CENSUS OF INDIA 1991
SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST DATA USERS' CONFERENCE (April 18~20, 1988) New Delhi
OFFICE OF THE UGISTllAIl.GENUAL, INDIA MINISTRY OJ' HOME AFF.wtS ~.W DELHI
CONTENTS
Pages
I Welcome Address by Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India 1 II Inaugural speech by Minister for Home Affairs, Hon'bie Shri Buta Singh 2 III Yote of thanks by Joint Registrar General (YS) 2 IV Review of 1981 Census and Strategy for 1991 Census-General discussion 3 V Presentation and discussion on Houselist 17 VI Presentation and discussion on Individual Slip & Household Schedule 21 VII Ancilliary Studies 33 VIII Valedictory Session Addressed by Dr. Asok Mitra 34
ADDexarel
Annexe A List of Participants 35 Annexe 8 Text of inaugural speech by Shri Buta Singh, Minister for Home Affairs 46 Annexe C Review of 1981 Census 48 Annexe D Strategy for the 1991 Census of India 53 Annexe E Topics to be investigated in the Census of India 1991 57 Annexe F Ancilliary Studies 81 Annexe G List of Tabulation proposed for 1991 Census 90
laauguratlon
The preparation for evolving the questionnaires(schedules for collection of data in the 1991 Census of India together with the corresponding concepts, definitions and procedures were considered and discussed at a three-day conference of data users, organised by the office of the Registrar General, India during April 18-20, 1988. The data users included experts from Central Ministries, Sta~e Government departments, research institutions. universities etc. The conference. which was organised in Vigyan Bhawan on the first day and at the Conference Han No.7 in Pragati Maidan on the remaining two days, was inaugurated by Hon'ble Shrj Buta Singh. Minister for Home Affairs, Govern ment of India. Shri Chintamani Panigrahi, Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs and Shri R. Srinivasan, Additional Secretary (Home) were present at the inaugural session of the conference. A list of participants is given in Annexe 'A'.
Welcoming the delegates, Shri V. S. Verma, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, said that for over three decades now, the Census Organisation has been a permanent one and it did not have to rise during eaeh census from the ashes like the phoenix. as was the case in the past. The organisation was once again embarking on an endeavour of great national importance. Accord ing to Shri Verma, the census had always risen to meet all challenges on all occasions. the latest in the series being the Iingu'istic survey in Punjab and the census and follow up surveys for identifyit\8 groups eligible for Scheduled Tribes status in Jammu & Kashmir. He assured the data users of continued commitment to and the undimmed faith in census-taking, of the censuS organisation. The presence of two former Registrars General viz. Dr. Asok Mitra and Shri P. Padmanabha who were among the carvers and creaters of the world-wide reputation of the Indian census and who are the links with stalwarts of even earlier days was a matter of great privilege for us, said the Registrar General. Elaborating on the role of census. he explained that census went far beyond mere bead count and cold statistics; it endeavoured to get to the people and study their concerns. However. the census is ultimately a tool and an opportunity in the service of u nation. On the question of scope and coverage of census, the Registrar General and Census Com[)1issioner. India. urged upon the data users to debate various demands keeping in view the load of enumerators who were part-time workers and the fact that the census was a massive synchronous and time bound operation. If new items are to be added, some items need to be deleted or dropped. Three cardinal considerations in settling the coverage question were continuity, innovation and feasibility. The census should not g~nerally be used for purposes which can be better met by regular or occasional wrveys and the internal data gathering mechanism of individual departments. This would imply that ccnSUI lUUit primarily be used for gctting broad basic particiliars conQerning all requirements of the 1991 Census. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, ended his address with the following remarks: ,. As long as the Indian Census has to reach out each individual Indian and produce data in such depth and on such scale, it has to remain a great enterprise which we have to respect, carefully prepare for and concertedly conduct." Shri Buta Singh, Hon'ble Union Home Minister, heartily welcomed the data users to what he called an important conference marking the beginning of the preliminary steps for the 1991 Census. "It is very appropriate that you are consulted first in the matter of developing census schedules .along with concepts and definitions to be adopted in the next census", said the Union Home Minister. He further elaborated on the. magnitude of the Census operations which he attributed to the fact the Census of India ascertained once in a decade certain basic information pertaining to people spread over the length and breadth of this vast country. which served as useful bench-mark data. Shri Buta Singh said that census volumes encampassing social, cultural, economic and demographic characteristics were indeed useful to planners and administrators. The data contained in them were considered authoritative. Without the census data. it would almost be impossible to consider problems relating to employment and man-power, housing, education, health, family welfare "nd other related matters. The Hon'ble Minister advised that only selected topics ought to be included in various scheduLes since the massive synchronous exercise had to be conducted within the given time Srame. Since the basic canvassing was done by part-time enumerators and supervisors, it was necessary that the questions framed and the concepts evolved were simple and easily understandable both by enumerators and the respondents. advised Shri Buta Singh. He thought that framing: of simple questionnaires should not be a difficult exercise and it would lead to better reliability of data collected. On the other hand. sophisticated questions might defeat the very purpose of the census. The Minister also urged upon the need for maintaining comparability with previous data while having a pragmatic concern for innovation. The Hon'ble Minister acknowledged the active cooperation and support of State Governments, Union Territory administrations and the vast hierarchy of Census functionaries from District Officers down to enumerators. The full text of the inaugural addrclis by the Hon'ble Minister for Home Affairs is given in Annexe 'B'. Shri Chintamani Panigrahi, Hon'ble Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs released the following two publications brought out on this occasion : ... 1. A Handbook of Population Statistics 2. Introducing the Census of India Publications The inaugural session ended with a vote of thanks by Dr. S.S. Srivastava, Joint Registrar General (Vital Statistics). An Exhibition of Census Publications was thereafter, inaugurated by the Hon'ble Minister for Home Affairs and this was followed by a visit to the exhibition by the partiCipants. Review of 1981 Census and Strategy for 1991 Ctnsu!i After preliminary remarks by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. Indin. Shri N. Rama Rao, Assistant Registrar General (Census and Tabulation) highlighted the salient features of the note already circulated on Review of the 1981 Census (Vide Annexe 'C'). He explained that the census was a central subject and that the Census in India was conducted every ten years by the Census Commissioner, India, with the assistance of State Governments. Since 1961, Census organisa tion has become a permanent set up with field offices in the capitals of all States and all Union Territories. The Census is conducted through part-time enumerators. Each enumerator is given a census block. The Census could not be conducted in Assam in 1981 due to the disturbed conditions prevailing there at that time. In the 1981 Census, three schedules were catlvassed, i.e., Houselist, Household Schedule and the Individual Slip. The provisional results for the' 1981 Census were produced within 15 days of the completion of enumeration. Data proce.ssing was done both manually and on the Computer. The tabulation programme of the 1981 Census was rather big. The number of tables planned were almost two and a half times the number for the 1971 Census. For the 1991 Census (vide note at Annexe 'D' and Annexe 'E') it is proposed to retain the same three schedules. The canvasser method with extended de-facto approach will be adopted for enumeration. The main change proposed in the 1991 Census is that some of the questions con tained in the household schedule of the 1981 Census are proposed to be shifted to the houselist. The houselist will be convassed about one year in advance, some-time in 1990. In the household schedule, there are certain columns, the information on which i" to be copied from the individual slip. Columns 1 to 7 of the household schedule are to be filled first and then the individual slip is to be canvassed. It has been our experience that language/religion data requires careful scrutiny. This can better be done manually. The main purpose in retaining household schedule as well as individual slip is that the former will be used for manual tabulation, while individual slip will form the input for computer processing of data necessary for speedy tabulation of total data. Unlike in the 1981 Census, when a part of individual slip was canvassed only on a sample of population, individual slip in 1991 is proposed to be canvassed universally. The sampling will be done only at the processing stage. However, the sampling design will be decided upon by a smaller group later on. Most of the census series tables i.e., 8. C, D, F, etc., will be based on a sample of the returns. The Census enumeration will be followed by a Post-enumeration check, as in the past. The Central Statistical Organisation had submitted a proposal to integrate their third economic census with the houselisting operation of the population census, as was done in 1981. There is also a proposal to canvass Degree Holders and Technical Personnel Cards on behalf of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in the 1991 Census. These proposals are being examined in consultation with the Law Ministry. In response to a request from'the Ministry of Defence, a question on ex-servicemen is provisionally included in the individual slip. Prof. B.S. Minhas of the Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi, expressed the OplntOn that meaningful discussions on items to be included in various schedules/slips and the associat~d, concept.s an4 definitions could not be held in such a big, Conference. Prof.. Minhas suggested that smaller groups of experts should be constituted for de~iled discussions on speciflc issues, as was being done by NSSQ and the recommendations of these Groups could be deliberated upon and 3 4 ratified by a larger Conference. Interaction in smaller groups will also enable proper comparison of data available from various sources before deciding upon inclusion/exclusion of an item. Such expert groups, Prof. Minhas thoqght,. could be appohlted even now. Prof. ~.~nhas also wondered as to what kind of legal problems baTe cropped up in integrating economic census with population census in view of the fact that there were no such problems in 1981. Intervening in the debate, the Registrar peneral and Census Commissioner, India. stated that the question on whether first interaction with data users should be in smaller groups of experts or with a wider group representing all cross-sections was a matter of convention, tradition and choice. A small gmup of 10 to 12 persons may not know what various Ministries and other data users have in mind. These Ministries and the wide spectrum of data users may not even know as to what they expe~t from a census. Traditional approach has. therefore, been to first interact with aU possible data users having widely divergent background and needs and then refer the complicated questions to smaller groups. The Reaistrar General and Census Commissioner, India, quoted from the March 1981 Report of the former Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, in which it had been Imer alia mentioned that interaction with a wider group in the first instance followed by a detailed thrashing out of issues in a smaller group was considered at. better sequence. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, stated that Technical Committees/other smaller groups would be constituted later on. Regarding integration of economic census with population census, he clarified that the legal issues regarding combining other surveys with census cropped up only after the 1981 Census during June-December 1981. Shri B.B. La\, Secretary, Health, Government of Bihar and formerly Director of Census Operations, Bibar spoke on tbe need for including a question on couple protection in the individual slip, and of the question on persons seeking/available for work. Shri Lal also expressed the opinion that integrating economic census with the population census will put great strain on the census machinery. Lastly, he pointed out that the compilation and printing of District Census Hand Books took lot of time and resources of the Registrar General's office and therefore. a special request be made to State Governments to make significant material in-puts for preparation of these Hand Books. Prof. M.K. Premi of lawaharlal Nehru University, mentioned that Statistical Quality Control was used in the 1981 Census on an experimentalbasis and wanted to know whether a similar exercise was proposed to be undel'taken in the 1991 Census. If so, on what items. Secondly, Prof. Premi desired that the sample size for Post Enum.eration Check should be increased so that one could have an idea on coverage errors at state levels, rather than at Zonal and all India levels a8 was the case with 1981 results. On content errors, he pointed out that data users would like to have more details. Dr. K.. E. Vaidyaaathaa, Consultant in Demography ami Social Statistics, Madras pointed out that nOU$ehold schedule and iBdjyjdual slip are more or l~s similar except for a few questions. He saggested that one of these may be liven uP. probably the hou~hold schedule can be retained and individual slip discarded. Dr. VaidyanathaD also pain-ted Ollt thet copying of illformati The Resisttat Oenerarand Census Commissioner,lndia. _plaitted that the household schedule will flHVeas a ,JioIImlry toot 'Ot'~ri1tg All Jin"entNY of a" memheH!of the.hbtltekold ,Nforutartiat, the' : fitlmg liP orihinCfh>idual member>-wise sU". Col\tfnM l to 1 -ef tho household schcEhlle w;ill bo fiRed up fim. TIri. will· ~ttift complete cove... oft •• ~ in the househbld. De~pite com.. p\I_isatilMl,;'sOI1le man_l1aWlattoa, wHl tIMe to 1110 retiO'tCOCl to for quieklc»mpilation: cCPCA..tUlcl for generating somc other tabulations. For this, some items in individual slips amenable to manual tabulation will have to be transferred (by copying) to the household schedule which will be used for s manaal tabulatioa. This mechanism will free the individual slips which can then go straight for computerised processing after necessary comparison and checking. t Dr. (Mrs.) D. Lahiri, Director, Central Health Intelligence Bureau, Ministry of Health, suggested that information OQ' medical and para-medical personnel and on certain easily identifiable di"Scases e.g. blindness, goitre, disabled personnel. etc. should also be collected in the 1991 Census. Dr. K. E. Vaidyanathan intervened again to say that he was not convinced of the necessity for two separate schedules viz. household schedule and individual slips. Shri N. Rama Rao, explained at this stage that the individual slip and the household schedule were required separately to facilitate adoption of an approach wherein both manual processing and computer processing of data can be undertaken simultaneously. Dr. K. Srinivasan, Director, International Institute of population Sciences, Bombay, emphasised the need for canvassing atleast some questions on a sample basis so as to get better quality of data, as was done in the 1981 Census for fertility and migration questions. Even though in the 1981 Census, serious questions have been raised on the adequacy of the sampling procedure adopted, the question of canvassing some questions on sample basis should be reconsidered. Perhaps house hold sampling could be adopted and questions on fertility could be canvassed on a sample basis. Dr. S. N. Ray. Chief Executive Officer, National Sample Survey Organisation, Was also of the opinion that transcription of items by copying from individual slip to household schedule or vice versa will lead to errors. He suggested that either carbon copies may be made or the required information may be photo-copied. Dr. Ray also could not see the advantages of canvassing both household schedule and individual slip separately. He mentioned that individual slip was introduced in 1941 only for manual sorting and tabulation. This was no longer required. If household schedule and individual slip were separately edited, it would lead to different kinds of editing mistakes in the two sets and will result in loss of comparability of data derived from them. Shri N. Rama Rao, intcrvened to say that it would not be feasible to make carbon copies of the schedules in the field. Shri M. G. Sardana, Director General, Central Statistical Organisation and Additional Secretary, Department of Statistics, pointed out that the real problem in the integration of economic census with the population census was whether the information collected under the census can be passed on to other departments and not whether the economic census could be combined with the population census. He felt that it was a amaH problem and could be sorted out quickly so that the questions of economic census could be canvassed along with the houselisting. In this connection, he pointed out that even in the 1981 Census the work load of the enumerators in houselisting stage was rather heavy and therefore. it would be inadvisable to shift some of the items canvassed in household schedule to houselist as is beillf presently proposed. Shri Sardana wondered whether the census organisation could make use of urban frame survey blocks developed by the National Sample Survey Organisation. It may be slightly out-of-date for some of the towns. As against this, adoption of the same frames may help in conduct of sample surveys later on. In this connection, he informed the conference that the National Advisory Board on Statistics at its meeting held in Marcn 1988, had recommended that the question of adoption of Geo-Codes for tabulating census data should be examin ed. He su"esteQ, .. ~, the reco~mendation ought to be implemented by tl.le officc'oi the Registrar General and Census J;q,rnm,issioner, India. Shri Sardana also pointed out that a proper library where opt; could find all census publications under one roof. WaS urgently needed.' He pointed out that even in the library of the office of the Registrar General, India. several census books were not available. Shri Murlidhar Vemuri of lawaharlal Nehru University wanted to know as to what amen.d tDents were proposed in the Ce.nsu8 ~ct. ':fIe pointed out that if sampling was proposed to be used at '6 processing stage only and not at collection stage. this would imply wasting of scarce 1'ational resources. Sampling could be introduced at canvassing stage itself. , . Intervening in the discussions, Shri N. Rarila Rao explained that the question of integration of economic census with houselisting was already under the consideration of the Law Min.istry and efforts would be made to sort 'out the issue. Re~arding the use of NSSO's urban frame. he explained that the sUf!gestion was made durinj!: the 1Q81 Census also. Use of such a frame should not pose a problem so long as the individual enumeration' blocks do not cut across administrative boundaries and the size of the hlock was small. The matter wilt be examined by a smafl technical group. Likewise, the question on development and use of Geo-Codes will also be considered by the group. On the question of Iibrarv, Shri Rama Rao explained that all census publications were invariably sent to all organisations Hnd individuals on the mailing list maintained by the office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. India. The office will have a look at the problems of non availabjlitv o"r certain cen.sus publications in the Library of the office of the Registrar General and Census' C'ommissioner, Tndia. Regarding amendment of Census Act. he explained that the whole exercise was to make the census machinery more etft'ctive administratively and was not concerned with data col1(!ction. Clarifyin!! the question on sampling, the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, explained that main arguments against sampling in census were that different items would require different schemes of sampling which is not Nacticable, Moreover 100 per cent data wer:e n~eded for compilation of Primary Census Ahstract. Besides, there ought to be a continuity and not a br~a~ in tradition With 100 per cent data. the demands for special tabulations for smailer areas cou~d ,alsp be met. Therefore. it is not proposed to resort to sampl~ng in the very beginning. Although. household samp"ng at canvassing stage seemed impracticable, its feasibility may be studied at the time of the pre~test. Dr. Asok Mitra, former Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, pointed out that a gap of about one year between houselisting operations and canvassing of household schedules seemed much too lon!!. During this intervening period, there will be migration. new house construction, etc., which wm make the cen<;us frame out-dated. Dr. Mitra enquired as to what was the necessity of canvassing individual Sfip. There was no individual slip in India until 1Q31 and no other country in the world canvassed an individual slip. He fllrther desired that a broad sheet indicating changes in . definitions and'conce"ts fo; all censuses'from 1961 to 1991 should be prepared. In the last census, there' was a change In the definition of work and duration of work which created problems of cOlhparability. The changes in data caused by definitional modifications should be explained as also the Tationale for such modification. A note on new tables to be introduced in the 1991 Census and those dropped may be included in the. tabul~tion plan. Since the country was entering the 21st, century, Dr. ~itra desired that census should provide data. on _new ,technologies, use o~ modern I equipments, tec1l11ical il1nov~tions etc. being us.ed by household industries etc. The question on upw;ud and .lateral mobility may also be canvassed. These .questions will make the census more useful and -wanted by pe9ple. Dr. ~titra said. that census was 19sing its demand and glamqur because of delayed availability of its publications.which need to be expedited. He appreciated the usefulpubli cations bl'oU;ght ,out by 'Demography, a~d Vitai Statistics O\visioQS of the office' of the Registrar General and'Censt.ts Commissioner, In'dis. . . ';~ .t~: _' •. _.' .,. ~ I t~":. ._. ",?, " ' ..·ihn P. Padmanabha, former Registrar' General arid' Ct'nsus Commissioner, india, strongly pleaded, and supported the .. drli&r argumentS for: a teciltnotogical change·' hi census taking' whu:h ,would tend :to eliJtliil1~to': the individual ·slip. Although, iF is' 'Very difficult to break away·ft\otJr:;~tra4.ition. we' ·must·· do away, ,With· individval 'slip, 'Shri' Padmanabba said'. - He fctt" t~,~ .... ,.!.he ...~~~,s~hold ; " sc~c~u~~ ,~n . ~; ,mefe: ~~re ~ , :~~p.rell~nsiy~ :'. _ror 'proyl~n... ,pecessary data,;,' D1'f)P1)lbg of IndlVldutttsl.lp wm,l~ to tr~o\lS savlll.l. In prmtl_, ,QP3U and will also, ~lp iHitahtHatfnl'the-iesnHI more 'ei,~itioti$ly; . Shri'Pa..tmaiiabha 'p6fitled oufthat lAnp.ge 'and reHii:an' 7 a~ slow-changing parameters and there was no necessity of canvassing these in every census. The items can be canvassed in alternate censuses. He further expressed the view that questions on migra tion and fertility if canvassed on 100 per ~ent ba~js will amount to increased workload. These questions, if at all retained, ought to be canvassed on a sample basis only. Also the question of ex-servicemen .need not be canvassed since the information was already available and census organisa tion should not be used as a re-verifying agency. There have been excellent monographs and reports based on the 1981 census data. However, these were not well publicised. Wider publicity through DAVP etc. may be given to these publications. Shri Padmanabha suggested that enumerators may be asked to post the returns daily to quicken manual tabulations. Prof. P.P. Talwar of the National Institute of Health and Family Welfare stated that in 1981, technical personnel cards were either left with the household to be mailed or were collected personally by enumerators. He pointed out that this duality led to uncertainty and some cards were missed. He also felt that there was a lot of duplication in the household schedule and the individual slip. Nevertheless, he favoured retention of the individual slip as he felt that it was more flexible but there should be no copying from one to another. Prof. Talwar suggested that health guides of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare may be appointed on an experimental basis as enumeratoni. School teachers can supplement them. He was not sure aoout the quality and type of supervision in the. census and desired that a system of several tiers of strict supervision may be evolved and staff of Population Centres, Universities etc. may be used for the purpose. Prof. Talwar felt that a lot more was needed to estimate content errors from post-enumeration surveys. He pointed out that certain types of research studies may be carried out by the census organisation for which area and topics may be identified. Prof. Talwar said that the life style of our people had not changed since the last 40 years and suggested that a general question enquiring about four or five problems faced by the people in day to day living may be canvassed. Prof. Minhas again intervened to stress that Geo-Codes for rural areas ought to be d:eve1oped if not for urban blocks so that users may have easy access to different data sets. In addition, Prof. Minhas felt that the houselist schedule had been over loaded by transferring questions from household schedules and thus the question of integrating eco'nomic census with houselist is being pre-empted. Prof. Minhas was very emphatic that individual slip needs to be discussed. Transcription errors are usually far too many and therefore, copying of information from or to the household scheQule must be avoided. . The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, explained that there were administra tive advantages in transferring items from household schedule to }louselisting schedule Prof. L.M. Khubchandani. Fellow, Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Sbimla, stat~d that tbere has been a growing impression that more and more attention was being given to economic questions, questions relating to family welfare, etc. and in the process, informa{ion on social aspects was being lost. For example, census could collect useful information ort plurality of our societies. Upto 1961, elaborate tabulations.on scheduled tribes were being brought dut but tbis bas been given up. The census canvasses questions on two languages known besides the mother tongue. However, tabulation is being done only for one language. Data on both the languages should be made available. Prof. Khubchandani complained that data on bilingualism from 1981 had not been published so far. Even the mother tongue data had been tabulated for main languages spoken while detailed distribu tion of speakers of all 48 languages clubbed under Hindi needed to be known. Shri S.M. Vidwans. Director, Bureau of Economic~ and Statistics, Maharashtra, suggested that census data may be made available hamlet-wise rather than village-wise. Shri Vidwans opined that the individual slip need not be canvassed; the information should be collected using household schedule only. However, he did not favour sampling since sampling implied less information at lower levels. The census was providing less and less information at disaggregated levels, even with computerisatioll. For example, occupational distribution of popUlation at three digit level is not avail8ble for districts. He emphasised that in census information must be collected on 100 per cent basis and tabulation should be made for lowest levels. Shri Vidwans informed the house that there was a scheme of giving legal assistance toneedy .people in Maharashtra and the State Government of Maharashtra had requested for collection of information on number of people engaged in litigation and the number of litigations and the nature and type of legal assistance given to people. Registrar General and Census Commissioner. India, clarified that in 1981 Census Table 8-20 Parts A and B contain the occupational classification of main workers other than cultivators and agricultural labourers by sex and age separately for urban and rural areas at district level. Prof. L.S. ahat of the Indian Statistical Institute felt that the rural-urban definitions are out-of-date. He desired that a study group be set up for looking into the definition. He also 't mentioned that though-0istrict Handbooks contained valuable data for district level planning, their cost was prohibitive. These cannot be purchased by ordinary research workers. Shri P.S. Bhatia of the National Institute of Pamily Welfare felt that individual slip should be done away with and concrete thinking should be done on how to modify household schedule. Shri Bhatia was of the view that enumerator8~ being not so well-trained cannot be expected to handle classification of job particularly of economic questions which were very complicated. The entire work of classifications ought to be done by experts and not by enumerators. I Shri P.R. Reddy of the Population Centre, Bangalore pointed out that excellent village studies were brought out in 1961 and that some of these viHages ought to be stu'died iIi the 1991 Census also. Prpr. Ashish Bose of the Institute of Economic Growth woAdered ai'to why the question on sclwol/coUcge attendance was proposed to be dropped from the 1991 Census slip. He was of the view that this question should be retained. Similarly, thc i.fOi'Jftatioo on persOfls seeking/available for .wor~ alto sbould 'be collected. Prof.. Bose said that, the most impo1;ta'At consideration for the 1991 Census ought to be theiqucwon on Wptovins the quality of ·"numeration. Tbe answer to tail does not lie in the amendment of the Census Act but in prolVidias moro amellities and highor hono rarium to tbe enumerators. Uthe cou.ntry could spend Ilt. 180 'tiloaaaDd 'crores on the, Stwen\h five, .. Year. Plan, it could ~rtainly afford lb.' SO crom (lot tM rate or ..pee ORe per person) Oft" the.,us. for .e1tial. better t'OSuttJ. The quality o{.