CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CRM VOLUME 24 NO. 2 2001
In this issue...
Protecting Historic Resources
• Opera Nation, .p. 19 A Plan for the White House
• Canadian Nursing p. SO Commemorating Women's History
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service Cultural Resources PUBLISHED BY THE VOLUME 24 NO. 2 2001 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Contents ISSN 1068-4999 Information for parks, federal agencies, Indian tribes, states, local governments, General Issue and the private sector that promotes and maintains high standards for pre serving and managing cultural Time Crime—Anti-Looting Efforts The Cumberland Gap—Coming resources in Virginia 3 Full Circle 23 DIRECTOR Robert D. Hicks William L. Witmer Robert Stanton Mesa Verde Collection New Orleans Jazz National Historical ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR CULTURAL RESOURCE STEWARDSHIP Faces the Heat 5 Park—Evolution of AND PARTNERSHIPS Liz Bauer and Carolyn Landes the Jazz Complex 25 Katherine H. Stevenson Carol S. Ash and Margie Ortiz A Partnership for the Past 7 EDITOR Ronald M. Greenberg Amy Steffian and Steve Hunt Rehabilitating MLK's Neighborhood 27 ASSOCIATE EDITOR Archeology Education Carol S. Ash Janice C. McCoy at Fort Frederica 9 J. Steven Moore Commemorating Canadian ADVISORS Nursing 30 David Andrews On the Road—"Disturbed" Roadways Dianne Dodd Editor, NPS Joan Bacharach as Window to the Past 10 Curator, NPS Wade Broadhead An Unheralded Preservation Influence— Randall J. Biallas Historical Architect, NPS The American Funeral Industry 33 John A. Burns Working within the Community 12 Ronald W Johnson and Architect, NPS David Neufeld Mary E. Franza Harry A. Butowsky Historian, NPS Pratt Cassity What Can Happen When We Share— Tradition and Technology—Adapting Executive Director, Natbnal Alliance of Preservation Commesions The Virginia Survey and Planning to New Mapping Tools Muriel Crespi Cost Share Program 14 in Archeology 37 Cultural Anthropokxjist, NPS Margaret T. Peters Jadelyn J. Moniz Nakamura, MaryCullen Director, Historical Services Branch W Costa, R. Gmirkin, T. Houston, Parks Canada The Eye of the Professional vs. C. Quiseng, and J. Waipa Mark Edwards Historic Preservation and Cultural Resource Group Manager Opinion of the Community 16 URS Greiner Woodward Clyde Federal Services Dirk H.R. Spenneman, A New Opportunity for RogerE. Kelly Archeologist, NPS Michael Lockwood, and Old Lighthouses 39 Antoinette J. Lee Kellie Harris Jim Noles Historian, NPS
ASSISTANT The White House— ICOMOS General Assembly 40 Denise M. Mayo Operation Preservation 19 James I. McDaniel and Paul Cloyd and Bonita Mueller Ann Bowman Smith Book Reviews 41 An electronic version of rhis National Historic Landmark issue of CAW can be accessed Stewards Association 21 Tributes 43 through the CAW homepage at Lisa Kolakowsky Smith
Statements of fact and views are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an opinion or endorsement on the part of the editors, the CRM advisors and consultants, or the National Park Service. Send articles and correspondence to the Editor, CRM, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Suite 350NC, Washington, DC 20240 (U.S. Postal Service) or 800 North Capitol St, NW, Suite 350, Washington, DC 20002 (Federal Express); ph. 202-343-3411, fax 202-343-5260; email:
2 CRM No 2—2001 Robert D. Hicks burials, the disturbance or illegal excavation of which incurs the most severe penalties of all pro tection laws, receive absolute protection. Any human burial, no matter where located, cannot Time Crime be disturbed or excavated without a permit or a court order. Anti-Looting Efforts in Virginia Teaching officers these laws is an important step; prosecuting offenses is the test of the laws' viability. Most applicable laws have been under- ince enactment of the Archeological enforced, if enforced at all, but it would have Resources Protection Act (ARPA) required considerable self-confidence for a sher and the Native American Graves iff's deputy, say, to be willing to testify in court to SProtection and Repatriation Act, the theft of Middle Woodland projectile points Virginia has featured prominently in federal pros without the requisite archeological knowledge. ecutions. "Virginia is the showcase state for Based on the investigative protocol taught at the archeological resources theft cases," a federal Archeological Resources Protection Training prosecutor said. At the state and local level, how Program at the Federal Faw Enforcement ever, law-enforcemenr officers, as recently as the Training Center in Glynco, Georgia, a strategy early 1990s, knew nothing of the criminal provi was devised. ARPA requires rhe involvement of sions of these laws and had not been taught many an archeologist to perform a damage assessment of the Virginia laws that pertain to archeological at a crime scene. With help from the Department resources. While federal prosecutions were occur of Historic Resources, professional archeologists ring in Virginia, no comparable state cases had throughout the state were asked to participate in taken place. the time crime program. The archeologist volun With assistance from the National Park teers attended a training session to better under Service Archeology and Ethnography Program, stand how to collaborate with law-enforcement the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice officers in analyzing a crime scene, collecting evi Services (DCJS), an agency that oversees the dence, and testifying as experts in court. With standards for hiring and training law-enforce Vandalism to and ment officers and administers millions of federal theft of archeo and state dollars for criminal justice programs, in logical resources goes largely 1995 began a collaboration with the Virginia unchecked in Department of Historic Resources (DHR) in cre Virginia. Some ating a training program for local law-enforce local govern ments have pro ment officers in what has become known as "time moted anti-loot crime," a term for theft of and vandalism to his ing messages toric resources. The training program uses the and have passed local ordinances word "historic" to encompass archeological against it. Photo resources, the term meant to focus on the victim courtesy Fairfax when archeological resources are destroyed: our County Park Authority. collective history. Further, unlike ARPA, Virginia attaches no time requirement for a resource to be protected under law. In Virginia law, an "object of antiquity" could be an artifact of very recent manufacture that receives protection because of its context. Virginia law allows almost any excavation to occur on private property with the consent of the owner, with only a few exceptions. Underwater cultural resources are generally state protected, and a permit is required for their exca vation and retrieval. Artifacts in caves or rock shelters also require a state permit for their removal, even if on private property. Human
CRM No 2—2001 3 the indispensable vol ambiguities in the law but more often serve to unteer help of profes instruct relic hunters and citizens. Abandoned or sional archeologists, disused cemeteries are imperiled because of devel classes were offered to opment and vandalism, and their disturbance or regional criminal jus destruction can unexpectedly ignite community tice academies for law- concern. One incident involved the inadvertent enforcement in-service destruction of a few grave markers in what is training credit. believed to be a Quaker cemetery from a Each class is co- Caroline County community that was closed in taught by an archeolo- the 1850s. While the investigation, conducted gist who works in the jointly by a sheriff's deputy and an archeologist, region where the revealed no criminality, the community was nev training occurs and a ertheless left with an exposed and disturbed law-enforcement spe cemetery, hitherto unknown. Funds were located cialist. The four-hour through the state-run Threatened Sites Program Publicity sur classes offer an overview of the looting problem to conduct a survey to locate burials, which was rounding the in Virginia, nationally, and internationally; a duly carried out. Quaker descendants who now convictions of description of pertinent laws and case studies; wish to preserve the site have in hand an archeo two men for vio lating the plus an outline of suggested investigative strate logical survey plus a site number as the basis for Archeological gies. An eight-hour variant of the course includes their further work. Resources a half-day practicum in which a crime is enacted, On the other hand, the Virginia program Protection Act in Petersburg, requiring the officers to halt the offense, inter has met with obstacles. One attorney refused to Virginia, fright view and arrest the suspect, and collect evidence prosecute a man who bulldozed the architecture ened a looter and diagram the scene. To date, hundreds of law- of a derelict cemetery, asserting that the true van into presenting a Richmond enforcement officers have attended the training dals were Union soldiers who carried off and re funeral home through almost 80 classes and presentations. Of used tombstones during the Civil War. In with this box of particular importance, attendees receive a call-out Richmond, a school teacher (a relic hunter) and human remains, a Civil War sol list of professional archeologists who can provide some of his students excavated the remains of a dier who was the requisite technical expertise. Confederate soldier without the requisite permit. buried near the Almost as soon as classes became available An organization of descendants of Confederate Cold Harbor veterans had arranged for a reburial with an Battlefield.with in time crime, the program began to acquire associated arti notoriety, especially among relic hunters. Within honor guard of re-enactors. Although it was too facts. The pre months of the first training classes, two looters late for a prosecution, the teacher and his school cise location of were caught illegally excavating a sunken Civil received admonishing letters from the appropri the original bur ial remains War munitions barge, and both were convicted of ate state authorities. When publicized events such unknown. Photo multiple offenses. The investigation featured the as the reburial occur where ignorance of the law by the author. placement of archeologists on search warrant appears evident, both DHR and DCJS contact teams. The supervising officer complimented the the principals involved to educate them about the training program as instrumental in the recogni law respecting antiquities. tion of the offense-in-progress and its subsequent The time crime program has evolved in investigation. * unexpected directions. One historic site that fea During the five years of the program, addi tures a summer school for middle school students tional investigations have occurred as a result of on archeology has incorporated a looting compo the training, and far more consultations have nent in which students role-play investigators, taken place between law-enforcement officers and crime scene technicians, and even journalists. archeologists. Virtually all of the consultations The role-play involves an enacted crime in have involved the disposition of human remains. progress featuring an illegal excavation for Civil Skeletal material is inadvertently discovered War artifacts. Mimicking the practicum that through construction and sometimes deliberately teaches officers and archeologists how to process excavated through looting. Native American a crime scene in the federal training course, the graves are looted for burial goods; graves of Civil students must likewise interview the perpetrator, War soldiers are pilfered for military uniform take notes, collect evidence, and make an arrest. paraphernalia. The consultations have revealed Sometimes the time crime investigations them-
a CRM No 2—2001 selves can involve the unexpected. An internal This case and other federal prosecutions have investigation in a state-run maximum security helped to legitimize the state effort. prison examined the possibility that a staff mem ber had collected artifacts from the prison farm, Note which happened to be located in an archeologi- The case was described in "Virginia Sends Message cally rich area featuring a continuum of habita to Civil War Buffs," Common Ground, spring, 1997. tion from Paleoindians ro the arrival of Robert D. Hicks, Ph.D., is Program Administrator, Europeans. Crime Prevention and Law Enforcement, Virginia Recently, a major success was achieved in Department of Criminal Justice Services, Richmond, securing rhe first conviction of relic hunters in Virginia. southwest Virginia for looting Native American graves. Although the case began as an ARPA investigation, events required that the case be handled as a local prosecution. Thanks to the time crime program, the necessary resources were DCJS is willing to share information on the in place to help and encourage the prosecuting time crime program, including a sample standard attorney. During the five years of the program, operating order for a law- enforcement agency on federal prosecutorial successes have multiplied in the topic, a checklist for archeologists who help Virginia. In one of the most important ARPA process crime scenes, and more. For further infor cases to date, in October 1997, two men from mation contact Robert Hicks, Crime Prevention Petersburg entered guilty pleas in federal court and Law Enforcement Services Section, for illegally excavating artifacts from the Department of Criminal Justice Services, 805 E. Petersburg National Battlefield. Both men served Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, 804- prison sentences in this widely publicized case. 786-8421, or email
Liz Bauer and Carolyn Landes Mesa Verde Collection Faces the Heat
ildland fires are a constant fiberglass material attached to the ceiling with threat at Mesa Verde duct tape. The existing air conditioners and heat National Park. Three fires ing system do not maintain an adequate tempera in the last four years have ture, there is no humidity or zoned thermostat burneWd nearly half of the park. All developed control, and the electrical system is insufficient to areas have been threatened, some facilities have support the necessary computer hardware. The been damaged, and others have been completely storage facility at Mesa Verde meets 29 (38%) destroyed. The fires since 1996 have come within out of the Id standards listed on the NPS 1 to 1 1/2 miles of the Research Center where the Checklist for Preservation and Protection of 2.9 million-object museum collection is housed. Museum Collections. This irreplaceable collection documents not only Threats from Fire the archeology (Ancestral Pueblo, AD 500- In addition to the Mesa Verde collections 1300) of the park, but also the history and being at risk due to deficient storage conditions, environment. uncontrollable wildland fires also seriously The Mesa Verde collections are currently threaten them. Since 1996, three lightning housed in a 5,104-square-foot storage facility that ignited fires have burned 25,486 acres (49%) of was constructed nearly 50 years ago as a tempo the park's 52,000 acres. The 1996 Chapin 5 Fire rary archeological field lab. Conditions for proper started one mile north of the Research Center storage are substandard. The building is not ade and burned 4,781 acres. During the summer of quately sealed; insulation consists of deteriorating 2000, two fires burned within 11/2 miles of the
CRMNo2—2001 5 area. Fire engines were stationed at the Research Center and sprinklers were set up and activated around the Center's perimeter. A fire-qualified curator was assigned to the structural protection crew to provide information and access to the interior of the building. The attic was full of boxes, shelves were stacked high with historic and prehistoric materials, aisles were blocked with supplies, and tables were full of pro jects, all of which would make interior fire fight ing efforts a nightmare. Other concerns included impacts from extreme heat build-up in the poorly air-condi tioned structure, ground water seeping through foundation cracks from the exterior sprinklers, and leakage through the roof if it were necessary to water or foam the structure. July 24, 2000, Research Center. The Bircher Fire consumed Once all preparations to defend the approximately 5 19,332 acres east of the Research Center. A week Research Center were completed, crews took a p.m. The Bircher later, the Pony Fire devastated 1,373 acres west of Fire approaches break and waited for whatever came next. In the the Mesa Verde the Research Center, including total destruction case of the Bircher Fire, air attacks, hand-dug fire Research Center of all interpretive facilities on Wetherill Mesa. lines, and changes in fuel loads contained the fire from the east. The island of green left by these two fires is Flames are less before it crossed the last mesa to Chapin. In the than two miles where the Research Center is located. case of the Pony Fire, these same factors and a away as crews There is only one road in and out of the fortuitous wind change sent the fire back toward began to cover park, which burned over several times during the vents and win the southwest. In both cases, a combination of dows with fire Chapin 5 and Bircher fires. Park visitors and per hard work and a whole lot of luck kept Chapin shelters. The sonnel were evacuated during times when the Mesa and the Research Center from being lost. park's collection fires were less active. However, packing and mov of nearly three Future Plans ing 2.9 million objects and archives during million artifacts With the fires of 2000 behind, efforts con and archives are extreme fire conditions was never considered a tinue to improve conditions within the Research stored in this viable option. metal building. Center. A project has been approved to partially Photo by The Fires of 2000 renovate the current facility. Renovation will Carolyn Landes. With wind and plume-driven flames of over include a new roof, sealing of the interior and 200 feet advancing toward Chapin Mesa and the exterior walls, and the installation of adequate Research Center, fire engines and crews were heating, cooling, and electrical systems. assigned to protect the structures during both Additional funding for three years has also been fires. The Research Center, with its irreplaceable received to begin the process of storing artifacts collections, was the number one protection priority. according to professional standards. Fire and park managers, working with park These upgrades will substantially improve archeologists, first had to clear an area near the the conditions within the Research Center. Research Center to provide a safe zone for fire However, the upgrades will not correct over crews and engines to retreat to in the event the crowding issues, nor will they solve the continu fire overran the area. Due to the high concentra ing fire danger. The primary resolution is to tion of prehistoric and historic sites within the move the collections to a new facility—one that park, this was the first time in decades that bull is located and constructed not only to solve the dozers were used in fire suppression activities at wildland fire danger, but to also provide proper Mesa Verde. environmental controls and adequate storage, The fire crews considered the metal-sided research, and work spaces. Planning for such a Research Center to be defendable from direct facility is currently underway. fire. To prepare for this defense, fire shelters were placed over roof vents, doors, and windows. Liz Bauer and Carolyn Landes are curators at Mesa Verde Crews with chain saws and weed whackers National Park, Colorado. worked to further reduce fuel loads around the
6 CRM No 2—2001 Amy Steffian and Steve Hunt A Partnership for the Past
he U.S. Coast Guard base in The surrounding mountains and lush rolling Kodiak, Alaska—Integrated meadows suggest little else. But buried from view Support Command (ISC) is another story, with objects revealing a deeper Kodiak—has a venerable history. past. For more than 5,000 years, Native people OriginallTy constructed as part of Alaska's World built camps along the river, moving inland from War II naval campaign, the base covered more coastal settlements to capture and preserve fish. than 40,000 acres, held over 1,000 structures, With help from the Coast Guard, the Alutiiq housed roughly 45,000 personnel, and played a Museum and Archaeological Repository, a Native critical role in the Aleutian campaign. The Coast Alaskan organization, is preserving and sharing Guard arrived in Kodiak in 1947 to act as the this unique piece of history. Navy's search and rescue arm and expanded its In 1995, ISC Kodiak commissioned an operations to include fisheries patrols in the archeological survey of its land to learn more 1950s. In 1972, the Navy transferred the entire about its past. In addition to its military mission, property to the Coast Guard, making ISC ISC Kodiak is a trustee of public lands and cares Kodiak the world's largest Coast Guard base. To for cultural resources reflecting local history. Robert Kopperl commemorate its significant contributions to Native people have lived in the Kodiak oversees the American history, portions of the base and associ Archipelago for more than 7,500 years, creating a excavation at the Outlet Site, ated historic features were designated a National rich record of their lifestyles. There are more than Locus A. The Historic Landmark in 1985. 1,200 known archeological sites, and many con four excavators But the history of ISC Kodiak covers much tain remarkable accumulations of structures, (lower left) are uncovering a more than the recent past. That is what the staff tools, and midden. 3,300-year-old of Communication Station Kodiak (COMM- Along the Buskin River, subtle clues led to house. Trina STA) learned recently as they assisted archeolo- the discovery of ancient encampments perched Squartsoff (upper right) is gists unearthing prehistoric camps in their on the terrace edge. Gentle depressions suggested sieving all of the antenna field. Along the grassy shores of the underlying structures and erosion uncovered excavated soil Buskin River, a shallow, meandering salmon stone fishing tools. Alutiiq Museum archeologists looking for small artifacts. Photo stream, fox holes and bunkers, airstrips and dirt mapped and tested the area and then suggested a by Patrick roads document World War II activity. To most more intensive study through their Community Saltonstall. observers these features summarize local history. Archaeology program. Each summer, the Alutiiq Museum works with land managers to gather information from local sites, particularly those threatened by ero sion, modern development, or vandalism. Sites ate chosen for their potential to produce scientifi cally valuable information and then excavated with the help of community volunteers. Through this popular program, Alutiiq people recover another piece of their heritage, archeologists gathet data on the evolution of Alaskan societies, volunteers experience the thrill of excavation, and the information from threatened sites is saved. Coast Guatd members, travel agents, students, biologists, accountants, state troopers, teachers, tourists, reporters, the borough mayor, and par ents and their children are some of the people that have signed up to help.
