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In This Issue CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CRM VOLUME 24 NO. 2 2001 In this issue... Protecting Historic Resources • Opera Nation, .p. 19 A Plan for the White House • Canadian Nursing p. SO Commemorating Women's History U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service Cultural Resources PUBLISHED BY THE VOLUME 24 NO. 2 2001 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Contents ISSN 1068-4999 Information for parks, federal agencies, Indian tribes, states, local governments, General Issue and the private sector that promotes and maintains high standards for pre­ serving and managing cultural Time Crime—Anti-Looting Efforts The Cumberland Gap—Coming resources in Virginia 3 Full Circle 23 DIRECTOR Robert D. Hicks William L. Witmer Robert Stanton Mesa Verde Collection New Orleans Jazz National Historical ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR CULTURAL RESOURCE STEWARDSHIP Faces the Heat 5 Park—Evolution of AND PARTNERSHIPS Liz Bauer and Carolyn Landes the Jazz Complex 25 Katherine H. Stevenson Carol S. Ash and Margie Ortiz A Partnership for the Past 7 EDITOR Ronald M. Greenberg Amy Steffian and Steve Hunt Rehabilitating MLK's Neighborhood 27 ASSOCIATE EDITOR Archeology Education Carol S. Ash Janice C. McCoy at Fort Frederica 9 J. Steven Moore Commemorating Canadian ADVISORS Nursing 30 David Andrews On the Road—"Disturbed" Roadways Dianne Dodd Editor, NPS Joan Bacharach as Window to the Past 10 Curator, NPS Wade Broadhead An Unheralded Preservation Influence— Randall J. Biallas Historical Architect, NPS The American Funeral Industry 33 John A. Burns Working within the Community 12 Ronald W Johnson and Architect, NPS David Neufeld Mary E. Franza Harry A. Butowsky Historian, NPS Pratt Cassity What Can Happen When We Share— Tradition and Technology—Adapting Executive Director, Natbnal Alliance of Preservation Commesions The Virginia Survey and Planning to New Mapping Tools Muriel Crespi Cost Share Program 14 in Archeology 37 Cultural Anthropokxjist, NPS Margaret T. Peters Jadelyn J. Moniz Nakamura, MaryCullen Director, Historical Services Branch W Costa, R. Gmirkin, T. Houston, Parks Canada The Eye of the Professional vs. C. Quiseng, and J. Waipa Mark Edwards Historic Preservation and Cultural Resource Group Manager Opinion of the Community 16 URS Greiner Woodward Clyde Federal Services Dirk H.R. Spenneman, A New Opportunity for RogerE. Kelly Archeologist, NPS Michael Lockwood, and Old Lighthouses 39 Antoinette J. Lee Kellie Harris Jim Noles Historian, NPS ASSISTANT The White House— ICOMOS General Assembly 40 Denise M. Mayo Operation Preservation 19 James I. McDaniel and Paul Cloyd and Bonita Mueller Ann Bowman Smith Book Reviews 41 An electronic version of rhis National Historic Landmark issue of CAW can be accessed Stewards Association 21 Tributes 43 through the CAW homepage at Lisa Kolakowsky Smith <http://vvwvw.cr.nps.gov/crm>. CRM Online Upcoming Conferences Cover clockwise from top left: early 20th-century housing in the North Ghent Historic District, Nor­ folk, Virginia, see article, p. 14; detail of Reynolds Jonkhoff Funeral Home, Traverse City, Michigan, Design and Imaging see article, p. 33; painting the birth home of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., see article, p. 27; detail of McCoy Publishing Services the Rabassa House in the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park, see article, p. 25; early 20th [email protected] century residences on Graydon Avenue in Norfolk's North Ghent Historic District, see article, p. 14. Statements of fact and views are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an opinion or endorsement on the part of the editors, the CRM advisors and consultants, or the National Park Service. Send articles and correspondence to the Editor, CRM, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Suite 350NC, Washington, DC 20240 (U.S. Postal Service) or 800 North Capitol St, NW, Suite 350, Washington, DC 20002 (Federal Express); ph. 202-343-3411, fax 202-343-5260; email: <[email protected]>, to subscribe and to make inquiries; <[email protected]> to submit articles. 2 CRM No 2—2001 Robert D. Hicks burials, the disturbance or illegal excavation of which incurs the most severe penalties of all pro­ tection laws, receive absolute protection. Any human burial, no matter where located, cannot Time Crime be disturbed or excavated without a permit or a court order. Anti-Looting Efforts in Virginia Teaching officers these laws is an important step; prosecuting offenses is the test of the laws' viability. Most applicable laws have been under- ince enactment of the Archeological enforced, if enforced at all, but it would have Resources Protection Act (ARPA) required considerable self-confidence for a sher­ and the Native American Graves iff's deputy, say, to be willing to testify in court to SProtection and Repatriation Act, the theft of Middle Woodland projectile points Virginia has featured prominently in federal pros­ without the requisite archeological knowledge. ecutions. "Virginia is the showcase state for Based on the investigative protocol taught at the archeological resources theft