·'CRumoratiOl\ is boUft" to improve if 'the· bonor8.i'ium rates !lo.the enumerators w~ btO&lsht aIO""i.lts. 600·'.00., Prof. 8o.. .,h&·18 allO • President of Indian Association for the Study of Population (JASP)' 'voiunteendittJ: ,'.ttani$O ~il' the aesis of IASP a series of Workshops for sorting out various technical issues relating to the 1991 Census, if desired by the Registrar Gentral & Census Commissioner, India. Such workshops were organtS«l by IASP for sorting out issues relating to the 1981 Census. Dr. K. Sriniv.san thought that from the point of view of operational effectiveness and quality, some items of individual slip ought to be shifted to household schedule. Individual slip may be used only for canvassing special items e.g., fertility on a sample hasis. Household Sched\l.le. Dr. Srinivasan said, was a better instrument for checking consistency and quality of data. A com bination of area and household sampling should be used for canvassing individual slips. The thrust of Dr. Srinivasan's argument was that the basic questions should be canvassed in household schedule and not in individual slip and that only additional data should be collected through individual slip on a sample basis. Shri N. Rama Rao intervened to say that cross-classification by sex, age, etc .. might not be possibte as per the above suggestion. Dr. Pravin Visaria of the Institute of Area Planning, Ahmedabad also supported the idea of doing away with the individual slip. Two types of household schedules, jf necessarY,-one longer and the other shorter could be used. There were many advantages of editing and applying consistency checks to data collected on household schedules. Also the data processing procedures will be much simpler. However, Dr. Visaria argued against the advisability of using samplin~ at household level and quoted the experience of U.K. in this regard (also alludod to by Shri P .. Padmanabba). Speaking about Geo-Codes, Dr. Visaria said that development of Geo-Codes would lead to adoption of a common codc by all data collecting agencies in the country. He mentioned that the suggestion of the Registrar Gentral and Census Commissioner, India, the first day on making available location codes evolved in 1981 and 1991 along with Hadbust numbers was not sufficient. The whole question ought to be looked from the point of view of development of a good statistical system in the country. Shri K.S. Natarajan. Assistant Registrar Gentral, lndia clarified that a uniform pattern of coding lit village level was adopted in the 1981 Census and this could serve as a frame for all other statistical agencies. This has also been recommended by the recent ESCAP session. Dr. Pravin Visaria, however, persisted that further thought on adoption of Geo-Codes need be given. Shri Rama Rao, interjected again to say that jf location codes along with hadbust numbers could be brought to fall in line with the Geo-Codes, it should serve the purpose provided this !>cheme. of common codes for each village could be made applicable to earlier censuses. But the adoptiull of common codes may pose a problem when villages or parts of villages were merged with towns. Dr. Asok Mitra suggested that this Conference should be used as a forum for eliciting opinions which then should be referred to select groups. The Registrar General, India intervened at this stage to say that the questions relating to adoption of Geo-Codes and use of NSSO's urban frame particularly in bigger towns would be referred to Technical Advisory Committee. Prof. R. Bharadwaj of Bombay University emphasised the need for thrashing out concepts and definitions in more detailed manner so that census information is not mis-interpreted. Prof. B.S. Minhas suggested that houselisting should not be done one year .in advance but the gap botween houseliating and actual enumeration should be at tbe most 3. months. This was necessary because otherwise the frame evolved will have too many changes. He pointed out that a lot of time and eWort had gone into the development of urban frames by the NSSO and that it could be used perhaps by putting' to,ethor 3 or 4 Census enumofation blooks in urban frame survey bl~s. Prof. Mi'llhas emphatilod again that individual slips may be 4. away with ad .hoU&eRo\d schedl,lle ma~ have'two parts, if necessary. Prof. M.K.. Premi waatod dua to be pmentoci at ~ hamlet Iovd", Jie pointed out that 1971 PCA t4t.b\tlaUon •. for Maharashtra ,wore doae ,at bamlet .level but nOot p'ubftihed. The C4)ncept of a revenue village in many cases was not meaningful; hamlets are separated by nallahs. rivers. hills, etc., and are i situated far Ilpart. According to last census, the .number ·of villages with population of, 5,000 and more exceeded the number of small villages with, less than 1,000 population. Large villages in Kerala and Tami Nadu were in fact groups of hamlets-often with distinctive characteristics, Prof. Premi suggested that three-fold classification viz .• rural, semi-urban and urban ought to be made. At least an exercise of three-fold classification may be attetIlpted on an experimental basis in one or two states. Shri R.C. ,Arora, Land Development Commissioner, Government of Bihar, desired that schedules be finalised by a small group which could include representatives of State Governments •. Further, the Governptent or Bihar, would like to have some information on records of Bataidar. i.e., how much of the cultivated land is owned by the cultivator \limself and how much is rented . from others, Bihar Government was also interested in having census tabulations by ba<:kward and forward castes. Shri V.R. Rao, former Director, Central Statistical Organisation suggessed that individual slips must be discarded. He then expressed the view that the notional maps prepared by the enumera tors leave much to be desired. These maps are useful for several other purposes and some more care should be given to their preparation. Perhaps these maps could be standardised with the help of local authorities. Likewise, greater pain should be taken in preparation of village directories with flIe help of. local experts. These directories sh'ould contain more information on land use, major crops sown, institutions. etc., available in the village. Shri Rao felt that post-enumeration surveys should not only be used for checking population counts but also for a meaningful assessment of the quality. of information on items like literacy, women participation in work force, etc. Prof. K. Sundaram of Delhi School of Economics suggested that questions to be canvassed on sample basis should be separated. In addition to the questions on migration and fertility, the information on educational qualifications of persons may also be collected on a sample basis. Shri K.R. Debnath, Director. Bureau of Economics & Statistics. Tripura, expressed the view that the enumerator was overloaded with work. particularly. at the time of houselisting and, therefore •. ql,1estions on housing census or economic census should not be tagged along with popUlation census. Similarly. other departments should also be discouraged from soliciting information through popu lation census. His ImWn emphasis was that the enumerator should not be over-burdened and rationa lisation of schedules should be made keeping this point in view. Secondly, information on same topic was included in more than one schedule which appeared avoidable. Further. which questions should b~ canvassed on a sample basis and which universally should be looke,d into by an expert group. There is scope for doing away with the individual slip. Shri Debnath further mentioned that questions regarding two other languages known and mother tongue can also be omitted. He re-em-' pl1asized that to reduoe workload of the enumerator we should concentrate on essential items only. Shri B.K. Pillai, Deputy Director, Central Social Welfare Board. New Delhi, suggested that the question on handicapped persons should be included iii the 1991 Census ako. Secondly. voluntary workers and agencies arc' being assigned more aad more tole in our day to day lifo :a,nd itlrormatlon on their activities ought to be coUceted thr . , , Smt. T.K. Sarojini of Department of WOQlen ,and Child OeveJQPmcnt ,also sU88C$~ed that the. question on handicapped should not be dropped. She.Added that the question on pers~ns'$eeking/ available for work should also not be dropped. On the other hand, the question on ex-serviccfl'lcn,CQuld ~nveniently be dropped. Smt. Sarojini opined that information on single women may be tabulated in gre4ttt details viz .• by age, etc .• as lingl~ women liVing .tono·i's. !lew pheno1'\\ellon neediig study. Separaii! )tal>ulations were also suggeSted for teJ1'lJtlfl beaded :households. . The Census Oftice. should; 11 prov.ide information on female and maternal mortality at regular intervals with a time lag of two or three years. Women's contribution in unorganised sector il> growing and estimates on this aspect should be made available. Prof. P.P. Talwar emphasised once again the importance of the quality of the data collected in census and suggested that adequate arrangements must be made for different tiers of supervision. Shri P. Bhattacharya, Deputy Secretary, Government of West Bengal said that the quality of enumeration needs !J;l be improved and this can be done by providing more facilities and honora rium to the enumerators as was suggested by Prof. Ashish Bose. At this stage, the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, intervened to say that during the 1981 Census, there were problems in getfing the required number of enumerators in West Bengal and other areas. State.Governments should pursuade their employees to undertake census work since Draconian Laws cannot be made to induct enumerators. Dr. Asok. Mitra, reiterated the points made by him earlier viz., that the proposed gap between the houselisting operations and CCl1s.us enumeration was far too wide and ought to be reduced; development and use of Geo-Codes were of vital concern and every effort should be made to adopt the Geo-Codes; a broad sheet indicating changes in definitions between 1961,1971, 1910 and 1991 should be prepared. The changes in tabulation~ consequent~n definitional changes should be brought out in this broadsheet. In this connection, he mentioned the case of marginal workers, data on whom were not comparable between 1961, 1971 and 1981 censuses. Dr. Mitra s.lid that the number of tables from the 1981 Census were enormolls and there was no virtue in the multiplicity of tables. It created difficulties for individual research workers. He suggested that the number of tables must be restricted to 50 or at the most to 60. Dr. Mitra fervcntly appealed that the unneces sary hangover of canvassing individual slip must be got over. He suggc!>ted that two household schedules, one long and another short could be used. In this connection, he pointed out that individual slips were extremely difficult to store from onc census to another, whereas, household schedules couLd be stored easily. He suggested that the 1991 household schedules should be pn:scr ved for future uses. He once again referred to the fact that the country was enh:ring into the 21 st century and suggested that this was the most opportune time to collect information on technological changes taking place in all the areas of economic activity. He also recommended that census tabulations should reflect the inequalities in the field!> of educat!on, technology, etr.:. Dr. K.C. Seal, Principal Adviser, Institute of Applied Manpower Research, Ncw Delhi, thought that the method of sampling to be used was rather an important question. Area sampling turned (lut to be inefficient in last census and, therefore, aLternative procedures for sampling households need be considered. The question of sampling to be adopted in the 1991 Census should be looked into by the Technical Committee which will go into the question of Geo-Codes and use oj' urban hamel> of NSSO. Dr. Seal also suggested that fertility questions must be canvassed on a sample basis only so that au in-depth probing is possible. Regarding definition of work, Ur. Seal wondered whether the definition was in conformity with the international definition. Of course, the international definitions cannot always be adopted but whenever our definition· was differcnt from the intcrnational recommendation, more details 011 comparability of two definitions and the associated tabulations should be brought out. He suggested that information on non-comparable aspects of different definitions should be separately tabulated, particularl,)' on economic quc!)tions. Shr! R.S. Bhatnagar, Director of Economics and Statistics, Government of Himachal Pradesh projected the need of his State Government for bamlet·wise d~ta: 1n fIimachal Pradesh, there were 20 'to 30 hamlets in each village and the vi11a~e-wise data presented by census were inadequate. Sbri . Bhatnagar said that there was no justification in canvassing the question on ex-servicemen. Already data on ex.servicemen wett avalla'ble with ex-servicemen ·Boards in various States. He 12 pleaded flJr ,more infarmltion on .,om.n .04 ehlWHn as per the recommendations of tltc Conference ~f CeJttral am<1 SMie Stttistk,l Orltlnietions. He also sJlnested that -the individual slip should be done away with. Dr. E. AnnatAA~i, D,pl,lty Direcwr, Contral Inititute of Indian Languages, Mysore, expr~ssed the view that cem.in ~Q_(';Mll informalioll such all langu&ses known, mother tonguo, etc •• eould be obtained only through individual slip. He did not agree with the suggestion that language and religion data should he coU~ted only once in two decades. Language data were not as stable as presumed and there was need for collecting these data every decade. !econdly. tabulation of language data is pushed to e low priority and the suggestion was to give greater priority to language data tabulations, whiah should also contain cross-classifications by age, literacy. mother tongue etc. There was a need to relate the question of literacy with mother tongue. Further, information on "literate in wtlich language" should be canvassed. Shri Vir Narain of the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, mentioned that sufficient attention was not being paid to the quality of census data. The enumerator was being loaded with more and more work. Economic Census is .not related to the population Census and as such should not be canvassed along with the census. Further, efforts of various departments to collect data through the :census is not desirable as it burdens the already over-loaded enumerator and tends to reduce the quality of data. SlIri Vir Naraln went on to say that enumerators should be given more facilities such as free transport in State Government buses, leave from normal duties during the enumeration period and higher honorarium. At the supervisory level, present system of supervision merely calls for collection of SChedules and slips from the enumerators for being passed on to state agencies. Supervision should be more thorough at the field level. At present, the census informa tion was collected from anybody, from the head of the household Of from any other member of the family or from even non-members of the household. The information should be collected only from a responsible member of the household and the name of the respondent should be given in the household schedule. A period of 3 to 4 days should be given to the enumerator before the enume ration begins so that he makes himself conversant with his area, etc. Shri Vir Narain added that the quant\Jm of tabulation also seemed too mueh. Even in the Data Users' CQtlference, sufficient time was not being given to discuss the tabulation plan. He emphasised on the need for a minimum tabulation plan. Other data could be made available on ta.pes to the users. Shri S.M. Vidwns. mentioned tht urban saJt4>le blocks of NSSO are bi~ger than the census enumeration blocks and, therefore, the census enumeration blocks should be formed within these urban farme survey blocks of NSSO. At this stage. the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. intervened to say that the basic problem seemeQ that urban frame survey blocks did not conform to the administrative boundaries of various ~ards. However, if the urban frame survey blocks conform to ward boundaries and do not cut across them. there should be no problem in adopting the urban frame survey blocks. Shri Vidwans fllso sU~8ested that one or two optional guestions should be left for being canvassed for StAte Governments as was done in the 195 I Census. Shri K. Nagaraj. Fellow, Madras Institute of Development Studies pointed out that there were a ll)t of changes in administrative bOundaries with the Passage of time even at the district level as ha Tamil Nadu which makes it difficult ror anr mc;aninsful cotnparison of data from different censuses. He wondered whether it was possible for the cerasus oftice to provide comparable information for those districts Which have ull-dergone adminhtrativ4 ~ha8Je$' Silo Napl'aj also IUIUfited that .. library should be m~intainc:d ..t State level Vioicll ~ou14 pnwide data uptQ vj1la,flcYOl tQ IlIOn. Furtb.... tho census publicatlon~ are very C:l.unber$(UQe to 1l~1i Qe<::&~e .of diJlQ\ forJl&t used mprtntiq. Tb. adoption of bilin,uali~m in tabl~s .\~Q lcad~ to ~eJI)' in brillaioJ O\)t tho p~bU~tions. He a.estc4 that English volume of the tables may be bro"sht alit nr-t'AAd liin4i Vert\Qt\ may follow .l ..~r OIl. 13 Shri I.N. Aggarwal, Director, Economics and Statistices, Government of Goa, projected the need of Goa Go"crnment for information on backward communities other than Se/ST. Shri Aggarwal suggested that data on communities may be collected in the 1991 Census. Further, Shri Aggarwal suggested that the State Governments may be given representation in the Expert Committee set up by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, to sort out various technical problems. He agreed with Shri Vidwans regarding inclusion of special question to be canvassed at State levels as was done in the 1951 Census. Mrs. Devaki Jain of Institute of Social Studies Trust, New Delhi. made the following points :- 1. As per the current census definitions, women's participation in productive activites is not considered 'work' if the articles produced are consumed in the household itself and not sold. Such invisible production should be quantified. 2. Since any drastic change in census schedule may atTect comparability with previous Census, she suggested that all persons classified under household duties, 'H' should be bifurcated as HC and HP. the former denoting those engaged in household duties only, i.e. cooking, child rearing, etc., the latter representing those engaged in production for home consumption in addition to cooking and child rearing. 3. Revenue from minor forest produce, a sector predominantly handled by women, exceeded revenue from major forest produce. It was necessary that women working in small scale forest enterprises are identified separately. 4. NIC codes should be made more detailed to include forest-based enterprises including minor forest produce. She also expressed difficulty in comparing 1981 NIC Codes with those of previous censuses. 5. There was need to initiate special studies on : (i) Possible excess mortality of females over males particularly in northern parts of India, (ii) Widowhood migration, (iii) Characteristics of female headed households. and (iv) Problems of women staying alone. Dr. (Mrs.) S. Mehta of Geography Department, Punjab University, said that individual slip should continue in the 1991 Census also and enumerators should be given proper training. Besides, the year 1990 should be utilised for motivating the workers through Government media. Shri M.G. Sardana mentioned that if most of the tabulations are to be done through EDP, the computer out-puts should be produced in a camera-ready copy so that the printing can be cl.pe Dr. Sudipto Mundie, Economic Adviser in the Ministry of Fin~qce, mentioned that employ. ment, production and iricome data for unorganised activities were crucial. Employme.nt data for unotganised sector may perhaps be collected through Economic Census. Thereafter. production and inc'6:fne data m.ay be collected through follow up surveys· However, 8 Technical. Advisory CC>p\mittee shoutd discuss the details. Dr: Mundt~ added that. the changes, made in every census regard,iJ;l8 cot'lcepts and definitions should be documented properly to enable easy comparability. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India cladfied that no conceptual changes from the 1981 Census have been proP9!\ed. Previous changes have been documented. Shd-t).C. Seddey, Deputy Director, Ministry of Education, referred to the new education policy passed by the Parliament in 1986 and emphasised the need for data on school attendance etc. He requested that the question on school attendance should not be dropped. On the other hand, these should be tabulatoo by single years of age, by districts and for rural and urban areas separately. Data OD religious minorities also should be made available. Shri Sed dey suggested that at least data on provisional basis may be made available early. Shri K.S. Natarajan pointed out that in the 1981 census single year age data upto the State level. based on 5 per cent sample were published in 1983 and some of the 20 per cent sample tables on school attendance. contained single year age data in the age group 5 to 14 upto the district level. Dr. Pravin Visaria felt tha.t there was a wide-spread demand for data on workers classified by nine industrial categories. Since the tabulation of workers under the nine industrial categories takes time, it may be taken up as an inter·censal project and made available at the district and tehsil levels. Dr, . Visaria enquired as to whether studies had been conducted on merits of area sampling vs. hou:;ehold sampling and if so the details may be made available. He suggested that tabulation at the hamlet level may bc considered. Also decentraliscd tabulation will help in production of State data earlier. All India tables may be prepared later. The cost of census publications had gone up tremendously and rcsc.uch organisations were finding difficuJt to buy them. These institutions may be supplied complimentary copies of census publications. Shri K. S. Natarajan briefly explained the studies 011 sampling done in Demography Division. Prof. B. R. Aggarwal. Head of Computer Centre. Maharshi Dayanand University. Rohtak. mentioned that there WitS an acute prohlem of educated unemployment and simultaneously huge expenditure on education was being incurred. He suggested that a study regarding the mismatch of educational attainment and employment may be undertaken. Secondly, housewives engaged in production for home consumplion should be considered as employed. Thirdly, only constit~tjonal languages and not dialects should be used for collecting information on bilingualism. Prof. Aggarwal also wanted that tapes or floppy discs should be made available to the Universities for their studies since computer facilities are available in aimost all the Universities. Dr. G. Ramt\chandrudu of the Population Research Centre, Visakhapatnam., advocated retention of indi:vid.ual slip in the 1991 Cellsus and supply of complimentary copies of census publica. tions to the 17 Population Research Centres. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India exp~i.Ded once again the advantages. of retainin{l both. the il\dividual slip ~d' bouseholtl schedule and invited feedback fn)m t~ participants. Shri;,K.D, Bbatia, Oir,ector. Burejlu of Eco~rqWs and Statistic.s. Delhit said that, it ,',;u' bepoming in~reasi~Bly diilic~lt to mobili~e ~Ild tr~n ~he ~quisJ,w nUlili~r of OlW.moratorli &ttchuUas1eir,4' collection of"data at centralised centx~s, For e~Rmple. !p.", ci~y.Wcc; ~lli aPolJt l~OOO,ienumeration cenire~ .cQuld be opene~ and th~' housebo1.d.C!rs ~uld be. asked ~ OQ1Ue'to :~,COl\tr"f:on.pre .. , determined dates to answer the census questions. He also suggested use of personal ~putcrs (¥CS) , 1S and micro c~mpllters available in the city for expediting the tabulation. To reduoe the time gap. he further suggested that wherever tabulation has been completed by State Directorates but not clea'red by Registrar General's office for release, tables may still be supplied to data users with tne remark 'provisional'. Shri Bhatia .also suggested that migration within cities and transportat.ion difficulties in <:ities need to be studied. For this purpose, he suggested a question on 'mode of transportation to work'. Shri P.S. Bhatia sugge~ted that usefulness of Census data should be studied thoroughly. Important data users may be requested to give 4 to 5 concrete instances where they have used the already published data. Shri Bhatia also requested for a change of enumeration date from February March to mid summer (May-June) when the teachers are free due to summer vacations, for taking up the census job. Shri A. Nag of the Department of Statstical Anlllysis and Computer Services. Reserve Bank of India, Bombay, requested that information of infrastructural facilities and census data regarding all the districts of the country should be pUblished in a single volume. Prof. Lachman M. Khubchandani suggested that changes in definitions and concepts should be minimal and if any change is made, the same may be explained adequately. For example, dift'erent groupings of languages in different censuses create problems of comparison. Secondly, institutional data should be community based or it will be misused. Lastly, as soon as cert,\in tabulations arc over, d-ata users may be allowed to use them with a remark 'provisional'. Mrs, K. p. Singh of Punjab University requested that the item 'those who are seeking work! available for work' should not be dropped in the 1991 Census and tabulation should be done sex-wise. Dr. S. N. Ray thought that the translations of census questions. instructions and concepts in regional languages perhaps did not always convey the intended meaning. He also suggested that the work of Post Enumeration Check be entrusted to other Government agencies or private organisa· tions. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. clarified that translation of census questions and instructions into regional languages was done carefully in the Directorates of the concerned statc'~. Since the census documents are confidential. the work of post enumeration check cannot be given to any other agency. Dr. M.H. Shah, Director of Evaluation, Government of Gujarat, suggested that schedules and instructions should be pre-tested in the field in regional languages. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India clarified that pre-testing is done using schedules and instructions translated into the regional languages. Dr. P.P. Sangal. Deputy Director General (Statistics), Ministry of Defence, was of the view that aims and objectives of the population census were not clearly laid out and, therefore, all sorts of data requirements were being sought to be tagged along with the census. It would be desirable to clearly define the aims of census before assessing reqUirements of users. Dr. Sangal said that the cost of census publications should be reduced and modem rrinting techniques should be resorted to for early publication of results. He did not agree with the suggestion by Shri Bhatia of National Institute of Health a.nd Family Welfare on postponement of the census date to slimmer vacations, but thought that a more appropriate time for enumeration need to be determined. 16 Shri P. Padmanabha invitiRg attention of tbe Chairman to the note sent by him through tbe Institute for Social and Economic Change. Bangalore, requested for development of a single household schedule incorporating items of the individual slips for which he offered his help. He went on to a.dd that the proposed gap between the houselisting operations and census count should be reduced to the minimum. Further, possibilities of opening repository libraries at regional centres may be considered and complimentary copies supplied. Cost of census volumes should also be reduced. He also referred to his experience when the required number of DDE machines could not become available in time for processing of the 1981 Census data and suggested that this time the required action should be taken sufficiently early. Dr. Asok Mitra mentioned that even in the 1931 Census, household schedules were used in book form with 40 leaves each. This may be tried in the 1991 Census also. Since the information on drinking water and electricity was collected in the 1981 Census, these need not be collected in 1991. Instead a question on whether any member of the household was out in the past one year, for work or some other reason may be included which will give an idea on seasonal migration. In the economic census schedule, information may be collected regarding innovations such as the use of fertilizer. machineries etc. As in the 1951 Census, various State Governments may be given option to add one question of their choice in the main 1991 questionnaire. D~. Sudha Desbpande of the Depart ment of Economics, University of Bombay, endorsed the view of Dr. Asok Mitra regarding intro ducing question on innovations such as use of fertilizers and machineries etc. in the economic censu!