CRM No 2—2001 7 No archeologist had ever dug a settlement samples collected. The objects remain Coast in an interior region of Kodiak. Here was a Guard property, but they are stored at the chance to investigate a little-known piece of museum where the native community cares for Alutiiq history while assisting the Coast Guard them and where they are incorporated in displays with site stewardship. and research projects. Each object has been care "Since the Coast Guard deeply values its fully cleaned, numbered, identified, and entered rich history, we readily appreciate the efforts of into a computer database—again with the help of the Alutiiq Museum to discover and document community volunteers. the rich heritage of Kodiak's native inhabitants" The data are beginning to reveal a picture remarked Lt. Commander David Dermanelian. of economic change. Over time, fishing and For the last two years, the staff of COMM- preservation technologies evolved to support STA Kodiak and the Environmental Branch of larger salmon harvests. The earliest fishermen vis ISC Kodiak have assisted the museum with per ited the river with slate spears; hunting lances mitting, project safety, and logistical support. refashioned with barbs to impale individual fish. The museum has recruited participants, offering Their camps have been obscured by later occupa high school and college credit in collaboration tions, but their visits appear brief and their with local educators, and created educational catches modest. Later visitors constructed tents packets with a grant from ISC's Officer's Spouses and used pits for smoking, preserving quantities Association. offish perhaps speared behind weirs. They "It's not just about getting your hands dirty brought a new type of long-edged knife, the ulu, and finding artifacts. We want people to learn that was perfect for processing larger catches. The about Alutiiq history and the value of archeologi- most recent inhabitants built a large permanent cal sites" notes Museum Collections Manager house and permanent storage structures. With Elizabeth Eufemio. large nets they seem to have harvested fish in More than 80 volunteers have given nearly much greater quantities than ever before. These 3,000 hours of their time to study five locales results are enriching the picture of life in Kodiak's along the river terrace. With shovels, the crew cut distant past and will be supplemented with a back the sod capping the site to reveal a layer of final season of research in 2001. midden, filled with artifacts and black from the The success of this collaborative program charcoal of ancient fires. Excavations focused has not gone unnoticed. In December 2000, the around gentle depressions visible from the site's Alutiiq Museum was honored with the National surface. Alutiiq people once built their houses Award for Museum Service. Bestowed by the partially underground—digging a foundation Federal Institute of Museum and Library that was fitted with a wooden frame and then Services, and presented by then First Lady Hillary covered with warm, insulating sod. When these Rodham Clinton, this prestigious award honors houses collapse, they leave depressions that last organizations that enrich life in their communi for thousands of years. ties through sustained and innovative public ser One depression produced a house with a vice. Community Archaeology was one of three sunken entrance tunnel, a large central hearth, museum programs cited. clay-lined pits for cooking, and a sleeping area. "We are proud to be recognized for this Another appeared to be a storage structure, a achievement and hope that our collaborative pro place where fish were stockpiled and perhaps gramming will serve as a model for other organi dried with fires of local alder and willow. Several zations seeking to promote cultural awareness," other depressions produced tent foundations, said Executive Director Sven Haakanson, Jr. temporary structures used alternatively as dwellings and fish smoking houses. Amy Steffian is the Deputy Director of the Alutiiq Early project results are posted at the Museum. museum's web site
8 CRM No 2—2001 J. Steven Moore The archeology program involves more than just turning kids loose to retrieve 18th century artifacts. Before beginning the "dig," students must first undergo some intensive Archeology Education preparation. A curriculum helps teachers plan lessons about Fort Frederica. Classes are divided at Fort Frederica into four groups and each group is assigned to study one of the original families that settled at Fort Frederica in 1736. In addition to learning about the overall history of the fort, students ourth grade students are participat learn about how their families made a living, ing in a remarkable partnership how many children and servants they had, and between the National Park Service what their houses may have looked like. They and Glynn County, Georgia, pub also receive a copy of a town map of Frederica lic anFd private schools. The partnership brings which they color and label. All this combines to local school children to Fort Frederica National give them a better understanding that Fort Monument, St. Simons Island, Georgia—a for Frederica was once a real place where real people mer British colonial settlement from the 1730s lived. and '40s—for an in-depth study of the site's his A field trip to the park follows the class tory and the hands-on techniques used to room study. It involves a guided tour with a park uncover that history. Begun in 1994, the archeol ranger that introduces the students to the exca ogy-education program, as it is known, has vated ruins preserved in the park. It combines introduced more than 5,000 students to their history (what we know about Fort Frederica local history and archeology principles and from written records) with archeology (what we methods. learned by digging up the past) and students are Ironically, the program's very establishment encouraged to do deductive reasoning as they was made possible by the failure to strictly examine ruins in the park to determine what can adhere to the same principles of archeology we be learned from their design, construction, and seek to instill in the children. The "dig site" location. encompasses an area where archeologists, work The second half of the field trip involves a ing in the 1950s, reburied thousands of artifacts mapping exercise in which students measure one they found at Fort Ftederica. Their rationale for of the town lots occupied at Frederica. The pur such an unorthodox treatment of colonial mater pose is to help students understand that much ial involved several factors. At the time, they activity in colonial times occurred not in the wanted to learn about Fort Frederica as quickly house, but in the yard. Students are then asked as possible. This meant focusing on the big pic to use their imagination and draw those things ture, trying to find house foundations, the loca they think their families had in their respective tion of fortifications, and their arrangement to yards (e.g., privies, trash pits, gardens, or in one one another. Artifacts that were conserved were instance, a pig pen) on a lot map. more extant than not or regarded as somehow The field trip concludes with an examina contributing to the overall picture of Fort tion and discussion of real artifacts that represent Frederica. Otherwise, artifacts that failed to meet the lives of their individual families. As artifacts these criteria were regarded as redundant and— are displayed, students are asked to identify the lacking the necessary space for their storage—the object and indicate to which family it belonged. NPS deposited them in a trench outside the his The goal is to get students to link tangible toric boundaries of Fort Frederica. Here they objects with an intangible past and mote impor remained largely undisturbed for more than 30 tantly the people who inhabited that past. years until being unearthed in 1994. The failure Finally, both before and after the dig, stu to properly record and classify the artifacts, dents learn about archeology concepts in their although representing a major loss in the historic classroom. Glynn County employs a full-time record of Fort Frederica, became a mother lode teacher, Ellen Provenzano, to handle this activity of information for local school children. with all 40 of its fourth grade public school
CRM No 2—2001 9 classes. She meets with students ptiot to the dig ethic and a respect for their cultural heritage that to explain the excavation methods they will use. will pay dividends far into the future. Following the dig, students tetutn to a fully out fitted atcheology lab whete they clean, count, Note * For more information about the Teaching with and classify the attifacts. A sepatate post-dig les Historic Places teacher's curriculum used in this son concludes the segment and gives students an program, see "Digging History at Fort Frederica,' oppottunity to teflect on theit new knowledge. CSM23:B(39). In sum, students meet with a teacher or park ranger on no fewer than five occasions. The hope J. Steven Moore is a park ranger at Fort Frederica National Monument, St. Simons Island, Georgia. He can is that in fostering their natural curiosity about be contacted at Route 9, Box 286-C, St. Simons Island, the past, they will develop a strong preservation Georgia 31522 or at 912-638-3639.
Wade Broadhead On the Road "Disturbed" Roadways as Window to the Past
very year millions of Americans roadbeds become stream channels for precipita use back country roads to enjoy tion, thereby severely down-cutting into previous and to explore America's vast pub soils. Over the last three years the BLM in lic lands. Recent events such as the Gunnison, Colorado, has been conducting cul SagebrusEh rebellion in Nevada, and the contro tural inventories of their backcountry roads prior versy over the management plan proposed by the to road maintenance in an attempt to deflect White River National Forest in Glenwood road maintenance activities away from archeolog- Springs, Colorado, have brought attention to the ical sites. These surveys were conducted on roads role and scope of the roads in our nation's public previously "disturbed" by road blading long lands. During this land management debate, the before the nation's cultural preservation laws effects of roads on endangered habitat, the came into effect. These surveys conducted on increasing noise pollution, and the acceleration of previously bladed roads revealed many new erosion are issues that are always mentioned. The archeological sites, while only minimally inconve effects these roads have on cultural resources are niencing the upkeep of backcountry roads for all almost always muted. These issues have opened Americans. many debates over our backcountry roads, but By simply walking these disturbed roads for this paper will focus on the effects that the routine maintenance, one can alleviate further upkeep of these roads may have on cultural damage to significant archeological sites, con resources. The routine maintenance of these tinue the upkeep of public roads by redirecting debated roads have been underway for many water bar installation, and create an opportunity years and recent efforts to survey such roads to increase the archeological understanding of an before routine road maintenance have proved area by means of long linear transects through beneficial and enlightening for archeologists usually minimally surveyed areas. working for the Bureau of Land Management Since its inception in 1998, the BLM (BLM). Gunnison has surveyed 60 miles of road slated The maintenance of backcountry roads is a for road maintenance and identified 71 new cul rather simple process consisting of using heavy tural resources. While some of these sites are equipment to insert water bars and smooth rough small isolated finds, many are either significant or sections of two-track roads. This blading is con potentially significant archeological resources. As ducted to facilitate transportation and, more the BLM archeologist conducting the survey, I importantly, to counteract erosion created when walked the ten-foot-wide road at intervals of five
10 CRM No 2—2001 feet; thereby examining the full width of the cal research questions. Dismissing these roads as road. Small forays were made off-road where soil disturbed contexts would rob archeologists of was shallow or conditions hinted at a site important information concerning the pre obscured by road blading. When sites were history of the Rocky Mountain Region. encountered they were recorded and flagged so It is no secret to the public that many great the installation of water bars could occur off site archeological sites lie underfoot or under tire. and no further damage would be inflicted on Numerous sites encountered over the past three these resources. With these simple methods it was years showed definite evidence of vandalism in easy to evaluate the disturbed roadways for cul the form of looters piles. Far from the heavily tural sites and counteract years of site degradation vandalized Puebloan ruins of the Southwest, from road maintenance. almost every single site in this remote resource Many would probably argue that distur area has witnessed some degree of collecting. bance in a road is inconsequential. While this These same sites, however damaged, continue to may be true of shallow soils, many sites with yield information. Numerous diagnostic projec deeper soils displayed artifacts not only present in tile points were still found in roads giving arche the dtedged berm alongside the road, but there ologists a rough indication of temporal occupa were new artifacts on the roadbed indicating fur- tion. In a few cases, something as small as one thet deposits. There was one case of a water bar remaining flake in a roadway led to the discovery coming within five metets of a rock lined fire pit, of interesting and significant sites with fire pits, and another case displayed a hearth in a road cut ground stones, and multiple stone tools. Sites in only 20-30 cm of soil on an eligible site which encountered during the survey were as diverse as would have been obliterated by another season of the tertain the roads span. Lithic scatters, camp road maintenance. Futthermote, a separate pro sites, and possible game drives and ceremonial ject involving a severely incised roadbed left over sites wete all newly recorded as a result of this from the early 20th century displayed a rock effott. The BLM Gunnison has also recovered filled fire pit 20-30 cm below the old ground sur three radiocarbon dates from good features on face, from which a radiocarbon sample was taken "disturbed" sites dating from 4040 B.P. to 1200 and dated to A.D. 890. The installation of a B.P., the later date adding to a poorly understood water bar, which can sometimes reach 50 feet in time in the Colorado mountains. length and dip 10-20 cm in depth, would destroy Efforts by the BLM, Gunnison Field Office such a feature. A season of routine road mainte demonstrate that cultutal resource inventory of nance may install or maintain 10 to over 100 proposed routine road maintenance can be quite water bars in a summer, yet something as small as beneficial. In almost all cases waterbars only a cattle trough or range pipeline usually requires needed to be moved a few meters from their environmental assessments and the required cul planned or previous locations. Luckily, the tural clearances. Recent archeological investiga human penchant for settling flattened areas coin tion within the Gunnison basin has documented cides well with water bar placement which usu extensive highly significant sites yielding over 100 ally occurs near heavy erosion areas. This situa features in only a few centimeters of soil.* These tion, therefore, allows efficient management of findings underscore the importance of preserving two vital natural resources. shallow sites even if they have already experienced With the continuation of funding, the some disturbance. BLM's efforts will further demonstrate that walk In a sad irony, archeologists too can benefit ing those old disturbed roads is a necessity in from disturbed roadways. Water bars and roads areas rich with archeological resources which, I can demonstrate the presence of buried features believe, is most of the western United States. in an otherwise insignificant lithic scatter. In many cases the distutbed portion of the site in Note the road and berm contained more artifacts than * Stiger, Mark. 1993 Archaeological Investigations at the normal ground surface. In some cases road the Tenderfoot Site. Western State College of Colorado. Gunnison, Colorado. cuts revealed sites otherwise undetectable on the surface. The long stretches surveyed also gave Wade Broadhead is a former archeologist technician with BLM archeologists a small glimpse into the land the Bureau of Land Management. use, raw material locations, and other archeologi
CRM No 2—2001 11 David Neufeld Working within the Community
