Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape

Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape

Prepared for: East Nantmeal Township, North Coventry Township, South Coventry Township, Union Township, Warwick Township, West Vincent Township

By: French & Pickering Creeks Conservation Trust, Green Valleys Association, Natural Lands Trust

May 2013 Hopewell Big Woods At a joint public meeting of the Boards of East Nantmeal, North Coventry, South Coventry, Union, Warwick, and West Vincent Townships on February 20, 2013, the Supervisors requested a report summarizing the important natural, cultural, and recreational resources of the Hopewell Big Woods. The report was also to include a discussion of the potential impacts of the proposed Commonwealth Pipeline corridor that may pass through the Hopewell Big Woods landscape. We are pleased to present that report as an informational resource for the Township governing bodies. As the details contained in the following pages indicate, the Hopewell Big Woods is a globally- significant landscape that provides a wide variety of important ecological, economic, and quality of life benefits for local communities and beyond. Given the volume of study and planning that has been conducted in the Hopewell Big Woods, a comprehensive report of what is known would be unwieldy. Therefore, we have chosen to highlight only the most important and pertinent information. As non-profit organizations that have worked in the Hopewell Big Woods landscape for decades and active participants in the formation of the Hopewell Big Woods partnership in 2001, we are particularly committed to protecting the ecological integrity of the area. As always, our interest is in seeking a balanced approach to conservation and economic development that minimizes negative impacts on the most important resources. Nothing in this report should be interpreted as an official statement of position by our respective organizations regarding the proposed Commonwealth Pipeline or any other energy transmission corridor. Nor should it be considered an endorsement of the positions or actions of the Townships to which the report is being provided. Rather, it is a summary of our collective knowledge about the Hopewell Big Woods and of the potential impacts of natural gas pipeline developments that pass through it.

Molly K. Morrison President, Natural Lands Trust

Victoria Laubach Executive Director, Green Valleys Association

D. Andrew Pitz Executive Director, French & Pickering Creeks Conservation Trust Bobcats inhabit the Hopewell Big Woods Table of Contents

I. About the Hopewell Big Woods ...... 1

Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods II. Land ...... 3 III. Water...... 6 IV. Wildlife...... 8 V. Recreation...... 11 VI. Historic...... 14

VII. Applicable Federal Regulations, Designations, and Assets...... 16

VIII. State and Local Investments and Plans...... 19

IX. Potential Impacts of Energy Transmission Corridor Development...... 21

X. Impacts of the Proposed Commonwealth Pipeline...... 23

Maps Map 1: Hopewell Big Woods Location...... 1 Map 2: Public and Protected Lands...... 5 Map 3: Hydrologic Features...... 7 Map 4: Important Bird and Mammal Areas...... 9 Map 5: Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Inventory Sites...... 10 Map 6: Recreation Resources...... 13 Map 7: Historic Resources...... 15 Maps 8–12: Maps 2–7 with Proposed Pipeline...... 24–29

Appendices Appendix A: Bird Species Observed in the Hay Creek/French Creek Important Bird Area...... 30 Appendix B: Bird Species Observed in the Glen Morgan Lake Important Bird Area...... 32 Appendix C: Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Inventory Sites...... 33 Appendix D: Sites Listed on the National Register of Historic Places...... 35 Appendix E: Other Historic Districts and Sites...... 37 The intact forest of the Hopewell Big Woods includes sugar maples S u N Sayre s q ue E ha r nna Rive W

Y Montrose O Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape R May 2013 81 K

Carbondale Su sq u e h a n n a

About Scranton Port Jervis

Milford

Wilkes 380 Williamsport Barre

I80 The largest remaining contiguous forest in The intact forest here provides valuable 80 Stroudsburg Bloomsburg southeastern Pennsylvania, theHazelton Hopewell Big 476 wildlife habitat for a variety of species, including Woods has been recognized as one of the most Federally-listed endangered species, migrating important natural areas in the region. The neotropical songbirds, and native mammal 73,000-acre landscape spans portions of species that have largely been pushed out of northern Chester and southern Berks Counties.Lehighton the extended Philadelphia area by suburban

e a development. The forestsar also contribute to a n w n a l a e h e D u q s u S N I A Allentown V A 78 81 L S Y N N Quakertown E NEW P

81 Reading 476 Doylestown Harrisburg Pottstown Lansdale 95 Hopewell Norristown 276

Big Woods 76 PHILADELPHIA e ik Lancaster p Coatesville West rn Tu York Chester J N

Media

83 JERSEY 295 Wilmington

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BALTIMORE e BALTIMORE k a e p a s Delawar e h e Bay C Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013 significant number of Exceptional Value and High Tens-of-millions of dollars in federal, state, Quality watersheds. county, local, and private investments have been After two national conservation organizations made in the preservation of land in the Hopewell identified the Hopewell Big Woods as an Big Woods. Millions more have been spent on important conservation priority in 2001, a broad responsible natural resource management, park public-private partnership formed to encourage development, historic preservation, trail creation, conservation of additional open space, protect and promotion of the area as a recreation and high quality waters, encourage compatible tourism destination. The area has also been the economic development, and promote awareness subject of considerable study and planning to of the many recreational opportunities in the ensure the most efficient and effective use of landscape. Today, the Hopewell Big Woods conservation, recreation, and restoration funds. partnership consists of 47 federal, county, state Hopewell Big Woods makes substantial and local officials, non-profit conservation economic contributions to the region. A 2010 organizations, and concerned citizens. study of the economic value of open space in More than 24,000 acres of the Hopewell the Philadelphia region found that the Hopewell Big Woods are set aside as publicly-owned or Big Woods contributes $47 million annually in privately-preserved open spaces. Nearly half of environmental benefits such as clean water, the 28,000 acres of contiguous forest contained stormwater control, and carbon sequestration. within the landscape has been preserved to date. The study also found that homes within a quarter-mile of the Hopewell Big Woods are worth an average of $8,270 more because of their proximity to the conservation area.

