei 0.4 0.4 0.4 Total Lycopsid 5.6 4.8 4.8 0.8 37.2 43.6 Trees Densosporites 0.4 annulatus D. 2 0.8 6.4 3.2 0.4 sphaerotriangularis D. triangularis 1.6 D. lobatus 0.4 1.6 2 Radiizonates 0.4 0.4 difformis Cristatisporites 0.8 0.4 indignabundus Endosporites 2.4 2 0.4 0.4 0.4 globiformis Cirratriradites 0.4 saturni Anacanthotriletes 0.4 spinosus Total Small 7.2 3.2 8.8 6.4 0.8 0.8 Lycopsids Punctatisporites 63.6 74.8 61.2 66.4 44.4 28.8 minutus Punctatosporites 4.8 1.2 2 3.2 2.4 2 minutus P. rotundus 2.4 2 6 12 1.2 0.8 P. granifer 0.4 Laevigatosporites 0.4 0.4 minimus L. perminutus L. globosus Apiculatisporites saetiger

188 Total Tree Ferns 71.2 78.4 69.2 81.6 48.4 31.6 Granulatisporites 0.4 3.6 3.2 2.8 2 6.8 parvus G. piroformis 0.8 0.8 1.2 G. granulatus G. verrucosus G. minutus G. pallidus 0.4 Cyclogranisporites microgranus Lophotriletes 0.4 microsaetosus L. granoornatus 0.8 L. commissuralis 2.4 0.4 1.2 L. mosaicus L. insignitus Leiotriletes 0.4 subadnatoides L. adnatus L.priddyi L. sphaerotriangulus L. levis 0.4 Acanthotriletes 0.8 0.4 2 0.4 0.4 aculeolatus A. triquetrus 2 2 1.2 Pustulatisporites pustulatus Converrusosisporites 0.4 converrucosus Savitrisporites nux 0.4 Microreticulatisporit es harrisonii Apiculatasporites 0.4 spinulistratus Raistrickia abdita R. saetosa R. superba Verrucosisporites 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 verrucosus V. sifati 0.4 0.4 V. donarii 0.4 V. microtuerosus Punctatisporites stramineus P. pseudolevatus P. punctatus 0.4

189 P. aearius Total Small Ferns 4 5.6 12 4.4 4.8 11.2 Calamospora 0.8 0.8 1.2 breviradiata C. pedata 0.4 C. microrugosa 0.4 C. parva 0.4 Laevigatosporites 6.8 5.2 3.2 3.6 5.2 6.8 minor L. vulgaris 2 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.8 Vestispora pseudoreticulata Reticulatisporites reticulatus R. muricatus Total Calamites 9.6 6 3.6 5.2 6.8 8.8 Florinites florini 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.2 0.8 F. mediapudens 0.4 0.4 0.8 F. milloti F. similis F. pumicosus F. visendus Pityosporites westphalensis Total Cordaites 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.6 Stenozonotriletes lycosporoides S. bracteolus Triquitrites sculptilis 0.4 0.4 1.6 T bransonii 0.4 Ahrensisporites guerickei Planisporites granifer Hymenospora 0.4 paucirugosa Echinatisporites knoxiae Dictyotriletes 1.2 bireticulatus Tantillus triquetrus 0.8 Total Unknown 1.6 0.4 0.4 0 0.4 2.4 Affinity

190 Table B.4. Palynology percentages of the total palynoflora assemblage for series 41055—41061.

Sample Number 41055 41056 41057 41058 41059 41060 41061 Taxon/Plant Group Lycospora 4 2 0.8 0.8 4.4 pellucida L. pusilla 16 4 1.2 1.6 6.4 16 L. granulata 20 1.2 2.8 0.4 14.8 14 L. orbicula 0.8 0.4 L. micropapillata 2.4 0.4 3.2 L. rotunda 0.8 1.6 L. rugosa Granasporites 3.2 1.6 0.4 0.8 2 4 medius Crassispora kosankei Total Lycopsid 47.2 9.2 3.6 5.2 0.4 24.4 42 Trees Densosporites 2.4 3.2 annulatus D. 4.8 5.2 0.4 0.8 0.4 sphaerotriangularis D. triangularis 2 0.4 D. lobatus 1.6 0.8 Radiizonates 0.8 0.8 0.8 difformis Cristatisporites indignabundus Endosporites 4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 globiformis Cirratriradites saturni Anacanthotriletes spinosus Total Small 6.4 9.6 7.6 1.6 1.6 1.2 3.2 Lycopsids Punctatisporites 26.4 59.6 75.2 64.4 78.4 52.8 27.6 minutus Punctatosporites 2 1.6 3.2 2 6.4 3.2 3.2 minutus P. rotundus 2.4 4 2 11.2 1.6 4.4 3.6 P. granifer 0.4 0.4 Laevigatosporites 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.8 minimus L. perminutus

191 L. globosus Apiculatisporites saetiger Total Tree Ferns 31.6 66 80.4 77.6 88 61.2 34.4 Granulatisporites 0.4 0.4 1.6 3.6 1.6 2.8 0.4 parvus G. piroformis 0.8 G. granulatus G. verrucosus 0.4 G. minutus 0.4 G. pallidus Cyclogranisporites microgranus Lophotriletes 0.4 0.4 microsaetosus L. granoornatus L. commissuralis 0.4 0.4 1.2 L. mosaicus L. insignitus Leiotriletes 0.4 0.4 1.2 2.4 3.2 subadnatoides L. adnatus 1.6 0.4 L.priddyi L. sphaerotriangulus L. levis 0.4 0.8 Acanthotriletes 1.2 0.4 aculeolatus A. triquetrus 0.4 2.4 2 1.2 0.4 0.4 Pustulatisporites pustulatus Converrusosisporit es converrucosus Savitrisporites nux Microreticulatispor ites harrisonii Apiculatasporites spinulistratus Raistrickia abdita 0.4 R. saetosa 0.4 R. superba Verrucosisporites 0.4 0.4 verrucosus V. sifati V. donarii 0.8 V. microtuerosus

192 Punctatisporites stramineus P. pseudolevatus P. punctatus P. aearius 0.4 Total Small Ferns 2.8 5.6 5.2 5.6 6 5.2 6.8 Calamospora 0.8 2 0.4 1.2 0.4 1.2 0.4 breviradiata C. pedata 0.4 C. microrugosa 0.4 0.4 C. parva 0.8 Laevigatosporites 6.8 6 2 4.8 2 6.4 7.2 minor L. vulgaris 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 Vestispora pseudoreticulata Reticulatisporites reticulatus R. muricatus Total Calamites 8.4 8.4 2.8 7.2 3.2 7.6 8 Florinites florini 0.8 0.8 3.6 F. mediapudens 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 F. milloti F. similis F. pumicosus 0.8 F. visendus Pityosporites westphalensis Total Cordaites 1.6 0.4 0 0.8 0.4 0 5.2 Stenozonotriletes lycosporoides S. bracteolus Triquitrites 1.6 0.8 0.4 sculptilis T bransonii Ahrensisporites guerickei Planisporites granifer Hymenospora 0.4 paucirugosa Echinatisporites knoxiae Dictyotriletes 0.4 1.2 bireticulatus Tantillus triquetrus 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

193 Total Unknown 2 0.8 0.4 2 0.4 0.4 0.4 Affinity

194 Table B.5. Palynology percentages of the total palynoflora assemblage for series 6468— 6476.

Sample Number 6468 6469 6470 6471 6472 6473 6474 6475 6476 Taxon/Plant Group Lycospora pellucida 2.8 1.6 4 6.4 4.4 1.2 6.8 2 2.4 L. pusilla 13.2 4.4 18 18 5.6 14.8 26.4 3.6 2.4 L. granulata 16 13.6 16.8 13.2 10 21.6 22.8 7.6 6.8 L. orbicula 18 0.8 11.2 32 2.8 1.2 6.4 21.6 9.2 L. micropapillata 37.6 1.2 15.6 10.4 14 1.2 7.6 40 70 L. rotunda 0.4 0.4 L. rugosa Granasporites medius 4 6.8 2.4 3.2 0.8 2.4 3.2 0.4 Crassispora kosankei 0.8 2 0.8 0.8 1.2 Total Lycopsid Trees 92.4 28.8 70 84 38.4 44 73.2 74.8 91.2 Densosporites 0.4 1.2 0.4 1.6 0.4 annulatus D. sphaerotriangularis 1.2 5.6 0.8 0.4 D. triangularis D. lobatus Radiizonates difformis Cristatisporites 5.2 2 0.4 0.8 indignabundus Endosporites 0.4 1.2 2.4 3.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 globiformis Cirratriradites saturni 0.4 0.4 Anacanthotriletes spinosus Total Small 1.6 12.4 1.6 2.4 6 1.6 2.4 1.2 0.4 Lycopsids Punctatisporites 22.8 7.6 3.2 8.8 31.6 8.4 6.4 2.8 minutus Punctatosporites 0.4 1.6 0.4 minutus P. rotundus 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.8 2.4 P. granifer 0.4 1.2 Laevigatosporites 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 minimus L. perminutus L. globosus Apiculatisporites saetiger Total Tree Ferns 0.8 26 8.4 3.6 10.4 34 8.4 8 3.2 Granulatisporites 5.6 1.2 0.4 1.6 1.2 2.4 1.2 0.4 parvus

195 G. piroformis G. granulatus 0.4 0.4 0.8 G. verrucosus G. minutus G. pallidus Cyclogranisporites microgranus C. aureus 0.4 0.8 Lophotriletes 0.4 0.8 0.4 1.2 0.8 microsaetosus L. granoornatus L. commissuralis 1.2 0.8 2 0.4 0.4 4.4 L. mosaicus L. insignitus Leiotriletes 0.8 0.4 0.4 4 1.6 2 1.2 subadnatoides L. adnatoides 0.4 3.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 L. adnatus L.priddyi 0.4 L. sphaerotriangulus L. levis 0.4 Acanthotriletes 3.2 0.8 0.4 0.4 aculeolatus A. triquetrus 2.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Pustulatisporites pustulatus Converrusosisporites 0.4 0.4 converrucosus Savitrisporites nux 0.4 Microreticulatisporites 0.4 nobilis Apiculatasporites 0.4 0.4 spinulistratus Raistrickia abdita 0.4 R. saetosa 0.4 R. superba Verrucosisporites verrucosus V. sifati 0.4 V. donarii 0.4 V. microtuerosus Punctatisporites stramineus P. pseudolevatus

196 P. punctatus 0.4 0.8 P. aearius Total Small Ferns 1.6 13.2 4 1.6 15.2 5.2 7.2 9.2 2.4 Calamospora 1.2 1.6 2.8 1.2 0.8 breviradiata C. pedata 0.4 0.4 C. microrugosa 0.4 0.4 0.4 C. parva Laevigatosporites 2 10 7.2 2.4 16.4 7.2 6 3.6 2 minor L. vulgaris 1.2 0.4 0.8 Vestispora pseudoreticulata V. laevigata 0.4 Reticulatisporites reticulatus R. muricatus 0.4 Total Calamites 2.4 13.2 9.2 6 18 8.8 6.4 3.6 2 Florinites florini 1.2 5.6 4.4 1.2 11.6 4.4 2.8 0.8 F. mediapudens 0.8 2 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.4 F. milloti F. similis F. pumicosus F. visendus Vesicaspora wilsonii Total Cordaites 1.2 6.4 6.4 2 11.6 5.6 1.2 3.2 0.8 Stenozonotriletes lycosporoides S. bracteolus Triquitrites sculptilis 0.4 T bransonii T. tribullatus 0.4 Ahrensisporites guerickei Planisporites granifer Hymenospora paucirugosa Echinatisporites 0.4 knoxiae Dictyotriletes 0.4 0.4 0.8 bireticulatus Tantillus triquetrus 0.4 Total Unknown 0 0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 1.2 0 0 Affinity

197 Table B.6. Palynology percentages of the total palynoflora assemblage for series 6477— 6485.

Sample Number 6477 6478 6479 6480 6481 6482 6483 6484 6485 Taxon/Plant Group Lycospora pellucida 1.2 18 6 2 2 0.4 L. pusilla 13.2 12 14 15.2 9.6 0.8 9.2 5.2 10.8 L. granulata 10 9.6 2.4 22.4 8 5.2 6 6 11.6 L. orbicula 2 4.4 18 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.8 L. micropapillata 2 14.8 10.8 2 0.8 1.6 0.4 1.2 L. rotunda 0.8 12.4 L. rugosa Granasporites 2.4 0.8 4.4 4 2.4 0.4 1.6 3.2 4.8 medius Crassispora kosankei Total Lycopsid 30.8 60.4 68 46.8 22.8 6.4 18.8 15.6 29.2 Trees Densosporites 1.2 0.8 1.2 annulatus D. 4.8 0.4 0.4 4 4 1.2 9.6 sphaerotriangularis D. triangularis 1.6 D. lobatus 1.6 0.4 6 0.8 0.4 1.2 0.8 Radiizonates 0.8 difformis Cristatisporites 0.4 1.6 0.8 indignabundus Endosporites 3.6 2 1.6 0.4 0.8 0.8 1.2 globiformis Cirratriradites saturni Anacanthotriletes 0.4 spinosus Total Small 8 4.4 3.6 2 10.4 6.8 4 12.4 3.2 Lycopsids Punctatisporites 30 2.8 6.8 20 43.6 40.8 43.2 34.4 25.2 minutus Punctatosporites 0.4 1.6 1.2 1.2 4.4 minutus P. rotundus 1.6 0.4 4 1.2 3.6 10 4.8 1.6 5.6 P. granifer 0.4 0.4 Laevigatosporites 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.4 1.2 0.8 minimus L. perminutus L. globosus