he role of the cultural heritage share them. Tr'ondek Hwech'in Elder Percy professional working in a com Henry refers to these things as "our treasure box." munity environment often varies These treasures are the heritage and the history of considerably from the role in an a community. They are the understanding of who academiTc or government situation. In a commu they are and how they connect with the larger nity there are often quite different expectations of world. what should be done. It is important fot the pro The treasure box carries heritage. From fessional to be sensitive to these requirements to Latin, hem or heir, heritage means anything that successfully contribute to the community. is inherited. Heritage is all that is gained from In considering how a community uses the ancestors; it is cultural identity. Cultural identity past there are three main areas to address. The is made up of many things—language, creation first is understanding the community's self-iden stories, associations with place, and that connec tity. Second, the professional must consider how tion with ancestors made by accepting their gifts to best present this information to the commu to the present. Heritage includes those values that nity's youth and to a broader outside audience. families instill in their children to ensure they will be Finally, historical analysis highlights useful social, decent and respectful members of their community. political, and economic tools the community can The treasure box also carries history. use to positively effect change. My work as a Historia, from the Greek, means finding out, and Parks Canada historian with the Tr'ondek histor means wise man. History is the knowledge Hwech'in Han Nation in Canada's Yukon terri- of how things happened, it is about relationships, toty has emphasized the importance of under not things. It is the set of skills and abilities standing how history and heritage can contribute learned so that people can make change in the to community health and strength. world around them. Knowing history makes There are places, things, memories, and sto communities more effective in their efforts to Tr'ondek ries that we hold close to our heart. They have make a living and to make the world a safe and Hwech 'in poster, desirable place for their children. photo by Sether meaning for us in ways that go far beyond the in Adney. pleasure they provide as we remember, visit, or The treasure box, the carrier of the commu nity's past, has two purposes. The treasure box provides the values and skills needed to envision and shape a future. Heritage tells us who we are and provides us with a set of values. It is the cele bration of our identity. History provides the skills to allow us to successfully interact with the larger world around us and to protect those things we hold most dear. When we identify those things for our trea sure box, we have designated them. We have highlighted their importance to our identity and their usefulness to our community. As a commu nity—whether town, First Nation, or country— we recognize leadership, special places and ways of life. These designations give us group identity and help us work together to achieve greater good for ourselves and our children. Designation comes from signum, a Latin word meaning "to mark." The Romans marked respected individuals by appointing them to
12 CRM No 2—2001 Tr'ondek office. They gave them responsi Hwech'in poster, bility for the care of some part of photo by the author. their community. We still desig nate. Designation is the act of giving a job to a person, place, or thing. When we designate we need to be clear what the job is. This is important so that we can be sure that the job is being done and that it can continue to be done. Designation describes something that symbolizes our place in the world or enables us to control our own destiny. That is, it includes both heritage and history. A designated place is one which provides identity and where we have power. This con trol over the future is a sign of a healthy and vibrant society. unregulated mining of the site in the early 1990s. Designation is the act of both protecting and cele The site was designated again by the Tr'ondek brating the treasure box. Hwech'in when they gained ownership of the site Designation is an expression of power. The through their land claim agreement. And now the designation of a place is a statement of ownership community is considering the value of nominat and the identification of values associated with ing Tr'o-ju-wech'in as a national historic site to be that place. It is the assignment of responsibilities shared with all Canadians. With these many deci to a trusted and respected element of the community. sions to designate, the Tr'ondek Hwech'in are In the valley of the Klondike River in the both celebrating and working to protect their her central Yukon Territory of Canada, the Tr'ondek itage and their history. Hwech'in designated Tr'o-ju-wech' in, the site of a My role as a cultural professional working traditional fish camp, as a heritage site. Tr'o-ju- with the community is to identify those values for Tr'ondek wech'in is a part of the treasure box of the First Hwech'in poster, which the site was designated by the First Nation. Nation. The site was designated by the Tr'ondek photo by G. That is, to figure out what it is about the place McLeod. Hwech'in when they launched a lawsuit over the that makes it special and to ensure that measures are in place to protect these things. I also work with First Nation staff to strengthen the commu nity's heritage by articulating the stories that are shared with their children through the schools and other education programs. Finally, in work ing toward a national designation of the site and broadcasting its history to visitors, the commu nity is seeking to gain outside recognition and respect for the community's culture. The Tr'ondek Hwech'in treasure box pro vides the community with a heritage to be cele brated and includes knowledge of the skills needed to ensure their distinctive culture can be passed onto their children. It is an honour and a privilege for myself as a professional to be able to work with the community in its care.
David Neufeld is the Yukon & Western Arctic Historian, Parks Canada.
CRM No 2—2001 13 Margaret T. Peters What Can Happen When We Share The Virginia Survey and Planning Cost Share Program
haring is an activity that sometimes criteria—such as the level and quality of survey runs counter to our competitive in a particular jurisdiction; the degree to which a instincts. But the Virginia Cost particular area was threatened by impending Share Program has demonstrated development; or the willingness of an area to that Ssharing and pooling resources can strengthen incorporate survey results into its comprehensive partnerships between the state and local govern plan. Then—and this is the unique part—the ments to achieve survey, planning, and protection local governments selected would send a check goals that are mutually beneficial to both parties. for one-half the cost to the Virginia SHPO. The The Virginia Department of Historic state would agree to fund up to one-half of the Resources (VDHR), the state historic preserva project, and most important, would agree to tion office (SHPO) for Virginia, launched a pro assume the entire administrative burden of actu gram nearly 10 years ago using a unique system ally managing the work. of sharing costs for survey and planning pro The administrative role of the state grams. Until that time, survey grants were included development of scopes of work, prepa A collection of awarded to local governments with the agency ration of requests for proposals; selection and hir early 20th-cen offering limited support and often receiving ing of consultants; paying the bills; providing a tury dwellings reflecting the inconsistent products. In 1991, a gubernatorial forum for public comment; and reviewing the Tidewater style directive mandated reducing the burdens of products to ensure compliance with state and of housing In administrative responsibilities imposed on local federal guidelines. Local governments were Norfolk's North Ghent Historic governments by the state. This new mandate gave enthusiastic about the program. For one thing, District. The us the opportunity to try an approach that stood small localities seldom had adequate staff to man National Register the traditional "grant" concept on its head and age and oversee complex cultural resource survey nomination for this district grew allowed us to truly "partner" with local govern projects. Local governments usually do not have out of a survey ments. As with traditional grants, local govern the resources to identify and hire consultants conducted using ments would be invited to submit proposals for from a broad geographic area. Particularly in the Virginia's Survey and Planning various survey and planning activities, accom smaller jurisdictions, staff with specific training Cost Share panied by a projected budget for the project. in preservation planning and cultural resource funds. The proposals would be evaluated on specific management are rare. The Virginia Code spells out the mission of the Department, directing the SHPO "to con duct a broad survey and to maintain an inventory of buildings, structures, districts, objects, and sites of historic, architectural, archaeological or cultural interest which constitute the tangible remains of the Commonwealth's cultural, politi cal, economic, military, or social history." (See § 10.1-2202.6.) The Virginia General Assembly appropriates funds specifically dedi cated to survey and planning activities. The placement of these funds as a line item of the agency's overall budget indicates the lawmakers' recognition of the survey function as critical to the agency's overall mission.
14 CRM No 2—2001 analysis of building types and broad historic con texts to assist in future evaluation. Attached appendices provide lists of surveyed properties by property type, date, context, style or address — information that is invaluable in the evaluation process. But it is for localities that the results of the various projects have been the most stunning. For local planners, the requirement for mapping all properties over 50 years old provides graphic illustration of the greatest concentration of his toric resources. Armed with this information, planners can plug in data as they develop local comprehensive plans. The Department requires a scripted slide presentation for each project, which yields educational benefits for local residents of Cost Share award agreements are limited to An early 20th- all ages. The Department encourages localities to century resi local governments, planning district commis pursue publication of their illustrated survey dence in the sions, and other state agencies. The agency has Riverview reports, resulting in another effective educational increasingly encouraged local preservation groups Historic District tool. Thematic surveys have led to significant in Norfolk. The and non-profit organizations to lend their finan heritage tourism developments. In Gloucester nomination for cial support by providing some of the local share this district was County, Virginia, for example, a Cost Share pro for each project. In one instance, a museum prepared using ject surveyed all the county's historic country Virginia's Sun/ey foundation provided local funds; in another, stores and produced a driving tour for residents and Planning funds came from a local bank. Cost Share and visitors and a guidebook for local school chil During the early years of the program, only funds. dren. The information gleaned from this project five to seven projects were undertaken each year, offered valuable insight into, and a greater appre most of which were standard county-wide archi ciation for, the country stores that tell the story tectural surveys. By 1999-2000, the number of of Gloucester County as it was in the late 19th projects awarded annually had grown to 21 with and early 20th centuries. A recently completed the state appropriation of $185,000 and local archeological survey of gold mines in Louisa funds of $237,000. The Department has County, Virginia, produced a guide to mining expanded the range of eligible activities to Photos courtesy resources in the county and an interpretive bike include development of local ordinances and E.H.T. Traceries, tour. In the coming year, a survey of archeologi Inc. design guidelines and preparation of National cal sites associated with the pottery industry in Register nominations, particularly for historic southwest Virginia's Washington County will districts. As of July 2000, 73 Virginia localities produce a significant exhibit at the William King have completed, or will complete in the coming Regional Arts Center in Abingdon. fiscal year, 109 survey and plan A good collec ning projects, adding hundreds tion of early 20th of new properties to the states century resi inventory and resulting in the dences on Gray don Avenue National Register recognition for in Norfolk's 41 new or expanded historic dis North Ghent tricts. Historic District. The survey work The results of these pro and National jects have been far reaching and Register nomi in some cases unexpected. The nation prepara tion were Department anticipated that the funded through survey and establishment of Virginia's Survey improved resource databases and Planning Cost Share would enhance its archival hold program. ings and research potential. The required survey reports provide
CRM No 2—2001 15 The growing interest in Virginia's and the National Register nominations for six residential federal preservation tax credits has led to a historic districts, bringing recognition to over tremendous growth in the number of urban his 3,000 properties. Roanoke, Virginia, is currently toric districts in the state. Comprehensive surveys participating in a Cost Share project to survey of properties that document each individual and register over 200 structures in its downtown structure speed up the process of identifying commercial area, a job considered critical to the buildings that are eligible for tax credits. In the city's downtown revitalization efforts. Because all most recent Cost Share cycle (2000-2001) the of these projects are initiated by the local jurisdic City of Waynesboro is undertaking survey of a tion—city, county, or town—there is widespread downtown commercial historic district, a residen and strong support and little sentiment that state tial Victorian neighborhood, and a historic government is imposing its planning efforts on African-American neighborhood. Bristol, the local governments. Virginia-Tennessee is working on a downtown The important partnerships that flow from historic district that straddles the state line, the these Cost Share projects underscore the parallel first bi-state effort under Virginias Cost Share interests of the state and the locality. Virginia Program. Virginia's capital city of Richmond has looks forward to continuing this comprehensive completed a survey of two large inner-city neigh effort to identify, evaluate, and ultimately to pro borhoods, with survey documentation enabling tect its priceless historic resources. nearly 1,000 property owners to be eligible for state rehabilitation tax credits. With the help of Margaret T. Peters is the State Historic Preservation Office volunteer field survey, Norfolk has completed Survey Manager, Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
Dirk H.R. Spennemann, Michael Lockwood, and Kellie Harris The Eye of the Professional vs. Opinion of the Community
ll cultural heritage management prerogative of historians, architects, and archeolo- actions in Australia, ranging gists, and while aesthetic value has been assessed from preservation to permitted by architects and art historians, the assessment of destruction, are derived from a social value has often received only cursory treat statemenAt of cultural significance. Heritage places ment. A review of 72 shire heritage plans com are ascribed cultural significance according to pleted for New South Wales (NSW) has shown their aesthetic, historic, scientific, and social that the value discussion was dominated by the value. Each of these value components requires assessment of historic and aesthetic value. Less careful assessment in a manner most suited to the than 1 % of the total number of pages discussing characteristics of that component.' The assess the four core values was devoted to social value.2 ments are generally carried out by cultural her Part of the problem rests in the nature of itage professionals, often with little explicit recog assessment, where the heritage "profession" nition of any values that may be held by the ascribes great significance to the physical form, wider community. This practice is based on the fabric, or function of a "place," while largely dis implicit assumption that heritage professionals regarding its experiential nature. For the average have the same value system as the community citizen, however, this aspect makes a particular they serve, and that, therefore, they can develop heritage place significant and others irrelevant. plans which adequately represent the commu While heritage managers have accepted such val nity's interest. ues for indigenous cultural property,* this has not While the assessment of scientific and his been widely accepted practice in the non-indige toric value, aided by guidelines, has long been the nous arena.