Birdsboro Waters

2 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods: IILand The single most distinguishing characteristic of • The Hopewell Big Woods is known to contain the Hopewell Big Woods is its contiguous forest. one globally significant plant species, the At approximately 28,000 acres, it is the largest Bog bluegrass (Poa paludigena), which the unbroken forest habitat area between New York PA Natural Heritage program classifies as City and Washington, D.C. The woodland here was ‘globally rare’ (G3). identified as a globally-significant natural area based on a study by The Nature Conservancy and • Field surveys have indicated the presence World Wildlife Fund in 2001. of state designated plant species including nodding trillium (Trillium cernuum), a state imperiled species.

Highlights • Hopewell Big Woods is home to Pine • The Hopewell Big Woods is part of the Swamp, a biologically-rich acidic broadleaf federally-designated Highlands, a 3.5 swamp that is considered an imperiled million-acre area of forested mountains natural community with fewer than one and hills that stretches across Connecticut, hundred such communities remaining in New York, New Jersey and southeastern the world. Pennsylvania.

• There are more than 24,000 acres of public and protected lands in the Hopewell Big Woods. Of those, 12,630 are in the contiguous forest area.

St. Peter’s Village

3 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

public and protected lands in the hopewell big woods

property size (acres) responsible entity

Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site 848 National Park Service

French Creek State Park 7730 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, DCNR

PA State Game Lands #43 2000 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Game Commission

Warwick County Park 648 County of Chester

Birdsboro Waters 1800 Birdsboro Municipal Authority

Coventry Woods 600 North Coventry Township

Woody’s Woods 200 South Coventry Township

Crow’s Nest Preserve 612 Natural Lands Trust

Welkinweir 197 Green Valleys Association

Other non-profit protected lands 5820 Berks Conservancy, French & Pickering Creeks Conservation Trust, Hay Creek Watershed Association, Natural Lands Trust

Nodding trillium Pink lady’s slipper orchid

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r e G w h N 1 G A S L Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods: IIIWater The principle watersheds in the Hopewell Big • These watersheds provide a variety of Woods are French Creek, Hay Creek, Sixpenny ecosystem services including “water filtration Creek, Angelica Creek, and Pigeon Creek. and storage, air filtration, carbon storage nutrient cycling, soil formation, recreation, Highlights food, and timber.”3 A study by the Delaware • Over 71% of the watersheds in the Hopewell Valley Regional Planning Commission and Big Woods are designated as either Exceptional GreenSpace Alliance valued these services 4 Value (EV)1 or High Quality (HQ)2; together at $47 million annually. they make up an intact region of healthy watersheds that is unique in Southeastern PA and notable at the state level.

• The 81 square miles of EV and HQ watersheds in the Hopewell Big Woods are subject to federal and state protections under the Clean Water Act of 1972.

• The watersheds of the Hopewell Big Woods are part of the Schuylkill River Watershed which provides drinking water to 1.5 million people in eastern Pennsylvania, most of whom live in the Philadelphia metropolitan area.

French Creek, Crow’s Nest Preserve

1 HQ is a Pennsylvania term equivalent to the federal designation of “Tier 2”; 2 EV is a Pennsylvania term equivalent to the federal designation of “Tier 3”; 3 http://www.lcbp.org/PDFs/2012economic_benefits_factsheet2.pdf; 4 Return on Environment, Economic Value of Protected Open Space in Southeastern Pennsylvania, 2011

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Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods: IVWildlife The large blocks of interior forest in the Hopewell interior bird species and some in steep Big Woods provide essential and increasingly rare decline, such as the Cerulean Warbler and habitat for a variety of wildlife species, including the Kentucky Warbler. (For a complete list two Federally-listed endangered species, of bird species spotted in the IBAs, see migrating neotropical songbirds, and a wealth the Appendix.) of native mammals. • The Pennsylvania Important Mammals Areas Project has designated the Hopewell Highlights Big Woods Important Mammal Area in • The Hopewell Big Woods supports two recognition of its status as the largest species protected by the Endangered network of remaining forest habitat for Species Act (ESA): Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) mammals in the Piedmont region of which is listed as Endangered, and the Bog southeastern Pennsylvania. At least 45 of the Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) which is listed 62 native mammal species in Pennsylvania as Threatened.1 The Hopewell Big Woods inhabit the landscape, including American supports the most significant populations of mink, river otter, bobcat and gray fox.2 Bog Turtles in southeastern Pennsylvania. • The Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Inventory • The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania lists 28 sites of importance in the landscape recognizes Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma (for a full list, see Appendix). jeffersonianum), and spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus holbrookii) as rare species. Both are found in Hopewell Big Woods.