> schedule. HouseUst Opening the discussion on the format and the contents of the houselist. Shri V.S. Verma. Reg'strar General and Census Commissioner, India. briefly explained that most of the questions contained in Part-I of the 1981 household schedule have been included in the proposed houselist for the 1991 Census. Also. the slots for canvassing enterprise list (which is to be finalised in consultation with CSO) have been provided in columns 7 and 20. He further informed the dele gates to the Conference that certain questions of the 1981 ho'Uschold schedule ~Part-I) which do not figure in the draft 1991 ho uselist will not be can vas sed a l all. Since the work-load of an enumerator would be restricted to approximately 150 households covering about 750 persons. it is expected that the prc.."Sent size of the schedule can be easily handled. The one line Information for each household will be easy 'fo' colh~(:(ahd:most or the information will be pre-coded at the listing stage. Explaining further. he pointed out that the total number of enterprises being netted in an enumeration block was e",pected"to di'fferfrc>m' 1oc~lity to locality. Regarding the time schedule for canvassing the hOllselist. the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, J ndia. said that care will be taken to ensu re that canv!issing was not undertaken either toe much ahead of or too much close to the actual enumeration dates. The likely danger of obliteration of house numbers during white-washing for Deerawali festival in the northern states. for example. had to be kept in view. Shri K.N. Tiwari. Director. Economics and Statistics, Government of Bihar, put forwaru the proposal of the Bihar Government for collection of data on economically backward classes along with collecting information on scheduled castes and scheduled tribes under columns 11 and 12 of the Houselist. This point was also stressed by delegates from Assam and Tamil Nadu. Reacting to the suggestions maM by the delegates regarding collection of data on back ward classes, the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, explained that the data collection had to conform to the government policy. He also dealt with various complications likely to arise in view of the area restrictions having been removed in respect of a large number of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. In many cases the surnames of persons belonging to backward and non-backward castes were so close that it became difficult to distinguish to which category did the respondent belong. He cited an example of Nayaks and Nayakas of Karnataka State which had created confusion during the 1981 Census tabulations. Further, Prof. Minhas and several other delegates supported the view expressed by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India and thus a consensus seemed to emerge that data on backward classes in general may not be collected. Prof. M.K. Premi, however, raised the point that collection of data on SC/ST in col. 12 of the houselist without providing a column for religion may lead to wrong data since many forward caste persons may report their caste as SC or vice-versa. 10 other words, information on religion can be used to cross-check ~the caste information since scheduled castes can be only under the religions Hindus and Sikhs. This point was also supported by Shri K. Nagaraj of Tamil Nadu and a few other delegates; The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, explained that the. a&~e point had already been thought of and the pr~bh~m .. ",as., plaQRfd, t.Q,~be;·.iakeo carOl.of by: the instruC'" 11'" 18 tions to the enumerators which required that the religion of the head of the household was ascertained before actually recording the caste. He, however, suggested that while recordi.g code '1' in column J1 of the houselist, the enumerator may be asked to record 'H' or'S' within brackets along with the code to indicate whether the Head of the household was 'Hindu' or 'Sikh'. Prof. Premi further suggested that HH-Series tables should be cross-classified by sche duled castes and scheduled tribes. Shri N. Rama Rao replied that this will be taken care of while finalising the Tabulation Plan for the 1991 Census. Shri K.N. Tewari informed the house that Bihar Government needed two additional data viz. (i) on landless persons and (ii) on tenancy of the cultivating households. He stressed that these were valuable data and must be collected through the 1991 Census. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner. India, explained tb.at data on tenancy of land of cultivating households were likely to get vitiated because of the m~itiplicity of local names; moreover, the question should appropriately be included in the Agricultural Census. This view was supported by Prof. B.S. Minhas though he apprehended that the household-wise details were not likely to be forthcoming through Agricultural Census which was nothing more tun compilation from land records. Prof. Minhas also suggc;lited that the question on married couple may be dropped. Shri S.M. Vidwans explained the limitations of the Agricultural Census and informed the house that it was not possible to get household particulars in the Agricultural Census. He was of the view that the questions pertainios to cultivating households were very important and should be retained in the 1991 Census. Sbri Vidwans informed the house that there had been persistent demand from the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, for information on household particulars; there was no possibility of ~ollecting data pertaining to cultivating households through Agricultural Census, which is nothing but retabulation of land records data. Dr. Pravin Visaria suggested that data on cultivating households should be correlated with other characteristics, which according to him was not being attempted. Shri N. Rama Rao pointed out that some tables have been gcnerat~d in the 1981 Census based on households cultivating and not cultivating land. 'Shrl K. Balakrishnan Nair, Director, Bureau of Economics and Statistics, Kerala, suggested that the columns pertaining to construction material of the house e. g. roof. wail, etc. be shifted from their present position to lhe latter part of the schedule to facilitate tabulation. He was also of the view that the census houses may be classified as pucca, semi-pucca and kutcha after properly defi ning these terms rathel' than by predominant construction materials. The change will reduce subjecti vity 01\ the part of enumerators. Further, a separate column may be provided to seek information on how many households were experiencing drinking water 'SCarcity. He also wanted a question on number of persons working outside the state and outside the country. Prof. K. Sundaram suggested that while collecting information on whether tqe source of drinking water SUpply is within the premises or outside the ~remises. it would be extremely useful, to 'have at least a rough approximation of the distance th"t one bad to travel to have protected source of water supply though he realised that this would mean increaSing t.he . work of ,the enumerator. The flegi'mr General and Census Commissioner, India, while agreeing with the usefulness of tho data. thought that collecting such information will not be feasible in the Census situation. ResaMitts tbil. fatilitit., S'hrl C. S~t"u, J'oiitt Director. Department or Statistics. Tamil Nadu.. Madras, ~W14 .. eddftI_. cote_ ia ltH! 'hOU$di'st for ascertaining as to whether the toilet is dry. Shri K. Batakrishnan Nair put forward the demaQd for collecting data on number of households 19 baving water-sealed latrines. He said that in most of the rural areas, open pit latrines wero vory common; these were unhygienic. As such, there was justification in ascertaining as to whether the latrine available was water-sealed. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner. India. clarified that it was not possible to go in for such refinements. The main purpose should be to ascertain whether the household was having toilet amenity at all. Prof. Minhas enquired about the usefulness of information on number of couples and number of living room!! since these were not going to throw any meaningful results. Dr. Pravin Visaria added that the number of living rooms is difficult to be defined in the Indian situation. Both the detcptes suggested that these questions should be dropped. Shri N. Rama Rao explained that distribution of the number of households by number of living rooms was already tabulated and these gave an idea of congestion in households. Shri P. Padmanabha, elucidated further the purpose and utility of this information and recommended that these questions be retained. Shri Y. Seshagiri Rao. Joint Director sf the NBO, Ministry of Urban Development vehemently favoured retention of these columns, notwithstanding the limit. ations of the information derived from these data. He gave strong justifications for retaining all housing data viz., on building material. number of living rooms, house sites. number of married c;:ouples, etc., as these were immediately useful to the NBO. He further made it clear that Census was the only source for such type of information. He also suggested inclusion of a question for ascertaining whether the household had a separate kitchen. Shfi V.C. Oambhir of the Delhi Development Authority also spoke in favour of retaining column 21 in the houselist. Dr. Visaria was of the opinion that detailed data in the houselist may be collected OR a 20 percent sample basis and tables generated therefrom. Shri Vidwans sharply reacted against the sugges tion of collecting data in the houselist on a sample basis as it would be operationally difficult. He strongly contended that the census of housing had to be bn a hunderd )'ler cent basis. Shri Vidwans po~nted out. however, that the definition of head of household adopted for the houselisting was different from the one adopted for enumeration. He quoted the definitions given in the instruct.ions circulated to the delegates. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, assured that the, matter will be looked into and a uniform definition adopted. Mrs. Uma Roy Chowdhury, formerly of the Central Statistical Organisation, suggested additional columns for collecting the following information. l. Age of the house. 2. Condition of the house, 3. Estimates of major repairs, 4. Average value of the house. She pleaded that housing data are available only after 10 years and the above information will be very useful for measurement of the capital stock in the country. She further advised that column 20 relating to the enterprises outside the premises may be dropped, as it was out of context in the houseUst. Prof. Minhas. however, opposed the suggestions made by Mrs. Uma Roy Chowdhury. He was of the view that age of a house was difficult to ascertain. He informed the conference that the 44th Round of NSSQ will be able to provide most of the data desired by Mrs. Chowdhury. Prof. M. K. Premi wanted to know the sanctity of the period "3 months or more" for considering a person to be counted as a visitor at the place of enumeration in columns 22·23. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. clarified that the period "3 months of more" is not I8.crosanct but it is conventionally used to count a visitor. Shri Vidwans, however, pointed out that the period of 3 months or 1 month would not be meaningful and should not be specified. According to him, there is likely to be difference in the popUlation figures arrived at during houselisting and that at the actual count. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner. India. agreed with the sugges tion of Shri Vidwans. Prof. M. K. Premi further suggested that instead of collecting the reason for 20 vacancy of the census house in the 'Remarks' column, there should be a separate,column for this. Sbl'i''N. R.ama Rao clarifiijd that information on'\vacancy under the 'Remarks' column helps the emi metator ift Identifying the unoccupied houses and ensuring completeness of enumeration at the time of'cenllus. Dr. S. N. Bagchi, Joint Director, Bureau of Economics and Statistics, Government of Madhya Pradesh, wanted to know the rationale behind not cpllec;:ting data pertaining to amenities in respect of institutional households. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, clarified that inclusion of institutional data may give a rosy picture and the real situation may not be ascertaina ble. 'Shn 'Po Padmanabha, ht:1wever,' ~uggested that amenities c,iata in respect of institutional households may be taken care of at the tabulation and presentation stages. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. agreed to this suggestion. Shri S. P. Mishra, Joint Director, Central Statistical Organisation, pleaded for uniformity' in the definition of head of household as adopted by the NSSO and Census. Shri Mishra further suggested that sources of drinking water proposed to be collected under column 16 of the houseUst should also include lake and spring as these were important sources in hill areas. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, expressed the view that the definition of head of household adopted in census enumeration is quite clear and is already in use for a considerable period and it is not possible to change it. Shri N. K. Banerjee bf Centre for Women's Development Studies requested for introduction of two separate houscHst schedules; one for the rural areas and the other for urban areas. This was also suggested by Shri R. S. Bhatnagar from Himachal Pradesh. The suggestion did not find favour with other participants. Dr R. C. Chandna of Punjab University. Chandigarh. gave a suggestion to standardise the spellings of names of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes to be recorded in column 12 as according to him, the same caste/tribe is known differently in different states. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, clarified that the names of scheduled castes/scheduled tribes and the spellings used are according to the Presidential Order and, therefore. there is no possibility of making any change. Individual Slip .t Housebold Schedule The Registrar General and Oensus Commissioner, Tntti., explained briefly the topics pro·posed to be covered in the individual slip and the household schedule, taking into account the needs of the country to be served by the census data and also keeping in vtew the O1uimun degree of tom para bility both withjn and between regions. The willingness of the people to respond to the topics hns also to be kept in view. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner. India. further explained that in the 1991 Census, it is proposed to canvass individual slip and the household schedule. He observed that pOj1ulatlon reco;d in the household schedule will be required for two particular reasons, firstly as a control and secondly to start simultaneously mal'lllat processing and tabulation!; of Primary Census Abstract with nine fold industrial classification at the vma~e and town levels and processing of religion, mother tongue and individual scheduled The Registrar General and Census Commissioner. India, further emphasised that we may not go for area liamrling again at the 1991 Cen~us. hecause it was found to be suitable for certain characteristics and not suitable for certain other characteristics. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. was of the opinion that it will be extremely difficult to employ better qualified and more motivated and better equipped enumerators and supervisors in the sample hloch. He observed that the question of whether to have the individual slips stitched in pads of 50 or 100 or have individual bigger schedules accommodating 18 or 20 questions for each individual in addition to some que~tions which mayor may not be there for hou~ehold as a unit can be decided after disclls!oion. But a copy of certain essential particulars will still be needed for simultaneous start of manual tabulation for compilation of Primary Census Abstrtlct with nine fold industrial classification. religion, mother tongue and individual scheduled castes/scheduled tribes on 100 per cent basis even as the individual slips go for the data entry. This is the background for the ~top('>sal to have both the schedules, i.e., individual slip which witI directly go for computerisation and house1\old schedule which may go for manual ~abulation. The Registrar General and Census Commi~sjoner, Illdia, invited comments/suggestions from the participants on the proposed questions conta.{llOd in tbe draft individual slip and the household schedule. At the out set Dr. Pravin Visaria wanted to know whether ultimately the individual slip will be retained as such or the individual slip and the house hold schedule will be merged. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India,41atified that it is after all a question of format and not a question of dropping this or that. 8ased on di~Ctl5sion with experts and field trial the schedules will be evolved to serve the purpose. Dr. Visada .I~o suggested that houselist can also be in two parts: the first part containing the location particulars aAd the second part containing the details on amenities available etc. Prof. M. K. Premi asked whether the data collected at the 1981 Census on bUiutualism has been published and what were the field experiences in canvassing these questions. He also wanted clarificati~n whether the mothc:r-tonsue data have been cross tabulated with the data on other two languages. ShriN. Rama Rao wormed that there are two separate questions on the IIUbjtet. firstly. on mQt,hcr tong~ ..and secondly i~n two other laquages known. He clarified, t},.!t two other languages 21 22 known in respect of an individual were recorded one after the other in lne order in which the person speaks and understands tbem best. He further clarified that the data collected about two languages at the 1981 Census have been taken on tapes. Prof. Premi wanted to know why the question on "attending school/college" which was canvassed in 1981, did not find place in the draft individual slip to be canvassed at the 1991 Census. Dr. Pravin Visaria was also of th.~ opinion that the question on school attendance should be retained alongwith the class in which the individual is studying at the time of enumeration to make the data more useful. At this point, Prof. Minhas suggested that no useful purpose will be served by adding an additional questioll along with school attendance about class in which an individual is studying. The Registrar General and C~lilsUS Commissioner, India wanted to know whether the question on school attendance shou.d be C..lnvassed universally or sho:tld it be restricted to age-group 6-14. On this Dr. Visaria intervened to say that it was not desirable to restrict the enquiry on school attendance to a particular age group bec;\use s:lch an. enquiry conducted in P.lkistan in 1951 did not yield any satisfactory results. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, rounded off the debate on the subject by saying that the proposal to include question on school attendance will be considered by recording answers as 'yes' or 'No'. Prof. Premi wanted that "Place of work" may be included as was done in the 1971 Census. He was of the opinion that this inforln Prof. Minhas wanted that at the end of the Conference some time should be devoted to discuss the main recommendations of the deliberations held during the three-day conference and also if possible these may be circulated to the participants. The views ex.pressed by Prof. Minhas were supported by Shri Vidwans, Shri Sardana and Dr. Mitra. The Registrar General alld Censlls Commissioner, India, replied that this Conference was not intended to give general recommendations and was meant to have a feed back from a cross section of data users about incorporation or deletion 01' qtl~stions from variolls draft schedules. He further pointed out that tbis has been the practice and convention in the past also. and no recommendations were eitber ma1:le or circulated on the basis of the Data Users' Conferences in the past. However, tbe Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Iodia, pointed out that the minutes of the Data Users' Conference containing the suggestions made by each participant by giving their names etc. will be prepared and circulated in due course as was done in the past. Dr. Asoki.Mitra enquired why the' question on SC/ST is being repeatedly asked in every schedule. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. explained that the data collected through the houselist will be tabulated separately for SC/ST. Similarly, the data collected through h01,lsehold schedule as well as the individual slip will also be used for tabulation, separately. As the schQoules are diff~rent and canvassed with different purposes the quc$tions on SC/ST art essentially required to be kept on these schedules. 23 Prof. Talwar &aid that if individual slip and household schedule are being merged together tet Corm one schedule, it is acceptable to him and in case these are not being merged then lot of efforts ... ill be wasted in copying the data from individual slip to household schedule. Shri P. Padmanabha, explained that columns 1 to 7 of the household schcdalc will be canvassed first and then the questions of individual slip wilt be canvassed. Thus, only for some questions of individual slip, repetitive entries will be required to be made in the household schedules later at his house by the enumerator. Dr. Asok Mitra was of the view that we should put mUlImutll questions in a simple way so as to get the correct answers from the respondents. Question No. I5A and l5B in the draft individual slip relating to the ex-servicemen may not be included as it is applicable only to a small section of the population. Major General V. Awasty, Director General of Re-Settlement, Ministry of Defence, explained the need for canvassing the Question ISA and 15B during the census. He pointed out that during the last forty years, number of persons have been recruited and trained in army but were discharged after short intervals, making them not eligible for pension. But recently the Government have felt that aU such ex-servicemen who are not covered under pension scheme should also be identijled in the larger interests of the security of the nation. In view of this, he wanted the question to be retained. Prof. Prcmi further suggested that question 15A and 15B should be deleted as the number of persons involved will be too small. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, summed up the discussion on the subject about inclusion or deletion of question 15A and 158 relating to the ex-servicemen by saying that decision on this will be taken at Government level and it cannot be decided during the Conference. Prof. Premi desired that further information about the reasons for migration such as on account of flood, drought and other natural calamities may be collected. He pointed out although at the time of census "age at marriage" is recorded for all ever married women without looking into their age but at the time of tabulation of "ever married" women upto the age of 10 ure categorized as 'never married'. Thus, this did not give the realistic picture of the situation prevailing in the field. Shri R.B. Gupta of the Operation Research Group. Baroda was of the opinion that instead of recording the relationship to the head, the question may be redesigned to know the relationship to the nearest person for each individual. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. explained the procedure of recording relationship with the head of the household in the census. Sh~i S.R. Luhadia, Joint Director of Census Operations, Rajasthan pointed out that in certain cases, it may not be possible to record the relationship with the nearest person such as in case of childern of absentee mother and father whose children are residing with their grand-parents. Shri R.P. Goel of the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, pointed out that at the tabula tion stage aU those aged less than 10 years art tabulated under the category 'never married' irrespective of their actual 'marital status' recorded during census enumeration. Thus it does not giYc the correct position of marital status as recorded during the census enumeration and this needs reconsideration to find out the correct position with respect to child marriage prevailing in certain regions of the country. He further pointed out that why a regular square has been provided apin't Question 5 of the propos.op individual slip instead of a dotted square provided at the 1981 Census Cor this question. 24 Shri N. Rama Rao explained that dotted squares are intended for codil1a in the office and block squares are intended for coding in the neld. In 1991. Question 5 is proposed to be filled by a code in the field itself by the enumerators and hence the b'loek square against that question. Dr. Visaria also cautioned that marital status and age at marriage are to be looked into with great care to avoid any mis-interpretation of the data. Dr. Visa ria was of the view that the tabulation of marital status data can be done for age group 0-9 and they may not be shown as 'rtevet married'. Dr. Vernuri pointed out that the word 'currently married' is often misunderstood by the eilnmefll.tors as 'recently rnatrted'. He, therefore, suggested that we may change it to 'married with spouse tivln~' and the instrUctions may be modified appropriately giving no scope for confusion. Shri N. Rama Rao cl~rified that the instructions are quite clear and there is no scope for confusion especially when the terms arc translated into regional languages and further due care will be taken in the training classes about this. Dt. Asok Mitra etldtmed the view that religion and mother tongue data may be collected once in two decades. He I:\lso pointed out that in Punjab in the 1961 CensllS except mother tongue no other languages were returned by the respondents as Sllbsidiary languages, In 1971 CenSllS and thereafter, the data were presented for grouped taQguages. fte was of the view that the question on two other lan~ages tI1lty hOt give good returns. If at all, the question on bilingualism is to he retained by the census department. only one other language may he collected. Prof. K hubchandani said that the question on mother tongul! and other two languages known may be retained. He further said that the words 'two other languages known' create ambiguity. He suggested that instead of those words, 'which other two languages you can speak' may be adopted. Plurality of languages is well known in India. Reducing the scope of tllis data will only disrupt the homogenity. Census is an important document as it gives the grass-root picture of plurality. Over 10 years the classification of mother tongue data may vaty. The question on bilingualism should be retained with the modification suggested by him. He further suggested that if the census organisation intends tabulating the data of olie other language known only, then the organisation may allow reseachers to use the second language data from the schedules. Prof. Rh, Krishnaml.lrthy. Vice Chancellor, Central University, Hydcrabad, pointed out that the literacy data published by the census organisation is not correlated with the language. He was interested in knowing Hie ntlmber of literates in a particular language, but Census cannot provide this data. He suggested that the question on mother tongue may be modified to read as follows:- Mother Tongue/Language gpeak Read Write 1. 2. 3. He also wanted to have the absolute and actual number of speakers under each language unlike in 1911 and 1981 Censuses w'hen speakers of less than 10,000 were not tabulated. The scholars would be very much interested to know figures of these smaller lanluage groups also. He sugpsted fhat the 'matter may be reviewed and actual language figures may be given irrespective (If their strength. He also wondered why the second subsidiary language is not tabulated. In fact, thi's ihforma'tion .is very useful to the Governm~~t. He al~o sugges~ed r~~ bilingual figures Ilhoutd be c'Orrelateti With age because one may be mterested In studymg bilingualism among children. 25 He also suggested that while recording educational level in question No. 12. we may also record the medium ·of instruction, as this information is nceded for educational planning. Shri Prem Chand. Deputy Director, Directorate of Adult Eduation, pointed out that the literacy ra.te should be calculated only for a.ge group five and above, deleting the popula.tion below age 5. He wanted that the data should be provided within 2-3 years of the completion of Census. Shri K.S. Natarajan intervened to say that data based on 5 per cent sample published in 1983 gives the literacy rate of population aged 5+, 10+ and 15+. Shri P.S. Bhatia was of the view that mother tongue data has created many problents. He suggested that in place of Questions 6 and 7, we may ask only one question: "Please name the languages you can speak. read and write." The Registrar General and Census Commissioner. India, clarified that the tabulation of mother tongue and two other languages known data are governed hy Government of India policy as given in part IL-C (i) volume of 1971 Census. It is proposed to present the datu according to that policy at the 1991 Census also. Shri A.B. L. Srivastava of National Council for Educational Research & Training strongly pleaded for the retention of the question 011 school attendance as this information is very important and useful for the Ministry of Human Resource Development. The school attendance rates will heir in evaluating the education policy. He also suggested that while recording the highest educational level. the grades may be recorded. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner. India. was of the view that if we accept these suggestions, the publication of data will be considerably delayed. Shri P.S. Nair of the Council for Scientific & Industrial Research pointed out that ill the individual slip more than one qualification at the degree level is being recorded but unfortunately. data are presented only for one educational level. He wanted that the tahulation he dOlle for both the qualifications. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. agreed to examine thl' matter to see any possibility of tahulating this information. Tne repr.::.entative from the Ministry of Human Resource Development wanted the following question on school attendance: "Attending School/Colle!