198 Apiculatisporites saetiger Total Tree Ferns 32.8 4.8 10.8 21.6 48.8 54 50 38.4 36 Granulatisporites 3.2 3.2 2 5.2 2.8 7.2 5.2 4.8 4 parvus G. piroformis 0.4 0.4 G. granulatus G. verrucosus 0.4 G. minutus 1.6 G. pallidus Cyclogranisporites microgranus C. aureus Lophotriletes 0.4 3.2 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.4 microsaetosus L. granoornatus 0.4 0.4 L. commissuralis 1.6 6.4 0.8 2 1.2 2.8 L. mosaicus L. insignitus 0.4 Leiotriletes 1.2 1.2 0.8 2.4 2 0.8 2.4 subadnatoides L. adnatoides 1.2 1.6 0.4 L. adnatus L.priddyi L. sphaerotriangulus L. levis 2 1.2 Acanthotriletes 0.4 2.4 0.4 0.4 1.2 0.8 1.2 1.2 aculeolatus A. triquetrus 2.8 0.4 0.4 2.4 2 1.6 3.6 2.8 Pustulatisporites pustulatus Converrusosisporites 0.4 converrucosus Savitrisporites nux 0.8 0.4 Microreticulatisporit es nobilis Apiculatasporites spinulistratus Raistrickia abdita 0.4 R. saetosa R. superba Verrucosisporites 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 verrucosus V. sifati 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

199 V. donarii 0.4 0.4 V. microtuerosus Punctatisporites stramineus P. pseudolevatus P. punctatus 0.4 P. aearius Total Small Ferns 10.4 21.2 6 9.6 11.2 14.8 12 15.2 10.8 Calamospora 1.2 0.8 0.8 2.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 breviradiata C. pedata C. microrugosa C. parva Laevigatosporites 8.4 5.6 5.2 5.6 2 8 8.4 7.2 11.2 minor L. vulgaris 0.4 0.8 0.4 2 0.4 Vestispora pseudoreticulata Reticulatisporites reticulatus R. muricatus Total Calamites 10 6.4 6.8 8.4 2.8 8.8 10.4 8 11.2 Florinites florini 5.2 2 2.4 9.2 2 6.4 2 8.8 7.6 F. mediapudens 2 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.8 F. milloti 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 F. similis 0.4 0.4 F. pumicosus F. visendus 0.4 Vesicaspora wilsonii 0.4 Total Cordaites 7.6 2.8 4.4 11.2 2.4 6.8 2.4 9.6 8.8 Stenozonotriletes lycosporoides S. bracteolus Triquitrites sculptilis 0.4 T bransonii 0.4 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.4 T. tribullatus Ahrensisporites 0.4 0.4 guerickei Planisporites granifer Hymenospora paucirugosa Echinatisporites knoxiae

200 Dictyotriletes 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 bireticulatus Tantillus triquetrus 0.4 0.8 0.8 Total Unknown 0.4 0 0.4 0.4 1.6 2.4 2.4 0.8 0.8 Affinity

201 APPENDIX C: GEOCHEMICAL DATA

Table C.1. Geochemical data for series 4477—4488.

Sample ID %Ash %Moisture %S 4477 11.52 2.23 0.82 4478 19.46 2.40 0.47 4479 10.34 2.48 0.53 4480 6.41 2.72 0.52 4481 16.79 1.92 1.07 4482 4.82 2.54 0.50 4483 4.36 2.20 0.50 4484 2.85 2.49 0.56 4485 3.52 2.81 0.56 4486 11.13 2.22 0.51 4487 8.77 2.26 0.61 4488 24.11 2.58 0.76

202 Table C.2. Geochemical data for series 4489—4499.

Sample %Ash %Moisture %S ID 4489 7.38 2.26 0.67 4490 22.58 2.30 0.46 4491 5.76 2.79 0.56 4492 3.90 2.73 0.52 4493 3.73 2.69 0.50 4494 4.47 2.11 0.51 4495 2.64 2.55 0.64 4496 3.90 2.55 0.65 4497 12.3 2.14 0.50 4498 8.10 2.13 0.64 4499 16.27 2.69 0.86

203 Table C.3. Geochemical data for series 4500—4511.

Sample %Ash %Moisture %S ID 4500 11.76 2.55 2.57 4501 61.75 1.91 2.61 4502 8.17 2.80 0.63 4503 48.2 1.88 0.33 4504 8.72 2.78 0.52 4505 3.52 2.54 0.54 4506 6.89 2.01 0.52 4507 2.49 2.70 0.59 4508 3.52 2.60 0.64 4509 14.01 2.12 0.53 4510 7.76 2.32 0.68 4511 25.54 2.77 0.75

204 Table C.4. Geochemical data for series 4599—4607.

Sample %Ash %Moisture %S ID 4599 9.53 2.63 0.57 4600 7.66 2.97 0.55 4601 3.59 5.44 0.64 4602 4.59 3.40 0.63 4603 7.99 3.13 0.45 4604 3.59 2.88 0.57 4605 3.92 3.35 0.62 4606 3.06 3.29 0.90 4607 4.88 2.85 1.21

205 Table C.5. Geochemical data for series 4978—4986.

Sample %Ash %Moisture %S ID 4978 2.40 3.10 1.04 4979 2.37 2.33 0.62 4980 3.17 2.52 0.55 4981 11.87 2.46 0.62 4982 6.81 2.34 0.70 4983 6.69 2.19 1.34 4984 4.37 2.66 1.95 4985 9.23 2.77 0.91 4986 20.84 2.25 2.48

206 Table C.6. Geochemical data for series 41035—41041.

Sample %Ash %Moisture %VM %FC %C %H ID 41035 53.35 1.36 22.49 22.8 35.6 2.87 41036 6.29 2.93 36.9 53.88 76.81 5.3 41037 5.79 3.13 38.23 52.85 76.43 5.39 41038 7.13 2.96 36.89 53.02 75.03 5.24 41039 11.91 2.47 35.23 50.39 72.22 4.93 41040 2.64 3.16 38.12 56.08 79.64 5.6 41041 5.03 4.15 35.42 55.4 77.26 5.33

Sample %N %S %O %PyrS %SulfS %OrgS ID 41035 0.65 0.27 7.26 0.14 0.02 0.11 41036 1.57 0.69 9.34 0.22 0.02 0.45 41037 1.73 0.54 10.12 0.12 0.02 0.4 41038 1.64 0.82 10.14 0.33 0.02 0.47 41039 1.5 0.38 9.06 0.04 0.01 0.33 41040 1.62 0.46 10.04 0.02 0.01 0.43 41041 1.45 0.47 10.46 0.02 0.01 0.44

207

Table C.7. Geochemical data for series 41042—41048.

Sample %Ash %Moisture %VM %FC %C %H ID 41042 8.36 2.85 35.38 53.41 74.11 5.04 41043 3.49 2.95 40.49 53.07 79.09 5.73 41044 6.53 2.7 33.67 57.1 77.81 4.94 41045 4.46 2.44 42.33 50.77 78.07 5.71 41046 6.79 3.11 35.78 54.32 75.73 5.23 41047 5.31 2.21 39.12 53.36 77.92 5.44 41048 6.74 2.92 36.37 53.97 76.52 5.28

Sample %N %S %O %PyrS %SulfS %OrgS ID 41042 1.49 2.28 8.72 1.6 0.05 0.63 41043 1.59 0.59 9.51 0.12 <0.01 0.47 41044 1.41 0.38 8.93 0.01 <0.01 0.37 41045 1.79 0.82 9.15 0.22 <0.01 0.6 41046 1.52 0.62 10.11 0.2 <0.01 0.42 41047 1.63 0.43 9.27 0.02 0.01 0.4 41048 1.51 0.55 9.4 0.06 <0.01 0.49

208

Table C.8. Geochemical data for series 41049—41054.

Sample %Ash %Moisture %VM %FC %C %H ID 41049 6.26 2.76 35.03 55.95 78.21 5.1 41050 2.09 2.75 41.24 53.92 80.01 5.79 41051 4.42 3.14 36.52 55.92 78.12 5.31 41052 4.83 2.38 40.82 51.97 78.5 5.6 41053 3.57 3.35 37.94 55.14 78.76 5.46 41054 4.7 3.38 38.9 53.02 77.71 5.62

Sample %N %S %O %PyrS %SulfS %OrgS ID 41049 1.41 0.37 8.65 0.02 <0.01 0.35 41050 1.88 0.48 9.75 0.02 <0.01 0.46 41051 1.65 0.41 10.09 0.02 <0.01 0.39 41052 1.62 0.39 9.06 0.02 <0.01 0.37 41053 1.55 0.56 10.1 0.15 0.01 0.4 41054 1.54 0.65 9.78 0.14 0.01 0.5

209

Table C.9. Geochemical data for series 41055—41061.

Sample %Ash %Moisture %VM %FC %C %H ID 41055 3.05 5.68 36.3 54.97 75.94 5.5 41056 3.73 4.24 36.21 55.82 77.52 5.24 41057 3.24 5.4 37.94 53.42 79.45 5.36 41058 3.44 7.42 38.25 50.89 73.25 5.63 41059 4.98 5.05 38.71 51.26 74.66 5.75 41060 5.09 5.51 35.89 53.51 74.69 5.43 41061 4.21 4.32 37.75 53.72 76.61 5.61

Sample %N %S %O %PyrS %SulfS %OrgS ID 41055 1.5 0.56 13.45 0.03 <0.01 0.53 41056 1.49 0.46 11.56 0.02 <0.01 0.44 41057 1.64 0.48 9.83 0.02 <0.01 0.46 41058 1.67 0.5 15.51 0.02 0.01 0.47 41059 1.68 0.49 12.44 0.02 0.01 0.46 41060 1.48 0.44 12.87 0.02 <0.01 0.42 41061 1.51 0.52 11.54 0.02 0.01 0.5

210 Table C.10. Geochemical data for series 6468—6476.

Sample %Ash %Moisture %VM %FC %C %H ID 6468 51.43 3.65 21.28 23.64 34.79 3.18 6469 6.21 3.43 39.25 51.11 75.88 5.64 6470 13.89 3.66 35.15 47.30 69.12 5.29 6471 9.38 4.37 35.66 50.59 72.33 5.43 6472 89.35 2.01 7.90 0.74 2.78 1.02 6473 3.70 3.44 40.56 52.30 79.33 5.98 6474 5.18 3.67 38.45 52.70 76.98 5.76 6475 75.45 2.82 12.85 8.88 13.99 1.93 6467 58.33 3.96 18.27 19.44 27.24 2.75

Sample ID %N %S %O %PyrS %SulfS %OrgS 6468 0.77 0.51 9.33 0.28 <0.01 0.23 6469 1.69 0.62 9.96 0.06 <0.01 0.56 6470 1.52 0.64 9.54 0.08 <0.01 0.56 6471 1.59 0.76 10.51 0.11 <0.01 0.65 6472 0.08 0.04 6.73 6473 1.65 0.76 8.58 0.10 <0.01 0.66 6474 1.65 0.78 9.65 0.05 <0.01 0.73 6475 0.32 0.25 8.06 6467 0.61 0.87 10.20 0.45 <0.01 0.42

211 Table C.11. Geochemical data for series 6477—6485.

Sample %Ash %Moisture %VM %FC %C %H ID 6477 12.93 2.04 33.76 51.27 71.96 4.98 6478 86.32 1.39 9.21 3.08 5.85 1.19 6479 21.22 2.08 33.30 43.40 64.18 4.76 6480 10.42 2.41 35.77 51.40 73.75 5.22 6481 14.63 2.06 30.32 52.99 71.40 4.59 6482 14.67 2.08 33.90 49.35 70.47 4.95 6483 21.71 2.11 26.50 49.68 64.44 4.08 6484 7.81 2.00 35.62 54.57 77.71 5.21 6485 4.10 2.16 40.15 53.59 80.32 5.68

Sample %N %S %O %PyrS %SulfS %OrgS ID 6477 1.55 0.85 7.73 0.19 <0.01 0.66 6478 0.18 0.22 6.24 6479 1.46 1.46 6.92 0.69 <0.01 0.77 6480 1.66 1.85 7.10 0.75 0.01 1.09 6481 1.42 0.81 7.15 0.11 <0.01 0.70 6482 1.63 0.66 7.62 0.02 <0.01 0.64 6483 1.33 0.50 7.94 0.02 <0.01 0.48 6484 1.64 0.68 6.95 0.01 <0.01 0.67 6485 1.73 0.73 7.44 0.02 <0.01 0.71

212 APPENDIX D: CORRELATION COEFFCIENT ANALYSES

213 Table D.1. Correlation coefficient analysis for the entire dataset.

Telinite Collotelinite Vitrodetrinite Collodetrinite Corpogelinite Gelinite Fusinite Semifusinite Telinite 1 Collotelinite 0.232449 1 Vitrodetrinite 0.15823 -0.21343 1 Collodetrinite 0.042944 -0.41223 -0.13267 1 Corpogelinite 0.445793 0.256956 -0.03401 -0.13704 1 Gelinite 0.530555 0.189342 0.037143 -0.05989 0.361602 1 Fusinite -0.21756 -0.16428 -0.18656 0.023046 -0.18399 -0.21113 1 Semifusinite -0.21628 -0.46204 -0.20279 0.064354 -0.14281 -0.04076 0.160658 1 Micrinite 0.16113 0.188983 -0.21194 -0.12594 0.281885 0.345438 0.1086 0.053554