• Portions of the Hopewell Big Woods have been designated as the Hay Creek/French Creek and Glen Morgan Lake Important Bird Areas (IBAs) by Audubon due to their exceptional diversity of birdlife and the presence of many species that are regionally rare. At least 170 species have been recorded here, including large numbers of forest Threatened bog turtle

1 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Information Planning and Conservation System; 2 http://www.landincommon.org/files/Layout_3_1_.pdf

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Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods: RecreationV The vast natural resources of the Hopewell • The Schuylkill River Water Trail—which Big Woods offer a host of outdoor recreation stretches from Pottsville to Philadelphia— opportunities. The parks, preserves, trails, passes along the northern edge of the and waters are popular for hiking, cycling, Hopewell Big Woods and provides fishing, hunting, camping, rock climbing, several public access points for kayak horseback riding, birding, and more. The and canoe enthusiasts. landscape’s proximity to the Philadelphia metropolitan area makes it a particularly valuable recreational resource for the region’s more than six million residents.

Highlights • French Creek State Park is both the centerpiece of the contiguous forest here and the most popular recreational destination. The two lakes, 35 miles of trails, and more than 200 camping sites attract an average of 850,000 visitors each year.

• More than 116 miles of trails traverse the landscape. The Schuylkill River, Horse-Shoe, French Creek, and still-developing Boars Back Trails not only provide hiking opportunities within the Hopewell Big Woods, they are part of a regional trail network that extends to Center City Philadelphia and beyond.

• Public open spaces such as Coventry Woods, Warwick County Park, Birdsboro Waters, and Crow’s Nest Preserve offer extensive trail networks.

11 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

• Bicycling is a very popular activity in the • Birdsboro Waters contains a popular landscape—from road biking on the area’s collection of sport climbing routes. These scenic roads, to mountain biking in French 100+ routes vary in level and difficulty for Creek State Park and Birdsboro Waters. The beginner and advanced climbers. area hosts tour events such as the French Creek Iron Tour. Bike Pottstown provides free • Recreational activity in the Hopewell Big bike rentals for use on the Schuylkill River Woods has spurred the creation and growth Trail and in surrounding areas. of local businesses. St. Peter’s Village, listed on the National Register of Historic • More than 8,000 acres of public land in the Resources, is a late-nineteenth century area are open to hunting. mining town that has been redeveloped and is now home to an inn, restaurant, • The lakes and pristine streams of the café, and other amenities that attract Hopewell Big Woods provide excellent recreationalists and tourists. fishing opportunities. For example, French Creek is one of the most popular destinations in southeastern Pennsylvania for trout fishing, and is stocked each year with rainbow and brown trout.

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Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods: VIHistoric Hopewell Big Woods has a rich history, linked in diverse sites such as the St. Peter’s Historic large part to the presence of an iron industry that District (the largest and most complete played an important role in the Revolutionary War Victorian village on the Register), the John and the early industrialization of the Philadelphia Knauer House and Mill, the Welkinweir area. The expansive forest was an essential estate, and the Joanna and Warwick Furnaces. renewable resource needed to help make • An additional 138 historic sites and local charcoal to fuel the furnaces where iron historic districts are contained within the was made. Hopewell Big Woods. (See the appendix for

a detailed list of relevant historic resources.) Highlights • The Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site • A series of Iron and Steel Heritage Tours is located near the center of the Hopewell have been developed by the National Park Big Woods. It offers interpretation and Service and local non-profit partners to build educational programs about the early iron tourism and highlight the vital role that production at the site. Approximately 70,000 these industries played in the development residents and tourists visit Hopewell Furnace of the United States. The “Forging Freedom” each year and visitorship increased 19% tour centers on the furnaces and related in 2012. historic sites within the Hopewell Big Woods.

• The Schuylkill River National and State Heritage Area was designated by Congress in 2000 to celebrate its “unique contribution to the cultural, political, and industrial development of the United States.”1 A significant portion of the Heritage Area is located within the Hopewell Big Woods.

• There are at least 35 sites in the Hopewell Big Woods that are listed on the National Register of Historical Places.2 These include Hopewell Village

1 Schuylkill River Valley National Heritage Area Act, 2000; 2 National Park Service data, http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/Download.html

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L Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Applicable Federal Laws, Designations, VIIand Assets Federal Laws Applicable to Clean Water Act the Landscape Seventy-one percent of the watersheds in the Hopewell Big Woods are protected by provisions of the Clean Water Act. The watersheds are Endangered Species Act designated as: As noted previously, the Hopewell Big Woods contains two species covered by the Endangered Exceptional Value (Tier 3) Watersheds Species Act (ESA): Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) Federal policy provides that EV (Tier 3) which is listed as Endangered, and the Bog designation maintains and protects water Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) which is listed as quality in Outstanding National Resource Waters Threatened.1 (ONRWs). Pennsylvania regulations add several The purpose of the ESA is to protect and additional pathways under which a surface recover imperiled species and the ecosystems water may be designated EV. Except for certain upon which they depend. Under the ESA, species temporary changes, water quality cannot be may be listed as either endangered or threatened. lowered in EV waters. “Endangered” means a species is in danger of High Quality (Tier 2) Watersheds extinction throughout all or a significant portion Federal HQ (Tier 2) designation maintains and of its range. “Threatened” means a species is protects “high quality” waters—water bodies likely to become endangered within the where existing conditions are better than foreseeable future.2 necessary to support CWA § 101(a)(2) “fishable/ The ESA makes it unlawful for a person to take swimmable” uses. Water quality can be lowered a listed animal without a permit. Take is defined as in such waters. However, State programs identify “to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, procedures that must be followed and questions trap, capture, or collect or attempt to engage in that must be answered before a reduction in any such conduct.” “Harm” may include significant water quality can be allowed. In no case may habitat modification or degradation where it water quality be lowered to a level which would actually kills or injures wildlife by significantly interfere with existing or designated uses. impairing essential behavioral patterns, including breeding, feeding, or sheltering.”3