16 CRM No 2—2001 The Case Study itage in Culcairn, however, this dominance of Because of its rural nature and its generally public places needs to be addressed. stable population with few new residents, the The community nominations are interest Shire of Culcairn (southern NSW) was chosen to ing as they diverge significantly from professional assess whether there is a discrepancy between assessments in some instances: the high promi "traditional professional" assessment and commu nence of natural heritage places; the role of move nity perception.4 able property, such as artefacts; and the substan The research involved a desktop survey of tial inclusion of monuments and memorials. existing information, a physical survey-cum- This suggests that the academic distinction inventory of the area, and a householder ques between natural and cultural heritage is not evi tionnaire (mail drop to all 1,600 households in dent in the views of the local community; the the shire). The questionnaire asked respondents technical distinction between heritage places and to nominate heritage sites; and to rank a series of artefacts as used in the heritage and planning places which were eligible and non eligible under community is not recognised by the community; state criteria. A second, economic survey followed and monuments and memorials have high pre using individuals randomly drawn from the elec sent-day relevance in a rural community, possibly toral roll. Analysis showed that the respondent much more so than in an urban, and more samples were representative of the community, impersonal setting. both in terms of demographic characteristics and To follow up on these observations, the sec geographical distribution. The community was ond survey instrument, which focused on attitu- surveyed "cold" to avoid influencing the out dinal and economic issues toward heritage not comes of the nomination process. It is thus not reported in this paper, contained a question as to surprising that the response rate was overall poor. the relative importance of specific resource types, Of a total of 320 nominated sites, the num developed from the list of community nominated bers of nominations range from Morgan's sites. Rather than querying specific sites, cate Lookout, a dominant, natural boulder formarion gories or classes of sites were put forward. associated with the activities of an 1860s Respondents were asked to rate the site classes on bushranger (outlaw), with 89 nominations (or a scale of (1) Not Important to (4) Very 29% of all responses) to a number of sites that Important. The average score for all responses is were only nominated once. greater than the theoretical mean score that Analysed according to the types of sites and would be located at the 2.5 level, i.e., halfway the associated historic themes, individual build between slightly important and important. ings proved to be the most frequently community Variations can be observed. Natural landmarks nominated site type. However, natural sites are seen as the most important resource class, fol received the highest overall nominarions for her lowed by churches. Both classes have compara itage protection. Although these results reflect the tively small standard deviations. At the bottom popularity of Morgan's Lookout as a heritage site, end of the popularity scale are the grain silos as even without this site in the analysis, natural sites well as the hotels. are still highly valued as a heritage resource by the Implications Culcairn community. To some extent, this can be The investigation demonstrated a diver expected in rural areas because natural sites or gence between professional and public values. farming land made up a large proportion of pub Importantly, it highlighted that communities also lic space, whereas in cities natural sites are less apply recreational and economic values in their frequent. estimarion of culrural heritage places. The classi- Public heritage sites in the widest sense are ficatory distinction between state heritage/nat the most commonly mentioned places. Private ional trust listed items and unlisted, as well as residences and homesteads do not figure promi comparatively recent places does not enter the nently. Shops and other commercial buildings are decision making process. Equally, the profes not deemed significant either, with the exception sional distinction between natural heritage and of the Culcairn Hotel (local "watering hole"). anthropogenic cultural heritage is not prominent This community view reflects, overall, the distri in public consciousness. bution of sites on the Register of the National The heritage community needs to consider Estate. ^ In view of the long-term viability of her whether the technical distinction between move-
CRM No 2—2001 17 able cultural property and heritage places is rele Space: social value and the assessment of cultural vant for community education and more widely, significance in New South Wales, Australia, in: whether this distinction is relevant at all. While Heritage Landscapes: Understanding Place and Communities. Proceedings of the Lismore moveable cultural property is a tradeable item Conference. and thus different from places and sites, there is ' Tom King and Patricia Parker, Guidelines for on the one hand a history of relocation of build Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural ings, bridges, and other large entities normally Properties. National Register Bulletin No.38. not deemed moveable, and on the other the (Washington, United States Department of the increasingly dominant attitude of the Aboriginal Interior, 1990). community that moveable items ("artefacts") in Harris, K. (1995) The identification and compari- sites should be left where they are, and that they son of non-market values: a case study of Culcairn Shire (NSW). Bachelor of Applied Science (Parks, should be curated in place and unchanged. Recreation and Heritage), Charles Sturt University, Likewise, it can be argued that there is no Albury NSW—Spennemann, Dirk H.R. & Harris, "natural"' land left in Australia, and that all areas Kellie (1996) Cultural heritage of Culcairn Shire: show evidence of human land modification in some considerations for strategic planning. one form or another. To what extent, then, is the Johnstone Centre of Parks, Recreation and Heritage distinction between "natural" and "cultural" her ReportVol. 71 Charles Sturt University, The Johnstone Centre of Parks, Recreation and itage still valid? Heritage: Albury, NSW. ' This is Australia's equivalent to the National Notes Register of Historic Places. 1 James S. Kerr, The Conservation Plan. 5th Edition. (National Trust of Australia [NSW], Sydney, 2000).— Michael Pearson and Sharon Sullivan, Dirk H.R Spennemann, Ph.D., is an associate professor at Looking after Heritage Places: The Basics of HeritageCharles Sturt University in Albury, Australia, where he Planning for Managers, Landowners and teaches cultural heritage management courses in the Parks Administrators. Melbourne, Melbourne University Management and Ecotourism degrees. Press, 1995. 2 Michael Lockwood, Ph.D., is a senior lecturer in the Shaun Canning, "Contested Space" - the role of social value in the assessment of cultural signifi School of Environmental and Information Sciences at cance. B.App.Sci (Hons) Thesis. School of Charles Sturt University. Environmental and Information Sciences, Albury. Charles Sturt University, 1999.—Shaun Canning Kellie Harris holds a Bachelor of Applied Science and Dirk H.R. Spennemann (in press) Contested (Honours) for Charles Sturt University.
Discover the Places that Make America Great! National Landmarks, Americas Treasures: The National Park Foundations Complete Guide to National Historic Landmarks by S. Allen Chambers, Jr., with a foreword by Hillary Rodham Clinton. National Historic Landmarks are nationally significant buildings, structutes, sites, dis tricts, and objects officially designated by the Secretary of the Interior. Read about such nation ally significant places as the Mark Twain House (Connecticut), Helen Keller's childhood home (Alabama), the Little Tokyo Historic District (California), and the site of the first detonation of a nuclear device (New Mexico). Organized by state and county, the book describes each National Historic Landmark, and includes 380 illustrations. This definitive guide to the country's National Historic Landmarks is becoming a valued addition to personal and institutional libraries everywhere. For more information about this book contact John Wiley & Sons at 1-800-225-5945 or
18 CRM No 2—2001 James I. McDaniel and Ann Bowman Smith materials; little on-site storage space; parked vehi cles littering the historic landscapes; inadequate meeting space with poor acoustics; no informal indoor recreation space for first families; almost The White House primitive conditions for the White House press corps; people on the White House tour forced to Operation Preservation wait in lines outside in the heat and cold; visitors moving through rooms in the White House with out knowing how objects and events connect to he White House. The very men every twist and turn of our nation's history. These tion of it stirs our emotions— concerns brought various agencies together in bringing to the surface our feel 1992 for eight years of work to develop a ings about the United States of Comprehensive Design Plan for the White House AmericaT. At any given moment, this icon of our and President's Park. democratic way of life is serving many different Both the White House and President's Park roles at the same time. It is first and foremost the are units of the national park system and the home of the president of the United States. It is National Park Service was the lead agency for this also the office of the president, active with the planning effort. As a first step, a project executive business of governing. It is a stage for world committee was formed. This committee was events, serving as the location for many functions chaired by the director of the National Park of state and diplomatic endeavors. It is also an Service. Members included the leaders of 12 incomparable museum where objects and fur agencies with stewardship or oversight missions nishings tell the stories in our nation's history. It at the White House (see box p. 20). The execu is a place people bring their children—a place to tive committee confirmed that the goals of the connect to what our country is all about. plan were to preserve the historic buildings, vis The White House is located in the urban tas, and landscapes while providing for the needs monumental core of the District of Columbia, of the presidency in the 21st century. The U.S. surrounded by park lands, known as President's Park. The Illustration by park is composed of Lafayette Wayne Park on the north, Sherman Parmenter. Park to the southeast, First Division Monument to the southwest, and the broad expanse of the Ellipse on the south. Along with the White House grounds, these areas and vistas form some of the most compelling cultural landscapes in the nation. There are many agencies that work together to make operations at the White House function effectively. It is a team effort where organizational turf lines fall away in the face of serving the presidency. The agencies are confronted today with operational problems that have developed over many years. The problems include: deliveries pouring through every entrance; no separate cir culation system for staff and
CRM No 2—2001 19 Capitol has such a plan, developed by the that would result from the proposed plan and the Architect of the Capitol in 1981. However, for alternatives. Three other management tools the first time it its 200-year history, there would resulted from the planning effort: design guide be a comprehensive plan for the site of the execu lines developed by site agencies and experts from tive branch. the private sector; an administrative history pre Planning began with a series of workshops pared by Dr. William Patrick O'Brien; and a cul to encourage a public dialogue about the prob tural landscape report, revised by Dr. Susan lems and opportunities facing the site. Work con Calafate Boyle. tinued with the development of "desired futures" Today, there is someone among us who will describing what the site should be like in the be president of the United States 20 years from future. Those officials with long experience at the now. When that individual takes office, if the White House joined experts from a variety of projects in the Comprehensive Design Plan are fields to explore how this historic site could oper implemented they will have preserved the historic ate effectively and at the same time be preserved buildings, vistas, and landscapes found here, for the future. Among others, the discussions while providing the infrastructure and services involved the public, transportation and special needed for the modern presidency. And people event planners, the historic preservation commu will take their tour of the White House with a nity, educators, security experts, representatives of deeper understanding of the meaning of this neighboring businesses and organizations, the "people's house." White House press corps, tourism officials, histo Projects in the Comprehensive Design Plan rians, architects, urban planners, and landscape will be implemented over 20 years with an invest architects. ment of $300 million. Both public and private Alternatives were shaped and shared with funding may be involved, as there is opportunity the public for reactions in 1995. A draft plan was here for the kind of quiet philanthropy that has developed and released for public review in 1998; benefited the White House and its environs in a final plan followed in 1999 with the final plan the past. approvals coming in the spring of 2000. The Over the 20 years, the major actions of the Comprehensive Design Plan has the required Comprehensive Design Plan will: approvals of the Commission of Fine Arts and • Preserve the historic buildings and landscapes the National Capital Planning Commission, both by placing new facilities below ground or in of which have legislated review responsibilities for existing structures. federal projects within the capital city. • Reclaim the historic landscape from the rows Along with the plan, a 500-page environ of parked vehicles by providing below ground mental impact statement was prepared to display parking in two facilities - one beneath all the alternatives considered and the impacts Pennsylvania Avenue and one beneath the Ellipse. People from across the nation contributed to the • Provide a delivery and site circulation system Comprehensive Design Plan for the White House and using the existing loading docks at the New President's Park. In addition, the following members of the pro Executive Office Building and underground ject's Executive Committee helped to guide the development of corridors to move goods and materials this plan. throughout the complex. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation • Provide below ground storage space for the Commission of Fine Arts massive number of items now stored off-site District of Columbia and repeatedly moved to and from the site for Executive Office of the President special events and official functions. Executive Residence at the White House • Build below ground flexible meeting space and General Services Administration adequate news media facilities. The latter National Capital Planning Commission would, for the first time, provide space for out- National Park Service of-town and foreign journalists who now spill Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corp. (until 4/96) over into hallways and outdoor service drives U.S. Department of the Treasury at the site. U.S. Secret Service White House Military Office
20 CRM No 2—2001 • Install new utility systems throughout the we should act... . [The] opportunity passes and grounds with capacity for growth and easy the next situation always is more difficult than maintenance access. the last one." • Create a lively visitor education center that expands the existing rather static White House James I. McDaniel has served as Director of White House Visitor Center exhibits into the exciting learn Liaison for the National Park Service since 1984, provid ing visitor services, resource management, maintenance, ing experience visitors say they want when they planning, design, and construction for the White House come to the White House. and surrounding President's Park. • Give future first families who live in the formal White House an indoor, informal recreation Ann Bowman Smith is the Assistant Director for Project space in a nearby below ground location. Development, White House Liaison. She has served as • Create a site character around the White project coordinator for the Comprehensive Design Plan House that represents the highest quality land for the White House since its inception. She joined the scape and urban park land. National Park Service in 1967. The project moves now from planning to implementation—from vision to reality—from "we wish" to "we must." Serving the presidency For more information, a summary of the and the people at the same time is a privilege not Comprehensive Design Plan for the White House often offered. It is important to both that actions and President's Park is available from: Office of now follow the path set forth. White House Liaison, National Park Service, As Eleanor Roosevelt noted, " [History] 1100 Ohio Drive, S.W, Washington, DC clearly shows that we arrive at catastrophe by fail 20242; Phone: 202-619-6344 and 800-292- ing to meet situations—by failing to act where 0832; email:
Lisa Kolakowsky Smith National Historic Landmark Stewards Association
ntil recently, no group existed to Stewards Congress in West Point, New York. It promote the needs of National was in November 1997 that NHL Stewards Historic Landmarks (NHLs), (owners and managers of these irreplaceable sites) U our nation's most highly recog joined together for the first time on a regional nized treasures. Organizations exist to preserve basis to discuss their needs and possible solutions Civil War Battlefields, barns, the choreography of to their common problems. Over 100 stewards dance and the history of film, but none to pre attended, representing NHLs in four distinct if serve NHLs. In November 2000, a group of often overlapping categories: private homes, insti owners and managers of National Historic tutional sites, interpreted historic sites and his Landmarks met in Philadelphia for the first offi toric districts. Organized by the NHL staff of the cial board meeting of the National Historic National Park Service Philadelphia Support Landmark Stewards Association (NHLSA.) The Office, the conference hoped to bring the stew mission of the NHLSA is to preserve, promote, ards together to encourage collaboration of these and protect NHLs throughout our nation. significant sites. Of course, this national organization did The outcome was astounding. Though sep not begin on that November day in Philadelphia. arated into four distinct discussion groups, stew To tell the whole story, we must go back three ards came to realize that while they had certain years, to the National Historic Landmark needs specific to their property types, they had
CRM No 2—2001 21 NHL stewards at the top of the PSFS building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. NPS photo.