214 Macrinite -0.04092 -0.30596 -0.05501 0.037039 -0.04977 0.004175 0.087742 0.53350 Secretinite -0.32407 -0.27882 -0.2003 0.132332 -0.03247 -0.20597 0.081555 0.452491 Funginite -0.06282 0.041034 -0.02098 -0.00338 -0.06855 0.112586 -0.08668 -0.05187 Inertodetrinite -0.35262 -0.44493 -0.25254 0.003247 -0.12177 -0.23274 0.282125 0.43396 Sporinite -0.24106 -0.13013 -0.42814 0.140866 0.141638 -0.14641 0.203165 0.405318 Cutinite 0.474591 0.142221 -0.13053 0.079685 0.213988 0.194715 -0.02612 -0.19916 Resinite -0.28236 -0.43103 -0.16591 0.136993 -0.04207 -0.15787 -0.07785 0.235123 Alginite 0.003896 0.006018 0.034296 0.079868 0.082357 -0.10377 -0.16811 -0.06597 Liptodetrinite -0.23267 -0.18963 -0.11401 0.074972 0.013691 -0.22018 -0.15348 0.019063 Exsudatinite 0.293597 -0.03522 0.011071 0.10219 0.245059 0.096396 0.011774 -0.04809 Quartz 0.081483 0.088388 0.382983 -0.24919 -0.05137 0.010347 -0.18514 -0.14839 Sulfide -0.05462 -0.09891 0.287633 -0.08497 -0.21243 -0.1294 -0.22801 -0.29864 Carbonate 0.085601 -0.04085 0.61724 -0.16171 -0.11658 0.003521 -0.09765 -0.10405 Silicate -0.13207 -0.38211 0.49797 -0.04933 -0.27396 -0.21104 -0.23745 -0.29971 Sulfur 0.160027 0.205893 0.332793 -0.17450 -0.05783 0.112727 -0.08031 -0.21780 Ash -0.13707 -0.47080 0.574549 0.114637 -0.21764 -0.17485 -0.19797 -0.29399

Micrinite Macrinite Secretinite Funginite Inertodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Resinite Alginite Micrinite 1 Macrinite -0.04224 1 Secretinite -0.10289 0.178627 1 Funginite -0.10145 0.016467 -0.00243 1 Inertodetrinite -0.03185 0.219346 0.437787 0.056192 1 Sporinite 0.251018 0.082793 0.362107 0.035633 0.403393 1 Cutinite 0.061239 -0.11447 -0.08624 -0.08903 -0.10979 -0.09057 1 Resinite -0.21236 0.274847 0.284599 0.171154 0.6088 0.12749 -0.20867 1 Alginite -0.19412 0.075522 -0.03859 -0.06156 0.057564 -0.01874 0.124135 0.131786 1 Liptodetrinite -0.24267 -0.00888 0.344312 0.126194 0.465949 0.121026 -0.08992 0.623008 0.162841 Exsudatinite -0.02351 -0.04776 0.066955 -0.02384 0.03316 -0.06798 0.497125 0.015729 0.354587

215 Quartz -0.00976 -0.07673 -0.25543 -0.0590 -0.30027 -0.3115 -0.10268 -0.23954 -0.08804 Sulfide -0.30027 -0.10037 -0.12239 -0.0566 -0.22998 -0.39883 -0.07132 0.057869 0.010287 Carbonate -0.14757 -0.05515 -0.12489 -0.02691 -0.14924 -0.218 0.00613 -0.10493 -0.05339 Silicate -0.37881 -0.1953 -0.24479 -0.03989 -0.30614 -0.51171 -0.11381 -0.09810 -0.00844 Sulfur 0.020049 0.014205 -0.12746 -0.05002 -0.20413 -0.24995 0.026166 -0.11897 0.024131 Ash -0.37648 -0.14448 -0.19013 -0.04190 -0.18873 -0.42215 -0.15637 0.073085 0.036114

Liptodetrinite Exsudatinite Quartz Sulfide Carbonate Silicate Sulfur Ash Liptodetrinite 1 Exsudatinite 0.01813 1 Quartz -0.14181 0.005744 1 Sulfide 0.065721 -0.07587 -0.04593 1

Carbonate -0.07776 -0.02602 0.112384 0.264659 1 Silicate -0.10551 -0.0361 0.375633 0.438757 0.154240 1 Sulfur -0.14401 -0.05599 0.006675 0.621845 0.421509 -0.08164 1 Ash 0.03333 -0.06039 0.242643 0.407861 0.269146 0.850442 -0.00526 1 Table D.2. Correlation coefficient analysis for series 4477—4488.

Telinite Collotelinite Vitrodetrinite Collodetrinite Corpogelinite Gelinite Fusinite Semifusinite Telinite 1 Collotelinite 0.26352 1 Vitrodetrinite 0.248913 -0.16344 1 Collodetrinite -0.2809 -0.61361 -0.08468 1 Corpogelinite 0.492806 0.669987 0.255919 -0.39306 1 Gelinite 0.259664 0.597854 0.367019 -0.40532 0.861044 1 Fusinite -0.11708 -0.65197 0.052932 -0.03489 -0.48587 -0.38194 1 Semifusinite -0.39926 -0.63285 -0.17567 -0.02927 -0.6291 -0.52412 0.748961 1 Micrinite -0.42107 -0.17395 -0.08487 0.282121 -0.29231 -0.31794 -0.15584 0.143397

216 Macrinite 0.283822 -0.29394 0.144081 -0.19390 -0.04082 -0.22653 0.449922 0.454232 Secretinite -0.30267 -0.22499 -0.32098 0.381765 -0.29643 -0.15368 0.142272 -0.09322 Funginite — — — — — — — — Inertodetrinite -0.57418 -0.62971 -0.1881 0.441129 -0.68044 -0.71046 0.316393 0.496975 Sporinite -0.20589 -0.67125 -0.28967 0.681769 -0.57749 -0.62865 0.208388 0.296055 Cutinite 0.183734 0.366733 -0.34149 0.269635 0.465202 0.32944 -0.43913 -0.64652 Resinite -0.44056 -0.19096 -0.04881 0.143757 -0.25607 -0.22767 -0.05425 0.308129 Alginite 0.457456 0.253796 0.676415 -0.0999 0.681466 0.710404 -0.23490 -0.49151 Liptodetrinite -0.26518 0.392162 -0.19217 -0.21455 0.143329 0.125918 -0.20467 -0.32741 Exsudatinite 0.118477 0.781684 -0.2334 -0.67860 0.387002 0.420841 -0.31219 -0.38905 Quartz 0.268893 0.355661 -0.03227 -0.58004 0.014338 -0.17457 -0.04025 0.030024 Sulfide -0.29867 -0.23585 -0.07279 0.557486 -0.40729 -0.36112 -0.17315 -0.19423 Carbonate -0.48136 -0.27382 -0.04858 0.363658 -0.18293 -0.18398 0.044653 0.205403 Silicate 0.442933 -0.12677 0.614609 -0.18150 -0.03906 -0.00824 0.046414 0.029599 Sulfur -0.35871 -0.15119 0.222415 0.249859 0.072357 0.151458 -0.02536 -0.01506 Ash 0.299452 -0.38442 0.750249 -0.07745 0.110636 0.162399 0.365203 0.183009 Micrinite Macrinite Secretinite Funginite Inertodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Resinite Alginite Micrinite 1 Macrinite -0.16643 1 Secretinite -0.05385 -0.36444 1 Funginite — — — 1 Inertodetrinite 0.08184 0.225226 0.352957 — 1 Sporinite 0.335944 -0.21468 0.509664 — 0.507499 1 Cutinite -0.23215 -0.49842 0.472963 — -0.23264 0.181377 1 Resinite 0.333907 0.400906 -0.25001 — 0.401723 -0.19023 -0.55358 1 Alginite -0.03912 0.078423 -0.37116 — -0.69278 -0.5037 0.096374 -0.14196 1 Liptodetrinite -0.08527 -0.18059 0.303226 — 0.135753 -0.33392 0.12899 0.298585 -0.23619 Exsudatinite -0.46453 -0.24811 0.08437 — -0.29159 -0.56951 0.219194 -0.13521 -0.1421

217 Quartz -0.43459 0.261141 -0.39757 — 0.108644 -0.34966 -0.2163 -0.1069 -0.29704 Sulfide 0.557638 -0.15594 0.380786 — 0.251106 0.267511 -0.06201 0.467093 -0.07861 Carbonate -0.03287 0.278567 -0.12602 — 0.530332 -0.14246 -0.23996 0.788333 -0.16477 Silicate -0.40858 0.220163 -0.51995 — -0.05095 -0.18851 -0.44768 -0.0777 0.187841 Sulfur 0.083363 0.304872 -0.04274 — 0.23854 -0.34463 -0.22819 0.783878 0.245449 Ash -0.25339 0.609485 -0.37954 — -0.00187 -0.30411 -0.55676 0.319143 0.463417

Liptodetrinite Exsudatinite Quartz Sulfide Carbonate Silicate Sulfur Ash Liptodetrinite 1 Exsudatinite 0.684968 1 Quartz 0.113592 0.478375 1 Sulfide 0.335693 -0.23210 -0.48519 1 Carbonate 0.346553 -0.13268 -0.06934 0.281368 1 Silicate -0.36082 -0.05793 0.515621 -0.32484 -0.04587 1 Sulfur 0.422378 -0.10476 -0.35413 0.45298 0.822576 -0.17312 1 Ash -0.118730 -0.26188 -0.0258 -0.0565 0.306236 0.573136 0.484181 1 Table D.3. Correlation coefficient analysis for series 4489—4499.

Telinite Collotelinite Vitrodetrinite Collodetrinite Corpogelinite Gelinite Fusinite Semifusinite Telinite 1 Collotelinite 0.064751 1 Vitrodetrinite 0.764864 -0.19215 1 Collodetrinite 0.048457 -0.67931 0.048877 1 Corpogelinite 0.861587 -0.14764 0.787719 0.169484 1 Gelinite 0.554554 -0.01265 0.737479 0.104849 0.684804 1 Fusinite -0.32977 -0.59956 -0.19535 0.056123 -0.30888 -0.5661 1 Semifusinite -0.5790 -0.76176 -0.21930 0.272412 -0.3022 -0.31678 0.721468 1 Micrinite -0.35266 -0.34673 -0.36302 0.43846 -0.07812 0.078522 -0.13652 0.416364

218 Macrinite -0.5979 -0.6295 -0.37726 0.507017 -0.32661 -0.13541 0.40566 0.721136 Secretinite -0.22432 -0.61397 -0.14152 0.560806 0.142354 -0.09683 0.317155 0.512901 Funginite — — — — — — — — Inertodetrinite -0.21022 -0.77234 -0.17101 0.446896 -0.25309 -0.45001 0.836778 0.696509 Sporinite -0.67016 -0.62322 -0.46027 0.257873 -0.49277 -0.51935 0.656734 0.791307 Cutinite 0.493249 -0.04044 0.152223 0.377399 0.404751 0.107736 -0.0873 -0.4282 Resinite 0.378224 -0.27278 0.697717 -0.05506 0.474769 0.260948 0.265545 0.123801 Alginite 0.468929 -0.34404 0.183136 0.571684 0.436175 0.00112 0.129944 -0.14752 Liptodetrinite 0.083611 -0.16016 -0.045550 0.691598 0.064765 0.083439 -0.18672 -0.23824 Exsudatinite 0.452891 -0.34548 0.219745 0.535893 0.433655 0.037987 0.147792 -0.14795 Quartz -0.24817 0.573549 -0.24213 -0.32456 -0.29098 -0.1206 -0.4968 -0.32128 Sulfide -0.11250 -0.11793 -0.30346 0.396702 -0.12783 -0.29915 0.021465 0.142497 Carbonate 0.05561 -0.24475 0.25342 -0.21149 -0.13816 -0.15162 0.444309 0.148543 Silicate -0.02694 -0.13056 0.14563 -0.01654 -0.22146 -0.22044 0.218043 -0.01069 Sulfur 0.539475 0.445243 0.561301 -0.13101 0.61031 0.70812 -0.69746 -0.59824 Ash 0.264418 -0.43023 0.687777 -0.07414 0.321537 0.301048 0.272826 0.250632

Micrinite Macrinite Secretinite Funginite Inertodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Resinite Alginite Micrinite 1 Macrinite 0.714940 1 Secretinite 0.401578 0.528477 1 Funginite — — — 1 Inertodetrinite 0.128511 0.511451 0.262071 — 1 Sporinite 0.380475 0.668806 0.618144 — 0.602023 1 Cutinite -0.09903 0.000766 0.048126 — 0.06271 -0.28691 1 Resinite -0.57717 -0.27771 -0.01729 — 0.107787 -0.1818 0.090102 1 Alginite -0.07429 0.048962 0.228916 — 0.347085 -0.09526 0.895069 0.276676 1 Liptodetrinite 0.047786 0.191813 0.235864 — 0.082732 -0.04032 0.713358 -0.00508 0.721481 Exsudatinite -0.12659 0.055766 0.235878 — 0.322817 -0.07586 0.902377 0.335622 0.990568 219 Quartz -0.06532 -0.29704 -0.43189 — -0.48660 -0.20362 -0.09011 -0.04677 -0.1581 Sulfide 0.143102 -0.05670 0.356348 — 0.178015 0.119927 -0.29412 -0.28182 -0.06553 Carbonate -0.50333 -0.24723 -0.08964 — 0.329147 0.36777 -0.24159 0.320227 -0.11303 Silicate -0.51642 -0.29129 -0.02277 — 0.172214 0.331056 -0.11537 0.267844 0.013399 Sulfur -0.23360 -0.49938 -0.14209 — -0.77421 -0.77955 0.052182 0.221876 -0.1178 Ash -0.34021 -0.15245 0.130435 — 0.12798 0.215333 -0.29726 0.586156 -0.16194

Liptodetrinite Exsudatinite Quartz Sulfide Carbonate Silicate Sulfur Ash Liptodetrinite 1 Exsudatinite 0.738311 1 Quartz 0.143126 -0.1466 1 Sulfide 0.032686 -0.15624 -0.20851 1 Carbonate -0.21926 -0.05575 -0.13988 -0.14907 1 Silicate 0.140356 0.069333 0.159888 -0.01704 0.868737 1 Sulfur -0.01146 -0.10866 0.032892 0.013632 -0.37886 -0.30504 1 Ash -0.32561 -0.09928 -0.3263 -0.20678 0.75289 0.57926 0.056011 1 Table D.4. Correlation coefficient analysis for series 4500—4511.