16 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

National Historic Schuylkill River Valley National Preservation Act Heritage Area Act There are a minimum of 38 sites within the The Act established the Schuylkill River Hopewell Big Woods that are listed on the National and State Heritage Area in 2000. National Register of Historic Places. When “The purposes of this Act are (1) to foster a Congress passed the National Historic close working relationship with all levels of Preservation Act, it established the National government, the private sector, and the local Register of Historic Places to document and communities in the Schuylkill River Valley of protect districts, sites, buildings, structures, and southeastern Pennsylvania and enable the objects significant in American history. Section communities to conserve their heritage while 106 of the NHPA requires all Federal agencies, continuing to pursue economic opportunities; including the Federal Energy Regulatory and, (2) to conserve, interpret, and develop the Commission, to take into account, prior to historical, cultural, natural, and recreational authorizing an undertaking, the effect of the resources related to the industrial and cultural undertaking on cultural resources listed or heritage of the Schuylkill River Valley of eligible for the National Register. The agency southeastern Pennsylvania.”5 must also afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation an opportunity to comment on the undertaking.4

Highlands Conservation Act The Highlands Conservation Act was established “to recognize the importance of the water, forest, agricultural, wildlife, recreational, and cultural resources of the Highlands region, and the national significance of the Highlands region to the United States.”

Hopewell Big Woods is a critical element of the Pennsylvania portion of the 3.2 million-acre Highlands region.

1U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Information Planning and Conservation System; 2U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, http://www.fws.gov/ endangered/laws-policies/index.html; 3Ibid; 4Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Guidelines for Reporting on Cultural Resources Investigations for Pipeline Projects,” December 2002; 5Schuylkill River Valley National Heritage Area Act, 2000

17 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Federal Assets, Designated Highlands Conservation Areas, and Investments Act grants In 2010, $646,666 in Highlands Conservation Act Hopewell Furnace National funding was allocated to land preservation in the Historic Site Hopewell Big Woods. A federally-owned, 848-acre historic site dedicated to preserving and interpreting a Revolution-era iron furnace. Land and Water Conservation Fund Grants $3,187,810 in grants from the Land and Schuylkill River National & State Water Conservation Fund have been used to Heritage Area preserve land and water resources and enhance A National Heritage Area is a place designated recreational assets in the landscape. by the United States Congress where natural, cultural, historic and recreational resources combine to form a cohesive, nationally distinctive landscape. The Schuylkill River received this land and water conservation designation from Congress in 2000. fund grants

project grant Forest Legacy Grants, USDA amount A $300,000 Forest Legacy program grant helped to preserve the Birdsboro Waters property. Daniel Boone Homestead 233,611 French Creek State Park 1,997,340

South Birdsboro Park 15,664

French Creek, West Vincent 272,155 Township

Coventry Woods addition 59,040

Warwick Township Land 610,000 Acquisition

TOTAL 3,187,810

The above listing is intended to provide a representation of the scope of federal issues related to the Hopewell Big Woods. Therefore, it includes some laws and designations that may have no direct bearing on federal permitting of natural gas pipelines or other form of energy transmission corridor. There may be additional federal regulations that are applicable to transmission corridor siting. Municipalities and landowners are encouraged to seek qualified legal counsel before pursuing appeals or legal action in relation to

18 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

State and Local InvestmentsVIII and Plans

State, County, and Local • Five municipalities located in the Hopewell Investments Big Woods have established voter-approved open space funding programs worth a total of $44 million. On average, the associated The Hopewell Big Woods has been the focus 4 of more than $63 million in state, county, and ballot measures passed by a 2 to 1 margin. local investments in open space conservation, agricultural preservation, and park and trail improvements. Typically, these public grants Relevant Plans leverage substantial private donations from landowners as well as individual and Over the past decade, the Hopewell Big Woods institutional donors. has been the subject of extensive study and planning by public agencies and non-profit Highlights organizations. Federal, state, county and local • The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has studies have identified dozens of high priority provided grants in excess of $8 million to land and water resources in the landscape. More preserve more than 3,200 acres of natural than a dozen plans have been developed to set areas and parklands.1 priorities for land conservation, natural resource management and restoration, recreational • From 2004 to 2011, Chester County granted asset improvement, and compatible economic $6.2 million to land trusts and municipal development. The Hopewell Big Woods and governments to preserve open space and areas within are highlighted as priorities in 2 develop parks and trails. several plans. • During the same time period, Chester County invested $4.8 million in farmland preservation in the landscape.3

19 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Highlights • Hopewell Big Woods Landscape • Schuylkill Highlands Greenway Plan (2012) Conservation Plan (2003)

• Schuylkill Highlands Compatible Economic • Pennsylvania Outdoor Recreation Plan, Development Plan (2012) 2009–2013

• Hopewell Big Woods Monitoring, Evaluation, • Chester County Landscapes 2 and Adaptive Management Plan (2011) • Chester County Watersheds Plan • Hopewell Big Woods Trails and Recreation Concept Plan (2009) • Berks County Greenway Plan