far more things in common. Chief among these each other's conferences, and hope to expand were the need for increased financial and techni their collaboration in the future. cal assistance and the need to educate the November 1999 brought another milestone American public on the significance of NHLs. for the group and the NPS' NHL program. A The congress culminated with the decision to second congress was held in Cape May, New form a national organization to represent NHLs. Jersey, this time organized with the assistance of In September 1998, representatives of the NPS staff from all regions. Attendees included West Point Congress and other interested NHL NHL stewards from 25 different states. During stewards came together in Philadelphia to discuss this congress, the stewards discussed the develop the creation of such an organization. Paralleling ment of the NHLSA and joined in a ceremonial the First Continental Congress, the group met in charter signing, signifying their support for the historic Carpenters' Hall, itself a Landmark, and incorporation of the organization unanimously agreed to pursue the formation of a In June 2000, Articles of Incorporation national organization "to preserve, promote, pro were filed in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania tect and pay for" NHLs. Naming themselves the on behalf of the NHLSA. The first official board National Historic Landmark Stewards meeting was held in Philadelphia in November, Association, this ad hoc group set out to develop with representation from NHLs in most of the an organization made up of the people responsi NPS' seven regions. During the three-day meet ble for the care of NHLs throughout the country. ing, the board mapped out a strategy to further They spent the next two years meeting on a bi the mission of the NHLSA, beginning with monthly basis, writing the by-laws of the organi opening lines of communications with all 2,300 zation, including terms for membership, goals NHLs in the nation and with the public at large. and organizational structure. The organization The group is working to develop a strategic plan has been incorporated as a 501 (c)3 in the that will promote their primary goals to educate Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, continuing the the public and especially America's youth on the historic parallel to our founding fathers. In a sim existence and importance of NHLs and to ilar spirit, they agreed the group would be repre encourage participation of as many NHL stew sentational, with participants from all over the ards as possible. nation, working for the common good of NHLs. The Stewards Association found an ally in Lisa Kolakowsky Smith is an architectural historian, our neighbors to the north. A group of Canadian National Historic Landmarks program, National Park Service, Philadelphia Support Office. citizens had begun forming a group of owners and managers of Canada's most significant places, For further information on the NHLSA, its national historic sites, also in November 1997. contact Michael Ripton, President, This mirror organization, the National Historic
21 CRN! No 2—2001 William L. Witmer Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), is now moving into the final mitigation phases as required by the 1979 Final Environmental Impact Statement. The Cumberland Gap The immediate mitigation goals include the deconstruction and removal of the old road sur Coming Full Circle face and base from Route 25E, re-opening the fresh water drainage issuing from Cudjo Cave (which flows under the old roadbed), regrading he thundering herds of migrat of the Gap to historic contours of the 1780-1810 ing buffalo which once traversed initial Kentucky settlement era, and consrruction a low point in the Appalachian of a pedestrian trail which will follow, as much as barrier along what is today the pracrical, the Wilderness Road cut by Daniel intersectinTg state lines of Kentucky, Tennessee Boone and his 30 axmen in March 1775. and Virginia, disappeared centuries ago. Tractor- Historic Topography of the Gap trailer trucks following rhe same general route One NPS staffer undertook the extremely ceased to do so on October 18, 1996. On that complicated task of arriving at an accurate date, the opening of a dual-bore tunnel began yet regrading plan at the Gap proper, from the criti another chapter in rhe eons of animal/human cal historical timeframe. This effort was success traffic flow through the imposing Cumberland ful, such that information has now been incorpo Gap. rated into FHWA contract bid documents. This long-awaited tunnel between The short version of the rediscovery process Middlesboro, Kentucky, and Cumberland Gap, began with gathering of available data, including Tennessee, was an event that allowed the closure an 1833 survey, 1862 Civil War photographs, of the two-mile-long intervening section of U.S. 1903 and 1921 Association Lands maps, 1938 Route 25E. The surrounding Cumberland Gap FHWA aerial photographs, plus current mapping National Historical Park was established on June from FHWA tunnel-related contracts. In the stu 11, 1940, to promote public understanding and dio, this assemblage was used to locate and vali appreciation of the Gap's role during the early date the original ridge lines and drainage fea View from the years of American westward expansion. Public tures, using a combination of survey, mathemati main park view Law 93-87 (August 13, 1973) authorized the point (The cal, and graphic art skills. When the studio work Pinnacle) to the relocation of 25E to permit restoration of the had progressed to a certain point, several field Gap. Kentucky is Gap while improving traffic safety via a tunnel. A trips were made for onsite discovery and verifica on the right; multi-decade interagency planning, design, and tion. Work at the park involved extensive investi Tennessee and Virginia are on construction effort involving the National Park gation on foot, bushwhacking up and down the the left. Photo by Service (NPS), the Federal Highway mountainsides, additional photography from the author. Administration (FHWA), and the Natural specific vantage points—including from a heli copter—to emulate the historical photos for comparative purposes. Supplementary survey work came from an interested Middlesboro engineering firm. Specific coordinate points (northings/east ings and elevations) were determined for old road traces, Indian Rock, and the Daughters of the American Revolution monument on the Kentucky side of the Gap, plus Cudjo Cave, Gap Creek, and the Iron Furnace on the Virginia/ Tennessee side. This was instrumental in bring ing the various older overlapping surveys into the same scale, and locking them into the correct alignment with present day mapping. Thousands of feet of colored flagging were placed to outline shapes and breaks in ground lines before being
CRM No 2—2001 23 photographed. At each stage of refinement, the re-establish the historic grades, and construct a vertical, horizontal, and birds-eye perspective trail from the Wilderness Road Parking Area in information, coupled with painstaking scaled Virginia, through the Gap, to the Thomas Walker graphic delineation of puzzle-piece remnants of Parking Area in Kentucky. Several spur trails will undisturbed topography, were needed to pin be connected where appropriate, including one to down the cross-referenced data. Missing pieces of Cudjo Cave to facilitate pre-arranged under topography were mechanically reconstructed on ground tours. NPS will have an archeologist pre paper. The historic mapping, photography, and sent during the demolition/removal phase, look delineations eventually were merged with present- ing for additional evidence of original topo day mapping. The composite survey data was graphic features and artifacts related not only to entered into a computer using AutoCad, Release the Boone era, but also to subsequent events such 14 and Soft-desk, Release 8 programs. What as the Civil War and the 1908 construction of resulted were three-dimensional wireframe views Object Lesson Road, an early experiment in the of what the entire Gap area topography looked use of asphalt. NPS will also provide a landscape like in 1790. By comparison to today's landforms, architect to give technical guidance to FHWA the resultant grading plan provided by NPS to during the regrading operation. NRCS continues FHWA has allowed engineers to calculate the to grow native plant materials for what will be a amount of fill needed to be hauled into the Gap substantial revegetation effort. This will put from nearby tunnel construction stockpiles. In all, things back to Boone's era as closely as we could the Saddle is 32 feet lower today than 200 years hope to achieve. The final phase of mitigation, ago, thanks to the continuum of road improve scheduled for 2003, includes a modest exhibit ments. About 215,000 cubic yards (an estimated pavilion, ranger station, and restrooms in 165,000 cubic meters) of fill will be provided to Virginia, numerous interpretive devices along the return the Gap to historic grades when Daniel trails, plus new museum exhibits and a movie for Boone and his fellow trailblazers first crossed over the visitor center in Middlesboro, Kentucky, just into "Kaintucky." downhill from the north portal of the Finding the Wilderness Road Cumberland Gap Tunnel. As work on the topography progressed, a Conclusion tandem effort was pursued to locate the original Coordinated federal interagency efforts like alignment of the Wilderness Road. On the this come along once in a career. Many meetings, Virginia/Tennessee side, the 1833 survey map was telephone calls, and emails have occurred to compared with known locations of Cudjo Cave ensure that everyone involved has the same and the Gap. Again delineating topographic rem understanding of the goals, and the prerequisites nants, an alignment of the 1790 track emerged to achieve them. Moreover, FHWA has added and was plotted on paper. At the park, the center- many more "special" requirements to the contract line was cut by hand, surveyed, and staked. specifications to guide the contractor. An interest During fieldwork, several remnants of the ing twist is that gasoline tax funds from the Wilderness Road were found to be intact. Other Federal Lands Highway Program, normally used portions were no longer visible due to roadbuild- to build roads and bridges, will be used to remove ing and 200 years of erosion. One thing became a road and rehabilitate a site in this one instance. obvious—although the Wilderness Road crossed The beneficiaries of this effort, the visiting public, Route 25E several times, the historic line did not will hopefully experience some of the excitement lie under the present roadbed. As in the 1833 felt by the early settlers, as they moved their fami map, the true line was somewhat downhill from lies, belongings, and livestock beyond the last wall today's pavement. Portions of the original align of eastern mountains to begin a new life in ment are being incorporated into the pedestrian Kentucky. trail. Next Steps William L. Witmer is project manager/landscape architect FHWA will contract with a construction at the NPS Denver Service Center in Colorado, working primarily with FHWA on road and bridge projects in the firm in 2001 to remove the Route 25E pavement, Southeast.
24 CRM No 2—2001 Carol S. Ash and Margie Ortiz New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park Evolution of the Jazz Complex
n November 11 and 12, 2000, also identified as priority concerns. During the The American Institute of charett planning meeting, three teams of Tulane Architects hosted a design University architectural students, city and charette to assist New Orleans regional officials, professional architects, New Jazz NationaOl Historical Park with the develop Orleans Jazz Commissioners, and park staff vis ment of its permanent facilities. A year earlier on ited the proposed jazz complex, discussed solu August 2, 1999, officials from the city of New tions to the park's needs, and created three pre Orleans and the National Park Service signed a liminary site concept plans. 99-year lease giving the National Park Service The design charette, held at the Tulane control of four buildings in Louis Armstrong University's School of Architecture, was a cooper Park on the northern edge of the French Quarter ative response to the identification of the park's The Historic Structures and Conditions needs. It was also the latest step in the develop report published in May 2000 stated that the ment of New Orleans Jazz National Historical four buildings in this new Jazz Complex required Park. renovation and stabilization work to convert Park Development them into a visitor center, administrative offices, In 1987, the 100th Congress resolved that exhibit space, resource center, and performance "Jazz is hereby designated as a rare and valuable areas. Modifications to the landscape to increase national American treasure to which we should visibility of the park and visitor enjoyment were devote our attention, support, and resources to make sure it is preserved, understood and pro
Perseverance mulgated." Hall. Photo by After four years of public meetings with Margie Ortiz, groups studying the feasibility of creating a NFS. National Park Service unit commemorating jazz, Congress created the park on October 31, 1994, to "preserve the origins, early history, develop ment and progression of jazz." Jazz is America's most widely recognized indigenous musical art form. Just as America evolved with each new wave of people from other lands arriving on her shores, jazz was influenced by many musical traditions and elements from around the world—African, European "classical," Caribbean, Spanish, Indian, and some Asian forms. It, in turn, influenced rock and roll, blues, and country music while evolving into a modern contemporary music form. New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park is a new partner on the jazz scene. Until July 2000, the park functioned as an itinerant story teller. With no visitor contact facilities, the park staff told jazz stories on trains, in local neighbor-
CRM No 2—2001 2S Rabassa House. hoods, and at annual festivals. Staff had to imme Photo by Margie diately establish partnerships with neighborhood Ortiz, NPS. social organizations and jazz clubs, musicians, public schools, colleges, civic foundations, and city, state, and federal agencies and commissions. These partnerships enabled the historical park to begin carrying out its mission of establishing a permanent home for the park, identifying his toric resources, coordinating educational pro grams, and promoting a broad range of activities. On July 8, 2000, the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park opened temporary visi tor facilities within the French Quarter at 916 N. Peters Street. Here visitors can get the latest and Water Board Building, and Mahalia Jackson information regarding the best places to experi Center for the Performing Arts—are the other ence the people, places, events, and stories that primary features in Armstrong Park outside of are New Orleans jazz. Exhibits, lectures, demon the designated Jazz Complex. A parking area is strations, children's programs, live performances, located in the northwest quadrant of the park. and a sales outlet provide visitors with unique Jazz Complex and dynamic ways to connect with the sights and The Jazz Complex includes two original sounds of jazz. structures: Perseverance Hall No. 4, an old Another important step in the park's devel Masonic Lodge listed on the National Register, opment was the presentation of the design and the Caretakers House, currently the home of charette results to National Park Service radio station WWOZ. The Reimann and Rabassa Southeast Regional Office staff involved in Houses, moved to the site during the construc implementation of the general management plan tion of the park, are the other two structures for the historical park. originally included in the 1999 lease. Louis Armstrong Park A space needs assessment determined that The creation of Armstrong Park displaced these four structures were insufficient to meet the approximately 400 families from their historic needs of the historical park. National Park Treme neighborhood. This neighborhood has a Service staff worked with the City of New rich musical tradition that was dramatically Orleans to draft an amendment to the lease. A altered during the development of Armstrong later agreement with the mayor of New Orleans Park. Demolition of structures began in the will allow the NPS to include a 1948 fire station 1960s with the current landscape being devel and the remaining section of the southeast quad oped in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Several rant of Armstrong Park in the lease. important jazz sites were lost during this time. Perseverance Hall will remain a perfor No historic cultural landscape remains within the mance and education space. Historically, the park. Masonic Lodge permitted musical performances An iron fence surrounds the park restricting in the Hall. The Reimann House will be con access for the neighborhood. The main entrance verted to park administrative headquarters. A to the park is a white metal lighted archway at St. breezeway with an elevator tower connects the Ann Street that runs through the French Quarter two structures and provides access in compliance and past Jackson Square. A secondary entrance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. located at Dumaine Street extends through the A resource center will be created in the French Quarter and ends at Cafe du Monde on Rabassa House. It will house the park library, oral Decatur Street. A statue of Louis Armstrong is history collection, and electronic resources for use located midway between the two entrances. by school groups and visitors. The Caretakers A prominent feature of the park is a 3-4 House, the only currently occupied structure, foot deep lagoon constructed with bridges that will become law enforcement offices. The fire sta connect areas of the park. Congo Square and tion will become the visitor center and will be the three buildings—Municipal Auditorium, Sewage first point of contact for visitors. New Orleans
26 CRM No 2—2001 Jazz NHP boundaries exclude the lagoon that is written into the operations agreement with the maintained by the city. city. Access hours and open hours of both In addition to rehabilitation of the struc Armstrong Park and the Jazz Complex will be tures, several visibility issues were addressed by included in the agreements. Appropriate surveys the design teams. The Jazz Complex is not highly will be done to identify any underground tanks visible from outside Armstrong Park. Visual con and potential hazardous materials within the nections between the park and its access routes as buildings (asbestos and lead paint). well as visual connections within the park need No date has been set for completion of the improvement. facilities, but cooperative efforts from many divi Recent negotiations with the city produced sions within the NPS Southeast Regional Office, an opportunity to relocate radio station WWOZ the city of New Orleans, and park staff are mov from its cramped broadcast facility in the ing that date closer. The design charette provided Caretakers House. WWOZ, a non-profit station the park with valuable information on which to operating under the auspices of the New Orleans base future development. It also created an Jazz and Heritage Foundation, provides the important partnership between Tulane University potential for an exciting partnership with the and New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park. park. Visitors to the historical park will be able to observe and participate in live radio broadcasts. Carol S. Ash is a museum technician at Martin Luther The partnership would enable the station to con King, Jr., National Historic Site, Atlanta, Georgia. solidate its broadcast facilities and offices into Margie Ortiz is Chief of Interpretation, New Orleans one building. The Preferred Alternative Plan pro Jazz National Historical Park, New Orleans, Louisiana. vides for the new building to be built near the fire station in a location that will not impede visi bility from the firehouse to the rest of the For further information about the histori Complex. WWOZ would raise the money to cal park and its development contact: build the structure and would have a separate Superintendent, New Orleans Jazz National lease with the city. Historical Park, 365 Canal Street, Suite 2400, Standards for the maintenance of the New Orleans, LA 70130, 877-JAZZ-NPS or 1- lagoons to protect public health and safety will be 877-520-0677,
Carol S. Ash Rehabilitating MLK's Neighborhood
n October 10, 1980, President For 20 years, Martin Luther King, Jr., Jimmy Carter signed legislation National Historic Site has partnered with private creating Martin Luther King, and governmental agencies to protect and inter Jr., National Historic Site to pret the places where Martin Luther King, Jr, was commemoratOe and memorialize Dr. King. born, where he lived, worked, and worshiped, President Carter stated, and where he is buried. The historic site func It's my hope that by preserving the physical tions within a living, breathing community that environment in which Dr. King developed his reflects Dr. King's continuing influence today. concept of social justice, our people will come The historic site preserves the past as it moves to understand more fully what we have toward the future. accomplished and what remains to be done. The past and the future converged on May it be a perpetual reminder of Dr. King's October 18, 2000, at the Founder's Day great work and inspire people everywhere to Ceremony celebrating the 20th Anniversary of strive for the realization of his dream of equal rights and equal opportunity for all. the historic site. The National Park Service recog nized the contributions of four individuals to the
CRM No 2—2001 27 Former Presi arate preservation project with its own special dent Jimmy challenges. Some buildings had extensive water Carter spoke at the Founder's damage because of leaky roofs while other build Day ceremony ings had fire damage. Structures that had been celebrating the vacant for extended time periods suffered vandal 20th anniversary of the Martin ism and water damage from leaky pipes, broken Lurther King, Jr., windows, and roof and wall holes that were never National Historic repaired. Site. NPS photo. Shotgun houses located near the corner of Boulevard and Auburn Avenue were the first National Park Service projects in the newly estab lished park. Rehabilitating these homes presented unique challenges. To maintain the historic integrity of the buildings, staff members salvaged plaster, retained original features such as windows development and growth of the site: former and fireplace mantels whenever possible, recon President Jimmy Carter, Mrs. Coretta Scott King, structed missing historic features, and saved his U.S. Representative John Lewis, and Mrs. toric fabric for re-use. Paint analysis revealed a Christine King Farris, Dr. King's sister. wide palette of colors for repainting the homes. During the ceremony, Carter said, Unexpected situations occurred on a weekly basis during the rehabilitation work of the 1980s. I am proud to have played a small role in the establishment of the Sweet Auburn district as On one occasion, park staff members discovered a national historic site. Today, the district and a body under a building. Gunshots from a loca the Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic tion on Old Wheat Street came through rhe back Site stand as monuments to Dr. King, who wall of 476 Auburn Avenue on another occasion. embodied so much of the tragedy and tri One resident in a nearby home started each day umph of the Civil Rights Movement. by selling liquor by the shot at 8:00 am. Buyers The National Park Service began preserva would line up outside the door. tion activities on Auburn Avenue in the 1980s. Daily morning rituals included chasing Atlanta's Sweet Auburn community that nurtured vagrants out from under the houses and checking young Martin Luther King had two distinct sec for break-ins. There was even a daily "poop tions. Single family homes, apartment buildings, patrol." Security systems were installed in several duplex shotgun homes, and small businesses structures to prevent the theft of tools and build comprised the residential eastern end of the ing materials. Besides the construction work, a avenue. The business, social, educational, and busy prostitution and drug trade flourished on spiritual institutions were located at the avenue's the Boulevard-Auburn Avenue corner in the western end. The boundaries of the Martin 1980s. Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site and Rehabilitation continued throughout the Preservation District still reflect that division late 1980s and into the 1990s. Additional homes today. Park historians surveyed and documented on Auburn Avenue as well as structures on the condition of all the structures and land Edgewood Avenue were converted into residen parcels within the combined site boundaries. tial units or park offices. The preservation work National Park Service preservation activities included saving and replacing landscape features have been concentrated within the historic site or such as stone walls, brick sidewalks, and fences. residential end of the avenue. Eighteen homes Partners that have assisted in the preservation plus Fire Station No. 6 have been rehabilitated to efforts include the Trust for Public Land and the reflect the 1930s, the time period that Dr. King Historic District Development Corporation. lived at 501 Auburn Avenue. President Carter's Rebuilding the homes was just the first step hope of preserving the physical environment that in revitalizing the neighborhood. Over the past nurtured young Martin Luther King has become 20 years the National Park Service has become a major focus of the park's mission. the primary landlord within the historic site. Each property is a physical record of its Returning residents to the community has been a time, place, and use through history and is a sep park goal. The law that created this site specified
28 CRM No 2—2001 that people living in the homes when the National Park Service acquired the property would be permitted to stay in their homes, at the same rent, after the rehabilitation of the struc tures. The rest of the homes are rented at a com mercial rate, one of the lowest rates in the area. Original residents still live in four of the units. The park rents 40 residential living units. These units range from apartments, duplex shot gun homes, and single family dwellings. Three units are reserved for seasonal National Park Service employees. There is a 95% occupancy rate and a waiting list of persons interested in liv ing in Dr. King's neighborhood. Mrs. Frankie Ross is one of several residents who lived in other areas of the community before moving into one of the park-owned homes. She The National Park Service recently acquired recalls going to the Royal Peacock Club in the the Victorian homes on each side of Dr. King's 1940s, "The women would go to the club in Birth Home and stabilized both homes by replac their best gowns and the men always wore suits ing the roofs. The next phase of exterior work and ties. We would dance and we always had a includes replacement of damaged historic fabric good time on Auburn Avenue." A resident of the and painting. Modern materials and techniques Birth Home block for 10 years, she has witnessed are used in the interior rehabilitation work of the the tremendous growth of Martin Luther King, structures. Residents enjoy air conditioning, Jr., National Historic Site. modern appliances, and contemporary fixtures. The growth is continuing. Four living units In her remarks at the Foundet's Day cere are in various stages of rehabilitation. The exteri mony, Coretta Scott King spoke of the future, ors of 515 and 518 Auburn Avenue were rehabili As we celebrate this joyful anniversary today, tated before the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. I look forward to the future of this historic Fire Station No. 6, closed as an operating station site with the faith that it will continue to serve in 1991, re-opened in June 1996 after extensive Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, legacy in new and National Park creative ways as the years unfold. Service staff rehabilitation. The historic structure now con painted Dr. tains a restored 1927 American La France fire The future holds new preservation chal King's birth home in 1988. engine, watch desk, telegraph machine, fire alarm lenges. The National Park Service received a NPS photo. bell, exhibits, and a bookstore. "Save America's Treasures" grant to begin impor tant structural work on Ebenezer Baptist Church, Dr. King's lifetime spiritual home. The patk con tinues to maintain Dr. King's Birth Home and has instituted steps to improve its condition. Visitors come to Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site to experience the physical environment that influenced Dr. King. For 20 years, the National Park Service has committed time, money, human resources, and passion to protecting and interpreting that environment. Through these combined efforts, the National Park Service hopes to inspire and educate present and future generations to "strive for the realiza tion of Dr. King's dream of equal rights and equal opportunity for all."