Telinite Collotelinite Vitrodetrinite Collodetrinite Corpogelinite Gelinite Fusinite Semifusinite Telinite 1 Collotelinite 0.801601 1 Vitrodetrinite 0.129641 -0.1111 1 Collodetrinite -0.62647 -0.45433 -0.59287 1 Corpogelinite 0.542262 0.698498 -0.36925 -0.04677 1 Gelinite 0.506572 0.357078 -0.15773 -0.40415 0.042373 1 Fusinite -0.54648 -0.70694 -0.26373 0.262184 -0.31796 -0.0668 1 Semifusinite -0.27353 -0.35831 -0.20693 0.471754 -0.28497 -0.10711 0.029654 1 Micrinite 0.178117 0.094718 -0.61381 0.167517 -0.03031 0.350179 0.18852 0.162815

220 Macrinite -0.17095 -0.01034 -0.15778 0.152001 0.143559 0.056656 0.073112 0.329248 Secretinite -0.47129 -0.22496 -0.23932 0.702454 -0.17727 -0.41479 -0.15202 0.332581 Funginite — — — — — — — — Inertodetrinite -0.76478 -0.67833 -0.40898 0.459807 -0.37748 -0.12855 0.736315 0.044873 Sporinite -0.5207 -0.38725 -0.64177 0.886721 0.083199 -0.35487 0.222264 0.528333 Cutinite 0.31519 0.242392 -0.00378 -0.57827 -0.04128 0.484243 0.199902 -0.57061 Resinite -0.72769 -0.51751 -0.37159 0.695336 -0.21277 -0.15876 0.241423 0.296429 Alginite 0.476386 0.653687 -0.1455 -0.34152 0.561868 -0.11826 -0.28088 -0.33034 Liptodetrinite — — — — — — — — Exsudatinite -0.35863 -0.0649 -0.1455 0.30186 -0.21986 -7.7E-18 -0.04915 0.122018 Quartz 0.32638 0.179664 0.47012 -0.46506 0.0 -0.38136 -0.23879 0.034897 Sulfide 0.133435 0.124504 0.722206 -0.64071 -0.25015 0.182345 -0.27374 -0.25675 Carbonate 0.140707 -0.07197 0.973675 -0.54594 -0.3128 -0.17856 -0.26662 -0.32777 Silicate -0.13637 -0.41944 0.832986 -0.45988 -0.51896 -0.24845 0.2351 -0.37919 Sulfur 0.193052 0.200248 0.731006 -0.64243 -0.1552 0.167682 -0.36824 -0.27181 Ash -0.18526 -0.45688 0.754856 -0.42852 -0.43451 -0.16992 0.240207 -0.37307

Micrinite Macrinite Secretinite Funginite Inertodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Resinite Alginite Micrinite 1 Macrinite -0.13428 1 Secretinite -0.13147 -0.01124 1 Funginite — — — 1 Inertodetrinite 0.226776 -0.08009 0.133654 — 1 Sporinite 0.20921 0.067203 0.556967 — 0.525196 1 Cutinite 0.247936 -0.55254 -0.46307 — 0.140057 -0.51929 1 Resinite -0.07454 0.038788 0.449295 — 0.716864 0.760629 -0.31342 1 Alginite 0.071783 -0.39487 -0.2199 — -0.3209 -0.21342 0.460869 -0.4465 1 Liptodetrinite — — — — — — — — — Exsudatinite 0.041019 0.09291 0.04398 — 0.163638 0.11122 -0.10635 0.41078 -0.09091 221 Quartz 0.024049 -0.10895 -0.3610 — -0.45354 -0.41593 0.0 -0.67017 0.426401 Sulfide -0.61918 0.198479 -0.12734 — -0.38705 -0.75466 0.159394 -0.36787 -0.13482 Carbonate -0.61811 -0.23217 -0.22958 — -0.42230 -0.64179 0.019087 -0.36247 -0.10002 Silicate -0.42942 -0.27840 -0.25926 — 0.009329 -0.55779 0.215095 -0.29401 -0.19526 Sulfur -0.66252 0.213013 -0.12231 — -0.46034 -0.738 0.099111 -0.37048 -0.10703 Ash -0.48166 -0.34802 -0.30381 — 0.19728 -0.39868 0.268528 -0.02514 -0.2205

Liptodetrinite Exsudatinite Quartz Sulfide Carbonate Silicate Sulfur Ash Liptodetrinite 1 Exsudatinite — 1 Quartz — -0.21320 1 Sulfide — -0.13482 0.150562 1 Carbonate — -0.04894 0.409233 0.652968 1 Silicate — -0.21236 0.369348 0.53637 0.83310 1 Sulfur — -0.14679 0.154644 0.990987 0.668666 0.492821 1 Ash — -0.22050 0.199209 0.477923 0.729768 0.899503 0.446355 1 Table D.5. Correlation coefficient analysis for series 4599—4607.

Telinite Collotelinite Vitrodetrinite Collodetrinite Corpogelinite Gelinite Fusinite Semifusinite Telinite 1 Collotelinite 0.50843 1 Vitrodetrinite -0.49695 -0.06606 1 Collodetrinite -0.05801 -0.46041 0.419997 1 Corpogelinite 0.681315 0.184513 -0.30655 0.028449 1 Gelinite -0.03126 0.166762 0.142351 -0.6273 0.199963 1 Fusinite -0.6602 -0.80585 0.180318 0.403908 -0.51236 -0.27144 1 Semifusinite -0.68555 -0.85972 -0.02392 0.071879 -0.38512 0.054384 0.780159 1 Micrinite 0.388519 0.25064 -0.28138 -0.32457 0.398666 0.160347 -0.48785 -0.44785

222 Macrinite -0.68982 -0.8388 0.054857 0.135098 -0.33312 0.012257 0.756287 0.838741 Secretinite -0.65264 -0.55327 -0.14524 -0.07118 -0.50255 -0.12165 0.642638 0.724017 Funginite — — — — — — — — Inertodetrinite -0.6828 -0.88706 0.303805 0.580973 -0.35019 -0.30423 0.771009 0.819155 Sporinite -0.18018 -0.77372 0.194108 0.561894 -0.03189 -0.17057 0.579572 0.471295 Cutinite 0.860412 0.246762 -0.18689 0.340661 0.468271 -0.18266 -0.35661 -0.53625 Resinite -0.39377 -0.59011 -0.35625 -0.09642 -0.26426 -0.2271 0.347091 0.592619 Alginite — — — — — — — — Liptodetrinite — — — — — — — — Exsudatinite — — — — — — — — Quartz 0.274528 0.512251 -0.16440 -0.56711 0.633431 0.5977 -0.55383 -0.33276 Sulfide 0.233331 0.04263 -0.16440 -0.25308 -0.03607 0.113041 -0.22407 -0.17994 Carbonate 0.142963 0.518015 -0.24855 -0.32967 -0.39465 -0.16525 -0.32418 -0.27349 Silicate -0.15175 -0.00079 0.521657 0.538477 -0.3215 -0.33055 0.387052 -0.05246 Sulfur 0.205976 0.249551 0.105213 -0.20265 -0.09372 0.139023 -0.31414 -0.40587 Ash -0.58034 -0.23385 0.554781 0.20922 -0.58537 -0.00793 0.328384 0.41550

Micrinite Macrinite Secretinite Funginite Inertodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Resinite Alginite Micrinite 1 Macrinite -0.11876 1 Secretinite -0.2542 0.857935 1 Funginite — — — 1 Inertodetrinite -0.52888 0.726534 0.54221 — 1 Sporinite -0.03059 0.393175 -0.03874 — 0.607692 1 Cutinite 0.103311 -0.58062 -0.65059 — -0.37182 0.153681 1 Resinite 0.269352 0.598954 0.5133 — 0.466544 0.393503 -0.47272 1 Alginite — — — — — — — — 1 Liptodetrinite — — — — — — — — — Exsudatinite — — — — — — — — —

223 Quartz 0.267976 -0.37884 -0.3589 — -0.55269 -0.47327 -0.11241 -0.33328 — Sulfide 0.686192 -0.15661 -0.3589 — -0.29238 0.376686 0.186834 0.41961 — Carbonate -0.15293 -0.26042 0.208696 — -0.35453 -0.73672 0.039494 -0.16841 — Silicate -0.66063 -0.25339 -0.25718 — 0.216854 0.245692 0.215241 -0.49519 — Sulfur 0.682878 -0.29754 -0.47779 — -0.41804 0.239485 0.193195 0.164026 — Ash -0.71493 0.049738 0.023736 — 0.543717 0.242075 -0.28551 0.018298 —

Liptodetrinite Exsudatinite Quartz Sulfide Carbonate Silicate Sulfur Ash Liptodetrinite 1 Exsudatinite — 1 Quartz — — 1 Sulfide — — -0.1250 1 Carbonate — — -0.18898 -0.18898 1 Silicate — — -0.29111 -0.29111 -0.11003 1 Sulfur — — -0.08814 0.929317 -0.12457 -0.12896 1 Ash — — -0.31675 -0.14823 -0.01489 0.558248 -0.1169 1 Table D.6. Correlation coefficient analysis for series 4978—4986.

Telinite Collotelinite Vitrodetrinite Collodetrinite Corpogelinite Gelinite Fusinite Semifusinite Telinite 1 Collotelinite 0.468922 1 Vitrodetrinite -0.03305 0.047216 1 Collodetrinite 0.027678 0.279097 0.125352 1 Corpogelinite 0.0 0.252217 0.707266 0.556339 1 Gelinite -0.06925 0.350328 -0.23432 0.447395 -0.21975 1 Fusinite -0.53269 -0.5684 -0.41649 -0.43466 -0.27553 -0.39387 1 Semifusinite -0.39498 -0.91775 -0.21966 -0.47731 -0.39817 -0.53839 0.716147 1 Micrinite -0.02881 0.03411 0.897377 -0.12233 0.461436 -0.31289 -0.27936 -0.07442

224 Macrinite -0.42647 -0.76023 -0.20256 -0.52388 -0.59499 -0.24509 0.511403 0.853611 Secretinite -0.04046 -0.52413 -0.4666 -0.40213 -0.36314 -0.56657 0.775772 0.73487 Funginite -0.2735 0.024723 -0.04463 0.5060 0.054554 0.704908 0.015103 -0.25234 Inertodetrinite -0.23365 -0.81834 -0.40279 -0.44019 -0.44613 -0.48386 0.626427 0.878932 Sporinite -0.14456 -0.51171 -0.71463 -0.21981 -0.69167 0.019524 0.349959 0.555989 Cutinite 0.403443 0.107934 -0.44986 -0.38102 -0.28403 -0.36201 0.252931 0.090533 Resinite -0.76471 -0.49974 -0.22136 0.230087 -0.196 0.426954 0.404004 0.320453 Alginite -0.1805 -0.92872 -0.04856 -0.28555 -0.30861 -0.44758 0.393005 0.899033 Liptodetrinite 0.01719 0.240557 -0.4896 0.458713 0.205738 0.149195 0.086148 -0.24821 Exsudatinite -0.04135 0.163528 -0.20763 -0.07907 0.329914 -0.46761 0.536591 0.003668 Quartz 6.86E-17 0.395013 0.150142 -0.09678 -0.12556 0.052031 -0.24333 -0.18987 Sulfide 0.399543 0.322643 0.473207 -0.3061 0.045067 0.025019 -0.45598 -0.31733 Carbonate — — — — — — — — Silicate 0.299355 0.333921 0.473553 0.036317 0.224866 0.37621 -0.63801 -0.55402 Sulfur 0.268801 0.342257 0.723531 -0.22877 0.284272 -0.17958 -0.44779 -0.30656 Ash -0.21987 -0.03782 0.89081 0.188717 0.518965 0.152089 -0.43066 -0.24544