_!e/Education centre/Adult education centre etc." He also wasted to have the information from the Census on the number of person~ who have attained literacy after attending the adult education centres. Shri R.S. Bhatnagar pointed out that growing of certain crops has been treated as cultiyation while growing of fruits, vegetables. coconut. tea, coffee, etc., have been treated as non-cultivation in the census, although both are agricultural activities. He suggested that we may-have two categories of cultivators :- Cultivators (A) which will include the crops shown under cultivation and Cultivators (B) Which win include crops falling under frnit growing. plantation, orchards, etc. Shri K.S. Natarajan informed that the existing distinction was made in 1961 census for the first time. It is believed to have bee1'l done for purposes of national income and this is being retained since then to ensure comparability of data. This matter was also examined before 1981 Census by the Technical Advisory Committee but it was decided then to retain the same difference. Prof. K. Sundaram suggested that the census organisation may consider the production for serf~consumption under livestock, fishing. forestry and logging as economic activity. He also suggested that a list of occupations which may be treated as economic activity may be prepared in order to net the workers. He was doubtful whetlaer the criterion of 183 days for main workers may be able to net an the main workers. 26 Dr. K.C. Seal pointed out that the I.L.O. has prepared a detailed list of economic activities and he wanted the census organisation to follow those activities for the presentation of the 1991 Census data keeping in view the comparability with the 1981 Census data. Census instructions are to be issued keeping in view the I.L.O. definitions and comparability with 1981 Census so as to net the activities suggested by the I.L.O. and at the same time maintaining the scope for comparability of 1991 Census data with that of 1981 Census data. Dr. Pravin Visaria said that Census is an important source of information on economic data. There should be simplicity in economic questions and it is better if we adopt the 1961 defini tion with slight modifications. Dr. Asok Mitra pointed out that most people in India do not know how many days are there in a year. In view of this, it will be difficult for the respondent to give information whether he/she worked for 183 days in a year. In the 1981 Census the main activity was classified into four categories: (i) C, (ii) AL, (iii) HHI and (iv) OW. He suggested that it should be done for all the nine broad categories at the field stage itself. Shri K. Balakrishnan Nair pointed out that in Kerala paddy covers only 20 per cent of the crops and the rest are coconut, betalrwts. etc .. which are not taken under cultivation. He also suggested that cultivators may be recorded as Cultivators (A) for paddy and Cultivators (B) for rest of the plantation crops. He also wanted to have one more question. "whethere any land is owned by an agricultural labourer" to get the data on landless agricultural lahourers frmn the Census. Dr. K.N. Tewari pointed out that the number of cultivators are under-estimated because the growing of fruits and vegetables arc not l~l)vered under cultivation. He also suggested that the data on landless labourers may be collected. Shri K.R. Debnath pointed out that the plantation and orchards growing have been categorised as cultivation by Tripura Government. He wanted the census organisation to dothe same. Dr. (Mrs.) Sudha Deshpande pleaded for the retention of the question 'seeking/available for work' and also inclusion of a question on 'place of work ofa worker'. In order to get a meaning ful estimate of labour force for supply of labour, she also suggested that a question could be asked to both workers and·' unemployed as: To workers:- "How long did they take to find a job when they entered the job market ,?": To unemployed :-How long have they been seeking the job 7" She also suggested that question on ex-servicemen may be deleted and question on attending school/college may be retained. She further suggested including a question whether a person is away from place of enumeration for seeking work or for work during one year or two years. Shri Vidwans pointed out that the criteria of 183 days to treat a person as main worker may not hold good in case a person grows one crop in one season lasting for about 4-5 months in a year. Such persons will be treated as 'marginal workers' in the Census, though they are main workers. He wanted that these points may be kept in view. In question '14A-Yes' only four categories of worker!'> have been given. It is better that instead of these four categories, nine industrial categories are given. Shri B. Bhattacharya suggested that cultivators may be classified into two categories viz. landless and owner cultivators. He further suggested that data on landless agricultural laburers may also be collected. The info~tion on share cropper is Dot available from census. This may also be collected. 27 Sbri K. Nagaraj pointed out that the categories used for classifying workers into e1l1ployee~, employers, etc., is simplistic and does not capture the complexities of class relations in the country because Census cannot be burdened with this task. His suggestion was that perhaps only the category 'employee' may be retained and th is category may be further sub-divided as in the NSSO into casual workers and regular workers, and the same classification may also be given for agricultural labourer!i. Shri Vir Narain pointed out that there is no need to go hack to the 1961 definition of work as the 1981 Census definition is sufficiently good though 183 days criteria for treating a person as main worker has created some problems for seasonal workers. Shri M.G. Sardana suggested that a small group of experts may be set up to look into economic questions relatint!! to industry, occupation and class of workers. He also suggested that the question on 'seeking/available for work' may be asked for all who did not work during the last year. Dr. K.C. Seal explained the rationale behind introducing the criteria of 183 days for treating a person as main worker and said that this concept was introduced in order to provide comparable data with 1961 and 1971 Censuses. He wanted the census (Jrganisation to ensure that the 1991 Census provided economic data comparable with that of 1981 Census. Dr. (Mrs.) Sudha Deshpande requested that the employees Jllay be classified into three categories, namely salaried employees, wage earners and ca~ual employees. Mrs. Uma Roy Chaudhary expressed that there arc many concepts and measurements used for asking the questions on economic activities which relate to type of economic activity, duration of work, classification of workers into main and marginal workers, nature of industry, etc. All such concepts and definitions should be standardised and made simple and straightforward s.o that the enumerator can understand them properly. She further elaborated on some of the terms used in this context. She stated that the term 'marginal work' is quite mixed up with the concept of secondary work and used more or less interchangeably. Similarly, workers are classified into four categories, namely cultivators, agricultural lahourers, household industry and other workers which is quite inadequate and the definition used for household industries does not conform to any of the dcfinitiom used by other agencies such as International Labour Organisation (ILO), National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), etc. Mrs. Uma Roy Chaudhary further emphasised that the question of comparability of 1991 data with 1981 data need not be the only cruciHI factor in deciding the concept~ or definitions in 1991 Census. She further suggested that, jf feasible, one question may be asked to persons seeking work about the reasons for seeking work. She also suggested that a small expert group familiar with this work, be constituted to standarise definitions and concepts which are simple, straightforward accept able and eaSily understandable. The same group may also examine the concepts of labour force with those of NSSO. Dr. K.C. Seal intervened at this stage and said that instructions to the enumerators given in the manual used at the )981 Census need to be elaborated further so as to make all the concepts very clear which can be understood by the enumerators and used properly at the time of census operations in 1991. Prof. K. Sundaram opined that there should not be over emphasis on the comparability of data from one census to another because it depends on the manner in which data is collected and 28 tabulated. This point was further supported by Dr. Bharadwaj of Bombay University who said that concern for comparability should not blunt the concepts. Shri S.M. Vidwans, raised the issue of classification of workers and expressed that categori sation should be made more explicit by removing ambiguity. Shri P. Padmanabha urged to maintain the consistency and comparability of census data, even after refinements, by preparing a short booklet containing the concepts and definitions used in the questionnaire for supply to the enumerators. Similarly, he also emphasised that training manuals should be prepared with utmost care so as to train the enumerators for the job of census taking thoroughly. Shri Debnath stated that the definition of the household industry given in the proposed 1991 Census instructions involved some discrimination between rural and urban areas because the non-agricultural activities of the workers in the rural areas are mostly treated as household industries, whereas in urban areas most of the workers working outside the premises of their household arc treated as other workers. In respect of Question No. 14-B of the individual slip. he suggested that the question may be framed in a simpler way. Tn this context he suggested to pose only one or two questions to the respondents working in very small establishments. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, intervened and closed the discussion pertarning to the questions on economic activity by stating that this part of the individual slip is and has to be quite complicated and the data on this aspect cannot be compared with the data provided by the international agencies and other organisations on account of the concept of work used in the census enumeration. 1n a way it has been highly dependent on payor profit motive though not mentioned as such in so many words. He further expressed that sufficient care would be taken at the tabulation stage in case of such segment of popUlation where, users may get data. on economic activity in stich a manner that could fit in with their concepts. He also emphasised that compara bility of data will be maintained to the extent possible in 1991 also because this is a 111ust fr~m \.:cnsus to census and it is fundamental to census taking. He also promised the re-introduction of nine fold industrial classification of workers in the P.C.A. as in 1961 and 1971 without changing the concepts involved. ~e also referred to the decennial census as a stock taking of population and concepts used should not change too ortL'll. Dr. Asok Mitra. expressed that :;ome slot should be left for accommodating the questi<;>n on ex-servicemen as suggested by Prof, Minhas. He also agreed to the suggestion that one slot should be left for each state so that they may ask some reh;vant question whkh they feel mccessary depend iIl8 upon the requirement of thei.r governrnent. Dr. Mitra also suggested the formation of a com mittee with Prof. Minhas to ex.amine how it could be done. Major General Awasty explained the problems of ex-servicemen in greater detail. He stated that the problems of ex-servicemen have their genesis in the burden imposed by the defence service which is mainly due to early age of retirement. For example, in some cases, 33 years of age and in other cases nearly 15 years of !>~rvice are considered for this J)Ufpose. He also gave a historical account of the problem dating back to the Second World War and 1962,1965 and 1971 aggressi()lls. He expressed that majority of the ex.-servicemen continl1ed to be economically active for a Ions time after their retirement/retrenchment. Records of the servicemen going out of the defence service are available only for pensioners but not for other categories such as non-pensioners who have either been thrown out or opted for voluntary retirement. Lots of ex-servicemen have their (lwa J'foblems and are subject to exploitation. It is, therefore. il1lperative to have some pr~iie .idea abo\tt tbc number of ex-servicemen and their characteristics in order to prepare a comprehensive rehabilitation plan and to provide them necessary assistance throu~h Zilla Sainik Boards, etc. Prof. M.K. Premi appreciated the views of Maj. Gen. Awasty. He also desired to know whether census organisation would give the exact number of ex-servicemen by place of residence, namciy, rural and urban. He also enquired of the nature of tables required and also of the levels at which the tables were required. The Registrar General and Cenaus Commissioner. lrulia. dal'ified that Defence Ministry did not want any identifiable particulars. They only wanted the gfoss number 0{ ex-servicemen upto district level. Dr. Asok Mitra wondered if this item eouid be incl\\ded in the houselist instead of the individual slip. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner. India. thereupon liaid that be WOllid examine this question at the appropriate time. Dr. Pravin Visaria suggested that one should distinguish the return mi,rants from the other migrants. He wanted the reason for migration namely employment be split by codes for "job or wages" and 'self employment' . Prof. Sundram expressed that uptil now, the data on migrants are tabulated upto district level and for rural and urban areas. He indicated that attempts should also be made to identify the in-flow and out-flow of migrants from big cities by adding one more category in the question pertain ing to the place of last residence. namely rural/urban/metropolitan cities. Shri K.D. Bhatia wanted to have a question on intra-city migration. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner. India, did not agree to this suggestion because the intra-city migration did not involve any change in the environment of the population. Shri S. Lakshminarayana. Director of Bureau of Statistics and Economics. Andhra Pradesh. wanted to have a question on seasonal migration which is assuming greater importance in tile context of rural employment programme being implemented by the Government. Dr. Asok Mitra suggested that a slot in the houselist might be provided for colledion of such information. This, he indicated, could be done easily by dropping a question on amenities from the houseUst. Shri K. Nagaraj wanted direct data on migration fOT employment on trnnor;fer/a~ job~~ker separately. He further expressed the view that we must collect information on migration between core city and satellite towns of the metropolis. His view was that this was quite feasible because the satellite towns are treated as different enumeration units. Therefore, the data for the metropolitan cities might be tabulated for such purpose. Prof. K. Sundaram stated that with the stipulation of n01'mal members living ift the house hold, the information pertaining to seasonal migration will pose a problem. Dr. Pravin Visaria stated further that if the entire h()usehold with all the members has moved, nobody will be left in the household to report about the seasonal migrdtion. But, if one or two persons move out from the household. we may get such information. The incidence of both indivi dual migration and household level migration as reflected in the 38th and 43rd round of NSS is very low. This may be taken into account while thinking of includi'ng a question on seasonal migration in the census. 30 Dr. A.B.L. Srivastava stated that when there were more than one reason for migration, it was extremely difficult to get precise information about the reaso.n for migration. He suggested that question 18 could be deleted. He also wondered whether question 16 on birth place could also be deleted. Dr. Pravin Visaria did not agree with the suggestion and observed that all the questions on migration were relevant and if one had to choose, the place of birth of a person was a better indicator of the mobility of a person from one region to another than the place of last residence. He wanted additional tables on birth place. Dr. K.C. Seal expressed the view that the question pertaining to reasons for migration was very important for man-power planning. Prof. P.P. Talwar expressed the desire to have the data on number of moves by the person within a stipulated time period of. say, two years, five years. 10 years, etc. He wanted the data to be tabulated with respect to this item also. Shri R.P. Tomar. Deputy Director of Census Operations referred to Prof. Mitra's suggestion for inclusion of a question on seasonal migration in the houselist and said that such a question could not be included in the houselist where no particulars of the members of the household arc recorded. Shri P. S. Bhatia questioned the rationale behind the frame of fertility tables and mentioned thnt it was ironical to call the data collected through census on number of children ever born/surviving as fertility datR. He stated that in the instructions the purpose of collection of such data was mentioned as to obtain some estimates on infant and child mortality by indirect method. He further stated that in the earlier censuses of 1971 and 1981 one question was asked about any birth during last one year. The data collected on this aspect was of very poor quality because erroneous conclusions were drawn by comparing estimates on fertility based on 1981 data with that of the SRS data for the period 1971 to 1975. In 1991. two questions are proposed to be asked on this aspect. He suggested that we )night ask some questions so as to get an idea about current age at marriage, current level of fertility. current level of nwrtality and family planning practices. He admitted that it was very difficult to collect such information in census enumeration. However. suitable sample frame could be adopted so as to provide district level estimates on these aspects. He was of the opinion that collection ot gata on fertility should be delinked from the current census operations and questions on this aspect should be asked i~ a separate survey.to be conducted after census operations. He further suggested that female enumerators, should be employed to collect such information. Moreover, Population R~scmrch Centres and other research institutes should also be involved for collecting such data. He also emphasised that information should also be tabulated on the basis of socio-economic indicators and not according to religions so as to bring out meaningful analysis of fertility data. In his opinion parts (b) and (c) of Question 20 relating to fertility should include the follOWing :- 1. How many sons/daughters were born and living in the househOld at present? 2. How may sons/daughters were -born but Hving elsewhere? 3. How many sons/daughters were born alive but died subsequently? Similarly, a question on num.ber of children married during last one year and their age a,t marriage should also be asked so as to get the current level of age at marriage. 3-1 Dr. P.N. Mari Bhat of Centre for Development Studies. Kcrala, enquired about the reasons for dropping the question on birth during last one year from 1991 Census. He was of lhe opinion that this .question gives a good estimate of parity progression ratio. He also said that this is the only source to obtain district level estimate on the current level of fertility. Prof. .C. R. Malaker of Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, agreed with Dr. MRri "hat thut question on birth during last one year should not be dropped. He further ~tated that part (b) of Question 20 dealing with children surviving should be modified because in censuses of the African countries, the information on children staying with mother, elsewhere and died are recorded. As regards part (a) of Question 20 on age at marriage. he stated that information on duration of marriage should also be asked alongwith the age at marriage. Dr. Pravin Visaria stated that canvassing of these questions on fertility would perhap'> amount to another full-fledged survey. He also stated that question of birth during last one year should be retained in 1991 because it provides valuable information on sex differences and on parity. In his opinion we may have to ask further questions on children staying wit.hin the household and children staying outside to net children surviving. For providing reasonably good estimates on t:urrent fertility level, the question pertaining to births during last one year should he retained. Dr. Asok Mitra mentioned that the estimates based on such type of information an.' deficient on more than one account. For example, he referred to the work of Chri~t(lpher Tietz whidl showed that such estimates suffer enormously from recall lapse and this wa, agaill supportcd hy Kerala Survey. Elaborating further he stated that post-nco-natal, nco-natal and still births get mixed up with the number of children born. Besides, reports from the Ministry of Family Welfare. admit that during the last 15 years lot of sterilisations (both males and females) have heen done. So, it will be very difficult to reconcile the number of children ever born and surviving. Moreover. NSSO and SRS also collected such information. So, the question on fertili ty may he dropped and cll1pha~i, should be shifted to other questi0ns. thus saving us from criticism pertaining to quulity of data. Dr. K. C. Seal speaking on this issue said that it would be difficult to obtain rdiable infor mation about the number of children ever bornfsurviving through ccn~lIs enumeration and hencc, ·jnformotion should be collected through survey. It can he used for obtaining indirect estimate on district level fertility. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner. India, intervening on this issue said that if we introduce sampling at the enumeration stage. such information eould be collc(.:(ed. Collection of such inforIl,lation is more amenable to sample studie~ such as those conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare could also conduct !,urveys the!l1~"'vc~ through their para-medical staff. He poi ntcd out that collection of such information through (;ensu~ enumerators invtllved the risk of protest and gross misunderstandings from different quarters of population. Shri K.S. Na~rajan pleaded for the retention of question on fcrt ility because according 10 him the questions on children ever born together with births during the last one year provide reasona ble estimates of district level birth rate. He stated that the World Fertility Survey has also used such data extensively. Dr. Mitra. however, intervened by stating tbat the basic data are hif!hly inaccurate and the data on age at marriage and number of children surviving did not provide very ~aiisfactnry information. Shri R.K. Ram of the UNICEF suggested that along with the que~lion on births during the last one year, number of children who died during the same period should also be asked. 32 Shri p. Padmanabha stated that if the bousehold schedule and individual slip are to be canvassed on cent per cent basis tben this question 5bould Dot be asked as these will pose a lot or operational problems at the time of enumeration. Similarly, no question on family planning practices should be included in the individual slip. Dr. K. Balnsubramanian of the Gokhale Institute of Economics and Politics, Pune, enquired about the reasons for dropping the question on births during the last one year. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, stated that the only justification for dropping this question was the quality of data coUected which was found to be very poor. Dr. K. Balasubramanian in this context suggested that if the same datil is collected for a two year period instead of one year this may perhaps improve the quality. Dr. A. Bagchi, Director, National Institute of Public Finance &: Policy, New Delhi, enquired about the possibility of inclusion of a question on parity along with the question on current fertility namely, births to the currently married women. Besides, he also wanted to have another question on current fertility/infant mortality in the household schedule. Dr. G. Ramachandrudu stated that mortality is a very important issue and hence question pertaining to number of deaths during the last one year may also have to be recorded in the house hold schedule along with age at death. Besides, he also wanted to have the question on family planning, namely, whether the wife or husband has undergone sterilisation. Shri R.L. Narasimhan, Joint Director, Department of Family Welfare, stated that his Depart ment is interested in question on births during the last one year and whether the child was immunised. He also wanted that the data on contraceptive prevalence should he collected. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, suggested that the Department of Family Welfare may collect seen data through its own machinery. Closing the discussion on fertility, The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, invited suggestions, if any, on fertility and family planning, in writing. As regards convassing the Degree Holder and Technical Personnel Card, he requested Dr. lnderdev of CSIR to have a separate meeting with him to sort out the issue. As regards item No. 10 pertaining to the names of scheduled tribes, Prof. O.K. Singh. Det')tt. of Geography, Utkal~lll1iversity, Bhubaneswar, suggested that the sub-tribals should also be recorded after the recording of major scheduled tribes. Reacting to this, the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, stated that we cannot provide any list/instruettons to the enumerators other than the approved list of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Prof. Singh, however, insisted upon the recording of sub-tribal status of the individual by referring to the decision of the Supreme Court in this regard in case of sub-tribal status of Mahalis among the Munda tribe. Prof. K. Sundaram enquired about the question on land holding. He asked whether this question will be included in household schedule to be canvassed at the time of census enumeration. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, stated that this issue will be reviewed again at the appropriate time. In addition to the above, a number of delegates bad made suggestions in writinl which will be considered while finalising the schedules. The Registrar General and Census C~issioner. India, requested the participants to So through the tentative tabulation plan or 1991 cen!us (Annexe G) which was circulated and requested them to give their suggestions later since there was nO time to discuss the same. Aaem.rys..... The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, invited suggestions from the delegates on the ancillary studies a note on which was already circulated (vide Annexe F). Opening the discussion Dr. S. Singh, Directer General, Anthropological Survey of India, stated that the studies on tribal communities are very crucial and ethnographic studies on lesser known and endangered groups should be continued. He also appreciated the attempts made by the Office of the Registrar General, India in undertaking a survey of ethnic groups in Jammu & Kashmir with a view to identify those ethnic groups which qualify to be specified as scheduled tribes. He, further, slaled that the census organisation may take up some studies on artisan groups which have been rather neglected so far. Dr. Singh pointed out that the formats of the District Census Handbooks containing Village and Town Directory should be enlarged further so as to reflect the environmental factors/issues. Since the Department of Human Resources is committed to promote the cultural museums, the cenSlls organisation should provide information on historical aspects of a settlement. He was of the view that studies on metropolitan cities should also be undertaken besides the studies on small towns and medium towns. Dr. Singh added that attempts should be made to prepare All-I ndia Village/Rural Directory on the same lines as All-India Town Directory. Dr. Singh observed that the studies on fairs and festivals which had been discontinued should be revived. Besides, attempts should be made to study different religious cults. In regard to ethnographic studies and glossary notes on scheduled tribes Dr. Sillgh mentioned that through these studies the ethnic identity of every tribl.! and sub-tribe should be established so as to draw a proper list of the tribes found in the country. Shri Debnath suggested that the studies on the level of development of social services such as educational infrastructure should be ,taken up to evaluate the expenditure on such services a!> well as to assess the quality of services rendered by different institutions which provide ~uch scrvicch. Col. S. P. Mehta of Survey of India informed that National Directory on Settlements is being brought out wherein his organisation is committed to collect information relatill~ to the topology of settlements. He further stated that the census organisation may provide available data on some of the items covered under the Directory. As regards the introduction of Geo-coding which was suggested by some of the speakers, he stated that it is very difficult to operationalise the concept and therefore, its introduction at the time of houselisting operations may not be possible. 