cases," a federal Archeological Resources Protection Training prosecutor said. At the state and local level, how­ Program at the Federal Faw Enforcement ever, law-enforcemenr officers, as recently as the Training Center in Glynco, Georgia, a strategy early 1990s, knew nothing of the criminal provi­ was devised. ARPA requires rhe involvement of sions of these laws and had not been taught many an archeologist to perform a damage assessment of the Virginia laws that pertain to archeological at a crime scene. With help from the Department resources. While federal prosecutions were occur­ of Historic Resources, professional archeologists ring in Virginia, no comparable state cases had throughout the state were asked to participate in taken place. the time crime program. The archeologist volun­ With assistance from the National Park teers attended a training session to better under­ Service Archeology and Ethnography Program, stand how to collaborate with law-enforcement the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice officers in analyzing a crime scene, collecting evi­ Services (DCJS), an agency that oversees the dence, and testifying as experts in court. With standards for hiring and training law-enforce­ Vandalism to and ment officers and administers millions of federal theft of archeo­ and state dollars for criminal justice programs, in logical resources goes largely 1995 began a collaboration with the Virginia unchecked in Department of Historic Resources (DHR) in cre­ Virginia. Some ating a training program for local law-enforce­ local govern­ ments have pro­ ment officers in what has become known as "time moted anti-loot­ crime," a term for theft of and vandalism to his­ ing messages toric resources. The training program uses the and have passed local ordinances word "historic" to encompass archeological against it. Photo resources, the term meant to focus on the victim courtesy Fairfax when archeological resources are destroyed: our County Park Authority. collective history. Further, unlike ARPA, Virginia attaches no time requirement for a resource to be protected under law. In Virginia law, an "object of antiquity" could be an artifact of very recent manufacture that receives protection because of its context. Virginia law allows almost any excavation to occur on private property with the consent of the owner, with only a few exceptions. Underwater cultural resources are generally state protected, and a permit is required for their exca­ vation and retrieval. Artifacts in caves or rock shelters also require a state permit for their removal, even if on private property. Human CRM No 2—2001 3 the indispensable vol­ ambiguities in the law but more often serve to unteer help of profes­ instruct relic hunters and citizens. Abandoned or sional archeologists, disused cemeteries are imperiled because of devel­ classes were offered to opment and vandalism, and their disturbance or regional criminal jus­ destruction can unexpectedly ignite community tice academies for law- concern. One incident involved the inadvertent enforcement in-service destruction of a few grave markers in what is training credit. believed to be a Quaker cemetery from a Each class is co- Caroline County community that was closed in taught by an archeolo- the 1850s. While the investigation, conducted gist who works in the jointly by a sheriff's deputy and an archeologist, region where the revealed no criminality, the community was nev­ training occurs and a ertheless left with an exposed and disturbed law-enforcement spe­ cemetery, hitherto unknown. Funds were located cialist. The four-hour through the state-run Threatened Sites Program Publicity sur­ classes offer an overview of the looting problem to conduct a survey to locate burials, which was rounding the in Virginia, nationally, and internationally; a duly carried out. Quaker descendants who now convictions of description of pertinent laws and case studies; wish to preserve the site have in hand an archeo­ two men for vio­ lating the plus an outline of suggested investigative strate­ logical survey plus a site number as the basis for Archeological gies. An eight-hour variant of the course includes their further work. Resources a half-day practicum in which a crime is enacted, On the other hand, the Virginia program Protection Act in Petersburg, requiring the officers to halt the offense, inter­ has met with obstacles. One attorney refused to Virginia, fright­ view and arrest the suspect, and collect evidence prosecute a man who bulldozed the architecture ened a looter and diagram the scene. To date, hundreds of law- of a derelict cemetery, asserting that the true van­ into presenting a Richmond enforcement officers have attended the training dals were Union soldiers who carried off and re­ funeral home through almost 80 classes and presentations. Of used tombstones during the Civil War. In with this box of particular importance, attendees receive a call-out Richmond, a school teacher (a relic hunter) and human remains, a Civil War sol­ list of professional archeologists who can provide some of his students excavated the remains of a dier who was the requisite technical expertise.
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