Micrinite Macrinite Secretinite Funginite Inertodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Resinite Alginite Micrinite 1 Macrinite 0.074584 1 Secretinite -0.31579 0.435868 1 Funginite -0.16266 -0.21935 -0.13868 1 Inertodetrinite -0.39681 0.603066 0.749795 -0.28381 1 Sporinite -0.73611 0.427296 0.510126 -0.07589 0.807196 1 Cutinite -0.46627 -0.22105 0.601657 -0.27116 0.426797 0.451293 1 Resinite -0.31669 0.294924 0.132677 0.698035 0.30084 0.422238 -0.24567 1 Alginite -2.3E-17 0.738215 0.588348 -0.17678 0.833353 0.555584 0.038348 0.283035 1 Liptodetrinite -0.73392 -0.48036 -0.01634 0.029463 0.043085 0.245172 0.242872 0.066732 -0.33333 Exsudatinite -0.27227 -0.35052 0.419314 -0.18898 0.12727 -0.08437 0.51245 -0.17343 -0.26726 225 Quartz 0.477517 0.206323 -0.22798 -0.2055 -0.48082 -0.37577 -0.31205 -0.28248 -0.29062 Sulfide 0.644573 0.010744 -0.49441 -0.2663 -0.53405 -0.63509 -0.36548 -0.62354 -0.26132 Carbonate — — — — — — — — — Silicate 0.350924 -0.33517 -0.79496 0.043297 -0.55251 -0.49838 -0.41045 -0.3270 -0.37963 Sulfur 0.893187 -0.04387 -0.43363 -0.28612 -0.5758 -0.77241 -0.34882 -0.5989 -0.25257 Ash 0.758308 -0.11862 -0.62098 0.27424 -0.4268 -0.59018 -0.64116 0.109559 -0.0522

Liptodetrinite Exsudatinite Quartz Sulfide Carbonate Silicate Sulfur Ash Liptodetrinite 1 Exsudatinite 0.579066 1 Quartz -0.47468 -0.31068 1 Sulfide -0.55211 -0.36564 0.446736 1 Carbonate — — — — 1 Silicate -0.16022 -0.37639 -0.05694 0.744519 — 1 Sulfur -0.67892 -0.28543 0.614039 0.87906 — 0.527746 1 Ash -0.50403 -0.45286 0.064812 0.442917 — 0.614182 0.579048 1 Table D.7. Correlation coefficient analysis for series 41035—41041.

Telinite Collotelinite Vitrodetrinite Collodetrinite Corpogelinite Gelinite Fusinite Semifusinite Telinite 1 Collotelinite 0.467998 1 Vitrodetrinite -0.43595 -0.11772 1 Collodetrinite -0.2315 -0.79759 0.291851 1 Corpogelinite 0.690835 0.054996 -0.31487 -0.09714 1 Gelinite 0.244949 0.388423 -0.46029 -0.75548 0.128586 1 Fusinite -0.45215 0.487316 0.276396 -0.49432 -0.47437 -0.07386 1 Semifusinite 0.117502 0.238414 -0.15564 -0.36398 -0.26575 0.764911 -0.24366 1 Micrinite 0.019295 0.687448 -0.14141 -0.81443 0.154215 0.420942 0.61447 0.016444

226 Macrinite 0.025728 0.036443 -0.06527 -0.44494 -0.03241 0.759627 -0.11511 0.640573 Secretinite -0.36407 -0.8076 0.402587 0.707393 -0.10806 -0.19294 -0.59879 0.181037 Funginite — — — — — — — — Inertodetrinite -0.56335 -0.60447 -0.19948 0.23071 -0.18543 -0.1972 0.165619 -0.44718 Sporinite 0.117577 -0.50246 -0.35813 0.150721 0.604876 0.315352 -0.68641 0.10854 Cutinite 0.470438 0.671824 0.194705 -0.52278 0.551433 0.182331 0.196844 -0.05774 Resinite -0.30085 -0.95547 0.013891 0.856933 0.070099 -0.53542 -0.51208 -0.42912 Alginite 0.917144 0.365956 -0.42128 -0.18521 0.748931 0.069338 -0.31338 -0.21158 Liptodetrinite -0.27007 -0.86487 0.314301 0.952378 0.061335 -0.7524 -0.44896 -0.52678 Exsudatinite 0.474693 0.003253 -0.30877 -0.24133 0.322031 0.559017 -0.42853 0.396479 Quartz 0.141421 0.257852 0.079724 0.053224 -0.3118 0.144338 -0.22821 0.647553 Sulfide -0.17346 -0.89361 0.097784 0.898009 0.226342 -0.5853 -0.61434 -0.43425 Carbonate 0.091287 -0.00586 -0.30877 -0.47361 0.563554 0.67082 -0.17855 0.215758 Silicate -0.74866 -0.72835 0.664097 0.591202 -0.33984 -0.53936 0.100135 -0.38699 Sulfur 0.241929 0.660606 -0.49314 -0.64696 0.232374 0.284566 0.422136 -0.08361 Ash -0.42113 -0.94877 0.245468 0.911554 -0.00753 -0.62132 -0.45264 -0.41287

Micrinite Macrinite Secretinite Funginite Inertodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Resinite Alginite Micrinite 1 Macrinite -0.03723 1 Secretinite -0.65858 0.141855 1 Funginite — — — 1 Inertodetrinite -0.20258 0.055559 0.087533 — 1 Sporinite -0.06315 0.189065 0.479563 — 0.14306 1 Cutinite 0.670022 -0.09193 -0.4065 — -0.66395 -0.00977 1 Resinite -0.72438 -0.21396 0.663637 — 0.61422 0.442287 -0.64467 1 Alginite -0.0041 -0.02185 -0.46376 — -0.26381 0.060373 0.404557 -0.1458 1 Liptodetrinite -0.73659 -0.38358 0.692651 — 0.384681 0.266469 -0.44831 0.925517 -0.13387 Exsudatinite -0.29724 0.810284 0.038348 — 0.031126 0.239626 -0.09785 -0.01959 0.496139 227 Quartz -0.04264 -0.13644 0.19803 — -0.73938 -0.11601 0.084215 -0.33723 -0.24019 Sulfide -0.66341 -0.3552 0.715658 — 0.368944 0.525111 -0.42055 0.946897 -0.08417 Carbonate 0.488792 0.457987 0.038348 — 0.060177 0.763807 0.35878 -0.11102 0.062017 Silicate -0.4481 2.19E-17 0.624371 — 0.550577 -0.00753 -0.42287 0.636639 -0.56097 Sulfur 0.859842 -0.33002 -0.77531 — -0.18088 -0.04211 0.507514 -0.58289 0.209923 Ash -0.66646 -0.3128 0.77653 — 0.470753 0.409174 -0.53136 0.952229 -0.3197

Liptodetrinite Exsudatinite Quartz Sulfide Carbonate Silicate Sulfur Ash Liptodetrinite 1 Exsudatinite -0.18094 1 Quartz -0.21720 -0.2582 1 Sulfide 0.952152 -0.13572 -0.17522 1 Carbonate -0.29204 0.30 -0.2582 -0.06786 1 Silicate 0.705388 -0.18091 -0.38925 0.552452 -0.18091 1 Sulfur -0.64103 -0.36211 0.050813 -0.5164 0.299131 -0.68989 1 Ash 0.961939 -0.22418 -0.1812 0.962905 -0.1387 0.728816 -0.5974 1 Table D.8. Correlation coefficient analysis for series 41042—41048.

Telinite Collotelinite Vitrodetrinite Collodetrinite Corpogelinite Gelinite Fusinite Semifusinite Telinite 1 Collotelinite -0.86142 1 Vitrodetrinite 0.789305 -0.86349 1 Collodetrinite 0.459058 -0.6375 0.791513 1 Corpogelinite -0.13582 0.219878 -0.43654 -0.84948 1 Gelinite 0.214332 -0.20514 -0.04717 -0.5438 0.883794 1 Fusinite -0.60505 0.877373 -0.67014 -0.38467 -0.10949 -0.46137 1 Semifusinite 0.085247 -0.51818 0.248957 0.394525 -0.11753 0.187786 -0.63724 1 Micrinite -0.41295 0.53449 -0.44406 -0.78504 0.715582 0.433747 0.246175 -0.55048

228 Macrinite 0.859508 -0.82131 0.687236 0.493209 -0.17601 0.068961 -0.67621 0.138349 Secretinite -0.20191 -0.16438 -0.06035 0.261877 -0.16603 -0.18751 -0.37668 0.572426 Funginite — — — — — — — — Inertodetrinite 0.866413 -0.97765 0.914456 0.747427 -0.37341 0.069273 -0.7768 0.483654 Sporinite -0.41106 0.3730 -0.61651 -0.77551 0.635223 0.470033 0.138386 -0.01387 Cutinite -0.16508 0.228194 -0.41324 -0.51721 0.678782 0.631688 0.006999 0.126228 Resinite 0.848648 -0.80468 0.962215 0.775688 -0.47052 -0.09618 -0.52101 0.119183 Alginite 0.910607 -0.94665 0.94573 0.633923 -0.24342 0.177284 -0.75904 0.295365 Liptodetrinite 0.741735 -0.89731 0.964071 0.697681 -0.28408 0.095716 -0.81718 0.343056 Exsudatinite — — — — — — — — Quartz -0.25009 0.34913 -0.13179 -0.0167 0.053898 0 0.319224 -0.11186 Sulfide 0.238226 -0.00145 -0.14654 -0.03679 -0.12773 -0.30354 0.152442 -0.38624 Carbonate 0.273998 -0.03126 -0.13718 -0.01159 -0.153 -0.30086 0.15335 -0.34089 Silicate -0.11510 0.076326 0.288127 0.464826 -0.40563 -0.44938 0.075157 -0.15564 Sulfur 0.116885 0.112122 -0.25782 -0.12380 -0.09841 -0.32786 0.237564 -0.42782 Ash 0.414524 -0.42258 0.342195 0.466309 -0.2961 -0.24024 -0.3547 0.103547

Micrinite Macrinite Secretinite Funginite Inertodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Resinite Alginite Micrinite 1 Macrinite -0.44760 1 Secretinite -0.35847 0.259301 1 Funginite — — — 1 Inertodetrinite -0.62928 0.774047 0.075973 — 1 Sporinite 0.608467 -0.50572 -0.16006 — -0.48428 1 Cutinite 0.173189 -0.15245 0.060241 — -0.29777 0.105498 1 Resinite -0.51396 0.702703 -0.18443 — 0.885483 -0.71363 -0.33562 1 Alginite -0.41356 0.759251 -0.1199 — 0.961042 -0.42183 -0.31468 0.915867 1 Liptodetrinite -0.32423 0.700326 0.068391 — 0.897336 -0.46948 -0.38019 0.865057 0.935624 Exsudatinite — — — — — — — — —

229 Quartz -0.02762 -0.27265 -0.08806 — -0.27038 -0.47806 0.635867 -0.00301 -0.28307 Sulfide -0.18241 0.517405 0.257832 — -0.03948 -0.17231 -0.10971 -0.03376 -0.08306 Carbonate -0.2565 0.52391 0.238302 — 0.0 -0.18191 -0.09129 -0.0094 -0.05893 Silicate -0.12633 0.079476 0.223315 — 0.001791 -0.78715 -0.00639 0.308096 -0.00413 Sulfur -0.09468 0.405344 0.255055 — -0.15831 -0.06527 -0.13648 -0.15782 -0.19734 Ash -0.51096 0.776997 0.606959 — 0.392936 -0.69186 0.054565 0.389163 0.287474

Liptodetrinite Exsudatinite Quartz Sulfide Carbonate Silicate Sulfur Ash Liptodetrinite 1 Exsudatinite — 1 Quartz -0.24661 — 1 Sulfide -0.18237 — -0.24708 1 Carbonate -0.18799 — -0.24019 0.994075 1 Silicate 0.21363 — 0.65025 -0.04917 -0.09335 1 Sulfur -0.28192 — -0.28728 0.989023 0.976768 -0.09118 1

Ash 0.330027 — 0.119688 0.654218 0.646486 0.464457 0.56596 1

Table D.9. Correlation coefficient analysis for series 41049—41054.