33 Valedictory Session Shri V.S. Verma, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, invited Dr. Asok Mitra, former Registrar General, India, to preside over this session. Dr. Asok Mitra in his address first thanked all the participants for their keen interest and active involvement in the entire proceedings for three days. He pointed out that if at times some heat was generated during the discussion, it was only indicative of the deep interest every participant had in the census and his desire to contribute his or her ideas for enriching the Indian Census. In a nostalgic mood he recollected his association with the ce'nsus right from 1941 when he was associated with census-taking as an Assistant Collector. Thereafter, he became Superintendent of Census operations in West Bengal in 1951 and Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, in 1961. He paid rich tributes to Shri R. A. Gopalaswamy, Census Commissioner of J 951 who was not able to participate in the Conference due to ill health and said he owed a great deal to Shri Gopalaswamy. He also acknowledged the rich contributions made by successive Census Commissioners namely, late A. Chandrasekhar in 1971, Shri R. B. Chari, Shri P. Padmanabha in 1981 and currently Shri V. S. Verma. Despite his association with academic world right from 1975, soon after his retirement, he did not snap the links with this organisation. He paid very rich compliments to the excellent contributions by the census organisation in the development of the sample registration scheme and also technical demography. He also paid rich tributes to late Dr. Holla, former Joint Registrar General of the Vital Statistics Division. He was happy, he could attend the Conference and considered it a pilgrimage and was glad to meet old colleagues and friends and also to see the brilliant census publications. He paid glowing tributes to Shri V. S. Verma for producing the excellent Monograph on 'The Living Music of Rajasthan' and fervently hoped that Shri V. S. Verma, would further enrich the tradition of census by bringing out the plurality of India as mentioned by Prof. Khubchandani. Proposing a hearty vote of thanks on behalf of the census organisation, Shri Mahendranath. Joint Registrar General, India, thanked all the distinguished delegates for their active participation in the discussions on different aspects of the census. On behalf of the delegates, Shri S. M. Vidwans thanked the Registrar General, India and his colleagues for the excellent arrangements made for the Conference. ANNEXE A List or Participant. S. No. Name of the Participant Organisation ------_._-_ .. __ ._._--_._-_._------_. __ ._------_.- 2 3 Shri A. M. Gokhale Joint Secretary (Monitoring). Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi 2 Shri D. S. Ramaratnam Deputy Economic & Statistical Adviser, Ministry of Agriculture. New Delhi 3 Dr. M. S. Bhatia Economist, Ministry of Agriculture. New Delhi. 4 Shri S. N. Chatterjee Assistant Director General, Ministry of Communication, New Delhi 5 Shri J. N. Taneja Assistant Director General (Statistics), Department of TelcL'om munication, Ministry of Communication, New Delhi 6 Major General V. Awasty Director Geneml, Resettlement, Ministry of Defence, New Delhi 7 Shri H. R. Bhatnagar Director (S&R), Ministry of Defence, New Delhi 8 Dr. P. P. San gal Deputy Director General (Statistics), Ministry of Defence, New Delhi 9 Shri T. Panigrahy Deputy Planning Officer (Coord), Ministry of Defence, New Delhi 10 Dr. K. Subramanian Additional Director, National Informatic Centre, New Delhi 11 Dr_ Gautam Bose Principal Systems Analyst. National Informatic Centrc, New Delhi 12 Dr. Sudipto Mundie Economic Adviser, Ministry of FinaO(~e, New Delhi 13 Shri S. Maitra Research Officer, Ministry of Finance, New Delhi 14 Shri S. K. Alok Joint Secretary, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. New Delhi 14A Dr. (Mrs.) D. Lahiri Director, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi 15 Shri R. L. Narasimhan Joint Director, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi 16 Shri S. Dayal Joint Secretary, Department of Official Languages, Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi 17 Shri Mahinder Nath Assistant Commissioner of Police, Ministry of Home Affairs. New Delhi 18 Shri Prem Chand Deputy Director, Ministry of Human Resource Development, New Delhi 35 36 ------_._----_. 1 2 3 19 Shri R. K. Perti Director of Archives, National Archives of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, New Delhi 20 Shri Nirmal Kant Archivist (Record Management). National Archives of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, New Delhi 21 Shri S. C. Seddey Deputy Director (StaL), Ministry of Human Resource Develop ment, New Delhi 22 Shri M. Krishnamurty Research Officer, Ministry of Human Resource Development, New Delhi 23 Shri S. Y. Quraishi Director, Department of Women and Child Development. Ministry of Human Resource Development. New Delhi 24 Smt. T. K. Sarojini Joint Director, Department of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Human Resource Development. New Delhi 25 Dr. E. Annamalai Deputy Director. Central Institute of Indian Languages, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Mysore 26 Shri K. S. Singh Director General. Anthropological Survey of India. Ministry of Human Resource Development, New Delhi 27 Shri M. M. Saxena Deputy Director, Small Scale Industries, Ministry of Industry. New Delhi. 28 Shri K. R. Pandit Assistant Director, Small Scale Industries. Ministry of Industry, New Delhi 29 Shri S. K. Das Deputy Statistician, Ministry of Industry, New Delhi 30 Shri U. K. Bhattacharya Under Secretary, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi 31 Dr. Sunil Mishra Director, All India Radio, Ministry of Information and Broad casting, New Delhi 32 Ms. Usha Verma Asstt. Evaluation Officer, Ministry of Information and Broad casting, New Delhi 33 Shri K. R. Pai Joint Director, Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labour, Chandigarh 34 Miss O. Suguna Kumari Joint Director, Directorate General of Employment and Train ing, Ministry of Labour, New Delhi 35 Shri B. V. L. N. Rao Joint Director, Directorate General of Employment and Train ing, Ministry of Labour, New Delhi 36 Shri M. G. Sardana Director General, Central Statistical Organisation. Ministry of Planning, New De\hi 37 Dr. S. N. Ray Chief Executive Officer, National Sample Survey Organisation, Ministry of Planning, New Delhi 38 Shri S. K. Sanyal Director, Central Statistical Organisation, Ministry of Planning, Now Delhi 39 Sbri S. P. Mishra Joint Director, C-elrtral Statistical Organisation, Ministry of Planning, New Delhi 37 1 2 3 40 Prof. S. R, Huhim Consultant (PP}, Planning Commission, New Delhi 41 Dr. Harcharan Singb Adviser (Health), Planning Commission, New Delhi 42 Shri S. C, Misra Joint Director, Ministry of Railways, New Delhi. 43 Shri S. C. Jain Joint Secretary, Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi 44 Shri P. Sarkar Adviser, Ministry of Science and Technology. New Delhi 4S Brigadier D. M. Gupta Surveyor General of India. Ministry of Science and Technology, Debra Dun 46 Colonel S. P. Mehta Director, Survey of louia. Ministry of Science and Technology, Dehra Dun 47 Dr. I nder Dev Joint Adviser (M), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi 48 Sbri P. S. Nair Deputy Adviser, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi 49 Dr. Dcvendra Sharma Deputy Adviser, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi 50 Shri A. K. Kundu Director, National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation, Calcutta 51 Shri A. K. Sengupta Deputy Director, National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation, Calcutta 52 Shri D.K. Mukhopadhyay Joint Development Commissioner (Randierafts), Ministry of Textiles, New Delhi 53 Shri B, Ramamurthy Deputy Development Commissioner for Handlooms, Ministry of Textiles, New Delhi. 54 Shri Ravind ran Deputy Secretary (Statistics), Ministry of Tourism, New Delhi, SS Shri S. Arunachalam Senior PJanning Engineer, Ministry of Urban Development. New Delhi S6 Shri Kamal Kishore Economic Planner, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi 57 Shri Y. Seshagiri Rao Joint Director (Socjo~Economic). National Building Organi sation, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi S8 Shri P,N. Asari Deputy Director (Socio~Economic), National Buildin~ Organi sation. Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi 59 Shri Shyam Sunder Senior Research Officer (Statistics), Town & Country Plann i.ng Organisation. Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi 60 Shri R..K. Sax.ena Research Officer, National Commission on Urbanisation, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi 61 Shri P. Sisupalan Research Oflker, National Commission Oil Urbanisation, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi 62 Sbri Rajiv Malhotra System Officer, HUDCO, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi 63 Shri D. Srinivasan Deputy Secretary (Admn.), Ministry of Water Resources, New Delhi 1 3 64 Shri Ashok Pahwa Joint Secretary, Minorities Commission, Ministry of Welfare, New Delhi 65 Smt. Usha Chatrath Joint,Secretary, National Commission for SC & ST, Ministry of Welfare, New Delhi 66 Shri B.K. Pillai Deputy Director, Central Social Welfare Board, New Delhi 67 Shri K. Gurumurthy Director, Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi 68 Shri N.P. Varia Deputy Director (Statistics). Comptroller and Auditor General of India, New Delhi 69 Shri K.P.G. Kutty Research Officer, Secretariat of Election Commission of India, New Delhi 70 Shri D.K. Makwana Chief Statistical Advisor, Directorate of Inspection, Income Tax, New Delhi 71 Shri 1.S. Rao Chief Executive Officer. Khadi & Village Industries Com mission, Bombay 72 Shri N. Chalapathi ,Rao Deputy Chief Executive Officer. (Economic Research), Khadi & Village Industries Commission. Bombay 73 Shri S. Lakshminarayana Director, Bureau of Economics & Statistics. A.P., Hydcrabad 74 Dr. G. Ramachandrudu Honorary Director. Population Research Centre, Visakha patnam 75 Shri H.K. Bhuyan Director, Directorate of Economic & Statistics, Assam. Guwahati 76 Shri J.N. Barllah Joint Director. Directorate of Economics & Statistics. Assam, Guwahati 77 Shri R.C. Arora Land Development Commissioner, Govt. or Bihar, Palna 78 Shri S. Patankar Commissioner and Secretary, Planning. Govt. of Bihar, Patna 79 Shri Kedar Nath Tl;}wari Director of Economics & Statistics, Bihar, Patna 80 Dr. M.H. Shah Director, Directorate of Evaluation, Govt. of Gujarat, Gandhi Nagar 81 Shri V.P. Sharma Economic and Statistical Adviser to Government of Haryana, Chandigarh 82 Shri A.L. Katyal Joint Economic and Statistical Adviser to Government of Haryana, Chandigarh 83 Shri R.S. Bhatnagar Director of Economics & Statistics. Himachal Pradesh, Shimla 84 Shd G.M. Bhat Director of Economics & Statistics, Jammu & Kashmir, Sri nagar 8S Shri K. Balakrishnan Nair Director of Economics and Statistics. Kerala, Trivandrum 86 Shri M. Vijayanunni Planning Secretary, Government of Kerala, Trivandrum 87 Dr. S.N. Bagchi Joint Director, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal 88 Shri M .0. Kunjuvarki Deputy Director. Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Madhy~ Pradesh. Bhopal 89 Shri S.M. Vidwans Director of Economics & Statistics, Maharashtra, Bombay 39· 1 1 3 .. --~-.---...------.------~-... --.. -~.~---~-~----~.---- 90 Shri R.C. lyer Secretary, General Administration, Maharashtra, Bombay 91 Shri K.P. Singh Joint Secretary (Home), Government of Manipur, lmphal 92 Shri N. Momon Singh Additional Director. Directorate of Ewnomics & Statistics. Manipur, ImphaJ 93 Shri Jagar Singh Additional Secretary, Government of Orissa. Bhubane~hwl\r 94 Shri K.S. Aulakh Director, Economic & Statistic.al Organisation, Government of Punjab. Chandigarh 95 Shri S.K. Bhargava Director of Economics & Statistics, Rajasthan, Jaipur 96 Sbri C. Sethu Joint Director, Department of Statistics. Tamil Nadll. Madras 97 Shri K.J.M. Shetty Chief Electoral Officer, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras 98 Shri R. Bhakthavath;salu Deputy Director of Statistics, Tamil Nadll. Madras 99 8hri K.R. Dcbnath Director, Bureau of Economics & Stali~lics, TriplIra, Agllrl:lla 100 Sbri B.D. Kanaujia Deputy Director, Directorate of Economics & Stati~tics, Uttar Pradesh. LlIl~know 101 Shri Bhola Nath Tewari Secretary, Planning, Government of Uttar Pr8dc~h, Lucknow 102 Shri Murari Singh Deparlment of Planning, Government of Uttar Pradesh, Lllcknow 103 Shri D.P. Roy Additional Director. Bureau of Arr1i('d Economics & Statistics, Government of West Benl,!al, Calcutta 104 Shri B. Bhattacharya Deputy Secretary, Government of We<;t Bengal. Calcutta 105 Shri H.C. Sharma Director of Economics and Statistks. Government of Arunachal Pradesh, Shillong 106 Shri Faquir Chand Statistical Onker, OlTlce of the Secretary 10 thc Adminic;trator, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Silvassa 107 Shri J .C. Soni Mamlatdar, Offiee of the Secretary tn the Administrator, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Silvassa 108 Shri K.D. Bhatia Director, Bureau of fconornics & Statistic,,_ Delhi Adminis tration, Delhi 109 Shri S.s. Sota Deputy Director, Bureau of Economics & Statistics. Delhi Administration, Dethi 110 Shri J .C. Gambhir Director (PP), Delhi Development Allthority, New Delhi III Shri Parkash Narayan Joint Director (PPW), Delhi Development Authority. New Delhi 112 Shri J.N. Aggarwal Director. Directorate of Planning. Statistics & Evaluation. Government of Goa, Panaji 113 Shri V.S. Singb Research Officer, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Mizoram, Aizaw) 114 Shri S. Saminathan Deputy Director. Department of Economics & Statistics, Government of Pondicherry, Pondicherry 115 Dr. P.V.S. Sarma Head. Department of Statistics, Andhra University, Waltair, (Andhra Pradellh) ~ 1 2 3 116 Dr. B.C. Barah Reader. University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 117 Prof. Bh. Krishnamurtby Vice Chancellor, Central University, Hyderabad 118 Dr. K.M.Kulkarni Lecturer, Department of Geography, Gujarat University. Ahmedabad 119 Prof. M.M. Gandotra Additional Director, Population Research Centre, Baroda, Gujarat 120 Shri R.B. Gupta Manager, Operations Research Group, Baroda, Gujarat 121 Dr. Pravin Visaria Director, Gujarat Institute of Area Planning, Ahmedabad, Oujarat 122 Dr. I.R. Aggarwal Head of Computer Centre, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 123 Prof. Lachman Fellow, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Sbimla M. Kbubchandani 124 Dr. P.H. Reddy Director, Population Centre, Bangalore J2S Shri P.N. Marl Dhat Associate Fellow. Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum 126 Mrs. Sudba Deshpande Reader, Department of Economics, University of Bombay. Bombay ". 127 Dr. R. Bharadwaj Director, Economics Department. Bombay University, Bombay 128 Dr. K. Balasubramanian Ookhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune 129 Dr. A. Nag Department of Statistical Analysis and Computer Service, Reserve Bank of India, Bombay 130 Dr. K. Srinivasan Director, International Institute for Population Sciences. Bombay 131 Dr. (Ms.) S.l. Jejeebhoy Director, Family P1a.nning Association of India, Bombay 132 Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Geography, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 133 Dr. Gopal Krishan Professor &. Chairman. Department of Geograpby, Punjab University, Chandigarh 134 Dr. R.C. ChandRa Reader, Department of Geography. Punjab University. Cbandigarh 135 Dr. (Ms.) Swamjit Mehta Reac;kr, Department of Geography. Punjab University, Chandigarh 136 Prof. (Mrs) K.P. Singh Director, Department of Sociology, Punjab University, Chandigarh 137 Shri R.S. Goyal Deputy Director, Department of Sociology, Punjab University, Cbandigarh 138 Dr. B.K. Lavania Director, Population Research Centre, Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 139 Dr. Mohan Adv&ni Deputy Dilllttor. Population Research Centre, Sukhadia ,University, Udaipur. Rajasthan 140 Shri P.K. R.ay Director. Bu1'eIlu of Economics and Statistics, Sikkim. Gangtok 41 1 2 141 Shri C. Ramanujam Research Officer. Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health & Family Welfare Trust, Gandhigram, Tamil Nadu 142 Dr. K. Nagaraj Fellow, Madras Institute of Development Studies, Madras 143 Shri S.R. Tripathi Assistant Registrar (Admn .), Banaras Hindu University. Varanasi 144 Prof. A.D. Sharma Department of Economics, University of Allahabad, Allahahad 145 Dr. S.R. Rastogi Joint Director, I)opulation Research Centre. Lucknow lini versity. Lucknow 146 Dr. G.N. Mahrotra Professor & Head, Department of Sociology, Lucknow University, Lucknow 147 Shri A.K. Sharma Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 148 Shri Bimal Kumar G.B. Pant Institute of Social Sciences, Allahabad 149 Prof. C. R. Malaker Professor, india n Statistical Institute, Calcutta 150 Shri Prasanta Sinha Secreta ry, Socio Economic Researt:h Institute, Calcutta 151 Shri Indel Singh Rathor Research Officer, Population Research Centre, Chandigarh 152 Dr. K.C. Seal Principal Adviser, Institute of Applied Manpower Research, New Delhi 153 Prof. B.S. Minhas Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi 154 Dr. R.B. Singh Lecturer, Department of Geography, University of Delhi, Delhi 155 Shri Vir Narain Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi University, Delhi 156 Dr. K. Sundaram Delhi School of Economics, Univw,ity of Delhi, Delhi 157 Prof. Moonis Raza Vice Chancellor, University of Delhi, Ddhi 158 Miss Krishna Dutt Consultant, Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts, New Delhi 159 Dr. B.C. Kailay Senior Syst.ems Analyst. Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts, New Delhi 160 Dr. Amitab Kundu Director, Indian Council of Social Science Rcscarch, New Delhi 161 Shri N.K. Nijhawan Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi 162 Dr. A.B.L. Srivastava Professor, Department of Measurement, National Council of Educational Research & Training, New Delhi 163 Prof. L.S. Bhat Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi 164 Prof. M.R. Saluja Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi 165 Prof. Gautam Mathur Dirc,-:tor, Institute of Applied Manpower Research, Ncw Delhi 166 Shri A.K. Das Gupta Adviser, Institute of Applied Manpower Research, New Delhi 167 Shri T.V. Ramamurthy Chief. Institute of Applied Manpower Research, New Delhi 168 Prof. M .K. Premi Professor, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, lawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi 42 1 2 3 169 Dr. C.B. Padmanabhan National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi 170 Dr. Padam Singh Director, Institute for Research in Medical Statistics, New Delhi 171 Dr. P.P. Talwar Professor & Head, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi 172 Prof. Ashish Bose Professor & Head, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi 173 Shri R.P. Goyal Associate Professor, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi 174 Mrs. Devaki Jain Director, Institute of Social Studies Trust. New Delhi 175 Shri P.S. Bhatia Assistant Professor, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi 176 Dr. M.G. Chaturvedi Professor Central Institute of Hindi, New Delhi 177 Dr. A. Bagchi Director, National Institute of Public Finance & Policy, New Delhi 178 Dr. D.D. Gupta National Institute of Public Finance & Policy, New Delhi 179 Mrs. Uma Roy Chowdhury National Institute of Public Finance & Policy, New Delhi 180 Shri N.K. Banerjee Centre for Women's Development Studies, New Delhi 181 Prof. Sheila Bhalla Professor of Economics, Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, Jawabarlal Nehru University, New Delhi 182 Dr. Abhijit Sen Associate Professor, Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 183 Shri V.R. Oruganty Senior Research Officer (Statistics), National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development, New Delhi 184 Shri M.N. Gupta System Programmer, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 185 Dr. Pushpa Pathak National Institute of Urban Affairs. New Delhi 186 Dr. Sudesh Nangia Associate Professor, Centre for Study of Regional Development, lawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 187 Dr. Murlidhar Yemuri Associate Professor, Centre for Study of Regional Development, lawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 188 Dr. Pravin Nangia Jawaharlal Nehru UniverSity, New Delhi 189 Dr. Y.P. Monakhov Technical Officer, World Health Organisation, New Delhi 190 Shri Erik Palstra Deputy Representative, United Nations Population Fund. New Delhi 191 . Dr. Warren C. Robinson Office of the Population, USAID, New Delhi 192 Shri R.K. Ram United Nations Children'S Fund, New Delhi 193 Shri V.R.P. Nair United Nations Children's Fund. New Delhi 194 Dr. Asok Mitra Former Registrar General, India 195 Shri P. Padmanabha Former R*strar General, India 196 Dr. K.E. Vaidyanathan Consultant in Demography" Social Statistics, Madras 43 2 3 197 Shri K.K. Chakravorty Former Deputy Registrar General (C &; n. Office of the Registrar General. India. New Delhi 198 Shri Madan Singh Joint Director, Ministry of Agriculture. New Delhi 199 Shri S.C. Srivastava Former Senior Research Officer, Office of tbe Registrar General, India, New Delhi 200 Shri S.N. Chaturvedi Former Joint Director (DP), Office of the RCllistrar General. India, New Delhi 201 Dr. J.K. Barthakur Former Director of Census Operations. Arunachal Pradesh 202 Shri M. Gopal Kini Former Senior Research Officer. Office of the Registrar General. India, New Delhi 203 Shri Ardaman Singh Former Director of Census Operations, Chandigarh 204 Shri V.R. Rao Former Director, Central Statistical Organisation. New Delhi 205 Shri Ravindra Gu pta Commissioner, Allahabad Division. Allahabad 206 Shri B.B. Lal Secretary, Deptt. of Health, Go"t. of Bihar, Patna 207 Shri A.R. Nanda Commissioner-cum-Secretary. Department of Mining and Geology. Govt. of Orissa, Bhubaneshwar 208 Dr. B.K. Roy Burman Former Deputy Registrar General (SS), Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 209 Dr. R.R. Tripathi UNECA Regional Adviser, New Delhi 210 Smt. R. Rajalakshmi Research Analyst, National Institute of Urban Affairs. New Delhi 211 Shri A.W. Mahatme Former Joint Director of Census Operations. Maharashtra 212 Prof. R.C. Sarikwal Reader, Sociology Department, S.D. College. Ghaziabad 213 Shri G. Ravindran Nair Editor. "Social Welfare". Central Social Welfare Board. New Delhi 214 Shri G.A. Kulkarni Former Assistant Registrar General (VS). Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 215 Shri V. S. Verma Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Office of the Registrar General. India, New Delhi 216 Shri Mahendra Nath Joint Registrar General, India. Office of the Registrar General. India. New Delhi 217 Dr. S. S. Srivastava Joint Registrar General (VS). Offiee of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 218 Shri N. A. Kamili Director of Census Operations. Jammu and Kashmir, Sri nagar 219 Shri Chandan Gopal Director of Census Operations. Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 220 Shri C. S. Arora Director (BDP), Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 221 Dr. B. K. Roy Deputy Registrar General (Map), Office of the Registrar General. India, New Delhi 44 1 2 3 222 Dr. K. P. Ittaman Deputy Registrar General (S5), Office of the Registrar General, India. New Delhi 223 Shri V. S. Swamy Deputy Registrar General (VS), Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 224- Shri B. p, 'Mahapatra Deputy Registrar General (L), Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 225 Shri N. Rama Rao Assistant Registrar General (C&T), Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 226 Shri K. S. Natarajan Assistant Registrar General, India, Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 227 Shri K. N. Shrinivasan Assistant Registrar General (VS), Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 228 Smt. Minati Ghosh Assistant Registrar General (Map), Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 229 Shri A. Sengupta Joint Director (DP), Office of the Registrar General, India. New Delhi 230 Shri K. R. Unni Joint Director (P), Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 231 Shri B.T. Pillai Joint Director of Census Operations, Kerala, Trivandrum 232 Shri B. S. Narasimhamurthy Joint Di,rector of Census Operations, Karnataka. Bangalore 233 Shrj S. R. Luhadia Joint Director of Census Operations, Rajasthan, Jaipur 234 Shrj J. C. Kalra Joint Director of Census Operations, Punjab, Chandigarh 235 Shri Sukumar Sinha Joint Director of Census Operations, West Bengal, Calcutta 236 Shri Abdul Gani Joint Director of Census Operations, Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar 237 Shri J. C. Bhuyan Deputy Director of Census Operations, Assam, Guwahati 238 5hri M. L. Sharma Deputy Director of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal 239 Shrj S. P. Sh.arma Deputy Director of Census Operations, Delhi 240 5hri R. P. Tomar Deputy Director of Census Operations, Office of the Registrar General. India, New Delhi & Conference Officer for the First Data Users' Conference 241 Shri V. P. Rustagi Deputy Director of Census Operations, Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 242 5hri O. P. Sharma Deputy Director of Census Operations, Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 243 Shri M. M. Dua Deputy Director of Census Operations, Office of the Registrar General, India. New Delhi 244 Shri R. K. Puri Deputy Director of Census Operations, Office of the RegistraJ: General, Iridia. New Delhi 45 1 2 3 ------._------245 Shri M. K. Jain Senior Research Officer, Office of the Registrar General, India. New Delhi 246 Shri K. Narayanan Unni Senior Research Officer. Oillce of the Registrar General. India, New Delhi 247 Shri Babu Lal Assistant Director of Census Operations. Office of t he Registrar General, India, New Delhi 248 Shri K. B. Rohatgi Assistant Director of Census Operations, Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 249 Shri J. C. Datta Assistant Director of Census Operations (T), Language Division Office of the Registrar General, India, Calcutta 259 Shri B. P. Jain Assistant Director (Ptg), Office of the Registrar General, India. New Delhi 251 Shri V. P. Kataria Assistant Director of Census Operations, Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 252 Shri P. C. Pande Research Officer, Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 253 Shri B. Subramanian Accounts Officer, Office of the Registrar General, India. New Delhi 254 Shri D. N. Bharadwaj Administrative Officer, Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 255 Shri Babu Lal Section Officer, Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 256 Shri K. N. Pant Senior Hindi Oft1cer, Oft1ce of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 257 Shri N. K. Arora Senior Hindi Translator, Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi 258 Sbri Krisban Lal Investigator, Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi & Assistant Conference Officer for the First Data Users' Con ference 259 Shri D. N. Dixit Investigator, Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi ANNEXE B I.agora) Achlress of Sbri Buta Singb, HOb'ble Home Mioister, Govt. of lodl. Registrar General of India, Additional Secretary Home, Friends, It gives me great pleasure to be here with you this morning and I heartily welcome you all to this important Conference of users of census data which marks the beginning of the preliminary steps for the 1991 Census. It is very appropriate that you are consulted first in the matter of developing the census schedules along with concepts and definitions to be adopted in the next census. J ,am happy to note that the response to this Conference has been very good and this is proof of the keen interest which the data users have in the wide range of population statistics got through the census. In a vast country like ours, the organisation of the census operations is a gigantic task. The Census of India ascertains once in a decade certain basic information pertaining to the people spread over the length and breadth of this vast country. which serves as useful hench-mark data. The chief merit of census operations is that important information in respect of each and every individual in the country-male or female, young or old, rich or poor-·is collected. It is gratifying to note that for over a century now we have had an unbroken series of census-taking. This is indeed a matter of great pride to all of us. The census volumes containing reports and tables encompassing the socio-cultural, economic and demographic characteristics of our people are valuable documents which are used by planners and administrators. The census data are considered authoritative and a lot of planning goes into the organisation of this major statistical exercise in the country. Though the recommendations of the United Nations in respect of population census are borne in mind whilc..,.dcvising the schedules, the nation's data-requirements for socio-economic planning and for a scientific study of the population are given paramount importance. The popula tion census is the main source of data not only for administration but also for popUlation research. The population census has assumed even greater importance in post-Independence era whon Govern ment's policies are oriented towards providing welfare measUres to the people, especially the weaker sections. and also improving the quality of life in general. The role or function of a census is to provide an inventory of the country's human resources and characteristics at a given point of time. These statistics arc needed by the Government in order to plan and implement welfare programmes and activities. Another special feature of the census consists of the presentation of some basic population statistics even for tbe smaller administrative units. It is only the census which gives demographic information even for villages and wards. In the context of the continuing emphasis on and commitment to rural welfare, the census statistics go a long way in giving information relating to our rural areas. Without the census data, it would almost be impossible to consider in depth, questions relating to employment and manpower, housing. education, health and family welfare. social services and other matters which concern the people. The data furnished by the census on scheduled castes and 46 47 scheduled tribes are useful in working out schemes for their welfare. The data on literacy and education provi~e guidelines as to what steps should be taken to improve the levels and spread of literacy and education. The distribution of population by age and sex further classified by rural and urban areas and other parameters helps in analysing the trends in population and planning fur development. The census data on economic activity and educational level arc very useful for man power planning also. The migration data provided by the census gi ve valuable information about movement of popUlation which is very essential for town planners and administrators. To pat'll briefly, there is hardly any important domain of national concern and endeavour, be it udministration and planning, industry and trade or education and research in which the ('cnsus data arc not of help. While the census coyers all people, it is at the same time a massive synchronous exercise which has to be conducted within a given time-frame and with a pre-determined reference date. It is, therefore, very necessary that only selected topics are included so that we could take maximum advant.age of the census operations. The taking of a census involves considerable expenditure and calls for tremendous amount of organisation and planning. The aim, therefore, should be to make the best use of the census to obtain the widest range of data possible within the given framework. The census is different from other enquiries in as much as it has to be taken during a specified period of time by a large army of workers drawn from schools, departments of government and other institutions who are trained to work as part-time enumerators and supervisors. The questions framed and the concepts involved should, therefore, be simple and easily understandable: by both enumerators and respondents. The main purpose of the census is to collect the popUlation figures as well as certain broad characteristics relating to the people. It should. therefore, no! be difficult to frame simple questions so that reliable data could be collected. Sophisticated questions would defeat the very purpose of the census, since both the enumerator and the respondent would not be in a position to understand the meaning and signillcance of such questions. Yet another important aspect for consideration is the need for maintaining comparability with previous census data while having a due and pragmatic concern for innovation and improvement. This Conference is mainly concerned with these aspects. 