• Natural Resource Inventory and • Parks, Recreation, and Open Space Plan Management Recommendations for 2012, The Federation of Northern Chester French Creek State Park (2008) County Communities

• Hopewell Big Woods Landscape Stewardship Plan (2006) Hopewell Big Woods Trails and Monitoring, Evaluation, and Recreation Adaptive Management Plan • Hopewell Big Woods Landscape Concept Plan Protection Plan (2006)

• Coventry Woods Conservation and Stewardship Plan (2004)

December 2011

October 2009

Crow’s Nest Preserve

1Interactive grants map, PA Dept. of Conservation and Natural Resources (http://www.gis.dcnr.state.pa.us/brc/grantprojectsmap. html); 2County of Chester Open Space Program; 3Ibid; 4landvote.org

20 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Potential Impacts of Energy Transmission CorridorIX Development Transmission corridor development can pose significant threats to the health and integrity of Edge forest natural areas—particularly forests. According to the “Pennsylvania Energy Impacts Assessment” conducted by The Nature Conservancy in 2012, “pipeline rights-of-way often create a significant and permanent fragmenting feature through Core forest natural habitats.” The primary negative impacts of pipeline construction and rights-of-way include:

Disturbance of Habitat for 300' Endangered Species Construction and permanent rights-of-way can disturb breeding and feeding habitat for endangered species and create unsafe conditions Edge forest along travel corridors. Underground pipelines can impact groundwater flow and thus negatively way affect species that depend upon springs and high New right-of- water tables for habitat.

Forest fragmentation Each mile of a 100-foot right-of-way directly Core forest disturbs 528,000 square feet or approximately 12 acres and creates an additional 72 acres of new forest edge. New forest edge deprives interior forest species, such as black-throated blue warblers, salamanders, and many woodland Rights-of-way in contiguous flowers, of the habitat conditions that only deep forests reduce core forest habitat forest environments can provide.1 and create new edge habitat.

21 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Erosion and Sedimentation Invasive Species Dispersion Extensive soil disturbance during construction Invasive plant species can out-compete native can increase the risk of erosion and sedimentation plant species leading to loss of critical breeding if controls are not carefully designed and and feeding resources for wildlife. Pipeline implemented. Risks are particularly high on steep construction activities can spread invasive slopes, near water bodies, and during heavy plant seeds from one site to another where rains. Stream and wetland crossings can cause the plant had not been introduced previously. erosion and sedimentation that degrades water The forest openings created by permanent quality downstream. “Open cut” crossings – in rights-of-way create ideal conditions for the which a trench is dug across the stream – pose a spread of invasive plants. particular risk of significant erosion and increased sedimentation.”2 Unauthorized ATV Activity Natural gas pipeline corridors have proven to be attractive to ATV riders and unauthorized use is a common challenge. Noise from ATVs has the potential to cause wildlife to avoid the area. In addition, ATVs can spread invasive plant species.

New edge areas created by rights-of-way provide ideal conditions for the spread of invasive plants.

1 Natural Gas Pipelines, Excerpt from Report 2 of the Pennsylvania Energy Impacts Assessment, 2011; 2 Ibid

22 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Impacts of the Proposed CommonwealthX Pipeline Based on the available maps of the proposed Erosion and Sedimentation in HQ Commonwealth Pipeline, the new right-of-way and EV Watersheds has the potential to negatively impact the The pipeline as proposed would make 18 crossings Hopewell Big Woods. Potential impacts include: of HQ and EV streams creating the potential for degradation of water quality through increased erosion and sedimentation. Disturbance of Habitat for the Threatened Bog Turtle The Hopewell Big Woods supports the most Invasive Plant Dispersion significant populations of the federally listed Bog Invasive species are one of the most serious threats Turtle in southeastern Pennsylvania. Construction to natural habitats in southeastern Pennsylvania. and maintenance of permanent rights-of-way Land managers spend a great deal of their time in the landscape has the potential to seriously working to limit the introduction of invasive species degrade essential breeding habitat and travel into areas where they were not previously present. corridors for the species. As noted above, however, both the pipeline construction process and the permanent right-of-way present opportunities for the spread of invasive Fragmentation of the species into new areas of the Hopewell Big Woods. Unbroken Forest The unfragmented forests are the most important natural resource feature of the Hopewell Big Disturbance to Protected Lands Woods. The Hopewell Big Woods Landscape The proposed path for the Commonwealth Pipeline, Conservation Plan (2003) notes, “Because internal as currently known, would bisect protected lands roads, other rights-of-way and included open including Coventry Woods, Woody’s Woods, Warwick areas have the potential of increasing the amount County Park, and private lands protected by of transition or ‘edge’ habitat, internal roads, conservation easements. The impact on natural fragmenting roads, utility rights-of-way and resources present on these properties will vary open area need to be minimized to maximize depending on the land cover and water resources forest health. present. Coventry Woods, Woody’s Woods, Warwick County Park, and other wooded properties would suffer the fragmentation effects noted above. Wetlands and other water resources—protection of which is an important purpose of conservation activity— may be degraded by erosion and sedimentation.