Telinite Collotelinite Vitrodetrinite Collodetrinite Corpogelinite Gelinite Fusinite Semifusinite Telinite 1 Collotelinite -0.79652 1 Vitrodetrinite 0.754306 -0.83179 1 Collodetrinite 0.568721 -0.67315 0.215789 1 Corpogelinite -0.17594 -0.31295 0.325456 0.050105 1 Gelinite 0.155065 -0.46792 0.620905 -0.16675 0.240336 1 Fusinite -0.40367 0.639207 -0.20375 -0.69233 0.127016 -0.35466 1 Semifusinite 0.788188 -0.94629 0.627311 0.841326 0.166177 0.241655 -0.76553 1 Micrinite -0.72067 0.554621 -0.22217 -0.65927 0.390312 0.145637 0.675907 -0.74504

230 Macrinite 0.835042 -0.89222 0.983377 0.325999 0.227661 0.593073 -0.34628 0.732695 Secretinite 0.804578 -0.85135 0.926394 0.390429 0.411362 0.316323 -0.15650 0.716317 Funginite — — — — — — — — Inertodetrinite 0.754051 -0.78483 0.58564 0.7037 -0.18796 0.421089 -0.73835 0.791565 Sporinite -0.34477 -0.01196 -0.2263 -0.09088 0.162508 0.274 -0.46445 0.083969 Cutinite 0.252702 0.205705 -0.26826 -0.0416 -0.87412 -0.30791 -0.1758 -0.02771 Resinite 0.822547 -0.7747 0.94882 0.165006 0.029648 0.635205 -0.28657 0.601358 Alginite -0.57849 0.50233 -0.34102 -0.5905 -0.29994 0.450956 0.035024 -0.58518 Liptodetrinite 0.369548 -0.54152 0.108284 0.948191 0.232102 -0.2596 -0.509 0.690423 Exsudatinite -0.89553 0.548825 -0.40371 -0.60018 0.54874 0.09167 0.469899 -0.65744 Quartz — — — — — — — — Sulfide 0.234496 0.015167 -0.37277 0.514232 -0.77894 -0.32974 -0.55758 0.243053 Carbonate 0.222497 0.197117 -0.22066 -0.11975 -0.62714 -0.40996 -0.0070 -0.03711 Silicate -0.70360 0.227217 -0.3489 -0.28728 0.301791 0.421332 -0.24366 -0.24824 Sulfur -0.39361 0.776249 -0.43987 -0.65776 -0.19051 -0.58659 0.906478 -0.78844 Ash 0.684166 -0.81338 0.797171 0.519552 0.574646 0.146138 -0.12608 0.716121

Micrinite Macrinite Secretinite Funginite Inertodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Resinite Alginite Micrinite 1 Macrinite -0.38868 1 Secretinite -0.35617 0.923452 1 Funginite — — — 1 Inertodetrinite -0.54349 0.674289 0.494033 — 1 Sporinite -0.18237 -0.16047 -0.26572 — -0.20460 1 Cutinite -0.62397 -0.14235 -0.25737 — 0.037229 0.124773 1 Resinite -0.36639 0.966261 0.826449 — 0.652484 -0.19094 0.019918 1 Alginite 0.522423 -0.38026 -0.66795 — -0.13732 0.238395 0.036637 -0.21746 1 Liptodetrinite -0.40782 0.175059 0.310823 — 0.54852 -0.18472 -0.28144 -0.02257 -0.58132 Exsudatinite 0.841085 -0.5299 -0.46352 — -0.72465 0.323648 -0.57346 -0.56731 0.447214

231 Quartz — — — — — — — — — Sulfide -0.61435 -0.22469 -0.35135 — 0.458549 -0.01653 0.660486 -0.16586 0.05547 Carbonate -0.60601 -0.11573 -0.11516 — -0.20323 0.212853 0.915929 -1.1E-16 -0.20 Silicate 0.379971 -0.36598 -0.50985 — -0.26923 0.780795 -0.28964 -0.38682 0.632456 Sulfur 0.413166 -0.52351 -0.34583 — -0.79450 -0.33573 0.217858 -0.4243 0.014866 Ash -0.28144 0.783794 0.948483 — 0.420382 -0.29041 -0.43322 0.620886 -0.78089

Liptodetrinite Exsudatinite Quartz Sulfide Carbonate Silicate Sulfur Ash Liptodetrinite 1 Exsudatinite -0.37139 1 Quartz — — 1 Sulfide 0.368523 -0.62017 — 1 Carbonate -0.33218 -0.44721 — 0.38829 1 Silicate -0.22979 0.707107 — -0.17541 -0.31623 1 Sulfur -0.54937 0.29917 — -0.25151 0.371647 -0.29381 1

Ash 0.519696 -0.34451 — -0.36736 -0.26069 -0.47332 -0.34208 1

Table D.10. Correlation coefficient analysis for series 41055—41061.

Telinite Collotelinite Vitrodetrinite Collodetrinite Corpogelinite Gelinite Fusinite Semifusinite Telinite 1 Collotelinite 0.497172 1 Vitrodetrinite -0.30944 -0.0375 1 Collodetrinite 0.054392 -0.38815 -0.31586 1 Corpogelinite 0.782483 0.63175 -0.36957 -0.05019 1 Gelinite -0.29255 0.3294 -0.29504 -0.47801 0.208457 1 Fusinite -0.22699 -0.57416 -0.33853 0.520086 -0.1331 -0.23876 1 Semifusinite -0.74359 -0.64496 0.054204 -0.14907 -0.85138 0.167884 0.067423 1 Micrinite 0.40397 0.254581 -0.92601 0.443131 0.419058 0.183671 0.212008 -0.24821

232 Macrinite -0.18039 -0.00703 0.438933 -0.29762 -0.45624 -0.00119 -0.78174 0.468978 Secretinite -0.53034 -0.52072 0.391965 -0.22869 -0.25072 0.078492 0.479953 0.261491 Funginite -0.12616 -0.33316 0.645497 -0.14025 -0.35784 -0.26887 -0.51143 0.31759 Inertodetrinite -0.38972 -0.61181 0.630929 -0.32074 -0.652 -0.35253 -0.02161 0.592228 Sporinite -0.04297 -0.25772 0.224074 0.166507 0.153603 0.119175 -0.22491 -0.03617 Cutinite 0.485772 0.731914 -0.59062 -0.21547 0.654839 0.604776 -0.46512 -0.3538 Resinite -0.4157 -0.52426 0.18977 -0.51801 -0.42081 0.266774 -0.11304 0.727008 Alginite -0.05256 0.513976 -0.2582 -0.61296 -2.1E-17 0.672166 -0.57653 0.27991 Liptodetrinite -0.44536 0.003006 0.937061 -0.57311 -0.42502 -0.04879 -0.34514 0.217379 Exsudatinite -0.05256 0.513976 -0.2582 -0.61296 -2.1E-17 0.672166 -0.57653 0.27991 Quartz — — — — — — — — Sulfide -0.15978 0.619669 -1.5E-17 -0.71056 -0.04709 0.619154 -0.53962 0.178501 Carbonate 0.977702 0.414313 -0.2582 0.077919 0.715678 -0.42571 -0.08834 -0.73745 Silicate -0.111 0.066395 -0.42597 0.664458 -0.18367 -0.06407 0.158524 0.030786 Sulfur 0.426949 0.846865 -0.13602 -0.67991 0.582671 0.594459 -0.70273 -0.33616 Ash -0.01436 -0.04539 0.122353 0.528272 -0.19207 -0.64323 0.51412 -0.26977

Micrinite Macrinite Secretinite Funginite Inertodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Resinite Alginite Micrinite 1 Macrinite -0.38559 1 Secretinite -0.63818 -0.31432 1 Funginite -0.68313 0.779158 0.116775 1 Inertodetrinite -0.81428 0.442211 0.556778 0.695327 1 Sporinite -0.29164 0.260755 0.2114 0.634545 0.13014 1 Cutinite 0.664124 0.005401 -0.64702 -0.38125 -0.74831 -0.06261 1 Resinite -0.50962 0.411276 0.522971 0.534083 0.741751 0.297932 -0.26377 1 Alginite 0.256174 0.407287 -0.42817 -0.16667 -0.21853 -0.34527 0.686244 0.191094 1.0 Liptodetrinite -0.93535 0.427666 0.493151 0.527887 0.667252 0.072043 -0.50649 0.365675 -0.011 Exsudatinite 0.256174 0.407287 -0.42817 -0.16667 -0.21853 -0.34527 0.686244 0.191094 1.0

233 Quartz — — — — — — — — — Sulfide 0.050565 0.318075 -0.26891 -0.23028 -0.16862 -0.47705 0.526768 0.074471 0.921132 Carbonate 0.341565 -0.27448 -0.42817 -0.16667 -0.298 -0.1493 0.330414 -0.42629 -0.16667 Silicate 0.657425 -0.03701 -0.61649 -0.40328 -0.57685 -0.28943 0.212453 -0.62406 0.109985 Sulfur 0.179938 0.184878 -0.3952 -0.14367 -0.39199 -0.09742 0.830148 -0.03238 0.750297 Ash 0.087608 -0.41884 -0.04656 -0.38799 -0.1233 -0.52638 -0.44633 -0.68246 -0.48997

Liptodetrinite Exsudatinite Quartz Sulfide Carbonate Silicate Sulfur Ash Liptodetrinite 1 Exsudatinite -0.0110 1 Quartz — — 1 Sulfide 0.258322 0.921132 — 1 Carbonate -0.39592 -0.16667 — -0.23028 1 Silicate -0.5177 0.109985 — 0.050656 -0.14665 1 Sulfur 0.012641 0.750297 — 0.727885 0.303312 -0.22474 1

Ash -0.01604 -0.48997 — -0.26804 0.132653 0.475649 -0.53394 1

Table D.11. Correlation coefficient analysis for series 6468—6476.

Telinite Collotelinite Vitrodetrinite Collodetrinite Corpogelinite Gelinite Fusinite Semifusinite Telinite 1 Collotelinite 0.235712 1 Vitrodetrinite -0.40913 -0.74593 1 Collodetrinite 0.182849 0.740936 -0.79598 1 Corpogelinite 0.890778 0.41633 -0.43172 0.415915 1 Gelinite 0.847196 0.352184 -0.39121 0.475658 0.955486 1 Fusinite 0.216078 0.230135 -0.52967 0.334177 0.23845 0.225685 1 Semifusinite 0.452269 0.144286 -0.54985 0.223830 0.369947 0.31173 0.903729 1 Micrinite 0.297525 0.616009 -0.52115 0.759099 0.493091 0.582158 0.50579 0.406624

234 Macrinite -0.03616 0.492509 -0.32194 0.516096 0.357931 0.282614 0.482052 0.338010 Secretinite -0.21187 0.19844 -0.31545 0.50161 0.086807 0.058723 0.63524 0.495891 Funginite — — — — — — — — Inertodetrinite 0.429843 0.384433 -0.617 0.477064 0.489343 0.432431 0.796915 0.894817 Sporinite 0.61219 0.720764 -0.75349 0.581476 0.616715 0.565701 0.465173 0.611664 Cutinite 0.027124 0.094583 -0.51506 0.161622 -0.014 -0.10171 0.859706 0.817754 Resinite 0.788568 0.177247 -0.5656 0.127036 0.518784 0.464058 0.246118 0.443591 Alginite 0.100991 0.854289 -0.35783 0.472157 0.316426 0.223935 -0.03966 -0.07595 Liptodetrinite 0.176446 -0.09053 -0.37487 -0.05651 -0.02306 -0.08761 0.817084 0.902216 Exsudatinite — — — — — — — — Quartz -0.34847 -0.60955 0.899793 -0.91116 -0.46729 -0.4956 -0.42572 -0.38271 Sulfide -0.09131 -0.36421 0.006573 -0.1098 -0.23312 -0.1556 -0.0518 -0.17216 Carbonate 0.896235 0.068468 -0.26290 -0.0220 0.698705 0.625918 -0.03603 0.336379 Silicate -0.45768 -0.89126 0.872071 -0.79262 -0.59406 -0.5487 -0.5839 -0.5443 Sulfur 0.550734 0.705208 -0.83573 0.553944 0.547419 0.484357 0.527439 0.473666 Ash -0.45123 -0.79541 0.800281 -0.54851 -0.55375 -0.41097 -0.56736 -0.62164

Micrinite Macrinite Secretinite Funginite Inertodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Resinite Alginite Micrinite 1 Macrinite 0.52865 1 Secretinite 0.492366 0.83270 1 Funginite — — — 1 Inertodetrinite 0.672552 0.575328 0.650457 — 1 Sporinite 0.709483 0.349898 0.205374 — 0.794175 1 Cutinite 0.079837 0.364417 0.571091 — 0.619551 0.252546 1 Resinite -0.01201 -0.35006 -0.35474 — 0.236994 0.430626 0.282465 1 Alginite 0.551221 0.486162 0.129099 — 0.269799 0.612009 -0.22118 -0.15571 1 Liptodetrinite 0.083803 0.08090 0.354246 — 0.673426 0.344765 0.882201 0.380135 -0.30012 Exsudatinite — — — — — — — — —

235 Quartz -0.55343 -0.35716 -0.41559 — -0.48605 -0.54081 -0.37025 -0.44817 -0.20119 Sulfide -0.48692 -0.46294 -0.26516 — -0.49899 -0.57005 0.159141 0.356615 -0.70993 Carbonate 0.066625 -0.23141 -0.36084 — 0.334353 0.5551 -0.09892 0.716828 0.055902 Silicate -0.77554 -0.56263 -0.39515 — -0.71782 -0.87543 -0.37576 -0.35923 -0.65646 Sulfur 0.368809 0.236043 0.069424 — 0.40594 0.595733 0.471123 0.704528 0.300871 Ash -0.49644 -0.60726 -0.38040 — -0.74043 -0.84311 -0.52107 -0.37239 -0.60910

Liptodetrinite Exsudatinite Quartz Sulfide Carbonate Silicate Sulfur Ash Liptodetrinite 1 Exsudatinite — 1 Quartz -0.15458 — 1 Sulfide 0.012252 — -0.17248 1 Carbonate 0.153393 — -0.14396 -0.20966 1 Silicate -0.25870 — 0.744829 0.348167 -0.23201 1 Sulfur 0.305858 — -0.71172 0.186737 0.272456 -0.80273 1 Ash -0.39881 — 0.567707 0.418887 -0.32713 0.895622 -0.74997 1 Table D.12. Correlation coefficient analysis for series 6477—6485.