1 am sure that the discussions over these three days will go a long way in helping the Registrar General and Ccn~us Commissioner in finalizing the census schedules. The Census of India, perhaps, represents the world's largest and most complex administrative exercise of its type. The success of this enterprise wholly depends on the wh,)lc-hearted support and cooperation extended to it by the State Governments and Union Territory Administrations, the vast hierarchy of census functionaries from the District Census Officers down to the Enumerators and Supervisors and last, but not the least, the people themselves. I will be failing in my duty if on this occasiori I do not gratefully acknowledge the contributions made by all these categories at the time of the earlier censuses and J am sure that similar spontaneous support will be forthcoming in abundant measure at the time of the next census also. In a way, this Conference is a curtain raiser to the 1991 Census. I find before me a galaxy of distinguished scholars and experts representing a cross-section of ex.pertise and data-use and I am sure that the ·Conference will form a good augury for the grand national enterprise which every deCeJlnial census is. I have great pleasure in inaugurating this Conference and 1 wish your deliberations all Success. ANNEXE C Re'View of 1981 CeDsaa Introclactloo 1. The 1981 Census was conducted from February 9 to 28, 1981 with March 1, 1981 as the reference date. A revisional round was conducted from March 1 to 5, 1981 to update the data collected during the enumeration as at the reference point of time, namely the sunrise of March 1, 1981. The houseless population was enumerated on th.:: night of February 28, 1981. As a prelude to the main census, housenumbering and houselisting operation was carried out in the various States and Union Territories, about an year in advance of the actual enumeration. in 1980. In certain inaccessible areas, however, the enumeration was carried out non.synchronously. These areas included the snow-bound regions of Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim and Uttar Pradesh and certain parts of Andaman & Nicobar Islands where the enumeration was carried out in September-October, 1980. 2. In Jammu & Kashmir (other than snow-bound regions) it was decided to conduct the Census from April 20 to May 10, 1981 with reference date being the sunrise of May 6, 1981. This was based on an estimation of weather conditions in the state that prevailed in February 1981. The enumeration period in this state was from April 20 to May 5, 1981 followed by the revisional round. The census of Assam could not be taken due to disturbed conditions then prevailing in that State. The census was followed by a Post-Enumeration Survey and a Census Evaluation Study. At the national level the net omission rate was 17.95 per thousand persons enumerated in the census count. 1981 Census Schedule! 3. At the 1981 Census. three schedules namely. the houselist, the household schedule and the individual slip were canvassed. The establishment schedule which was canvassed along with the houselist at the 1971 Census was dropped and in its place an enterprise list was canvassed along with the houselist as part of the Second Economic Census for the Central Statistical Organisation. Degree Holders and Technical Personnel Cards were given to eligible persons for filling up. After filling. these were either handed over to the enumerators during revisional round or mailed directly to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research who processed them. 4. The houselist contained the identificatIon particulars of census houses, the uses to which they were put, the identification particulars of the households and their members living in the census houses and the physically handicapped persons in households. 5. The household schedule and the individual slip were canvassed at the census count for each household and individual, respectively. during February-March, 1981. The household schedule was newly introduced at the 1981 Census. The information on housing conditions and facilities which was part of the houselist schedule in 1971 Census had been transferred to the house hold schedule. The household schedule had two parts. Through the first part the following information relating to household was collected :- 48 49 Name of head of household. religion of the head of household. whether head of household belongs to SC or ST, name of caste/tribe of head of household in case head of houschohl belongs to scheduled castes/scheduled tribe, whether household lives in owned or rented house, whether the household living in rented house owns a house or house-site in the village or town of enumeration. predominant constJ'lictioll material of wall. roof and floor of the house occupied by the household. facilities like drinking water supply and electricity available to household and also toilet facilities available to households in urban areas only. number of living rooms in occupation of household, number of married couples usually living in the household, whether the household cultivates land and if so. whether the land cultivated, is owned, rented and owned & rented by the household. local name of the tenancy in case the household cultivates rented land and the total population of the hou~chllid. 6. The second part, the population record contained the list of the members of the hOll~c hold and their social. demographic and economic characteristics as ah<;tracted from the individual slips. 7. The individual slip of 1981 was the key schedule for each individuul. It was for til.: first time in Indian Census that some items of individual information were canvassed on sample ba!>is. The individual slip. thus. had two parts viI. universal and sample. In smaller States and llnion Territories with less than ten million popUlation, the universal and sample parts of the individual slip were canvassed in all the enumeration blocks (Ell) while in the remaining. bigger SllItes, thc sample items of the individual slip were canvassed in 20";, sample EBs and the universal items of the individual slip in all EBs. 8. The universal individual slip of 1981 Census contained the following questions :- Name, relationship to head, male/female, age, marital status, mother tongue, 1wo other languages known, religion, whether scheduled caste or scheduled tribe, name of caste/tribe in case of scheduled caste/scheduled tribe. literate/illiterate. educational attainment, attend ing school/college, worked any time at all last year? If yes. did you work for major part of last year, main activity last year, any other work any time last year and seeking/available for work. 9. The sample individual slip of 1981 contained information on migration, age at marriage and fertility. The reasons of migration, and the number of children ever born and surviving by sex for ever-married women were the new items included at the 1981 Census in the sample individual slip to know about the current as well as the cumulated fertility. 10. The sample individual slip had the following questions on migration and fertility :--- Birth place, whether rural/urban, district, state/country, place of last residence, whether rural/urban, district, state/country, reasons for migration from place of last residonce and duration of residence at the village or town or enumeration. Age at marriage, number of children surviving at present and number of children ever born alive in respect of ever married women and any child born alive during last one year in respect of currently-married women only. 11. The various schedules for the 1981 Census and the instructions for filling these up were translated into various regional languages, printed in adequate numbers and supplied to the field staff for carrying out the Census. As much as 6,000 metric tons of paper was consumed in printing the schedules. the instruction booklets etc. The requirement of paper for 1991 Census is likely to be more than this. 50 Field Work 12. The 1981 Census, like the previous censuses, was carried out through the machinery of the State and Union Territory Governments and through the local bodies under these governments. The census enumerators and supervisors were mainly drawn from school teachers and also from other Central and State Government employees and employees of local bodies. An enumerator canvassed the forms for about 750 persons in rural areas and 600 persons in urban areas. A supervisor was appointed for every five enumerators. On the basis of this criterion, about a million and a quarter euumerators and supervisors were appointed and trained to carry out the 1981 Census. They were paid an honorarium ranging from Rs. 100/- to Rs. 120/- for the entire enumeration. ProvisioDal Results 13. The provisional population figures, including those of literates, were announced within a few days after the census count itself. This has been possible by developing a system of manual compilation of basic data relating to population and literates by sex right from the enumeration block through the charge, district and the state, in record time. After a few months the data giving rural urban distribution of population and by workers and non-workers were released. Data Processing 14. Prior to the 1971 Census, the entire census data was processed manually. Computers were introduced for data processing fOT the first time in the 1971 Census At that time, thollf'h tabulations of individual slip data for urban areas (based on 20°<. sample) were made on computer, the rural data, based on a 10 per cent sample of individual slips were processed manually. For the first time in the 1981 Census, most of the data were processed on computers, barring some minimal manual compilations. In the 1981 Census, direct data entry system'; were used to expedite the processing. 15. In the 1971 Census, 49 basic tables were prepared. In the 1981 Census the number of basic tables increased to 111. While in 1971 all the tables for rural areas and a number of tables for urban areas were pr.epared on manual compilation basis, in the 1981 Census only five basic tables were compiled manually. Remaining tables were planned to be prepared by using computers. While in 1971, only 20 per cent sample of individual slips in urban areas was processed on computers, in 1981, all slips on 20 per cent sample of enumeration blocks were processed on computer. 16. In 1981, schedules were manually edited and coded in different Directorates and then sent to Direct Data Entry Centres (DOE) for keying in of the data. There are 32 Direct Data Entry System with 16 terminals each. These centres work in two shifts. The data were keyed-in there. 17. The keyed-in data received from DOE centres were brought to the headquarters for main frame computer processing. Initially from DDE output tapes, master tape files were generated after ensuring that record counts on the master tape tally with the manual inventory counts. 18. The master tape was then edited and auto-corrected with the help of a very compre hensive edit and imputation programme. This programme was developed on the basis (jf a detailed list of range and consistency checks formulated by a team of data processing and subject matter specialists after elaborate discussions . . 19. The fully edited data. together with the. estimation factors, were then processed for getting estimated summary tabulation figures and control figures. The summary· data were then 51 aggregated at various levels of tabulations (district, state and all India levels) and printed with appropriate headings and titles. This was the final computer print-out. 20. Because of the large volume of data (about 218 million records) and complex nature of the tables, 1981 Census data were processed on seven computers, namely, CYBER-720, HP-lOOO. Tata-Burrows, IBM-370, PDP-II and IBM -1401. all located in Delhi and DEC System at Chandigarh. This needed high level of programming and processing expertise like conversion of software for each computer system, movement of large volume of data tapes from one system to another, detailed monitoring of processing at various computer installations, scrutiny of the intermediate outputs for ensuring accuracy and thorough scrutiny of final computer printouts before they were 11nally released to data users in book form. All this involved rapport between subject matter specialists and data processing experts as well as close coordination between the census office and computer installations. Tabulatlons 21. The following details are furnished in respect of the tabulation done on the basis of the 1981 Census data: 1. Table H-l on the use to which the census houses were put was processed on the computer based on 20% sample of census houses and relcased in July. 1982. 2. Table H-2 on disabled population was processed manually on 100'){, basis and released in March, 1983. 3. Provisional results giving figures of population and literates were announced within a few days after the completion of census enumeration. The details of rural-urban break: up and economic characteristics of popUlation were released a few months thereafter. 4. An advance tabulation based on the sample of 5 per cent enumeration blocks for the country and the major states was done on the electronic computer for the immediate use of the data users and pia nners. The tables based on 5 per cent sample were released in October, 1983. 5. The A-Series tables on general population (including the Primary Census Abstract) were manually tabulated and published for IndiaiStatesjUTs. 6. District Census Handbooks giving basic population data at village/urhan ward level and amenities available in these areas were processed manually and finalised for all the States and Union Territories by end of 1986. Majority of these volumes have been printed while a few are in the press. 7. Tabulation of religion and language data based on the religion of the head of household and the language usually spoken in the household, respectively was manually done and published. 8. Individual Slips of 20% sample of enumeration blocks in respect of bigger states and 100% blocks in respect of smaller states and union territories with less than 10 million population were processed on the computer for generating the B-Series-General Economic Tables, C-Series-Social and Cultural Tables, D-Series-Migration Tables, F-Series-Fertility Tables and HH-Series-Household Tables. The State/Union Territory volumes containing economic, social and cultural, migration and fertility tables have been published. The volumes on All-India HH-Series tables on households are in the press. Household tables of States/Union Territories have been printed in most 52 cases while the remaining are at an advanced stage of printing. The All India volumes containing economic and social and cultural tables have been published while the volumes containing migration and fertility tables are in the press. The manuscripts of volumes in the press are available in the Office of the Registrar General. India for reference. 9. The special tabJes for scheduled caste and scheduled tribes for the SC-Series and ST-Series are being printed state by state. Some selected tables of the Band C Series are also being generated on the basis of 20 per cent systematic sample of individual slips ('P' slips). Stataltletl Quality C_trol (SQC) 22. For the first time in the history of the Indian Census, SQC was adopted in 1981, with a view to achieve an adequate level of accuracy of coding the schedules. This project was some what exploratory in nature; it aimed at providing useful information as a guide to full scale imple mentation of the technique in subsequent censuses. The application of the SQC was restricted to the coding of responses to the economic questions on the individual slips. Further, this SQC was restricted to certain areas only. 23. The SQC icheme was designed to achieve several objectives. In general, it was designed to ensure that data of a satisfactory quality for electronic data processing and tabulation are obtained effe.:;tively and economically. Specifically, its primary purpose was to screen out errors made in the course of coding so that only a tolerable proportion remain in the data passed for further processing. It is designed to achieve this with the minimum amount of checking. 24. By using sampling techniques, much of the checking that was necessary with a 100 per cent check could be avoided. The use of sampling implied, however, a risk that some proportion of the unchecked coding would be in error. Keeping this proportion at a tolerable level was the object of the quality control exercises. Even with a 100 per cent check, not all errors could be detected. 25. The quality control check allowed substantial precision in assessing the accuracy of the census results. It increased. the depth of understanding of the causes of errors aris'ing in coding censUs data and suggested measures to reduce these errors in future censuses. 26. The first experiment in the 1981 Census in SQC in coding of schedules had brought out that if SQC was adopted in controlling the quality of coding, routine extra checks might be dispensed with. This would result in considerable savings in terms of money and manpower requirements. This, however, will be considered at the appropriate time in the future. ANNEXED ·.•• tlety for'the "'1 C.... of Wia latroduetioD 1. The last census was conducted in 1981 with March I, 1981 as the reference date. Pr~ration for the next census to be held in 1991 have commenced. Some s.uggestions relating to the contents and the coverage of the next census are being re~eived. The Census Directorates in the States/Union Territories had commenced the preliminary work relating to the monitoring of changes in the administrative jurisdictions since the last census, the preparation of list of ~iUlLjCS.in consul tation with the state government, updating of tehsil and district maps etc. even from the middle of 1987. The census organisation 'has had the privilege ef associating itself with the following confe- ,rencesfseminars/work!iho'Ps recently 'held, in which certain ·suggestions rcgat'ding the '}991 Census were made: 1. EifJbth ConfCTeDCe.of .central and State Statistical Organisations ·(New Delhi. January 14·] 8, 196&) organised b¥ the Central -Statistical Orf,anisation. 2. Second National Seminar on Social Statistics (New Delhi, February 4-6,1988) organised by the Central Statistical Organisation. 3. National work.shop on New Issues in ,Pop.ulation Research for Planning and Policy Mak.ing (Indian Association for the Study of Population, New Delhi. February 10-13.1988). The census organisation has now decided to consult the users of census data in the First nata Users' Conference being held in New Delhi during April 18-20. 1988. The main agenda notes for the conference have already been circulated among the participants. This background paper is mainly concerned with the general plan for the 1991 Census. Legal .t\utttorlty 2. The census of India is .conducted under the Census Act. 1948. While the Act makes it obliptory for ·.the .public :to answer all tire questions faithfully, it guarantees confidontiality of information in res~t of individuals. It.may be stated. incidentally, that steps are beiog ,taken to amend certain provisions of the Act based on past experience. 3. Censuses are generally taken with a given periodicity to facilitate study of change over time. &.epcating the pensus ,OIl ~ &ame date tends to ·eliminate the seasonal effect. H0wever, in _in" ~e 4. As regards .tbe reference date for the census, March 1. was generally adopted in the censuses of 1941. 1951 and'1961. For the 1971 Census also March 1 was fixed as the reference date BAIt as ibe aid-ltarm polk .to UIe lJ.lk Sabba intervoned.,:tlle date .bad to be .cbangcd to April I. In 53 S4 1981 the reference date was March 1, 1981. In the case of Jammu & Kashmir, however, it was fixed as May 6, 1981 due to climatic conditions. 5. The houselisting operations which constitute the first phase, were completed at various points of time in 1980. In Assam, however, houselisting in 1980 as well as enumeration in 1981 could not be conducted due to the disturbed conditions that prevailed in that State then. 6. It is proposed to have the next houselisting in 1990 and enumeration in 1991. It is proposed to have sunrise of March 1, 1991 as reference date. The enumeration would be made during February 9 to 28, with the enumeration of houseless people on the night of February 28. The revisional ro~nd would be made during March 1 to 5. EDumeratioD methods 7. Of the two well known methods of enumeration, viz., canvasser method and house holder method. in India the former is followed. Under this method, the enumerator visits every household and fills in the questionnaire based on the answers given by the respondent. In the lattcr, the questionnaire is either mailed or supplied to the household for being filled up by thc household itself. Owing to the low level of literacy in our country. the householder method ~n hardly be considered for adoption. Therefore, as in the previous censuses, the 1991 Census will have to go by the canvasser method only. Place of enumeration 8. In census. information about each person can be collected where he is found at the time of the census or at his usual residence. The first method is called a de facto approach while the second method is referred to as a d~ Jure approach. I n India. the earlier cenSllses were taken by the de facto approach when a one night enumeration was carried out for most parts of the country. Thi.s method will appear simpler but it required avoiding duplil.:ation or omission of persons during enumeration. On the other hand, the de jure approach required careful probing about one's usual place of residence. The de Jure approach has the advantage of providing a better picture for the purposes of development and planning. Considering the pros and cons of both the methods the Indian Census has made a compromise and has of late been taking censuses by what is known as the 'extended de facto' arproa~h. Under this method, an enumeration period of two or three weeks is fixed and the data are brought upto date with reference to the census date by a revisional round after the enumeration period is over. The following cxtract from the 'Instructions to Enumerators' issued for the 1981 Census will explain how the extended defacto method is adopted (an enumerator had to cover). (i) All those who normally stay and arc present in that household during the entire period of enumeration i.e. from February 9 to February 28, 1981 (both days inclusive); (ii) Also those who are known to be normally residing, and had actually stayed during a part of the enumeration period (February 9·28, 1981) but are not present at the time of the enumerator's visit: (iii) Also those who are known to be normally residing and are not present at the time of enumerator's visit but are expected to return before February 28, 1981; and ,(iv) Visitors who are present in household censused by the enumerator but are away fr.om the place (s) of their· usual residence during the entire enumeration period. For the 55 purpose of enumeration such visitors will be treated as normal residentll of the bouse hold where they were actually found during the enumeration period provided they have not been enumerated elsewhere. 9. The houseless population is generally counted on the last night of the enumeration period. In the 1991 Census also, the extended de facto approach will be adopted. RaulDeratlon Hits 10. Although a housing census as such is not taken in India, some basic information on housing is collected during the process of houselisting which precedes the population census. I n the housing statistics. therefore, the house and household would be the enumeration units. For the population census, households and individuals will continue to be the enumeration units. In view of the growing need for the study of characteristics of the household as a socio-economic entity, it is anticipated that greater emphasis may have to be laid for generation of more data with household as a unit. SeW.leI 11. The following schedules are proposed to be canvassed at the 1991 Census: 1. Houselist 2. Household Schedule 3. Individual Slip In the 1981 Census, the individual slip contained two parts-universal and sample. The sample portion of the individual slip which contained questions on 'Migration' and 'Fertility' were filled in 20% sample of the enumeration block. In the 199} Census it is not proposed to adopt any area sampling due to many practical difficulties experienced in the last census. Tabulation Plan 12. For any census, a properly designed tabulation plan is a must. Based on past experience and with reference to the proposed schedules for 1991 Census, a minimum list of tabulations has been prepared and circulated. for discussion at the first Data Users' Conference. This list will be gone into in greater details and discussed at the Second Data Users' Conference proposed to be held later this year. Data Processl." 13. The houselist will be processed on the computer on a suitable sample basis. It ill propsoed to process manually on full count the data contained in the household schedule and generate the Primary Census Abstract and tables on Language/Mother Tongue and Religion. The Primary Census Abstract will contain the classification of workers into nine industrial categories as against the broad four industrial categories of the 1981 Census. The individual slip will be processed on a suitable sample basis on the computer. S.mpllna 'I CeDSul 14. It is proposed to adopt sampling in the processing of the houselists and the indiVidual slips. A decision on sample design and the size will be taken separately after careful consideration. 56 E' ...... ,~ 15. The census results have been evaluated throUjh P,OlIt Bnu.meration Checks in the 1951, 1961, 1971 and 1981 censuses. The Post Enumeration Check (P. E. C.) was organized to assess the eMoat .of .omiuio. and 4up1icatien ·in the oouot. The main objective of the P. E. C. ,is to"luantify likely omissions or dUpUoatWDII in ~nu.mor.a.tion and to ;measute lerr-ors .and 'l'e~p0asell for certain selected characteristics. In other words, the P. E. C. seeks to determine coverage error and content error. The content error, however, is related to a limited number of characteristics. Trhe dlesw1t-a.of the P. E. C. conducted after the 1981 Census have been brought out in the form of a report in paper 4 of 1982. The P. E. C. results have been presented at the national level as weB as for the five zone-s the Southern, Eastern, Central. Western and Northern. A1 tne 19S1 Census, the e-stimated net omission rate at fhe national 'level according to P. E. C. was 17.~ per thousand persons enumerated in the census count. A Census Evaluation Study (c. E. S.) was also conducted soon after the enumeration period of the 1981 Census was over. This study was mainly meant to estimate the extent of mis-nspoJlting of age at younger ages at census. This study was essential to measure the content error in age reporting in respect of children. A report on the C. 'E. ·S. was 'brought out as 'Paper 1 of 1983. In the 1991 Census also the P. E.C. and C. E. S. are proposed to be undertaken. DlnemlnatioD of results 16. The census results in our country are disseminated through a series of publications at the all lnd:ia .leveL_s well as at State/Union T Geaeral 17. During 1he '19& I Census 'hotTsl!listing, the second 'Economic Census of the 'Central Statistical Organisation was integrated. There is a proposal from the Central Statistic:ll'Organisation that in the 1991 Census houselisting also the third Economic Census should be integrated. This matter is being considered in consultation with the Ministry of Law in view of the provisions of the Census Act, 1948. The columns 7 and 20 of the proposed houselist for the 1991 Census, however, provisionally contain indication that the Enterprise List also will be filled. This is su~ect to the confirmation alread:y mentioned. ts. On behalf df'the ·C. S. I. R .• a 'Degree Holder and Technical 'Personnel Card was got fitted 'in 'by perstlns concerned for whom the cards were given 'by "the enumerator. Such persons were reque'!:ted either to TetuTn 'the filled in caras "to lhe enumerator duriftg ..the revisional round ot post them directly to the C. S. I. R. (postage pre-paid). A requegt to again distribute the D. H. T. 'P. Cards during the 1991 Census enumeration and get them filled in by concerned persons has been made by C. S. 1. R. This will also depend on the advice of the Law Ministry in view of the Census 1Act., .1948. ANNEXI: J: Topics proposed to be ilvestia.ted in the Cens.. of I ..... 