Carol S. Ash is a museum technician at Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site, Atlanta, Georgia.
CRM No 2—2001 20 Dianne Dodd Commemorating Canadian Nursing
s the discipline of women's his women's traditional work from the domestic to tory matures, pressures are being the public sphere. It was accomplished through felt to make that history come enhancing educational standards and campaign alive at historic sites. There are ing for professional accreditation. The second A theme was nurses' work culture, or the way in challenges, however, in identifying sites where women's history can be commemorated and which nurses collectively shaped their role in interpreted. Having been relegated to the domes health care. tic sphere and excluded from financial and politi An extant nurses' residence, as a rare exam cal power, women have rarely purchased land ple of purpose-built architecture for women and mark buildings, nor occupied them for extended one of the first autonomous spaces for women in periods.1 Domestic buildings are more common the built environment, seemed the most appro than impressive architectural structures; even priate place to commemorate nursing. These these are generally not as well preserved as homes buildings symbolized the growing recognition of associated with the "fathers of the nation" Some nursing as a profession, provided a place for homes of exceptional women have been preserved thousands of nurses to live, socialize, train and and interpreted, but do women want to follow form gender and professional loyalties. They also ing in the elitist tradition of the "great man helped foster nursing leaders and the alumnae house"? This paper reports on a recent survey associations which supported them. A selection conducted by Parks Canada which has led to the criteria, based on historical themes, was devel commemoration of Canadian nurses, through the oped. We sought early purpose-built residences, geographic place of the nurses' residence.^ constructed during the formative period in Impressive purpose-built residences speak elo Canadian nursing from 1890 to 1939. In order quently to national issues such as the formation to evoke a strong sense of the residence as a train of a new profession, as well as the experience of ing ground for a new women's profession, we rank and file nurses. Our research results also sought residences which were still situated in a highlight some interesting regional and cultural hospital environment, and which retained evi Kingston General variations in accommodation of nursing students. dence of the three primary functions of a nurses' Hospital, Ann The report articulated two important residence: sleeping, leisure/recreation, and educa Baillie Building. Photo by James themes in the history of nursing The first was the tion. The criteria favoured urban, central de Jonge, Parks professionalization of nursing, important both in Canadian, Protestant, English-speaking hospitals, Canada. itself and as a pivotal event in the transition of predominantly in Ontario, as these institutions took the lead in the professionalization cam paign. However, significant regional and cultural variations in nursing history were reflected in the architecture: French Catholic, small town, and isolated hospitals used non-purpose built nurses' residences for longer periods. In the 1890s and 1900s, English Canadian Protestant hospitals made a deliberate attempt to implement the Nightingale system in order to provide themselves with a skilled nursing work force. Credited with establishing the modern profession of nursing in Britain, Nightingale recruited middle class women to perform the dual function of hospital Superintendent of Nursing, and instructor in newly established
30 CRM No 2—2001 Pavilion Hershey, apprenticeship-based hospital Royal Victoria training schools. Struggling to free Hospital. Photo by the author. nursing from its association with domestic service, these superinten dents recruited young, unmarried, white, middle class women as nurs ing students/apprentices. They formed the hospital's principal nursing labour force. Canadian hospitals, pressured by nursing superintendents, built architec turally impressive nurses' residences as part of their efforts to attract respectable women to the emerging profession. These buildings repre sented one of the first victories in parties and impromptu fun times as a way of let the battle for professional recognition. They were ting off steam after their long duties in the hospi certainly a major improvement over earlier hous tal. Stories of defying curfews through the ing arrangements where students and supervisors medium of fife escape doors and entry level win resided in a wing of the hospital. Nurses' resi dows are legion in nurse folklore. Sometimes the dences provided periodic escape from exposure to nurses' residence became a place to come together contagious disease and arduous and demanding in solidarity. For example, in the St. John's work in the hospital, and gave nurses some Hospital (Newfoundland) nurses' residence leisure space. Nursing Superintendent Mary Southcott met In the case of the Kingston General with students and staff to strategize, following Hospital, one of the residences designated as her unfair dismissal by a hostile Medical national historic sites, the nurses' alumnae associ Superintendent/ Professional and gender loyal ation established a building fund and spear ties developed in their residences, helped nurses headed the campaign which led to the building, to define their role. While physicians claimed sci in 1903-4, of what is probably the earliest nurses' ence as their exclusive domain and asserted a residence in Canada. Typical of the eatly period, position at the head of the medical hierarchy, this nurses' home, later named for Nursing nurses developed their own techniques and Superintendent Ann Baillie, was a small but sought recognition for caring as an integral part impressive, domestic structure.' Like other of curing.8 women's buildings of the period, nurses' resi Also reflected in residence architecture are dences reflect a certain ambivalence toward mov the successes of nursing superintendents in ing a domestic skill such as nursing into the pub acquiring the space, time, and reliable teaching lic realm and with providing professional training resources needed to ensure nurses obtained a sci for women. Most early nurses' residences drew entifically-based education. Residences evolved heavily on domestic architecture, provided a from small "homes" at the turn of the century to homelike interior, and were situated in treed much larger specialized institutions, buildings semi-rural settings. containing science and dietetic laboratories, class As part of the Nightingale model, nursing rooms, laundry chutes, recreational areas, and superintendents enforced strict rules of decorum, offices. By the 1920s, the days of sandwiching prohibiting student nurses from gossiping, dis late night lectures between shifts on the ward and cussing salaries, smoking, and having excessively stealing the dining room for use as a temporary friendly relations with patients, family members, classroom, were gone. or physicians. To facilitate this supervisory func But not all hospitals followed this model. In tion, residences provided live-in space for super French Catholic hospitals, nursing sisters already intendents. Thus the relatively homogeneous stu constituted a skilled nutsing workforce who did dent workforce of native-born, unmarried young not suffer from the degraded status of their pre- women of respectable origins, developed a certain Nightingale English counterparts. Here, women's group cohesiveness. Nursing students enjoyed religious communities articulated a French
CRM No 2—2001 31 Catholic conception of nursing as a religious feminist issues in the history of nursing, as well as vocation, in conscious opposition to the local concerns, can be effectively communicated. Nightingale-inspired Anglo-Canadian modef And, convent space was available to house some Notes 1 nursing students. Thus hospitals were less anx Page Putnam Miller, ed. Reclaiming the Past: Landmarks of Women's History (Bloomington and ious to acquire spacious, elegant, purpose-built Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1992). nurses' residences as a means of attracting 2 Ironically, women preservationists saved many of respectable women to nursing schools. One of the historic landmarks, now known as "great men's the few French Catholic hospitals to build a pur houses." Patricia West, Domesticating History: The pose-built nurses' residence before 1939 was Political Origins of America's House Museums Notre-Dame Hospital in Montreal. The School (Washington, London, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999). of Nursing, founded by the Grey Nuns in 1897, 3 Parks Canada, through the advice of the Historic accepted lay students in 1899. They were accom Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, commem modated in a modest private home until 1932, orates persons, places or events of national historic when the Pavilion Mailloux was constructed, a significance. Dianne Dodd, "Nurses' Residences: less imposing structure, architecturally, than the Commemoration of Canadian Nursing," paper pre pared for Parks Canada/Historic Sites and Royal Vic or Ann Baillie. Monuments Board of Canada, Spring 1997, Numerous small hospitals, Protestant as Agenda Paper 1997-71. well as Catholic, often located in smaller centres 4 John Murray Gibbon and Mary S. Mathewson, especially in the West and the Atlantic region, did Three Centuries of Canadian Nursing (Toronto: not feel the need to build purpose-built nurses' MacMillan, 1947). residences before the late 1940s and 1950s. A 5 Margaret Angus, Kingston General Hospital, A Social and Institutional History, Vol. 1 (Kingston: KGH, typical option, especially in Atlantic Canada, was 1973): 77, 86; James de Jonge, "Metamorphosis of to convert a home into a nurses' residence. In the a Public Institution: The Early Buildings of Canadian West, nurses' residences were built Kingston General Hospital," Society for the Study of later, where settlement and urban development Architecture in Canada Bulletin, Volume 22 (3), September 1997: 74-82. lagged behind that of eastern and central Canada. 6 Here, many hospitals began as cottage hospitals, Annmarie Adams, "Rooms of Their Own: the Nurses' Residences at Montreal's Royal Victoria established either by religious or secular health Hospital," Material History Review 40 (1994): 29- organizations. There were no nursing schools and 41. For a similar analysis of women's residences in staff nurses often slept on cots in the hallways. universities, see Alyson E. King, "Centres of The hospitals themselves were often accommo 'Home-Like Influence': Residences for Women at dated in converted homes, cottages, or even barns the University of Toronto," Material History Review 49 (Spring 1999): 39-59. or storehouses. Linda White, "Who's in Charge Here?: The General While non-purpose built nurses' residences Hospital School of Nursing, St. John's, in converted homes and Catholic convents may Newfoundland, 1903- 30," Canadian Bulletin of be more numerous and more representative of Medical History, 11 (1994): 91-118. 8 the experience of student nurses and their super Kate Macpherson, Bedside Matters: The Transformation of Canadian Nursing, 1900-1990 intendents, purpose-built nurses' residences, (Oxford University Press, 1996). exemplary models of women's architecture, speak ° Yolande Cohen et Louise Bienvenue, "Emergence eloquently to the dominant theme of profession- de l'identite professionnelle chez les infirmieres alization in nursing history. They also reflect the quebecoises, 1890- 1927," Canadian Bulletin of theme of nurses' work culture—the way in which Medical History, 11, 1 (1994): 119-51; Yolande all nurses used their residences as a base from Cohen et Michele Dagenais, "Le Metier d'infir- miere: savoirs feminin et reconnaissance profession which to define their place within modern health nelle," Revue d'histoire de l'Amerique francaise care. In 1997, the Minister of Canadian Heritage (RHAF), 41, 2, (automne 1987): 155-77. designated five nurses' residences as national his toric sites. Purpose built residences also provide Dianne Dodd, Ph.D., is a historian with Parks Canada, excellent opportunities for interpretation. It is to Hull, Quebec. be hoped that, in cooperation with enthusiastic This paper is an abbreviated version of nursing alumnae stakeholders, both national and "Nurses' residences: Commemorating Nurses through the Built Environment," forthcoming in Nursing History Review.