Telinite Collotelinite Vitrodetrinite Collodetrinite Corpogelinite Gelinite Fusinite Semifusinite Telinite 1 Collotelinite 0.094357 1 Vitrodetrinite 0.686808 0.360585 1 Collodetrinite -0.30846 -0.79106 -0.58988 1 Corpogelinite 0.656625 0.275417 0.261864 -0.20541 1 Gelinite 0.490524 0.31882 0.638302 -0.39356 0.414604 1 Fusinite -0.47769 0.620534 -0.26441 -0.12466 -0.18271 -0.34203 1 Semifusinite 0.203235 -0.3671 -0.24836 0.6382 0.402317 -0.07951 -0.03782 1 Micrinite 0.140965 0.751109 0.101739 -0.75782 0.504618 0.345362 0.205661 -0.34652

236 Macrinite 0.384229 -0.40855 -0.11061 0.582905 0.554486 -0.10516 -0.20695 0.901212 Secretinite -0.37208 0.03654 -0.48029 0.334141 -0.35424 -0.24803 0.566736 0.374891 Funginite — — — — — — — — Inertodetrinite -0.24152 0.169955 -0.44427 0.229803 -0.17587 -0.0971 0.539235 0.370622 Sporinite -0.26568 0.371358 -0.28924 0.114545 0.253554 0.067386 0.565121 0.4674 Cutinite 0.292194 -0.11962 -0.27546 0.421661 0.236926 -0.3021 0.216264 0.638223 Resinite 0.442636 -0.57544 -0.29988 0.435741 0.38444 -0.19558 -0.51464 0.58406 Alginite -0.17867 0.040286 -0.05325 -0.08161 0.216704 0.372746 -0.14537 0.228613 Liptodetrinite 0.025946 0.029707 0.00359 -0.14365 0.15528 0.270244 -0.13199 0.309677 Exsudatinite -0.31708 -0.33412 -0.15304 0.362298 -0.09791 0.011507 -0.08444 0.464026 Quartz — — — — — — — — Sulfide 0.329114 0.087349 0.744732 -0.57363 -0.19566 0.313078 -0.43775 -0.64573 Carbonate -0.00585 0.652399 0.008899 -0.50456 0.518078 0.25226 0.303196 -0.28826 Silicate -0.10452 -0.54084 0.047827 0.040661 -0.45322 -0.12506 -0.62487 -0.54475 Sulfur 0.146244 0.713273 0.286091 -0.68756 0.30165 0.245653 0.287417 -0.22247 Ash -0.27136 -0.68248 -0.32232 0.277392 -0.37171 -0.25221 -0.61844 -0.34896 Micrinite Macrinite Secretinite Funginite Inertodetrinite Sporinite Cutinite Resinite Alginite Micrinite 1 Macrinite -0.35226 1 Secretinite -0.16632 -0.00413 1 Funginite — — — 1 Inertodetrinite -0.00065 0.074242 0.874564 — 1 Sporinite 0.221115 0.314547 0.400745 — 0.625872 1 Cutinite -0.23990 0.64094 0.455824 — 0.602197 0.305676 1 Resinite -0.16652 0.666338 0.015613 — 0.089912 -0.14616 0.610606 1 Alginite 0.312571 0.029892 0.015546 — -0.01581 0.40014 -0.47947 -0.11141 1 Liptodetrinite 0.269582 0.024536 0.278809 — 0.147649 0.208698 -0.25675 0.089696 0.846912 Exsudatinite -0.27499 0.225247 0.240563 — -0.02060 0.229602 -0.31390 -0.06592 0.767403

237 Quartz — — — — — — — — — Sulfide 0.001182 -0.45323 -0.64582 — -0.61850 -0.58155 -0.56340 -0.32565 -0.11001 Carbonate 0.831479 -0.26757 -0.18185 — -0.17129 0.146068 -0.28043 -0.27214 0.198456 Silicate -0.29068 -0.39675 -0.48313 — -0.64979 -0.85309 -0.54027 0.029014 -0.16699 Sulfur 0.638925 -0.15742 -0.20904 — 0.139414 0.507449 -0.06372 -0.28251 0.217185 Ash -0.2570 -0.21776 -0.39374 — -0.48202 -0.62682 -0.39273 0.242537 -0.04952 Liptodetrinite Exsudatinite Quartz Sulfide Carbonate Silicate Sulfur Ash Liptodetrinite 1 Exsudatinite 0.724368 1 Quartz — — 1 Sulfide -0.11245 -0.21820 — 1 Carbonate 0.057639 -0.18898 — -0.19338 1 Silicate -0.19481 -0.05268 — 0.575927 -0.23364 1 Sulfur 0.104967 -0.27365 — 0.243386 0.265869 -0.45968 1 Ash -0.16556 0.002638 — 0.25470 -0.20162 0.899822 -0.46598 1

APPENDIX E: FIELD DESCRIPTIONS Table E.1. Sample description of measured section 4477 —4488.

Sample Lithotype Lithotype Cumulated Name Thickness (cm) Thickness (cm) 4477 Clarain 1.5 1.5 Dull Clarain 1.7 3.2 Clarain 6.5 9.7 4478 Clarain 6.8 16.5 Dull Clarain 1.2 17.7 Bright Clarain 0.4 18.1 Dull Clarain 1.4 19.5 Parting 9.5 29.0 Dull Clarain 0.3 29.3 Parting 10.2 39.5 4479 Dull Clarain 0.8 40.3 Bright Clarain 0.9 41.2 Parting 0.1 41.3 Clarain 7.7 49.0 4480 Bright Clarain 4.5 53.5 Dull Clarain 2.2 55.7 Clarain 8.6 64.3 4481 Bone 1.6 65.9 4482 Clarain 12.6 78.5 4483 Dull Clarain 2.5 81.0 4484 Clarain 5.5 86.5 4485 Bright Clarain 29.5 116.0 4486 Durain 6.7 122.7 4487 Clarain 13.3 136.0 4488 Dull Clarain 2.5 138.5 Bright Clarain 19.5 158.0

238

Table E.2. Sample description of measured section 4489 —4499.

Sample Lithotype Lithotype Cumulated Name Thickness (cm) Thickness (cm) 4489 Clarain 1.4 1.4 Durain 2.4 3.8 Bright Clarain 2.3 6.1 Pyrite 0.1 6.2 Bright Clarain 4.0 10.2 4490 Fusain 0.2 10.4 Bright Clarain 0.8 11.2 Clarain 5.3 16.5 Dull Clarain 2.5 19.0 Vitrain 0.4 19.4 Durain 1.1 20.5 Parting 13.0 33.5 4491 Clarain 1.5 35.0 Bright Clarain 1.5 36.5 4492 Clarain 7.1 43.6 Bright Clarain 2.8 46.4 4493 Clarain 6.1 52.5 Bright Clarain 1.0 53.5 4494 Fusain 0.1 53.6 Bright Clarain 4.4 58.0 4495 Clarain 22.0 80.0 Bright Clarain 9.0 89.0 4496 Fusain 1.0 90.0 Bright Clarain 21.0 111.0 4497 Durain 8.0 119.0 4498 Bright Clarain 4.0 123.0 Dull Clarain 3.5 126.5 Bright Clarain 5.5 132.0 4499 Durain 2.0 134.0 Bright Clarain 16.0 150.0

239

Table E.3. Sample description of measured section 4500 —4511.

Sample Lithotype Lithotype Cumulated Name Thickness (cm) Thickness (cm) 4500 Bright Clarain 3.8 3.8 Fusain 0.1 3.9 Bright Clarain 0.6 4.5 Fusain 0.1 4.6 4501 Bone 2.5 7.1 4502 Parting 2.2 9.3 Dull Clarain 2.9 12.2 Pyrite 0.1 12.3 Dull Clarain 1.3 13.6 4503 Parting 16.4 30.0 4504 Durain 2.5 32.5 Dull Clarain 1.5 34.0 Clarain 7.3 41.3 Fusain 0.1 41.4 4505 Bright Clarain 0.6 42.0 Fusain 0.1 42.1 Clarain 2.9 45.0 Fusain 0.1 45.1 Clarain 1.5 46.6 Fusain 0.1 46.7 4506 Durain 8.3 55.0 Parting 13.5 68.5 4507 Clarain 11.5 80.0 Fusain 0.1 80.1 Bright Clarain 0.6 80.7 Fusain 0.1 80.8 Bright Clarain 1.7 82.5 Fusain 0.1 82.6 Bright Clarain 4.0 86.6 Fusain 0.1 86.7 Durain 1.3 88.0 Fusain 0.1 88.1 Bright Clarain 5.9 94.0 Clarain 13.5 107.5 Bright Clarain 2.0 109.5 4508 Durain 4.0 113.5 Dull Clarain 4.1 117.6

240 Clarain 5.3 122.9 Fusain 0.1 123.0 Bright Clarain 0.9 123.9 Fusain 0.1 124.0 Bright Clarain 4.3 128.3 Fusain 0.1 128.4 Bright Clarain 3.9 132.3 Fusain 0.1 132.4 Bright Clarain 15.8 148.2 4509 Durain 3.3 151.5 Bright Clarain 0.7 152.2 Durain 3.8 156.0 4510 Clarain 13.7 169.7 Durain 2.8 172.5 4511 Bone 18.9 191.4

241 Table E.4. Sample description of measured section 4599 —4607.

Sample Lithotype Lithotype Cumulated Name Thickness (cm) Thickness (cm) 4599 Bright Clarain 3.0 3.0 Durain 2.2 5.2 Dull Clarain 8.5 13.7 Clarain 2.5 16.2 4600 Durain 5.7 21.9 4601 Bright Clarain 18.9 40.8 4602 Durain 1.0 41.8 Bright Clarain 10.0 51.8 Fusain 0.3 52.1 Bright Clarain 2.8 54.9 Durain 0.9 55.8 Bright Clarain 5.2 61.0 Fusain 0.3 61.3 Bright Clarain 2.7 64.0 4603 Durain 17.7 81.7 4604 Clarain 27.4 109.1 4605 Fusain 0.3 109.4 Durain 7.3 116.7 Dull Clarain 12.8 129.5 Dull Clarain 3.7 133.2 4606 Clarain 14.9 148.1 4607 Durain 2.8 150.9 Dull Clarain 16.7 167.6

242 Table E.5. Sample description of measured section 4978 —4986.

Sample Lithotype Lithotype Cumulated Name Thickness (cm) Thickness (cm) 4978 Durain 3.0 3.0 Bright Clarain 1.0 4.0 Dull Clarain 3.3 7.3 Bright Clarain 5.7 11.0 Fusain 0.1 11.1 Bright Clarain 2.7 13.8 Fusain 0.1 13.9 Bright Clarain 2.1 16.0 4979 Fusain 0.1 16.1 Clarain 21.9 38.0 4980 Fusain 0.1 38.1 Clarain 6.9 45.0 Fusain 0.2 45.2 Clarain 2.3 47.5 Fusain 0.3 47.8 4981 Clarain 11.3 59.0 Dull Clarain 1.0 60.0 Parting 6.0 66.0 4982 Clarain 2.6 68.6 Durain 0.9 69.5 Clarain 3.2 72.7 Dull Clarain 2.1 74.8 Fusain 0.9 75.7 4983 Clarain 13.1 88.8 Durain 2.2 90.0 Clarain 2.0 92.0 Parting 29.0 121.0 4984 Bright Clarain 4.6 125.6 Fusain 0.1 125.7 Bright Clarain 0.8 126.5 Fusain 0.1 126.6 Bright Clarain 3.4 129.0 4985 Durain 7.0 136.0 Clarain 1.0 137.0 Durain 6.0 153.0 4986 Clarain 4.0 157.0 Dull Clarain 5.0 162.0

243 Table E.6. Sample description of measured section 41035 —41041.

Sample Lithotype Lithotype Cumulated Name Thickness (cm) Thickness (cm) 41035 Bone 3.8 3.8 41036 Clarain 6.4 10.2 Bright Clarain 8.9 19.1 41037 Durain 6.3 25.4 Bright Clarain 3.8 29.2 Clarain 5.1 34.3 41038 Dull Clarain 8.9 43.2 Bright Clarain 10.1 53.3 41039 Dull Clarain 5.1 58.4 Durain 6.4 64.8 Dull Clarain 8.9 73.7 41040 Bright Clarain 10.1 83.8 Dull Clarain 6.4 90.2 Bright Clarain 3.8 94.0 41041 Fusain 1.3 95.3 Bright Clarain 7.6 102.9

244 Table E.7. Sample description of measured section 41042 —41048.

Sample Lithotype Lithotype Cumulated Name Thickness (cm) Thickness (cm) 41042 Dull Clarain 2.0 2.0 Durain 3.3 5.3 Dull Clarain 7.7 12.0 41043 Fusain 0.2 12.2 Clarain 6.8 19.0 Durain 6.5 25.5 41044 Durain 6.0 31.5 41045 Clarain 12.5 44.0 41046 Dull Clarain 19.5 63.5 41047 Durain 4.5 68.0 Dull Clarain 19.0 87.0 41048 Dull Clarain 18.0 105.0

245 Table E.8. Sample description of measured section 41049 —41054.

Sample Lithotype Lithotype Cumulated Name Thickness (cm) Thickness (cm) 41049 Durain 13.0 13.0 41050 Dull Clarain 5.5 18.5 Clarain 6.5 25.0 41051 Dull Clarain 10.5 35.5 Clarain 2.5 38.0 Durain 2.6 40.6 Dull Clarain 2.4 43.0 41052 Dull Clarain 14.0 57.0 41053 Dull Clarain 11.5 68.5 Durain 2.5 71.0 Dull Clarain 4.0 75.0 41054 Dull Clarain 17.0 92.0