1991 Introduction This country has a rich tradition in census taking from the very early times. With the 1872 census making the beginning for a modern census, the first complete census was conducted in 1881 on a uniform basis throughout India "providing the most complete and continuous demographiO' record for any comparable populations." Since then, the census is being regularly conducted in our country every ten years, in the first year of each decade like 1891,1901, 19}1, etc. Thus our census is more than hundred years old. The last census of India conducted in 1981 represented the twelfth census as reckoned from 1872 and the fourth after Independence. The 1991 Census will be the fifth census after Independence. While determining the selection of topics in the census, the factors to be considered are; (1) the need of the country to be served by the census data, (2) achievement of the maximum degree of international comparability, both within and between regions, (3) the probable willingness and ability of respondents to give adequate data information on th.e topics and (4) the total national resources available for the entire programme of enumeration, processing, tabulation and publication. The Census Commission h.as drawn up a list of topics based on these considerations. These topics are presented here in the form of census questions as set out in the questionnaire appended to this note. It is proposed to canvass the following schedules at the 1991 Census. These may be pretes ted in the field before these are finally adopted. 1. Houselist 2. Household Schedule 3. Individual Slip As in the past, house numbering will also be done during houselisting. Notional map and lay-out sketch for the Enumeration Block will also be prepared by the enumerators. These are not, however, covered in the present note. Do.elist This schedule will be canvassed during the houselisting operations one year in advance of the actual enumeration. The main purpose of the houselisting operations is to locate and indentify all places which are occupied or used or which are likely to be occupied or used by the people. The data on the amenities available to the household, the predominant construction material of wall. roof and fioor of the census bouse, whether the head of household belongs to SC/ST, the name of SC/ST. whether the household lives in owned or rented house, whether the household owns a house or housesite in village 01' town of enumerati()n if living in rented house, number of living rooms in the occupation of household and the number of married couples usually living in the house hold were eonect~d through the household schedule in 1981 Census. It is now proposed to collect this information through the houselist in 1991 Census. The data on physically handicapped persons were collected througb the houselist'SChedule of 1981 after a lapsc of fifty years. It is proposed to 51 58 drop this altogether in 1991 Census. The enterprise list was also canvassed alongwith the house list to collect data as part of Economic Ccnsus on the enterprises conducted by the households in or outside the census houses for the Central Statistical Organisation (C.S.O.). Subject to necessary clearances, it is proposed to be canvassed in 1991 Census also for the C.S.O. along with the house listing operations. The questions to be included in the enterprise list may have to be decided by C.S.O. The questions included in the proposed houselist form are discussed below in brief together with their associated concepts : Location code numbers given at the top of the houselist are meant for identification. Co\. 1 : Line No. Every line in the houselist is to be numbered serially. The serial num ber will start from] and run continuously for the enumerator's block. Col. 2 : Building No. The building number is to be recorded. A building is generally a single structure on the ground. Sometimes, it is made up of more than one component unit which are used or likely to be used as dwellings (residences) or establishments such as shops, business houses, offices, factories, workshops, worksheds, schools. places of entertainments, places of worship. godowns, stores, etc. It is also possible that buildings which have component units may be used fOT a combination of purposes such as shop-cum~Tesidence, work shop-cum-residence, office-cum-residence, etc. The Building No., Census House No. and Census Household No. will be given adopting the same method as in the past. Col. 3 : Census House No. The Census house number is to be recorded. A 'Census House' is a building or part of the building having a separate main entrance from the road or common courtyard or staircase, etc. used or recognised as a separate unit. It may be occupied or vacant. It may be used for a residential or non-residential purpose or both. Col. 4-6 : Predominant cons The predominant construction material of wall, roof and floor have truction "material been indicated in the bottom of the houselist alongwith the code of census house number for a group of materials. The appropriate code for wall roof and floor is to be recorded after ascertaining the constructio~ material. Col. 7: Purpose for which The exact description of the purpose for which the census house is the census house is used is to be fully recorded here. The examples are (1) Residence, used (if wholly or shop-cum-residence, workshop-cum-residence, etc. (2) Factory/ partly non-residen Workshop and workshed, etc. (3) Shop (4) Office, business house, tial, fill the enter bank. etc. (5) Hospital, dispensary, health centre, etc. (6) Schools prise list) and other educational institutions (7) Hotel, sarai, dharamshalas, tourist house, inspection house, etc. (S) Restaurant, sweetmeat shop and eating place (9) Place of entertainment (10) Place of worship (11) Institutions like Orphanage, rescue home, jail, etc. (2) others like cattle shed, garrage, godown, etc. If ,any .enterprise js being carried on in the wholly or partly non resldentIal census house, the enterprise list is to be 1illed up. If the census house is found vacant at the time of houselisting, it may be recorded as 'vacant' in this column and the reasons of vacancies such as 'dilapidated'. 'under repair'. 'incomplete construc tion', 'for want of tenant'. etc .• is to be recorded in the 'Remarks' column. Nothing is to be written in the dotted box as this will be used for coding in the office. Col. 8: Household Number A household is a group of persons who commonly live together and would take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevented any of them from doing so. It may be made up of related or un-related persons or of mix type. A cook or a servant living in the house of his employer and taking his food there is part of that household. A hostel where a numbcr of unrelated persons live together is an institutional household provided it has a common kitchen, so also a jail. The household number is to be recorded provided the census house is wholly or partly residcntial. Col. 9 : Serial number of the The serial number starting from 'I' is to be given in this column for household each household. This numher will run continuously f0r the enumerators hlock. Col. 10: Name of the head The head of household for census purposes is the person on whom of household falls the chief responsibility for the maintenance of the household. Thus the head of the household need not necessarily be the oldest male member but may be a female or even a younger member of either sex. The name of the head of household is to be recorded in this column. Col. 11 : If SC write I, if ST This refers to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes as notified by the write 2, and for Government of India under the provision of articles 341 and 342 of other~ write 3 the Constitution. Scheduled castes can belong only to the Hindu or Sikh religions. Scheduled tribes can belong to any religion. If the head of the household belongs to scheduled caste. 'I' is to he recor ded and if the head of hou..;chold belongs to scheduled tribe '2' is to be recorded in this column. If the head of household docs not belong either to SC or ST, '3' is to be recorded. 'X' is to be recor ded in case of institutional household. Cot. 12: Name of scheduled If code 1 or 2 has been recorded in Col. 11 the name of the scheduled casts/tribe caste/tribe as the case may be is to be recorded in fuJI in respect of the head of household. The name of SC/ST may be tallied with the list of SCs/STs of the StatelUT. 'X' is to be recorded for institu tional and non-SC/ST households. Col. 13 : Does the house If the household is occupying a census house owned by itself and is hold live in owned not paying anything to anybody in the form of rent, then the house or rented house? hold may be considi:red as living in owned house. '1' is to be recor Write 1 for owned ded for such hQuseholds. On the contrary. if the household lives in and 2 for rented rCDted house or in the bouse which is not owned by it, code '2' is to 60 be recor Coi. 14 : If '2' in col. 13, This question will be asked from those households who live in rented does the household houses i.e. for whom code '2' has been recorded in col. 13. If this own a house or household owns a house of its own or a house site elsewhere in the house site in the village or town of enumeration, code' I' is to be recorded, other village or town of wise code '2'. For institutional households, 'X' is to be recorded. enumeration Yes (l)/No (2) Col. 15: No. of living rooms A room should have four walls with a doorway with a roof over in the occupation head and should be wide and long enough for a person to sleep in of the household i.e. it should have a length of not less than 2 metres and a breadth of at least 11 metres and 2 metres in height. A room, however, which is used in common for sleeping, sitting, dining, storing and cooking, etc., should be regarded as room. An unenclosed verandah, kitchen, store, garage, cattle-shed and laterine or room used for a household industry is not to be treated as living room. Col. 16: Source Six codes for the source of drinking water supply have been given at the bottom of the Houselist. After ascertaining the source of drinking water supply from the household, appropriate code is to be written in this column. If the household gets drinking water from two or more sources throughout the year, the source availed of during the greater part of the year is to be recorded. For institu tional households, 'X' is to be recorded. Col. Ii : Within premises(1)! Code' I' is to be recorded if the source of drinking water facility is outside premises(2) available within the premises and code '2' if outside the premises. 'X' is to be recorded for the institutional household. Col. 18 : Electricity: Yes( 1)/ Code '1' is to be recorded in this column if the electricity is available No (2) to the household and code '2' if not available. The household may or may not be using electricity at the time of houselisting operations, it will be taken as having electricity if it is available to the household. For institutional households, 'X' is to be recorded. Co\. 19: Toilet: Yes (1)/ Code '1' is to be recorded if the toilet facilities are available to the No (2) household within the premises otherwise code '2'. For institutional households, 'X' is to be recorded. Col. 20: Is the household There may be cases where a household lives in a census house and is engaged in an enter engaged in some activity i.e. in an enterprise outside the census prise outside this house in which they live and this enterprise itself not be carried on census house anlll within some other house. In such cases 'yes' is to be recorded along without premises? with the serial number of the enterprise within bracket. -This serial If yes, fill ent« number will run continuously for the enumeration block. Details prise list of this ent~prise are to be recONkd in the enterpri-se list. }., 61 Col. 21 : Number of married The number of married couples usually living in the household is to couples usually liv be recorded in this column. The couples who usually live together in ing in the house the household may be counted even if one of the spouses is tempora hold rily absent and not included as member of the household. For the institutional households, 'X' is to be recorded. Col. 22-24 : No. of persons In these columns normal residents are to be recorded even though normally residing some of them may be absent on the day of enumerator's visit. in census household Casual visitors should be excluded as they will be considered at their respective places of normal residence. But a person who has stayed with the household for a period of 3 months or more should, however, be included. Correspondingly, normal residents absent for over 3 months or more should be excluded from the household in which they normally reside. Males normally residing in household may be entered in col. 22, females in col. 23 and total number of persons in col. 24. Col. 25 : Remarks This wilt provide space for any useful or significant information about the building, census house, census household and other parti culars regarding the building inventory. This will provide interesting facts regarding observations made during the houselisting operations. Also if any entry 'vacant' has been recorded in col. 7 of the house list, the reasons of vacancy such as 'dilapidated', 'under repair', 'in complete construction', 'for want of tenant', etc., are to be recorded in this column. The likely places where the houseless persons can be found arc also to be recorded in this column. Housebolel Scbedule anel lodlyldual Slip These schedules will be canvassed at the census count during February-March, 1991. At the 1981 Census, the household schedule which was filled for every household had two parts. The first part contained information relating to household and the second part, the population record was a record of the individual information on members of the household. The information as contained in the first part of household schedule is proposed to be transferred to the houselist schedule at the 1991 Census. Thus the household schedule will have only one part containing individual information on the members of the household at the 1991 Census. The household schedule and the individual slip are to be canvassed simultaneously in the field at the time of enumeration in February-March, 1991 as in the 1981 Census. Columns 2-7 of the household schedule are required to be canvassed and filled first. This will also ensure systematic coverage of all members of the household to be enumerated. These entries are then to be copied in the individual slips. Thereafter, the remaining questions in individual slip are to be canvassed and filled. The remaining entries in the household schedule will be copied from the individual slips. It is for the first time in 1981 Census that individual information on fertility and migration was collected on sample basic; in bigger states with population of 10 million and above except West Bengal and Maharashtra. The other items in the individual slip were canvassed on universal basis. It is now proposed to collect all the items in the individual slip 'on universal basis at the 1991 Census. The proposed household schedule of 1991 Census will have individual data relating to religion. scheduled caste/scheduled tribe and mother tongue. ]n addition to this, the data on main workers classified into nine industrial categories can also be generated from this schedule. The main advantage of having this information in the household schedule will be to provide quick manual tabulation of P.C.A:. religion, individual scheduled caste/scheduled tribe and mother tongue data. The individual slips can be released after editing and coding for the remaining detailed tabulation to be carried out on the electronic computer. The questions included in the household schedule are discussed below together with their associated concepts. HODiebold Scbedule Location code and household number are meant for identification. Col. 1 Serial No. This column relates to serial number and hardly calls for any explanation. Col. 2 Name The name of the person enumerated starting from the head of house hold is to be written as given by the respondent. The information is not to be used for tabulation but will serve as a check item for some of the characteristics of the individual enumerated. 62 63 Col. 3 Relationship The 'Head' of the household is that person in the household who is to Head acknowledged as such by the other members of the household. The 'head' could be a male or female member of the household. Undtr this question, the relationship of the individual enumerated, with the 'head' has to be described unambiguosly, e.g., 'head' wife, son, daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother, brother's wife, brother's son or daughter, sister, sister's husband, sister's son or daughter, father's or mother's brother, etc., etc. Col. 4-5 : Sex Male or female, as the case may be. Eunuchs or harmaphrodites are to be recorded as male. Col. 6 Age Age in total complete d years IBst birth day is to he recorded in this .column. Col. 7 Marital Status The following abbreviations are to be used for recording entries in this column: NM Never married M Currently married W Widowed S Separated or Divorced The various terms are explained below :- (i) Never married will be those who have never been married any time before. (ji) Currently married are those whose marriage is subsisting at the time of enumeration with the spouse living and also persons who are recognised by custom or society as married. Persons in stable de facto union are also to be considered as married. Even if a marriage is disputed in a locality. the person concerned should be recorded as married if he or she claims that he or she is married and is in stable de faCIo union. (iii) Widowed will be one whose husband or wife, as the case may be, is dead and who had not been married again as of the census date. (iv) Separated or divorced will be one who has been separated from wife or husband and is living apart with no apparent intention of living together again or who has been divorced either by a decree of a law court, by an accepted social or religious custom and who has not married again. For an independent women. her marital status as declared by her may be recorded. ,,,,,.... 1 SUp Location code and serial number of the household are meant for indentification. The concepts used in the questions relating to name, relationship to head, sex, age and marital status have already been discussed under the household schedule. While copying the entry relating to marital status in the individual slip from the household schedule, the codes 1, 2, 3 & 4 will be recorded by the enumerator for NM: Never married, M: Currently married, W: Widowed and S: Separated or divorced respectively. The remaining questions of the individual slip are discussed below together with their associated concepts. Q. 6 : Mother tongue Mother tongue is the language spoken in the childhood by the person's mother to the person. If the mother died in infancy the language mainly spoken in the person's home in childhood. will be the mother tongue. In the case of infants and deaf mutes the lang uage usually spoken by the mother shall be recorded. In case of doubt, the language mainly spoken in the household may be recorded. Mother tongue in full as returned by the respondent is to be recorded. Q. 7 : Two other languages The two languages other than the mother tongue of the person are to 'known be recorded one after the other in the order in whieh the person speaks and understands them best and can use with understanding in communicating with others. The person need not necessarily be able to read and write these languages. It is enough if he/she has a working knowledge of these two languages to enable him/her to converse in those languages with understanding. Q.8 Religion In recording answer to this question. the following abbreviations may he used. Hindus H Muslims M Christians C Sikhs S Buddhists B ]ains J For others, the actual religion as returned by the respondent is to be recorded. Q.9 Whether SC (1) or This refers to soheduled castes and scheduled tribes as notified by S'if (2) Government of htdia uuder the provisions of articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution. SCheduled castes can belong only to the Hindu Dr Sikh ,religions. Scheclul:ed tribes can belong to any religion. If the respondent belongs to scheduled caste code '1' is to be recorded 64 6S and if the respondent belongs to scheduled tribe. code '2' is to be recorded. In case the respondent is not a member of any scheduled caste or scheduled tribe, 'X' may be recorded. Q. 10 : Name of scheduled This question is applicable to those for whom either code 'I' or '2' caste/scheduled has been recorded in question 9. The name of scheduled caste or tribe scheduled tribe as the case may be is to be written in full. The name of SC/ST may be tallied with the list of SCs!STs of the Statc!UT Q. 11 Literate (1)/ A person who can both read and write with understanding in any Illiterate (2) language is to be taken as literate. A person who can merely read but cannot write, is not literate. It is not necessary that 1I person who is literate should have received any formal education or should have passed any minimum educational standard. All children of the age of 4 years or less should be treated as illiterate even if the child is going to a school and may have picked up reading and writing a few odd words. Code' I' is to be recorded for litcrates and code '2' for i II iterates. Q. 12 Educational The highest educational level attained by the literate person has to attainment be recorded. If a person holds both general and technical qualilica tion both of which are of equivalent level or of varying levels such as B. Sc. (Zoology) and MBBS or BA (Maths) and H.E. (Bachelor of Engineering), both the technical and general qualifications should be recorded. In recording the educational level of a graduate or a post-graduate, the major subject such as B. Sc. (Matlls), M. A. (Economics), M. Sc. (Botany), etc .• should be noted. Q. 13-14 Economic At the 1981 Census, the entire populalion was divided into main Questions workers, marginal workers and non-workers. For the main worker the time criterion of engagement in work for the major part of the year i.e. atleast 183 days was adopted whi lc those who worked for sometime during the last year but not for the major part were treated as marginal workers. Those who had never worked durin~ the last year were treated as non-workers. It is proposed to adopt the same economic questions as were adopted in the 1981 Census without any change in the concepts. However, the question 00 'seeking/available for work' is proposed to be dropped. The instructions to be given to the enumerators for filling these questions are given in Annexure 1 which bring out the concepts and definitions adopted in respect of Economic questions. Q. 15: Questions on The questions on Ex-serviceman i.e. a person who has served in any Ex-serviceman rank in the Armed forces, have been included for the first time as questions 15A and 15B as desired by the Ministry of Defence on the recommendation of the High Level Committee on the problems of Ex-servicemen. The questions are simple enough and need no elaboration. 66 Q; 16: Birth Place This question has been canvassed in previous censuses. including the 1981 Census. Information about birth place, whether it is rural or urban, district and state/country as at the time of enumeration will be ascertained. Q. 17: Last residence This topic was an innovation of the 1971 Census. It was repeated at the 1981 Census and is proposed to repeat it at the 1991 Census also. Similar information as in the case of birth place will be ascertained for this topic also. Q. 18: Reasons for This was the new question added in 1981 Census. Appropriate code migration from of the reasons of migration is to be recorded in case the person had place of last reported a place of last residence other than the place of enumera residence tion in Q. 17. These codes have been printed at the bottom of the individual slip. Q. 19: Duration of resi This information will be ascertained!n completed years with refe dence at the village or rence to the place of the last residence other than the place of town of enumeration enumeration as in the 1971 and 1981 Censuses. Q. 20: For all ever-married This question will be asked in the case of all ever-married women. women only It will not be asked for a woman who has never been married. The ever-married would include all women who may be currently married, the widowed, the separated and the divorced. This infnrm Q. 20 (a): Age at marriage The age at which the ever-married woman was married is to be recorded in completed years. If a woman has been married more than once. the age at which she got married for the first time is to be recorded. Q. 20 (b) : Number of The number of children born to ever married woman who are still children survJvmg i.e. at the time of enumeration are to be recorded in the surviving boxes provided separately for male, female and total. It is not at present necessary that the children are staying with the mother. They may be elsewhere due to any reason. They may be anywhere, even outside the country. The important is the number alive. Q. 20 (c) : Number of The number of children that the ever-married woman gave birth to children ever from the time she got married are to be recorded in the boxes born alive provided separately for male, female and total. If the ever-marricd woman was married more than once, all the children born to her are to be recorded. The number of children would include all childern born alive but would exclude still births i.e. children born dead. ANNEXURE 1 Summary of Instructions for HIling up the Economic Questions io 1991 Ceo!! ... 3. The economic questions of 1991 Census will consist of two parts, namely: I Q. 13A Worked any time at all last year? Yes No ~H/ST!DTR1Bj>ii» Q. DB If yes in 13A, did you work for major part of last year'! Yes (l )/No (2) 11 Q. 14A Main activity last year? Yes in 13B (C/ALlHHI/OW) No in 13B (HjSTjO,RjBIJjO) 13B Yes-Any other work any time last 14B year? Yes (C/ALjHHI/OW/No) Q. 13B No-Work done any time last year '? (L/AL/HHI/OW) L 1 These questions must be canvassed for every per~ol1, irrespc!;tive of age or sex. Every person must be asked Question l3A. including the very young or very old and the answer to this question must be filled in. The other questions will have to be filled in the case of those to whom they are applicahle. The instructions for filling these questions follow. 1.2 These questions are meant to get details of the work done by the people with reference to last year. We may, therefore, first consider what is meant by 'work' and what the 'reference period' is. Definition of"ork 2. Work may be defined as participation in any economically productive activity. Such participat10n may be physical or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but also effective supervision and direction of work. Reference period 3. In all the questions. the reference period is the one year preceding the date of enumera tion. Certain types of work such as agriculture, household industry like, gur making. etc., are carried on either throughout the year or only during certain seasons or parts of the year, depending on the local circumstances. In such cases what we are concerned with is the broad time-span of the agricultural seasons preceding the enumeration. 4. Question 13A seeks to find out if a person has done any work at all during the last year or whether he or she did not work at all and if it is the latter, bow the person spent his/ ber time as a non-worker. Then Question 13B seeks to find out who among the persons 67 68 returning 'Yes' in Question 13A had worked for the major part of the year. By major part of the year, it is intended to find out how many had worked for 183 days or more or in other words, worked for 6 months or more. Those who have worked for 183 days or more will answer 'Yes' for Question 13B. For them code' l' has to be recorded in the box. But those who have worked for less than six months or 183 days will say 'No', and for them code '2' is to be recorded in the box for this question. Question 14A seeks to elicit information on the main activities of the workers in Question 13B, i.e. those for whom T has been recorded in the box. It will also elicit information about the main activity of the 'marginal workers' covered in Question 13B, i.e., those who have returned 'No' and for whom '2' has been recorded in the box against Question 13B. 4.1 The person may have worked for six: months or J 83 days or more in more than one activity. For example, he/she may have worked for 3 months in cultivation, one month in gur making and 3 months as an agricultural labourer. In Question 14A, he/she is required to indicate which of these three activities according to him/her was his/her main activity, i.e., in which capacity he/she spent more time. 10 the instant case since the person has spent three months each in cultivation and as agricultural labourer the choice as to which of these two would be his/her main activity should be left to him/her. Those who hav!;; returned 'No' for Question 13B i.e. those who have worked for less than six months or 183 days duri ng the last year and for whom code '2' has been recorded in the box, will have to state whether according to them, they were engaged mainly in household duties, or as student, or dependent or as retired person, rentier, or beggar or inmates of institutions, and if not in any of these categories, the person (s) should be put under 'Others' in Question 14A. 4.2 In Question 14B, details of secondary work or marginal work are sought to be obtained. Those who have worked for the major part of the year, i.e., those for whom 'I' has been recorded in the box against Question 13B may have had secondary work and this should be entered in Question 14B. Those who have not worked for the major part of the year and for whom code '2' has been recorded in the box against Question 138, must have done some marginal work and these details will be entered in Question 14B. It is impor tant that probing questions are asked to elicit correct information in this question. 