32 CRM No 2—2001 Ronald W. Johnson and Mary E. Franza An Unheralded Preservation Influence The American Funeral Industry
hroughout the United States, have made a significant commitment to recycling many contemporary institutions vintage buildings for contemporary purposes. and organizations have become They have made a noteworthy unrecognized con involved in divetse forms of his tribution to preserving a sample of America's toric Tpreservation, a key component of cultural structural patrimony. resources management. Some commercial enter In numerous cities and towns across the prises—such as the one cited in this article— nation, the funeral home industry has acquired, probably did not set out with a cultural resources preserved, and adaptively re-used structures in management outlook in mind; however, good long-established neighborhoods. Whether in works are not always the exclusive domain of pro small town or large city, it can be observed that fessionals employed by public or semi-private funeral businesses have recycled large ornate resource management entities. One specific houses (in some cases, mansions) as well as other example of a sector of contemporary private structures for contemporary use. While there is a enterprise serves to illustrate the range and extent plethora of examples of funeral homes located in of grassroots historic preservation in America. former residences, this article does not purport to The modern American funeral home industry suggest that all current-day funeral-related events should receive a share of kudos for its endeavors, take place in rehabilitated houses. Certainly the whether by design or by happenstance, to revital perceptive observer can locate recycled properties ize a small portion of the nation's older residential or newer contemporary style funeral homes in housing stock in a useful and thoughtful manner. commercial areas such as the central business dis Although the growing trend has been toward trict or outlying strip developments of small consolidation and corporate acquisition of inde towns or larger cities throughout the country. pendently managed funeral homes, many The focus of this article will be placed squarely throughout the United States are still owned and on our personal perceptions of why the adaptive Fox & Weeks operated by a local family who has resided in the re-use of vintage properties has been embraced by Funeral Directors, Savannah, same community for several generations. These the modern funeral industry. It must be noted Georgia. tradition-oriented independent business people that similar rehabilitation and use of traditional style, former residences provides workspace for professional offices used by doctors, lawyers, architects, planners, and others. This part of the preservation story is best left to other authors to study and interpret. Why has the funeral industry acquired ven erable residential structures and adaptively re used them? There are several plausible reasons for this approach to accidental historic preservation, an example of unintended consequences. First, the cost of acquiring a large vintage house near a community's central business district (and remodeling it for contemporary use) may actually be less than acquiring a developable piece of land in a good location and contracting for a new structure. Originally, members of the commu nity's business or professional class comprised of
CRM No 2—2001 33 Reynolds doctors, attorneys, main street Jonkhoff Funeral store proprietors, local factory Home, Traverse City, Michigan. owners, and other affluent citi zens lived in these grand struc tures. Property values may have declined during the 20th cen tury as residents or their descen- dents migrated to newer neigh borhoods in outlying areas. In more recent years, younger afflu ent families have gravitated to these areas to restore aging, yet elegant residences. These revered neighborhoods have become a community's crown jewels. A sizeable number of funeral homes we have seen, admired, and photographed in our travels Over time, as death has become more insti throughout the United States during the past 30 tutionalized and remote (meaning that a person years are located not far from the central business now generally dies in a hospital or nursing home district in vintage neighborhoods. Additionally and not in a private residence), the funeral indus well-maintained and restored properties now try has developed an accepted substitute for used as funeral homes have added economic and church and home in which the final ceremony aesthetic value to such neighbothoods, some of honoring the decedent occurs. Basically, the con which have been designated as locally significant temporary funeral home is that substitute for the historic/pteservation districts. Hence there is a person's home. The widely accepted nomencla logical economic imperative that drives the com ture clearly demonstrates this contention. For mercial use of these spacious old-fashioned for example, at the Frost Home for Funerals located mer residences as contemporary funeral establish in Ashland, Wisconsin, the word "home" assumes ments. a prominent role in that firm's title. The designa While an important consideration, cost is tion "home" or "parlor" exudes a sense of but a pottion of the total story. We suggest that a warmth, belonging, tradition, and permanence in numbet of other underlying factors support a that area of a private residence used to host more complex understanding of the symbolic guests. For those who care or take cognizance of necessities of the present-day funeral industry to these deep-seated values, many current funeral place its activities in traditional-style structures. homes are located in established neighborhoods, Deep-seated values assume a significant tole in rather than on a community's edge-of-town com the funeral industry's unrecognized, informal mercial business strip alongside the big boxes and commitment to presentation of vintage sttuctures fast food outlets. In this regard, individuals cur fot contempotary use. rently involved in the funeral business have been Many years ago funeral homes did not exist extremely perceptive and influential in develop as we know them today. As is the case with many ing their businesses in attractive, well-maintained institutions, diverse customs and practices in the traditional style former residences. For example, funeral industry evolved over time. When a per near Denver in Wheat Ridge, Colorado, a locally son passed away, preparations were basic—a local prominent funeral home owner in the early carpentry shop or furniture store supplied the 1920s built a tural mansion complete with a per coffin. The undertaker came to the home and gola (still extant), fruit orchard, several classical prepared the body for burial. Relatives, ftiends, style statues, and two outbuildings on a five-acre associates, and neighbors arrived at the house to tract. The owner then developed a major ceme share memories while viewing the decedent's tery directly across the street. The elegant former remains, usually placed in the living room. country house converted to a funeral establish Following the wake, the funeral was either held ment projects a sense of style and grace. in a church or in the home.
.v. CRM No 2—2001 Additionally, the very nature of having the used as funeral parlors/homes project a serene funeral in a home-like structure brings comfort and solemn image. and a sense of reassurance to the decedent's fam These large former residences could be eas ily and friends. A sizeable number of funeral ily modified to provide sufficient interior space homes are sited on large prominent lots on a hill for the various functions of the business includ or slope, a design feature that best showcases the ing viewing areas, lounges, and a large room in house while providing pleasant views for the orig which to hold services. Interior spaces have been inal inhabitants. Today this location factor helps modified in keeping with the prerequisites of the exude a sense of local grandeur and prominence. funeral business. In some instances the funeral Large lawns, shrubs and bushes, gardens, perhaps director's family living quarters were also located a flagpole, and trees complement the setting. In in the upper stories of these former residences. many instances traditional, low stone walls, These buildings' interior detailing such as wrought iron fences, or hedges surround the wooden staircases, banisters, newel posts, fire houses, not so much as security devices but as places, doors, windows, and lighting remain visual accessories to enhance the traditional indigenous to the property. One can find original appearance of the property. The signage denoting hardwood flooring in some converted residences. contemporary use is low key; frequently one Large chairs, tables, and sofas accent the scene neatly painted sign is placed in a corner of the more naturally than in a sterile, box-like modern property. Funeral home owners tend to shy away funeral parlor situated along a traffic-choked from neon signs, flashing lights, or gaudy colors commercial strip. to distract the eye or to lessen the solemnity of The modern funeral industry has under the establishment. gone rapid change in the recent past. Besides the The carpentry work to convert and modify trend toward corporate concentration, funeral these veteran houses for contemporary purposes homes have gone online to showcase their facili more than likely has not been accomplished by ties including color photographs of these adap trained historical architects and other preserva tively re-used vintage residences. This cyber tion craftsmen but, in most cases, the exterior information often contains narrative material rehabilitation appears sympathetic with original about purpose and mission as well as statements details and in keeping with materials used during linking the contemporary business to the com construction. Outbuildings have been adaptively munity's heritage. A family-owned funeral estab used for garage and maintenance supply space. lishment in Yutan, Nebraska, states on its web For example, a few funeral homes display antique pages that the firm is "committed to our commu hearses in their garages. Unusual dependencies nities and are proud to continue the long tradi have survived. A long established funeral home in tion in each town. We strive to preserve the tradi Springfield, Ohio, has preserved a two-story tions of the past. . . "^ In fact, this particular child's playhouse in the rear yard to the delight of firm has adaptively re-used a decommissioned Cooper Funeral neighbors and townspeople. Due Home, to the large size of some of these Richmond Hill, South Carolina. vintage residences, there has been little need for intrusive additions. Once converted, the spacious old houses provided a funeral home with a sufficient number of large rooms to allow the public to come and pay their respects. If an annex has been added for extra space, it has been placed at the rear of the funeral parlor. The purpose of all this effort by the funeral business owner is to transmit a sense of dignity and well being. These venerable tra ditional houses now adaptively
CRM No 2—2001 35 1890s published a book length history of the structure in 1978.^ It is not unusual that the evolving funeral home industry has adaptively recycled vintage houses and other buildings throughout the nation for a person's final, social gathering. These rehabilitated buildings offer tradition, security, friendliness, and a symbolic sense of home, arguably one of the most basic almost mythic human affinities. A Springfield, Ohio, funeral home ended its web page history by noting, "While the mansion is now a place of business, it still remains a feeling of home."4 In so doing, the modern American funeral home business has assumed a significant if unheralded role in the preservation of a portion of America's past through its adaptive re-use of traditional style houses and other structures to serve contempo Hunter- Lutheran church as one of its funeral homes. A rary end-of-life necessities. Anderson number of funeral home web pages present Funeral Home, detailed histories of the former residence and its Berkley Springs, Notes owners. Typically the cyber narrative offers 1 West Virginia. Web page. Reichmuth Funeral Homes, Yutan, insights to the rationale for using a large vintage Nebraska,
36 CRM No 2—2001 Jadelyn J. Moniz Nakamura, W. Costa, R. Gmirkin, T. Houston, C. Quiseng, and J. Waipa Tradition and Technology Adapting to New Mapping Tools in Archeology
n today's world, the use of Global ear features such as trails or walls. Additional data Positioning Systems (GPS) and such as who owns the land, site condition, and Geographic Information Systems other details may also be gathered and recorded (GIS) is becoming commonplace. at this time if the GPS unit has data logger TheseI technologies, once used almost exclusively capabilities. by scientists and engineers, are becoming more Once the locational data is collected, most available for public use. We see GPS touted in car archeologists revert to traditional methods of site commercials where drivers confidently navigate and feature mapping in order to make some to new locations. On the ocean, fishermen use assessment of site size, type, and layout. The tools on-board GPS units to navigate ships. Public used to record this information include tape and health and safety workers use GPS to measure compass, plane table, and transit. The result is a shifts in buildings after earthquakes and other planimetric map that shows the individual fea natural disasters, and forestry and agriculture tures of the site, including detailed aspects of workers map boundaries of farms in an effort to structures. In Hawaii, for example, the remnants settle boundary disputes. All of these applications of a pre-European contact house site may consist have some, albeit indirect, affect on our daily of walls, built of stacked basalt boulders with lives. cobble fill, in a rectangular shape. Hawaiian GPS and GIS are making it possible for archeologists not only map the interior and exte researchers and technicians to be more efficient, rior dimensions of the house structure, but will and produce more accurate information. GPS also draw in each surficial rock used in construc and GIS have immensely altered the manner in tion of the feature. Recording at this level of which data is collected in the field of archeology. detail is important because this data can help In the last several decades, archeologists have archeologists understand stylistic and temporal increasingly used GPS and GIS as analytical change in architectural features. tools. GIS has proven to be very useful for creat Following a method adapted for a survey of ing historic base maps, analyzing spatial and tem agricultural and associated features in the North poral changes, and as a tool for graphically ana Kohala District on the island of Hawaii,* arche lyzing database information.1 GPS has become ologists at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park have an extremely useful device for archeologists col expanded the use of GPS and GIS technology to lecting field data such as site and artifact location include the detailed planimetric mapping of and density. archeological sites. The technique consists of a In Hawaii, archeologists have been using three-step mapping method. First, the interior GPS and GIS since the late 1980s. The trend was and exterior of architectural structures are led by the State Historic Preservation Division, mapped with a Trimble TSC1 GPS unit as a line which is developing a statewide inventory of his feature. The data is then taken back to the office, toric sites for the islands. In the 1990s, private downloaded into Pathfinder ver. 2.10 and cor contract archeology firms, as well as federal agen rected with base station files to obtain the most cies, also began to use these tools to collect and accurate locational data available. analyze field data. Much of the GPS information Once the data is corrected, it is then down that is collected today consists of locational desig loaded as a shape file into Arc View ver. 3.2. The nations, gathered as either point or line data. result is an outline, or sketch of the archeological Generally, points refer to a single site or artifact site. Figure 1 represents the outline drawing of location. Line data will often be collected for lin Site HV-30, located in Hawaii Volcanoes
CRM No 2—2001 37 Figure 1. Planimetric View of Site HV-30 Prior to Detailed Mapping. Figure 2. Planimetric View of Site HV-30 After Detailed Mapping.