246 Table E.9. Sample description of measured section 41055 —41061.

Sample Lithotype Lithotype Cumulated Name Thickness (cm) Thickness (cm) 41055 Bright Clarain 18.3 18.3 41056 Clarain 6.7 25.0 Fusain 0.3 25.3 Dull Clarain 3.4 28.7 Clarain 3.3 32.0 41057 Clarain 18.3 50.3 41058 Dull Clarain 22.9 73.2 41059 Dull Clarain 4.5 77.7 Clarain 10.7 88.4 Dull Clarain 4.0 92.4 41060 Dull Clarain 18.9 114.3 41061 Clarain 18.3 132.6

247 Table E.10. Sample description of measured section 6468 —6476.

Sample Lithotype Lithotype Cumulated Name Thickness (cm) Thickness (cm) 6468 Dull Clarain 16.5 16.5 6470 Dull Clarain 18.5 35.0 6471 Fusain 0.3 35.3 Dull Clarain 7.7 43.0 Durain 0.3 43.3 Clarain 9.7 53.0 6472 Parting 16.0 69.0 6473 Clarain 7.3 76.3 Fusain 0.2 76.5 Dull Clarain 9.5 86.0 6474 Fusain 0.3 86.3 Clarain 16.2 102.5 6475 Parting 11.5 114.0 6476 Bright Clarain 6.0 120.0 Dull Clarain 30.0 150.0

248 Table E.11. Sample description of measured section 6477 —6485.

Sample Lithotype Lithotype Cumulated Name Thickness (cm) Thickness (cm) 6477 Clarain 2.5 2.5 6478 Parting 6.5 9.0 6479 Clarain 2.0 11.0 Dull Clarain 3.8 14.8 Bone 1.2 16.0 6480 Clarain 19.0 35.0 Fusain 0.2 35.2 6481 Dull Clarain 7.0 42.2 Durain 5.8 48.0 6482 Dull Clarain 16.0 64.0 Vitrain 0.3 64.3 6483 Bone 2.7 67.0 Dull Clarain 2.0 69.0 Clarain 9.0 78.0 6484 Clarain 16.0 94.0 6485 Dull Clarain 20.0 114.0

249 REFERENCES

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250 Greb, S.F., Eble, C.F., Hower, J.C., Andrews, W.M., 2002. Multiple-bench architecture and interpretations of original mire phases - Examples from the Middle Pennsylvanian of the Central Appalachian Basin, USA. International Journal of Coal Geology 49, 147-175. Hagan, W.W., 1969. Carter Coordinate Base Map Series of Kentucky, Jenkins Sheet. 1:250,000. Lexington, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey. Haney, D.C., 1979. Generalized Geologic Map of Kentucky. 1:100,000. Lexington, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey. Haney, D.C., 1981. Carter Coordinate and Topographic Index Map of Kentucky. 1:100,000, Series XI. Lexington, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey. Helfrich, C.T., Hower, J.C., 1991. Palynologic and petrographic variation in the Pond Creek coal bed, Pike County, Kentucky. Organic Geochemistry 17, 153-159. Hower, J.C., Pollock, J.D., 1988. Petrology of the Pond Creek coal bed in Eastern Kentucky. Organic Geochemistry 12, 297-302. Hower, J.C., Bland A.E., 1989. Geochemistry of the Pond Creek coal bed, Eastern Kentucky coalfield. International Journal of Coal Geology 11, 205-226. Hower, J.C., Eble, C.F., 2004. Coal facies studies in the eastern United States. International Journal of Coal Geology 58, 3-22. Hower, J.C., Ruppert, L.F., Eble, C.F., 2007. Lateral variation in geochemistry, petrology, and palynology in the Elswick coal bed, Pike County, Kentucky. International Journal of Coal Geology 69, 165-178. Hower, J.C., O’Keefe, J.M.K, Watt, M.A., Pratt, T.J., Eble, C.F., Stucker, J.D., Richardson, A.R., Kostova, I.J., 2009. Notes on the origin of inertinite macerals in coals: Observations on the importance of fungi in the origin of macrinite. International Journal of Coal Geology, 80, 135-143. Hower, J.C., O’Keefe, J.M.K., Volk, T.J., Watt, M.A., 2010. Funginite-resinite associations in coal. International Journal of Coal Geology 83, 64-72. Hower, J.C., O’Keefe, J.M.K, Eble, C.F., Raymond, A., Valentin, B., Volk, T.J., Richardson, A.R., Satterwhite, A.B., Hatch, R.S., Stucker, J.D., Watt, M.A., 2011. Notes on the origin of inertinite macerals in coal: Evidence for fungal and arthropod transformations of degraded macerals. International Journal of Coal Geology 86, 231-240. Hower, J.C., Wagner, N.J., 2012. Notes on the methods of the combined maceral/microlithotype determination in coal. International Journal of Coal Geology 95, 47-53.

251 Hower, J.C., Misz-Keenan, M., O’Keefe, J.M.K., Mastalerz, M., Eble, C.F., Garrison, T.M., Johnston, M.N., Stucker, J.D., 2013. Macrinite forms in Pennsylvanian coals. International Journal of Coal Geology 116-117, 172-181. Hower, J.C., O’Keefe, J.M.K, Wagner, N.J., Dai, S., Wang, X., Xue, W., 2013. An investigation of Wulantuga coal (Cretaceous, Inner Mongolia) macerals: Paleopathology of faunal and fungal invasions into wood and the recognizable clues for their activity. International Journal of Coal Geology 114, 44-53. International Committee for Coal Petrology (ICCP), 1963. International Handbook of Coal Petrography, 2nd ed., CNRS (Paris). International Committee for Coal Petrology (ICCP), 1998. The new vitrinite classification (ICCP System 1994). Fuel 77, 349-358. International Committee for Coal Petrology (ICCP), 2001. The new inertinite classification (ICCP System 1994). Fuel 80, 459-471. Moore, P.D., 1987. Ecological and hydrological aspects of peat formation. In: A.C. Scott (Editor), Coal and Coal-Bearing Strata: Recent Advances. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 32, 7-16. Mukhopadhyay, P.K., and Hatcher, P.G., 1993. “Composition of Coal: Chapter 4.” Hydrocarbons from Coal, pp. 91, AAPG/Datapages. O’Keefe, J.M.K., Betchel, A., Christanis, K., Dai, S., DiMichele, W.A., Eble, C.F., Esterle, J.S., Mastalerz, M., Raymond, A.L., Valentim, B.V., Wagner, N.J., Ward, C.R., Hower, J.C., 2013. On the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type. International Journal of Coal Geology 118, 58-87. Rice, C.L., Smith, J.H., 1980. Correlation of coal beds, coal zones, and key stratigraphic units in the Pennsylvanian rocks of eastern Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1188.

Schopf, J.M., 1956. A definition of coal. Economic Geology 51, 521-527. Scott, A.C., 1989. Observations on the nature and origin of fusain. International Journal of Coal Geology 12, 443-475. Scott A.C., Jones, T.P., 1994. The nature and influence of fire in Carboniferous ecosystems. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 106, 91-112. Scott, A.C., 2010. Charcoal recoginiton, taphonomy and uses in palaeoenvironment analysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 291, 11-39. Stopes, M.C., 1911. A reply to Prof. Jeffery’s article on Yezonia and Crytomeriopsis. Annals of Botany 24, 269-370. Suárez-Ruiz, I., Crelling, J.C., 2008. Applied Coal Petrology: The Role of Petrology in Coal Utilization. San Diego, Elsevier Ltd. Pp. 1-2, 17-18, 20.

252 Tankard, A.J., 1986. Depositional response to foreland deformation in the Carboniferous of eastern Kentucky. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin. 70(7), 853868. Taylor, G.H., Teichmüller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C.F.K., Littke, R., Robert, P., 1998. Organic Petrology. Berlin, Gebrüder Borntraeger. Pp. 6-11, 27, 99, 175-238, 275- 282. Taylor, R., 1990. Interpretation of the correlation coefficient: A basic review. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 1, 35-39. Teichmüller, M., 1989. The genesis of coal from the viewpoint of coal petrology. International Journal of Coal Geology 12, 1-87. Tyson, R.V., 1995. Sedimentary Organic Matter: Organic Facies and Palynofacies. London, Chapman and Hall. Pp. 24-26. Ward, C.R., 1984. Coal Geology and Coal Technology. Singapore, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Pp. 78-85.

253 VITA

Place of Birth Frankfort, KY

Education Bachelor of Arts, Biology with a Minor in Environmental Studies, Department of Biology, Bellarmine University, Louisville, KY, May 2011

Professional Experience Research Assistant, Center for Applied Energy Research, Lexington, KY Organic Petrography Intern, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Research Co-Supervisor, Department of Earth and Space Science, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY Teaching Assistant, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY Field Assistant, Sedimentary Environmental and Radiochemical Research Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

Professional Memberships American Association of Petroleum Geologists Geological Society of America Sigma Gamma Epsilon Honor Society

Professional Publications

Brooke, S.J., Johnston, M.N., O’Keefe, J.M.K, 2014. Fungal indicators of depositional environment and decompositional pathways in a Paleocene Wilcox Group Coal from Texas Kentucky. Kentucky Geological Survey, Ohio Valley Organic Petrographers’ Meeting (Lexington, Kentucky, March 21th 2014; Oral Presentation).

Dai, S., Zhao, L., Hower, J.C., Johnston, M.N., Song, W., Wang, P., Zhang, S., 2014 at earliest. Petrology, mineralogy, and chemistry of size-fractioned fly ash from the Jungar power plant, Inner Mongolia, China, with emphasis on the distribution of rare earth elements: Energy & Fuels 28, 1502-1514.

Hower, J.C., Groppo, J.G., Joshi, P., Dai, S., Moecher, D.P., Johnston, M.N., 2013. Location of Cerium in Coal-combustion Fly Ashes: Implications for Recovery of Lanthanides. Coal Combustion & Gasification Products 5, 73-78.

Johnston, M.N., Hower, J.C., Eble, C.F., O’Keefe, J.M.K., 2013. The Characterization of Maceral Composition in the Leatherwood Coal Bed in Eastern Kentucky. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting (Denver, Colorado, October 2013). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 45. No.7,p. 314 (Poster Presentation).

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O’Keefe, J.M.K., Johnston, M.N., Dutton, K.R., Layne, A.R., Howard, M.B., Hower, J.C., 2013. Variations in depositional environments and paleoecology among lignites in the Upper Mississippian Embayment. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting (Denver, Colorado, October 2013). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 45. No. 7, p. 286 (Oral Presentation). Dutton, K.R., Johnston, M.N., O’Keefe, J.M.K., 2013. Examining microbial diversity in the Eocene Fancy Farm Lignite through a tiered mentoring program for undergraduates and graduate students. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting (Denver, Colorado, October 2013). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 45. No. 7, p. 273 (Poster Presentation).

O’Keefe, J.M.K., Johnston, M.N., Dutton, K.R., Layne, A.R., Howard, M.B., Hower, J.C., 2013. Fungal distributions as indicators of mire type and preservation, upper Mississippi Embayment. USA: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists (San Francisco, California, October 22nd 2013; Oral Presentation).

Belkin, H.E., Hower, J.C., O’Keefe, J., Garrison, Johnston, M.N., 2013. Cenozoic coals of Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand). Petrology and Geochemistry: The Society for Organic Petrology, 30th Annual Meeting (Sosnowiec, Poland, September 2-4th 2013; Oral Presentation). Wagner, N.J., Johnston, M.N., Hower, J.C., Nadhlaso, M., 2013. Petrographic consideration of coals from the Karoo Basin, Botswana: expanding the limited data pool. ICCP Annual Meeting (Sosnowiec, Poland). ICCP Program &Abstract Book, No. 65, p. 47-48 (Oral Presentation). Hower, J.C., Misz-Keenan, M., O’Keefe, J.M.K., Mastalerz, M., Eble, C.F., Garrison, T.M., Johnston, M.N., Stucker, J.D., 2013. Macrinite forms in Pennsylvanian coals. International Journal of Coal Geology 116-117, 172-181. Johnston, M.N., 2013. The characterization of maceral composition in the Leatherwood coal bed of eastern Kentucky. Indiana Geological Survey, Ohio Valley Organic Petrographers’ Meeting (Bloomington, Indiana, March 29th 2013; Oral Presentation). Johnston, M.N., and Hatch, R.S., 2011. Sediment dynamics and benthic community responses to hydrocarbon exposures following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. University of Kentucky, 2011 Fall Semester, Geology Seminar Series (Lexington, Kentucky, November 17th 2011; Oral Presentation). Johnston, M.N., and Bulinski, K.V., 2011. Change in ecospace utilization through the type Cincinnatian: a study of biodiversity patterns as a function of stratigraphic range and sample size. Bellarmine University Undergraduate Scholarship Poster Competition (Louisville, Kentucky, April 2011). The Eleventh Annual Academic Achievement Week Poster Session Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 11, No. 13, p. 13 (Poster Presentation).

255 Johnston, M.N., and Bulinski, K.V., 2011. Change in ecospace utilization through the type Cincinnatian: a study of biodiversity patterns as a function of stratigraphic range, lithology and sample size. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 2011). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 43. No. 1. (Oral Presentation). Bulinski, K.V., and Johnston, M.N. 2010. The role of stratigraphic scale in the assessment of biodiversity. Geological Society of America North-Central/ South-Central Joint Section Meeting (Branson, Missouri, April 2010). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 42, No. 2, p. 72 (Oral Presentation).

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