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n e g t c e i l k C r a e N i A 29 L L Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013 AppendixA A Bird species observed in the Hay Creek/French Creek Important Bird Area

Source: eBird, April 10, 2013

Acadian Flycatcher Blue-headed Vireo Dark-eyed Junco American Black Duck Blue-winged Warbler Double-crested Cormorant American Coot Broad-winged Hawk Downy Woodpecker American Crow Brown Creeper Eastern Bluebird American Goldfinch Brown Thrasher Eastern Kingbird American Kestrel Brown-headed Cowbird Eastern Meadowlark American Redstart Bufflehead Eastern Phoebe American Robin Canada Goose Eastern Screech-Owl American Tree Sparrow Canada Warbler Eastern Towhee American Wigeon Canvasback Eastern Wood-Pewee American Woodcock Cape May Warbler European Starling Bald Eagle Carolina Chickadee Field Sparrow Baltimore Oriole Carolina Wren Fish Crow Bank Swallow Carolina/Black-capped Chickadee Fox Sparrow Barn Swallow Cedar Waxwing Gadwall Barred Owl Cerulean Warbler Golden-crowned Kinglet Belted Kingfisher Chestnut-sided Warbler Grasshopper Sparrow Black Vulture Chimney Swift Gray Catbird Black-and-white Warbler Chipping Sparrow Gray-cheeked Thrush Black-billed Cuckoo Cliff Swallow Great Blue Heron Blackburnian Warbler Common Goldeneye Great Crested Flycatcher Black-capped Chickadee Common Grackle Great Egret Blackpoll Warbler Common Loon Great Horned Owl Black-throated Blue Warbler Common Merganser Greater Scaup Black-throated Green Warbler Common Raven Greater/Lesser Scaup Blue Jay Common Yellowthroat Green Heron Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Cooper’s Hawk Green-winged Teal

30 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Hairy Woodpecker Osprey Snow Goose Hermit Thrush Ovenbird Solitary Sandpiper Herring Gull Palm Warbler Song Sparrow Hooded Merganser Pied-billed Grebe Spotted Sandpiper Hooded Warbler Pileated Woodpecker Swainson’s Thrush Horned Grebe Pine Siskin Swamp Sparrow House Finch Pine Warbler Tennessee Warbler House Sparrow Prairie Warbler Tree Swallow House Wren Purple Finch Tufted Titmouse Indigo Bunting Purple Martin Tundra Swan Kentucky Warbler Red-bellied Woodpecker Turkey Vulture Killdeer Red-breasted Nuthatch Veery Least Flycatcher Red-eyed Vireo Warbling Vireo Lesser Scaup Red-headed Woodpecker White-breasted Nuthatch Louisiana Waterthrush Red-shouldered Hawk White-crowned Sparrow Magnolia Warbler Red-tailed Hawk White-eyed Vireo Mallard Red-winged Blackbird White-throated Sparrow Merlin Ring-billed Gull Wild Turkey Mourning Dove Ring-necked Duck Willow Flycatcher Mute Swan Ring-necked Pheasant Wilson’s Snipe Nashville Warbler Rock Pigeon Winter Wren Northern Bobwhite Rose-breasted Grosbeak Wood Duck Northern Cardinal Ruby-crowned Kinglet Wood Thrush Northern Flicker Ruby-throated Hummingbird Worm-eating Warbler Northern Harrier Ruddy Duck Yellow Warbler Northern Mockingbird Ruffed Grouse Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Northern Parula Rufous Hummingbird Yellow-billed Cuckoo Northern Pintail Rusty Blackbird Yellow-breasted Chat Northern Rough-winged Swallow Savannah Sparrow Yellow-rumped Warbler Northern Shoveler Scarlet Tanager Yellow-throated Vireo Northern Waterthrush Sharp-shinned Hawk Yellow-throated Warbler Orchard Oriole Short-eared Owl

31 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013 AppendixB B Bird species observed in the Glen Morgan Lake Important Bird Area

Source: eBird, April 10, 2013

American Crow Great Blue Heron American Goldfinch Mallard American Redstart Mourning Dove American Robin Northern Cardinal Bald Eagle Northern Flicker Barn Swallow Northern Mockingbird Black-and-white Warbler Osprey Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Pied-billed Grebe Brown-headed Cowbird Pileated Woodpecker Canada Goose Red-eyed Vireo Canvasback Redhead Chimney Swift Red-winged Blackbird Chipping Sparrow Ruddy Duck Common Grackle Song Sparrow Cooper’s Hawk Tree Swallow Double-crested Cormorant Wood Duck Eastern Kingbird Yellow Warbler European Starling Yellow-rumped Warbler Gray Catbird

32 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013 AppendixC c Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Inventory Sites

Source: The Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program Inventories, 1991, 1994, 2000, 2003, 2008

PNHI Rank Site Name Listed Resources

1 Warwick County Park Seeps Supports populations of one plant species of concern Supports one animal species of concern

2 Pine Swamp Red maple-black ash palustrine forest Acidic broadleaf swamp natural communities Supports 11 plant species of concern Supports two animal species of concern

3 Conestoga River Watershed An animal species of concern found in 2000 Plant species of concern occurs in SGL 52

Beaver Run/Hay Creek Supports several plant species of concern Watershed Supports several animal species of concern