National Park. Site HV-30 is a multi-terraced agers at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park to habitation complex. This site has both historic increase the amount of land surveyed in the park and pre-contact components including a historic at a faster and more efficient rate. This method cistern, two pre-contact habitation platforms, and has aided the expansion of the inventory of his numerous terraces and enclosures. toric properties by over 200 features in the first The preliminary sketch map is printed on eight months of the year 2000 alone. The GIS- graph paper, to scale, and taken back to the field based inventory of historic properties is increas for detailed mapping. In the field all the archeolo- ingly becoming an important tool used by park gist has left to do is fill in the detailed portions of resource managers in making historic preservation the site including building construction and fea decisions. ture location. Because the outline of the site is to scale, much time is saved carrying out bulky References 1 equipment. In addition, accuracy is increased by McCarthy, Deidre: "Applying GIS Technologies to CRM." CRM, 21:5 (1998): 34-35. using GPS instead of tape and compass. The 2 Cachola-Abad, C. Kehaunani: unpublished ms. result is a highly detailed, accurate and relatively "Seriation of Hawaiian Monumental Architecture." quick planimetric map (see figure 2). * Ladefoged, Thegn, M.Graves and R. Jennings: Taking this methodology one step further, "Dryland agricultural expansion and intensification the completed field map is scanned into a com in Kohala, Hawaii Island." Antiquity, 70(1996): puter. The image is then registered into ArcView 861-880. and symbols representing artifacts and other fea tures are added. The result is a TIFF, or image file JadelynJ. Moniz Nakamura, Ph.D.,
38 CRM No 2—2001 Jim Noles to such organizations due to its restrictions of such conveyances to states, counties, and towns. The newest amendments to the NHPA alter the current state of affairs. They direct the A New Opportunity Department of the Interior and the GSA to, within a year, develop regulations that will enable so-called "eligible entities" (defined to include for Old Lighthouses nonprofit corporations, educational agencies, community development organizations, and local n October 24, 2000, President governments, as well as federal or state agencies) Clinton signed H.R.4613 and to apply to receive historic light stations free of S.2343 into law (PL. 106-355), charge. Only if no such eligible entities exist thereby amending the National would the historic light station be offered for sale HistoriOc Preservation Act (NHPA) to enable the to the general public. Regardless of whether the federal government to more readily convey "his government donates the light station to an eligi toric light stations" to local nonprofit and educa ble entity or sells it to a private party, if the new tional organizations, local governments, and state owner fails to maintain the light station to ade agencies. Congressman Mark E. Souder (R-IN) quate standards of preservation, then the owner had introduced the House bill, styled the ship of the light station will revert to the federal National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act, in government. June of that year. The House bill mirrored the These amendments also call for, in general bill introduced in the Senate earlier during the terms, the creation of a national historic light sta same session of Congress by Senators Frank tion program, through which the Department of Murkowski (R-AK) and Carl Levin (D-MI). the Interior will collect and disseminate historic In his remarks to his colleagues on the light station information, foster educational pro House floor, Souder explained the concerns that grams, sponsor or conduct related research, and had led to the bill. "It has not been fair," he said, maintain a listing of these historic light stations. "that some community organizations have The NHPA's new provisions involve the worked to preserve and restore these lighthouses National Park Service (NPS) and the Department only in the conveyance process to have to go of the Interior in a number of ways. As men through a bidding process" when they find them tioned, the clock is already ticking for the devel selves competing against other private entities for opment of regulations to implement the new law. a surplus lighthouse. Consequently, only time will tell to what degree The bidding process to which Souder the new law will impact NPS operations. In referred was the result of the federal government's recognition of the existence of a number of light previous policies regarding these properties, houses within the boundaries of NPS units, the referred to as "light stations" in Souder's amend amendments prohibit the conveyance of such ments. Until now, the government has essentially units without the Department's approval and treated retired light stations like any other piece allow the Department to impose whatever restric of surplus property, transferring them to the tions are necessary to protect the existing General Services Administration (GSA) for even resources of the unit. Prior to the enactment of tual disposal through its routine surplus proce the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation dures. Granted, the NHPA imposed consultation Act, the NPS had transferred 42 lighthouses for requirements on the government during such park and recreational uses. These experiences, transactions. These requirements, however, were coupled with the NPS maritime heritage pro procedural rather than substantive measures. gram, may likely play into the Department's They provided little relief to preservation organi development of procedures to implement the zations seeking to protect old light stations whose new law. The full legislation can be found at days of service to the nation were over. Even the
CRM No 2—2001 39 ICOMOS General Assembly of construction, the evolution, the testing meth ods, and the preservation of the world's second largest aqueduct. Second, the Lady of Guadalupe n October 1999, the MEXICO Sanctuary and Causeway of Guadalupe com I ICOMOS Committee hosted the 12th bined the finest available stone in a Late Baroque ICOMOS General Assembly. A number of style (early 20th century) with traditional orna National Park Service staff attended, including ment and detail. The causeway was an urban axis Paul Cloyd, historical architect/project manager that was also the physical embodiment of pil and Bonita Mueller, historical architect, both of grims' religious walk through life. This formerly the Denver Service Center. Cloyd received addi common element was one of the best-preserved tional support through a grant from the Albright/ but now rare causeways in the country. It was Wirth Employee Development Fund. The also an example of the syncretic physical develop International Council on Monuments and Sites ment relative to Pre-Columbian cities. Finally, (ICOMOS) is an international non-governmen the Morelia Cathedral set the stage for an excel tal organization of professionals, dedicated to the lent discussion of the deterioration of porous conservation of the world's historic monuments stone, consolidation with lime wash, and historic and sites. use of chromatic exterior finishes. The trip con The 12th General Assembly gathered cluded with a discussion of the misguided together approximately 600 representatives from removal of exterior plasters on Morelia's stone over 100 ICOMOS member countries. The buildings in 1966 and the UNESCO-sponsored Assembly convened in Mexico City and then plan to replace them, often in opposition to mis divided into four sections—Heritage and informed local social opinion. Conservation, Heritage and Territory, Heritage Cloyd participated in the section on and Development, and Heritage and Society. Heritage and Society in Guanajuato. He pre Mueller attended the section which focused sented his paper on the Cape Hatteras Light on Heritage and Territory in Morelia. It included Station relocation project on which he serves as 26 presentations. They defined territory in the project manager. His presentation provided back context of resource and cultural management and ground information on the natural threats to the of the environment. The environment broadly light station and the alternative solutions consid included social, economic, political, demographic ered. He found the international audience and geophysical aspects. Presentations included accepted the National Park Service's position that Manuel Reyes' "Research on Stone in Mexico the relocation alternative provided the best solu City" which focused on the diagnosis of deterio tion for the conservation of both cultural and ration mechanisms. Christopher Machat pre natural resources. Colleagues from Cameroon sented "The Geomorphological Conditions of and Trinidad noted they were facing similar the Territory and the Vernacular Heritage." His threats to large structural resources in their coun premise was that comparable geomorphological tries and expressed interest in consulting with the conditions produce similar results, particularly in National Park Service. the examples of wood vernacular architecture that Stephen Townsend of Cape Town, South he showed. Marilyn Truscott spoke on " Cultural Africa, discussed the process of declaring urban and Natural Heritage management in Australia preservation areas in Cape Town. He explained National Patks." She focused on environment as that the physical development of the city reflects part of the culture and pointed out that Australia the racial divide of the past. However, he con was a cultural landscape long before European cluded with a moving statement that great strides settlement. in uniting the country had been accomplished Several technical trips were offered from the and that this unification will continue and will be Morelia section. The town of Pazcauro provided reflected in protection of the heritage of all the the backdrop to discuss wood preservation issues, citizens of South Africa. especially regarding the unique wood vaulting Patricia Green of Jamaica talked of her pro system at Pazcauro Cathedral. A variety of speak ject on the interpretation of the Caribbean cul ers addressed stone issues during a visit to three ture as we find it today and the impact the slave important structures in Morelia. First, the visit to trade had upon that cultural development. The the Aqueduct of Morelia focused on the history project seeks to tell the story of the Caribbean
40 CRM No 2—2001 people as reflected in the built environment of a director led the ICOMOS group through Monte varied group of Caribbean territories, including Alban. She pointed out the damage incurred dur those of Spanish, English, and French colonial ing the recent earthquakes. Archeologists evalu history. Indeed this project may be of interest to ated the damages during a three-day site closure NPS sites with related stories. following the earthquake and subsequent after The Assembly held its closing ceremonies in shocks. We were shown the intense repair efforts Guadalajara. In addition to the closing routine of underway. The visit provided a unique opportu electing officers, resolutions for the organization nity to view the work close at hand and to discuss were proposed and voted upon. A Peruvian col repair philosophy with the site manager. Overall, league made a passionate plea to the assembly for the site survived remarkably well; however, a few a resolution in opposition to proposed develop heavily damaged areas had to be closed to the ment at the Machu Picchu archeological site. public until repairs could be made. The public Some months later the Peruvian government and political pressures on the managers to re rescinded its support of the development. open the entire site as soon as possible also pro Post conference technical tours included the vided an interesting discussion topic. World Heritage sites of the city center of Oaxaca The 13th General Assembly of ICOMOS and the 600 B.C.-A.D. 850 archeological will convene in Harare, Zimbabwe, in October remains of Monte Alban near Oaxaca. The site 2002.
Book Reviews
Architects to the Nation: The Rise and and congressional reports, and architectural jour Decline of the Supervising Architects Office, by nals of the period, she develops a detailed and Antoinette J. Lee, New York: Oxford University definitive history. The scope extends beyond the Press, 2000. office itself to the beginnings of federal building projects in the late 1780s. An Epilogue delineates Reviewed by Richard Longstreth, Professor the changes introduced from the time of the close of American Civilization and Director, Graduate of the office in 1939 to the founding of the Program in Historic Preservation, George General Services Administration a decade later. Washington University, Washington, DC. For the first time, one can get a clear view of the federal government's longstanding and significant The Supervising Architect of the Treasury contributions to shaping the urban landscape for Department was one of the most longstanding, over a century and a half. prolific, and controversial offices in the annals of The Supervising Architect's office was a American architectural practice. Established in tumultuous place that came under attack from the mid-19th century, this agency was charged many quarters during much of its existence. with the design and supervision of construction Politicians often treated it as a whipping boy. The of federal buildings, aside from those of the mili American Institute of Architects and often the tary, throughout the nation over a period of more architectural press were unrelenting through the than seven decades. Most students of the history 19th century with accusations that the office was of American architecture are aware of that office incompetent as well as excluding the profession and of at least a few of its products; yet, aside from important public works. Things were not from a few specialisrs, that knowledge is paper always harmonious within the office either; thin. Little is generally known about the extent intrigue seems to have been commonplace. or richness of the Supervising Architects' legacy In presenting this chronicle, Lee employs or about the individuals who headed that office. unwavering restraint and detachment. She does One of the National Park Service's most dis not gloss over myriad controversies of the office, tinguished historians, Antoinette J. Lee, has done but neither does she dwell upon them. Indeed, much to rectify the situation. Architects to the one gets the impression that the text gives only a Nation is a work of impeccable scholarship that glimpse of the politics and infighting that some brings an enormous amount of new information times prevailed. Lee's refusal to get too embroiled to light. Drawing from federal archives, agency in such machinations has its strengths for it keeps
CRM No 2—2001 41 the focus on how, despite the tempest, this agency vagarious dimensions that practice can acquire in maintained a continual and often increasing out service to the state. Surveying the pictorial record put. Early on in its life the Supervising Architect's presented here it is clear that the caliber of archi office became a large one that was well organized tecture created on a large scale is of a level we can and created a steady stream of highly competent only wish for in the present. There is much to be plans. learned from this work. By writing this valuable Lee has created an unusual and important book, Lee gives us a sense of the rich legacy of pub volume that both adds a new perspective to the lic buildings that begs our closer attention. practice of architecture and underscores the
Notes on Hampton Mansion, by Charles E. lection of later agricultural outbuildings, and rem Peterson, FAIA. The National Trust for Historic nants of a multi-layered landscape. Notes opens Preservation Library Collection of the University of windows of observation into the people associated Maryland, College Park, MD, second edition, with Hampton and its evolution, details about the revised, 2000. design and construction of the buildings—from masonry to plaster to carpentry, from stoves and Reviewed by Beth L. Savage, Architectural shutters to interior colors, particularly valuable in Historian, National Register of Historic Places, light of the loss of original drawings for the house, National Park Service, Washington, DC. and casts the property as a preservation cause celebre in the post-World War II phase of the This handsome and well-organized volume American historic preservation movement. weaves together an intricate tapestry of art, culture, This volume supplements information on the society, economics, politics, government, and documentation and interpretation of this extraordi bricks and mortar relating to the architecture, his nary property by a preeminent figure in the preser tory, and preservation of Hampton, an 18th-cen- vation of America's historic places, Charles tury plantation near Towson, Maryland, under the Peterson. It is the first in what is planned to be a stewardship of the National Park Service since its series of re-publications of Peterson historical designation as a National Historic Site in 1948. research reports forthcoming from the future home Thomas Sully's elegant 1818 portrait of Eliza of the Peterson Library and Archive on Early Ridgely, Lady with a Harp, graces the cover and American Building Technology and Historic represents the object through which the concerted Preservation. It includes: a new Peterson preface; an preservation of Hampton began in the 1940s. insightful introduction by NPS Curator Lynne Coveted by Director David Findley for acquisition Dakin Hastings, which details, among other things, by the National Gallery of Art (a reproduction now the ongoing role the original publication has played hangs in the mansion), the portrait drew Findley to and continues to play in the stewardship and inter Hampton where he was impressed not only by the pretation of Hampton by the National Park Service; well-known painting but also by the owner's belief a foreword by NTHP Library Collection Curator that Hampton's integrity as a great country house Sally Sims Stokes; a list of illustrations (including was threatened by encroaching development pres two new ones); two new appendices—on the dedi sures from Baltimore. The ensuing story involves cation of Hampton National Historic Site and a Hampton, not only as the first "architectural" glossary of terms for the 1829 Ridgely estate inven monument designated a National Historic Site and tory of household goods; and expanded and managed through an instrumental private/public updated footnotes (now endnotes). As its title partnership with the Society fot the Preservation of belies, this work is not intended to be the definitive Maryland Antiquities, but also for its pivotal role treatise on Hampton, but rather a collection of key in the establishment of the National Council for "notes" or observations on the continuing story of Historic Sites and Buildings and its successor, the its historical evolution, documentation, preserva National Trust for Historic Preservation. tion, interpretation and reinterpretation. It fur Once encompassing a vast land-holding ther opens the windows of inquiry regarding the industrial, commercial, and agricultural empire of property's role within its multiple historical con more than 24,000 acres, the land of the estate now texts, and, in this vein, Peterson's implied purpose includes just 43 acres, the centerpiece of which is for the original publication to spur further inves the Late Georgian manor house, an impressive col tigations into Hampton has been fulfilled.
42 CRM No 2—2001 Tributes
Ralph H. Lewis 1909-2000 Ralph Howe Lewis, 91, died on November Museums in 1976. He authored Museum 21, 2000, in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. During Curatorship in the National Park Service 1904-1982, 35 years with the National Park Service (NPS), he published in 1993. played a key role in its museum program. As a volunteer, he produced park collection His NPS work began as assistant curator in management plans and spent thousands of hours 1935. He helped plan several park museums and caring for the collection at Harpers Ferry National the Department of the Interior museum in Historical Park. In 1991, he received the NPS 75th Washington. After five years as historian at Anniversary Volunteer Service Award. From 1960- Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, he became 1991, he served as a voting member of the National assistant chief of the NPS Museum Branch in 1946 Fire Protection Association Technical Committee and chief in 1954, overseeing the full range of on Cultural Resources and was a member emeritus museum activities. When development and opera when he died. From 1970-2000, he contributed to tional functions separated in 1964, he became chief Art and Archaeology Technical Abstracts, a publica of the Branch of Museum Operations, the post he tion that is widely distributed among conservation held until retirement in 1971. He then volunteered professionals. He was known nationally and inter and was with the NPS Museum Management nationally for his publications and contributions to Program when he died. His example led his son the museum profession. and grandson into NPS careers. He leaves his wife of 66 years, Dorothy He edited the 1941 NPS Field Manual for Lanckton Lewis; a daughter, Mary Elizabeth Lewis Museums, wrote much of the Service's early Corrigan; a son, Steven Houghton Lewis; a sister; Museum Handbook, and published Manual for nine grandchildren; and six great-grandchildren.
Edward B. Danson 1916-2000 Edward Bridge (Ned) Danson, of Sedona, (1948-1950) and the University of Arizona (1950- Arizona, died at home on November 30, 2000. 1956). Ned Danson, was a long-time supporter of national At the Museum of Northern Arizona he was parks. As a member of the National Park System assistant director (1956-1958) and director (1958- Advisory Board (1958-1964) and the National Park 1975). On the Board ofTrustees (1955-1956 and Service Advisory Council (1964-1985), he recom 1976-1981) he served as president (1976-1979), mended strengthening cultural resources and becoming a member emeritus in 1983. Beginning museum collections management. He served on the in the 1950s, he pioneered highway salvage arche Board of the Southwest Parks and Monuments ology on the Colorado Plateau, including projects Association (SPMA) (1952-1985 and 1993-1995) for Glen Canyon Dam, Wupatki National and was appointed director emeritus in 1995. In Monument, and utility lines across the state. As 1986, SPMA established the Edward B. Danson museum director, he cooperated with the U.S. Distinguished Service Award to honor individuals Geological Survey to house its northern Arizona who make an extraordinary contribution to SPMA. operations supporting the lunar exploration He worked tirelessly with NPS and the program. Hubbell family for inclusion of Hubbell Trading He served on numerous boards, including the Post in the national park system (1965). In 1986, American Folklife Center of the Library of he received the Department of the Interior Congress. He was a fellow of the American Conservation Service Award. Anthropological Association, American Association He graduated from the University of Arizona for the Advancement of Science, and Arizona (1940), served in the Navy (1942-1945), and Academy of Science. received his Ph.D. in anthropology from Harvard Surviving are his wife of 58 years, Jessica; his (1952). He taught at the University of Colorado daughter Jan Haury of Sedona; his son Edward (Ted) Danson of Los Angeles; and five grandchildren.
CRM No 2—2001 43 Tributes
John C. Poppeliers 1935-2000 John Charles Poppeliers, 64, died Septem From 1980 to 1986 he was the chief of the ber 1, 2000, in Washington, DC. He was an Operating Program, Cultural Heritage Division architectural historian with the National Park of the United Nations Educational and Scientific Service for 35 years. Organization (UNESCO) in Paris, France, where He joined the Historic American Buildings he worked on the implementation of UNESCO Survey (HABS) in Philadelphia in 1959, moved International Conventions concerning cultural to Washington as the first full-time historian with heritage. Prior to his retirement from the HABS in 1962, and became the chief of the National Park Service in 1998, he coordinated Survey in 1972. In addition to administering the international activities for the Cultural Resources HABS program, he developed a number of trav directorate. eling architectural exhibits including What Style He was a member of the Society of Is It?, which resulted in a widely published book Architectural Historians and the U.S. on the historical architecture of the United Committee, International Council on States. He was the author of publications and Monuments and Sites. As a lay Franciscan and articles reflecting the collection of the Survey. member of the Third Order of St. Francis, he During his tenure as chief of HABS, he devel served as director of the Order's national environ oped the training ground for young professionals ment committee. in the fields of historic preservation, architectural He is survived by his wife of 33 years, Julia measured drawing documentation, and historic Poppeliers, and a brother, Edward. architectural research.
Upcoming Conferences The Sixth Maritime Heritage Conference Places of Cultural Memory: African October 25-28, 2001 Reflections on the American Landscape Wilmington, North Carolina May 9-12, 2001 Atlanta, Georgia For more information, see CRM Online, this issue.
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