4 Hay Creek Plant species of concern High-quality Coldwater Fishery

Birdsboro Seeps Fair-quality population of a plant species of concern

Warwick Seeps Fair to good quality Circumneutral Seepage Swamp community

5 Trythall Road Wetlands A plant species of concern

Trythall Woods Circumneutral Seeps natural community

Sportsman Club Small populations of two plant species of concern CONTINUED

33 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

PNHI Rank Site Name Listed Resources

5 Dorrance Estate Small populations of two plant species of concern

Rock Run Thicket Small population of a tree species of concern

Hopewell Lake Swale Small population of a plant species of concern

Sixpenny Creek Plant species of concern High-quality Coldwater Fishery

French Creek A good population of an aquatic plant species of concern PA Scenic River

High Local Conestoga River Headwaters A diversity of habitats Significance Habitat for a species of concern

French Creek High-quality Coldwater Fishery

Warwick County Park Mature trees, seepage wetlands Floodplain Forest and Seeps

St. Peter's Woods Talus slope woodland community French Creek Falls Potential for rare species

Low Local Cold Run Seeps Fairly mature woodland Significance Open space for wildlife Water source for Cold Run Series of small springs emanating from a NW facing slope

Unknown Nantmeal Powerline The site is listed but contains no further information

South Branch French Creek The site is listed but contains no further information

Unionville Creek Large forested tract adjacent to French Creek State Park

Rock Church Swamp Large wetland of local significance Waterfowl and amphibian breeding habitat

Sixpenny Lake High-quality Coldwater Fishery Plant species of concern

French Creek/Pine Swamp Does not contain information as to why it is listed

South Branch French Creek Does not contain information as to why it is listed

34 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013 AppendixD D Sites Listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Source: National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, April 2013

Site Municipality County

Birchrunville General Store Birchrunville Chester

Birchrunville Historic District Birchrunville Chester

St. Michael’s Protestant Episcopal Church, Birdsboro Berks Parish House and Rectory

Nathan Michener House Bucktown Chester

Stephen Meredith House Bucktown Chester

Hall’s Bridge Chester Springs Chester

Coventryville Coventry Hall Chester

Robert Rookey House Downingtown Chester

Welkinweir East Nantmeal Chester

Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site Elverson Berks

Lahr Farm Elverson Chester

St. Mary’s Episcopal Church Elverson Chester

Thomas Bull House Elverson Chester

CONTINUED

35 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Site Municipality County

Warwick Mills Elverson Chester

Geiger Mill Geigertown Berks

Thompson Mill Gibraltar Berks

Hockley Mill Farm Glen Moore Chester

John Knauer House and Mill Knauertown Chester

Warrenpoint Knauertown Chester

Warwick Furnace/Farms Knauertown Chester

French Creek State Park: Six Penny Day Use District Morgantown Berks

Joanna Furnace Complex Morgantown Berks

Pottstown Landing Historic District North Coventry Chester Jacob Winings House and Clover Mill Phoenixville Chester

Coventryville Historic District Pottstown Chester Simon Meredith House Pughtown Chester

Townsend House Pughtown Chester

French Creek State Park: Organized Group Camp 4 District Reading Berks

Vincent Forge Mansion Spring City Chester

St. Peter’s Village Historic District St. Peters Chester

Nicholas East House Valley Forge Chester

Brower’s Bridge Warwick Chester

Reading Furnace Historic District Warwick Chester

Philip Rogers House Warwick Township Chester

West Vincent Highlands Historic District West Vincent Township Chester

36 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013 AppendixE E Other Historic Districts and Sites

Source: Berks County, Chester County

Site Municipality County

Alice Focht United Methodist Church Birdsboro Berks

Birdsboro Iron Industry Birdsboro Berks

Brooklyn Birdsboro Berks

Charles & Margaret Layland Prope Birdsboro Berks

Chel Donia Weiler Property Birdsboro Berks

Cora Handwork Property Birdsboro Berks

Edward Brooke II Mansion Birdsboro Berks

E.G. Brooke Iron Co. Birdsboro Berks

F. M. Brown Mill Birdsboro Berks

Friendship Fire Co. Birdsboro Berks

Gristmill Birdsboro Berks

Hay Creek Aquaduct Birdsboro Berks

IOOF Lodge Hall Birdsboro Berks

John Hook House Birdsboro Berks

Levi Focht House Birdsboro Berks CONTINUED

37 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Site Municipality County

Lincoln Focht House Birdsboro Berks

Lockhouse Birdsboro Berks

Marian Millard Property Birdsboro Berks

Mercantile Building Birdsboro Berks

Mexico Historic District Birdsboro Berks

Mill Street Workers Houses Birdsboro Berks

Railroad Depots Birdsboro Berks

Schuylkill Navigation Lock Birdsboro Berks

Texas Historic District Birdsboro Berks

William Bird Mansion Birdsboro Berks

Williams Farm Birdsboro Berks

Graveyard Caernarvon Berks

Harmony Church Caernarvon Berks

Paul Dovin Property Caernarvon Berks

Camp Sankanac East Vincent Township Chester

E.G. Brooke Co. #3 Exeter Berks

Seidels Steam Forge Exeter Berks

Jacob Geiss Farmstead North Coventry Township Chester

Shaner’s Bakery North Coventry Township Chester

Bethel Evangelical Church Robeson Berks

Bethlehem Steel Property Robeson Berks

Birdsboro Robeson Berks

Blanche Steinmetz Property Robeson Berks

Brown Slow and Sure Plantation Robeson Berks

Buck Hollow Road House Robeson Berks

C. Gollub School Robeson Berks

C. Hyback Property Robeson Berks CONTINUED

38 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Site Municipality County

Canal Hotel Robeson Berks

Charles Hamilton Property Robeson Berks

Colomcille Log House Robeson Berks

Daniel Siegfried Gun Factory Robeson Berks

David Hoffman Property Robeson Berks

Do Well Forge #1 Robeson Berks

Elizabeth Scathard Property Robeson Berks

Eugene Burkhart Property Robeson Berks

F. M. Weaver Foundry Robeson Berks

Fanny Fry Property Robeson Berks

Friends Meeting House Robeson Berks

Gieger Gristmill Robeson Berks

Graveyard Robeson Berks

Griffith Tilt Forge Robeson Berks

H. Keinard Property Robeson Berks

Hampton Forge/Hampton Furnace Robeson Berks

Harold Kurtz Property Robeson Berks

Haycreek Forge Robeson Berks

Irvin Kocher Property Robeson Berks

Joanna Heights Camp Meeting Robeson Berks

John Koch Property Robeson Berks

Lottie Detorre Property Robeson Berks

Moore Forge Robeson Berks

Murray House Robeson Berks

Plow Hotel Robeson Berks

Plow School Robeson Berks CONTINUED

39 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Site Municipality County

Robert Redzig Property Robeson Berks

Scarlet’s Forge Robeson Berks

Scarlet’s Gristmill Robeson Berks

Schoolhouse Robeson Berks

Schuylkill Canal Aqueduct Robeson Berks

Seideltown School Robeson Berks

Shields Property Robeson Berks

St. John’s United Church of Christ Robeson Berks

White Bear Tavern Robeson Berks

W. R. Updike Property Robeson Berks

Leah Young House South Coventry Township Chester

Pughtown Village Historic District South Coventry Township Chester

Black Bear Tavern Union Berks

Black Mats Schoolhouse Union Berks

Brower Farm Union Berks

Brower Store / Post Office Union Berks

Browerstown Village Union Berks

Civil War Era Foundry Union Berks

Clinton Forge Union Berks

Flannery’s Tavern Union Berks

Geiger Farm Union Berks

Geigers Mill / Geigertown Union Berks

Geigertown Hotel Union Berks

Graveyard Union Berks

Hahn Home Union Berks

Hotel / Store / Post Office Union Berks CONTINUED

40 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Site Municipality County

J. Keslo Farm Union Berks

John & Dorothy Ratkis Property Union Berks

Jones Farm Union Berks

Kerlin Property Union Berks

Kerst Farm Union Berks

Michael Lynch House Union Berks

Miller Farm Union Berks

Miller House Union Berks

Moch Farm Union Berks

Monocacy Furnace Union Berks

Monocacy Methodist Church Union Berks

Mt. Airy Schoolhouse Union Berks

Mt. Airy Village Union Berks

Mullen Farm Union Berks

Port Union Canal Store Union Berks

R. Jones Farm Union Berks

Reifsnyder Home Union Berks

Root Farm Union Berks

Schuylkill Canal Warehouse Union Berks

Six Penny Bridge Union Berks

Sixpenny Forge Union Berks

St. Frisby AME Church Union Berks

St. Frisby Graveyard Union Berks

St. James Evanglical Lutheran Church Union Berks

St. Michael’s Cemetary & Church Union Berks

St. Paul’s Methodist Episcopal Church Union Berks

St. Paul’s Mission Roman Catholic Church Union Berks CONTINUED

41 Important Resources of the Hopewell Big Woods and the Potential Impacts of Pipeline Development on the Landscape May 2013

Site Municipality County

Sycamore Farm Union Berks

Unionville Aquaduct Union Berks

Unionville Hotel Union Berks

Valentine Boyer Tract Union Berks

Wamsher Farm Union Berks

Warehouse Dock Boat Building Union Berks

Wenger’s Mill Union Berks

William Kerlin’s Gun Barrel Shop Union Berks

Christopher Knauer House & Inn Warwick Township Chester

Davis Knauer House (House No. 4) Warwick Township Chester

Johann Christopher Knauer House Warwick Township Chester

North Warwick Historic & Archeological District Warwick Township Chester

Toll House-Bennett Warwick Township Chester

George & Phoebe Hipple House West Vincent Township Chester

John Mackey Residence West Vincent Township Chester

42 Hopewell Big Woods PHOTO CREDITS Cover: B. Mark Schmerling Page a1/Inside Front Cover: Jim Thorne Page a4: istockphoto.com/John Pitcher Page a6: Jim Thorne Page 2: Mark Binder Page 3: Tom Carroll Page 4 (left): Denis Manchon Page 4 (right): Dan Barringer Page 6: Bill Moses Page 8: Jim White Page 11: Mark Binder Page 12 (left): Pam Brown Page 12 (right): Tom Carroll Page 14: Tom Carroll Page 20: Bill Moses Page 21: David Steckel Page 43: Jim Thorne

Natural Lands Trust

Natural Lands Trust Hildacy Farm Preserve, 1031 Palmers Mill Road, Media, PA 19063 610-353-5640 | www.natlands.org

French & Pickering Creeks Conservation Trust 511 Kimberton Road, Phoenixville, PA 19460 610-933-7577 | www.frenchandpickering.org

GREEN VALLEYS ASSOCIATION AT WELKINWEIR

Green Valleys Association 1368 Prizer Road, Pottstown, PA 19465 610-469-4900 | www.greenvalleys.org