4.3 It will thus be seen that these questions on economic aspects have been so designed as to identify all the workers, regular or seasonal, and non-workers with reference to the activities during the last one year prior to the date of enumeration. It is very important to remember that the period referred to in Questions 13A, 13B, 14A and 14B is one year preceding the enumeration. Thus, jf in some areas, a person has been a cultivator or an agricultural labourer, or has worked in an industry, etc., only in one season, i.e" less than 6 months/IS3 days, he/she is not to be treated as a worker for Question 13B. Hisl her economic activity will be reflected in Question 14B. Thus, all those returning 'Yes' in Question 13A, must be netted as 'Yes' in Question 13B or in Question 148 or both. S Certain important points that need special emphasis are the following and these should be kept in mind : (i) A person who normally works but has been absent from work during the reference period on account of illness, holiday, temporary closure, strike. etc., must be treated as engaged in the work he/she would otherwise have been doing but for his/her temporary absence. 69 (ii) Persons under training such as apprentices, with or without stipends or wages, should be treated as workers. (iii) A person who has merely been offered work but has not actually joined yet. should not be treated as engaged in thi~ work. (iv) A man or woman who is engaged primarily in household duties such as cooking for own household or performing one's own household duties or a boy or t..irl who i'i primarily a student. even if stich a person helps in the family economic a('thity b~lt not as a full time worker should not be treated as a worker for Ql1('~ti(lll 138 I.!Yl'Il though he or she may be recorded as 'Yes' in Question 13A. On the otiler hand. if a person is primarily engaged in some economic activity for major part 01' the year but at the same time does also attend to ~;ome household chores or attonds a ni).!i.l school, etc., he or she would be treated basically as a worker for Question 13 Band categorised suitably in Question 14A. (v) A person. who merely receives an income. such as a rent receiver or a pensioner who does not have to work for receiving the income, will not be treated as cconomi.:ally active unless the person is also engaged for some part of the year in some econo11lic activity. Similarly, beggars. pensioners, receivers of agricultural or non-agricultural royalty or of rents or dividends who may be enrning an income but Whl) ar!.! llot participating in any productive work should not be treated as working unless th\.~y also work in cultivation, industry, trade, profession. business or commerce. (vi) An adult woman who is engaged in household Juties but doing no other productive work to augment the family's resources should not be considered as working for purpose of this question. If, however, in addition to her household work ~hc engages herself in work, such as rice pounding for sale or wares, or in domestic services for wages for others. or minding cattle for wages or selling firewood or making and selling cowdung cakes or grass. etc., or any other work like cultivation, etc., she should be treated as working under Question 13A. (vii) A man or a woman who is doing household duties may be producing or making something only for the domestic consumption of the hou~t:hold and not for sale. Such a person is not a worker, even though from his or her point of view the activity is productive. (viii) For an undertrial prisoner enumerated in a jail, he/she should be recorded for the work heJshe was doing before he/she was apprehended. Similarly, for a pers(m temporarily in a hospital or similar institution he/she should be recorded for the kind of work he/she was doing before he/she was admitted into hospital or institu tion. But for a convict in a prison or for long-term inmates of penal or charitable or mental institutions, the person's previous work should not be recorded, but T should be recorded. A question arises as to what should be deemed to be long term. For census purposes, inmates of penal or charitable or mental institutions jf detained for 6 months or more should be recorded as 'I'. (,ix) A fun-time public or social service worker who is actively engaged in public service activity or a full-time political worker who is also actively engaged in furthering the political activity of his/her party will be recorded as a worker and entered accord ingly. Such persons will include Members of Parliamellt, State Legislatures, Local Authorities, etc. 70 Yes Q. 13A: Worked any time at aU last year? No (HjSTjDjR/!3/I/O) 6. Probing questions will have to be asked specially in the cas.e of those who are not regular workers. It is particularly important to ask such probing questions regarding the work done at any time last year or any of the seasons in the reference period in the case of women and children in the rural areas. Women and children in the rural areas work in the fields in the sowing. harvesting or other seasons and this may be on their own land or as labourers on someone else's land. This is usually seasonal work only, while they run the house and do aU the household work. Unless questions are asked about such work, the usual answer may be that they do only household work. 7. It must be remembered that a man or a woman who is doing only household duties or making something only for domestic consumption (and not for sale) is not doing any work in census terminology. rt is true that a housewife may be working harder than the others in the home because she has to cook, look after the children, run the house, etc., but for the purposes of census. she is not a worker. 8. In this question every worker (even marginal workers) will be identified and in their cases the answer will be 'Yes'. You must enquire regarding each person that you enumerate, whether he or she has worked any time at all during the last year. Even if the person has worked only for a few days, you have to n;cord him!her as 'Yes', against this question. 9. If the individual has not worked at all during the last year, the answer will be 'No'. Then ascertain how he or she spent his or her time and record 'H' or 'sr, or 'D' or 'R' or 'B' or 'I' or '0', as the (.'ase may be, below the line against this question. 10. In Question 13A. we are trying to Hnd out whether a person has worked any time or has been a non-worker throughout. If he or she is a non-worker throughout, the category has also to be ascertained which is as follows: (i)..· Household duties -H (ii) Students -ST (iii) Dependents -D (iv) Retired persons or rentiers -R (v) Beggars, etc, -B (vi) Inmates of institutions -I (vii) Other non-workers -0 The symbols which should be used to indicate these categories are also shown above against each category. Q. l3B. If yes in 13A, did you work for major part of last year'? Yes (l)/No (2). 11. As mentioned earlier, through Question 13A you have classified all people into two broad streams of workers and non-workers. In doing so, workers would include all those who have worked irrespective of the quantum of their contribution to the economy. Even marginal workers are categorised as workers in Question 13A. 11.1 Having found out that the person had worked any time at all during the last year (Yes in 13A), you have now to ascertain whether the person worked for the major part of 71 last year. By major part of last year, is meant that the person had worked for 183 days or more, or in other words worked for six months or more. If the answer to this question is in the affirmative you should record '1' in the box against Question J 3B. If the person bas worked for less than six months or 183 days during the last year. you should record '2' for that person in this question. 11.2 A person may have worked in different capacities during last year. For example. hel she may have worked as a daily wage labourer for 4 months, as an agricultural lahourer for I month and as a cultivator for 2 months. There could even be breaks in between the different types of work performed by him/her. In computing whether the person worked for major pah of the year, you should reckon all the three ~rel1s of economic activity and if it satisfies the concept of work for major part of the year, tre;}t him/her as 'Yes' for Question 13B and record '1' in the box. Similarly if the total pt'riod of work falls short of six months or 183 days, treat him/her as 'No' and record '2' in the box for that person. Yes in 13R (C/AL!HHljOW) Q. 14A Main activity last year? No in 13B (HjST/D/RIBlJid ) 12. In Question 13B you would have ascertained whether a person bad worked for major part of the year or not. Now in Question 14A, you will be required to ascertain his or her main activity during last year. That is to say how he or she is engaged himself or herself mostly. Main activity ()f a person who was engaged in more than one activity will be reckoned in terms of time disposition. For example. if a person has worked as a daily wage labourer for 4 months, as an agricul tural labourer for one month and as cultivator for 2 months and for him/her. you have recorded 'I' in the box against Question 13B, then that person will be reckoned as daily wage labourer for Question 14A and you will record 'OW' on the line (and not in the box). since he/she spent more time in this activity than as a cultivator or agricultural labourer. Similarly. for a person for whom you have recorded '2' in the box in Question 13 B. you should a~certain how he or she spent his/her time mostly as a non-worker ond record the appropriate \ymbol below the line in the space provided and not in the box. 13. The main activity of workers is classified into four categories, viz., cultivator, agricul- tural labourer. household industry, and other work. These term'> are explained below. Cultivator 14. For purposes of the census a person is working as cultivator if he or she is engaged either as employer, single worker or family worker in cultivation of land owned or held from government or held from private persons or institutions for payment in money. kind or share. Cultivation includes superVision or direction of cultivation. 14.1 A person who has given out his/her land to another perSOll or persons for cultivation for money, kind or share of crop and who does not even supervise or direct cultjvation of land. will not be treated as cultivator. Similarly, a person working in another pcrson;s land for wages in cash or kind or a combination of both (agricultural labourer) will not be treated as cultivator in this question. 72 14.2 Cultivation jnvolve~ ploughing, sowing and harvesting and production of cereals and millet crops such as wheat, paddy. jowar. bajra. ragi, etc., and other crops such as sugarcane, ground-nuts, tapioca, etc., and pulses, raw jute and kindred fibre crop. cotton, etc., and does not include fruit growing, vegetable growing or keeping orchards or groves or working of plantations like tea, coffee, rubber. cinchona and other medicinal plantations. For a person who is a cultivator, write 'C' in the space provided. Aariculturallabourer 15. A person who works in another person's land for wages in money, kind or share should be regarded as an agricultural labourer. He or she has no risk in the cultivation but he/she marely works in another person's land for wages. An agricultural labourer has no right of lease or contract on land on which he/she works. 15.1 For a person who returns his/her economic activity as agricultural labourer, write 'AL' in the space provided. Important 16. For certain reasons, the growing of certain crops is not considered as agriculture. if a person is engaged in the growing of such crops he or she will not be con:;idered as a cultivator or agricultural labourer. 16.1 You must remember that a person can be classified as a cultivator or as an agricultural labourer only on the basis of the crops grown. The growing of the following crops is considered as cultivation. Therefore, a person who grows these crops or who works on land on which these crops are grown can be classified either as a cultivator or an agricultural labourer as the case may be. (0 Cereal and millet crops: paddy, Wheat, jowar, bajra, maize. ragi, barley, gram, etc. (ii) Pulses: Arhar, moon~, masur, urd, khesari, etc. (iii) Fibre crops: Raw cotton, jute. mesta. sunhemp and kindred fibre crops (iv) Oil seeds: Sesamum, ground-nut. rape, mustard, linseed, castor. etc. (v) Cash crops: Sugarcant.: The growing of the following crops will not be cOllsidered as cultivation: (i) Plantation crops: Tea. coffee, rubber. tnbacco, pepper. cardamom. etc. (ii) Edible nuts (other than groud-nut) : Walnut, almond. cashewnut, etc. (iii) Fruits: Bananas. apples, grapes, mangoes, oranges, etc. (iv) Coconut (v) Ganja, cinchona, opium and medicinal plants (vi) Betal-nuts (areca) (vii) Flowers (viii) Roots and tubers, chillies and spicei (other than pepper and cardamom) (ix) Vegetables (x) Other crops not specifically included under cultivation. 73 17. 'Please remember that, you ,mull use the abbreviations given in the instructions, . namely, 'C',Qf 'AL'. It will be evident that you will have to ask a specific question regarding the ~rops·,gro,wn in ail cases where one merely says he/~hc is a cultivator or un agricu}. tural1abourer. Ho.sellold I.dastry l!t For a person who returns his/her main activity as engaged in some production, pro cessing, servicing or repair of articles or goods such as 'handlooh1 weaving. dyeing. carpentary, bidi rolling, pottery manufacture. bicycle repairing. bladsmithy. tailoring, etc., it has to be ascertained if it is a household industry. and if so. it should he indio cated by the abbreviation 'HHI' in the space provided. 18.1 Household Industry is defined as an industry conducted by the head of the household himself/herself and or by the members of tne house'hold at home or within the village in rural areas and only within the precincts of the house where the household lives in urhan areas. The larger 'Proportion of workers in a household industry should consist of members of the household including the head. The industry shou\d not he run on the scale of a registered factory which would qualify or has to be registered under the Indian Factories Act. 18.2 There may be an industry which i~ being run by a large joint family of more than 10 persons and where power is used or more than 20 persons where pour is not used, In such cases, though only family members are involved. this will not be treated as '"AHr. Thus, the meaning of the term 'run on the scale of a registered factory' refers to such cases even if these are not registered as such. 18.3 The main criterion of a household industry is the participation of one or more members of a household. This criterion will apply in urban areas too. Even if the industry is not actually located at home in rural areas there is greater possibility of the members of the household participating even if it is located anywhere within the village limits. In the urban areas where organised industry takes greater prominence. the household industry shoul-d be confined to the precincts of the house where the participants live. In urban areas even if the members of the household by themselves run an industry but at a place away from the precincts of their home it will not be considered a household industry. It should be located within the precincts of' the house where the members live in the case of urban areas. 18.4 A household industry should relate to productiort, processing, servlcmg. repamng or malting and selling (but' not merely selling) of goods. It does not include professions such &8 a Pleader or Doctor or Barber, MUsician, Dartctr, Waterman, Dhobi Astrologer, etc., Of merely trade or business, even if such professions, trade or services are run at home by members of the househeld. ljS Sometimes.it. is lik-ely tha.t tbe, P-USOIl who may. not' be wOflcins' iit hia/J:iet' oWn household ipollstt)' may be working in anotbel' household, industry; yrou' sh'CS1l1d, therefore, eJ1,quirc whetn.r the. ~rsOl1, who. is; DQt worki.. :.in his/lMr o'Wn l1otneftoId industry is workiDS in any other household industry and,recet'd 'as per.instructioDt· gi'v~n above. 74 18.6 As mentioned earlier, a household industry should relate to production, processing, servicing. repairing or making and selling of goods. However, a household can be engaged in certain other activities collectively but these may not qualify for being consi dered as household industries. 18.7 Certain activities even though conducted by members of the same household will not constitute a household industry. These are indicated below and therefore the members of the family working in such industries will be classified as 'OW' and not 'HHI'. (i) Plantation work. (ii) Livestock maintenance and production such as cattle, goats. sheep breeding, poultary farms, bee-keeping, rearing of silk worm and production of cocoons and raw silk, production of milk, eggs, honey, wax, bones, etc. (iii) Hunting, trapping and selling of the catch. (iv) Forestry and logging: log, fuel, charcoal production, gathering and selling of fodder and other forest produce, etc. (v) Fishing including rearing of fish. collection of pearls, shells, sea products, etc. (vi) Mining and quarrying. Other workers 19. All workers, i.e., those who have been engaged in some economic activity during the last one year, who are not cultivators or agricultural labourers or in household industry, are 'Other Workers'--'OW'. The type of workers that come under this category of 'OW' include factory workers, plantation workers, those in trade, commerce, business, transport, mining, construction, political or social worker, all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, priests, entertainment artists, etc. In fact, all those who work in any field of economic activity other than cultivator, agricultural labourer or household industry. an: 'Other Worker'. They will be entered as 'OW'. Q.14A(i) : Name or establishment 20. Record here the name of the factory, firm, workshop. business house, company, shop, office, etc. In respect of public offices you should clearly indicate whether they are Central or State Government or local body offices, etc. If the establishment does not have any definite name such as, in the case of a household industry. li'ke hand pound ing of rice, gur making, handloom weavinf!, potter's house, blacksmithy, etc., enter the proprietor's nalI'e and the type of shop so that if necessary a link can be established between the various sub-sections of this question. For example, instead of 'No parti cular name' the entry could read as 'Babulal's Paint Shop', etc. For defence and .othe.r similar personnel as may be illdicated to you, put a cross (X) on the line. Q. 14A (Ii) : Descriptio. of work 21. Under this question. the description of the actual work, i.e., the occupation that the "person enumerated is doing is to be recorded irrespective of the type of industry, trade, profession or service that be/she may be working in and which is to be recorded under s~b·section (iii) of,.Question 14A. 7S 21.1 His/her actual work or occupation should always be given in sufficient detail. If, for example. a person is merely recorded as 'clerk' with no other detai1,s, it will be impossi ble to properly categories him/her by the type of work he/she does. He/she may be a clerk attendIng to correspondence or book-keeping or accounting. Similarly. if a person were merely to be recorded as a technician. it will not help to determine what type of technician/mechanic he/she is, whether computer-technician or a meter-mechanic or a locomotive-mechanic, etc. The description of the actual work done by a person should be ascertained in adequate detail and recorded against this question. Similarly. in a trading establishment there could be a proprietor, ca ... hier. bonk-keeper. salesman. etc. 21.2 It is necessary to describe the actual occupation adequately. it is not enough to say that one is a Government official. Whether one is a Bill-clerk or Section Otlker. Tehsildar. Police Chowkidar or Research Officer. etc., has to be spell out. There may be Assistant Diroctors, Deputy Directors, etc. doing different functions. It is noces sary to describe the occupation adequately in their case for proper classification, e.g .. Assistant Director (Agriculture). Assistant Director (Soil Conservation). Senior Research Officer (Vital Statistics). Deputy Director (Health), Sub-Inspector (Excise). Treasury Officer, Village Officer (Revenue), Panchayat Secretary. Malaria Control Officer. Traffic Inspector (Transport Department), etc. 2 t.3 It has been found in the past that a very large number of persons are recorded merely a~ 'general labourers'. It is necessary to make a probe and find out in which type of work the person is mostly engaged as a labourer, such as a road mazdoor. a loader or an unloader in a market. a construction labourer, etc. 21.4 For those in defence and similar service, it is enoug.h if it is merely noted as 'Service'. Other details need not be given. For other Government servants full details must be given and the description of the work should be as detailed as possible. Q.14A (un: Nature of lodustry. trade or seryke 22. The answer to this question will have to be given in detail to enable proper classification of the sector of economy in which the person is working. The sector of economy in which a person works may relate to (i) Plantation, Forestry. Fishing. Livestock. etc .. (ii) Mining and/or Quarrying, (iii) Manufacturing, Processing. Servicing and Repairing (iv) Construction, (v) Electricity, Gas or Water Supply, (vi) Transport and Communica tions, (vii) Trade and Commerce, (viii) Professions and Services. In order to enable us to classify a person properly, full details of the nature of the industry, trade, profession or service should be given. Please avoid vague answers. Full details of the type of industry, trade, profession or service in which the person is engaged will have to be recorded here. It is not enough to say 'plantation' or 'livestock'. You should say whether it is tea plantation or banana plantation or sheep rearing or cattle breeding. Similarly, it is not enough to say 'manufacturing'. You should say whether it is manu facturing of cotton textile in handJoom or manufacturing Khadi textile or manufacturing silk textile. Likewise mere 'trade' is not enough. It should be recorded as wholesale trading in food grains or pulses or retail trading in spices or grocery and so on. For defence and similar personnel, write 'Service'. 76 22.1 You must describe the nature of industry, profession, trade or service or whatever it is, , .. in as detailed a manner' as possible. 'In' the case of In~u~tries, the, articles which ara produced or serviced or processc Q. 14A (Iv) : Cl ••s of worker 23. For a persom who is : (i) an Employer, that is, who hires one or more persons in his work described in Question 14A (ii), write ...... ER (ii) an Employee, that is, who does his work describ.ed in Question 14A (ii) under ·Others· for wages or salary in cash or kind, write ...... ,EE (iii) A Single Worker, that is, who is doing his work described in Question 14A (iO, without employing others except casually. and without the help of other members of the family except casually and a participant in work as member of cooperative, write ...... SW (iv) a Family Worker, that is, who is doing his work described in Question 14A(ii) in a family enterprise along with other members of the family without wages or salary in cash or kind, write ..•....•.••. FW. 13B Yes-Any other work any time last year ?~~9AL/HHI/OW)/No Q.14B 13B No- Work done any time last year? (C/ALjHHIjOW) 24. You will recall that in Question 13A you have i?entified all those who have done any work at all in the last one ·year. In Question 13B, you must have categorised them either 'Yes', i.e. code T or fNo';i'.e. code '2'. In Question 14A you have divided these persons on the basis of what they have been mostly doing. It is quite possible that those who have been categorised as 'c' Gf 'AI} or 'HHI' or:'"OW", in Q~e~tjon 14A based on the type of work they have been doing mostly. may have done SOme other work in addition to what they ~ave been doing mostly. Similary, a peson who is mostly doing household duties, or is mainly a student. or mainly a dependent or a rentier or a beggar or belongs to the categories or '1' and '0', must have done some work at some time during the last one year. This is the information we "are trying to cet in Question 14B. ct. Of INDIA 1111 DRAFT HOUSELIST CONlIDIKTIAl NIIIII~~I~own "", Codf No" '" tame ~ Sill,/UT CoiIINO, tame 01 No, of wlldlmohlll~hemlll,,, CortiNa '" Nlml 01 Ollilict """'''''''''''''''''''' COIIINO " Nlme 01 TehllliTlluklP,S,/Dev, Block" ,', COIIINO ", £nUllllrlllon blOCk No , """" WI*dNll!Grptlttll_(f ... UIII Building No Census Pledomlnlnl Pulp,llllOIWhlchCIIIIU,hOul! No, IMunlolpli hOli" conlllu~lon 11I11III Iliwhoily 01 plrtly non· IIImIill FscllIlIlIlYII~bltto 11~lhoult NO,Olillllonln~ OfloClI No, IIIIllrtll ~oIlheh"dofhOUlIliOld NlIIII 01 lilt Scittd1llll1 CIII.tWbI DotIthI m HOof lllidtnilitfillsnillprtlll~f) holdlllllild IIIIllyIlIldlnyIn IUfhorlly oIcenlUlhou81 hoIIIIiIOId CIIIUoel1 ~lnotOOllll IIItnoulthold IliehoulliiOld orcinlul ~ iIYI~ lie Inlhl Inlnllll11pllll No) 0. III hoIIIiIoid ootIIpllion ouflldllhll ilIIlId Il'II1IlhOUII oIhOliIl!lO~ II!Inking cinaulhoull i Indwilhoul ! houlI! orhOUIl WI~r ) I ) pIIIIIIIII! I ~ Wrllll~r Ilelnlhe 0 SUIf9Iy ~lllQeor Ilyedil t OWII«I, 10-..... 1 IOwnol Inillprlsilill ~ 2lor IIIIIId J ~ Ii nu_on ~ ~, ! YIIII) i No 12) i € ~ 0 i, 0 I:. I ~ "t I J ~ II E .. > C !! i 0 IB o. ~ i ~ jS I •c ~ f 3 ~J ~ " i 0 e~ w 5 5~ ¥ I 'f m ~ h I l J ~ 2ia I I 12 13 14 Ii 18 17 18 19 !O 21 22 23 24 25 I 2 3 4 ! , 7 I 9 10 II 1""1 , 1 1, .. J' ~ ..., L..l [,..1 r'l l. r'''1 .;• ,1 At ....01 •• .. 1 ....L.J , , 1 I 1 \.. J i"·-\ L -,'"I ! - rl 1 r.. ·.. ' I l.... r ! i I I.. Ii"' ,I ,p." I \ I" l KIj".: 10111 W~L (COl 4) ,01111, ..,f1IdIorlillftboo (I); Mild 1~;llibVml b!ij1~);'I+Iod(4);Bulnlbllcktll);G.llllllbOi DIner _111l1li ~), 810111 (I), Cwnt concrtIt ~I. Elrt II), and OtMilIIO) AOI! lCd, I): 01111.1_, _, W, wood, mud, UIIiUmt lI!IciIorlllmbOo (1);T1111, Ultorlillno~ IMOIIIiilllGlIOII,lIncorOlitt liliiii_ ~); AIiIItIII 0IIIIIIIt _14); B~,lltollllnd 1Irn111); ~OIIII~: ~B,C" R,C,C, I7ilnd Otht~ (8). - FL~ 1CoI, ~ : Mild (1);YIood/pllnklIll; a.nboo or IogI ~): BrIei, IIont IIId 1m. 14) CIrntnt II); MotIicI7IItIII),"d 0tfItrI In, SOIIAC!OFOAINKING WA11IlSUPP!.Y~, I~ :W11111): T., 121: Hln4plMrlplTubIwtIIl3I; 1ItN1Cw114);7In~ III and01liltl ~), _oIEmiIInt!IIOr----.,.'*'-----liftiIIurtolConrplIlr-____ DIIII _____oI8up1111or----DIfI--- ~IIIIUIO' 111)111"1 tONflOlNl111 HOU!!1IOl! !CH!O~l! 11~ulnuu~IInI~lhl!llluliUn!lllIlllIilll'II'111 101!1Io .", .. JoIIIIN~ 11(!IIOn~u 1~lllnYm~IOlnoul!MIO -- 'r- --- )I Nile '~'! AlllllOnlnm IOMMO ~I MOlnelll)II~UO Alliilon ~j ~II 01 l~n~UII~ lililitl Mil! II Mill felill II OW in Ijl.ln~ltll! , 110 -t--...... _- .... _- ... -.... -...... -, ..... --...... 110 l Inti ~1Il1111~ t---t-;--r-...... M f i !~(li I [M~ln !nl~ln 01 I • I!A III I j 11 I I, CII:~~lonolllO~ ~llIrHlllllllllrllrl~~OI i t ~ I III I ! 1l1iV11'~ ( l 1 111 No 111110 r AI KHI OW 111 No lei No ( AI HHI OW ... -.~ .. "".»--_. "t--~+-t--·-H++-H-+---H -t-rH--t-"H---t--t--H--t---- .-.------1--,-""---- -.-. 1 1 J I! i 1 ! i I~ II I! I! II II Ii 11 Ililiroll~~nUl1~ M II 11 ...... - ".,," ... -_ ..... -.. -. _._- ...... ,," ".'-_.. -'"-- .. t-r---.. -.. -'- ...... -...... , +. -+---+--+I++-f----+---++---H+H++---H-+j---,.. ,-t--t-+-+-1-+-+-I-I---·-----t------,-__ ... -- _. -+---+-----+-1+-f-t---+---+-+---+-++-+-t--H----t-t-+-t-t-H-+-H-+-H--- _.. _- . - ... -.- f- - --_.. ",' ...... -_ .. -t- ---·-t-H-+-I-H--H++H-+-t-+--Ir++--t--!-.-~-- ,"_ ... --_... ".-+.... _-... ,.. ,... ,.. ,.... _ _.,'-+--_.+-----++-!--, ... --- --_._ .. ".. -. --I- .-t- -!---I---+++-++--+--M---+-+-+-++H-~H-H_H_H-H-H-H-----+----+------, -+----!---+++++----t----+-·!----oHr-+-t--t-H--I-t+-t-H++H-t-+Mr-----t-,-·---t--·--···--··,-- .. -+---+----+--H--+-t----t----++---r-++-H--t-+---t--+--H-+-+-I-++--H--t-H-----+---.+--~ .... ,.,.,...... - III ~I IX Ma/jlnAI N VII VlM!rl 1---r'':'':'''''' t- - XIII/I· ~I~I VIII &iMlu~ol~r WO~'II Ilirrllul,oll~!~ Itr!lx I -",.,< •• , "~".,,,,,, .~ .... """.-< DRAFT INDIVIDUAL SLIP COWIOENTIAL CENSUS OF INDIA '8' 79 ..... No...... _ No._~_ ...... Loc.tIarI Code...... ~ .. t, ...... ( ) •. No. of HoueehoId L 1 , Name .•• __ •• _ ...... _.. _...... __ ._.. _.... _..•..... '_"'_'_'_"_"_" ~ .....•...... _._ ...•.....•. _•... _.. _._ •.....•... _._ .•.....•.. _. 2 Retatlon.nlp to heed .•...•...... _.•...... 1._. __ ...... ; 8 Religion ...... -...... - ...... r.... ·...... ·.. ·· •. / : ! : ! i : i 3 ~~-;~;;:~·I:·;;··:~:~:::~~:·~r···_···_.. _·.. _···_·l_... _ ...... _-I' 9 ~·:~~~~·~·~···;:;··~;··~·~···;~~·~::::~::::::::D • Age ...... -.-...... ---....,~... Name of S.C./S.T...... ; ...... ' .. _... r ...... 1 ; ; j ! 5 Merlte' .t.tu...... _...... _... . S Moth.r tongue ... - .. -.. __ ...... r-r'''r'-'r-''')'' ~:~~;:~~.. ~.~ ;~;;;;~~·;~~·~·~·;;':~::·~::~::~:::::::·.d .... _... _...... _...... l.._ ..L ..... !..... _i..... 112 Educationa' attainment ... __ .. _._ ...... _... 7 Two other '.ngu.ges knOwn,. ... _:-.. _r_._'_ ..... 7 ..... u_ •. _ ...... _ ...... T ...... ,.. "h •• " I ; ~ ! ...... _...... _.... _..... _~ ...... J...... , ...... J ~:::::::::::::::::::::~:~.:~:::::: .. :::~:::::::j:.~:::L:::::I::::::t~j Yes r~· .... l t3A WOr1l:ed any lime It all 'ast year ? .~ ...... ".: j No (H/ST/D/RIBIIIO) ~ ...... 138 If yes in 13A.did you work 'or m.lor part 0' "Sl year? Yes (11/No (2) ...... 0 Yes In 138 (C/ALIHHIIOW) 1' ..... , ,.,\ Main actlvltV 'I.t yelr ? ...... •• •••• t 1 No In 138 (H/ST/O/AIBIIIOl ...... : If HHIIOW In 1." (I) Name of ••I.bll.hm.nt_~ ...... -.. - ...... - ...... , ...... ; ...... (' .. ~ •. : i • I ! (II) Deacription of work .. _ ...... l. .... J...... : .... -.: (III) Natur. of Industry. trade or service ...... _...... f'" .. j ...... : ...... i ~ , : : ! I ! ! ...... h •••• - ...... "' ...... ~- ...... "~··-··"·'····'···············1 ...... : (IY) Class of wo'k.r._ ...... _...... ____ ...... _...... \ ...... 1 138 Yet-Any other wor1l: Iny time 'a" year 7 Yea (C/AL/HHIIOWI/No ...... 1" .. ·1 '''8 13 8 No-Work done .ny time 'I.t year 7 (CfALIHHIIOW) ...... If HHIIOW In 148 (I) Name 0' ••t.bU.hment ...... ,.. _...... _...... , ...... , ...... (Ii) Description 0' work ...... _.... _...... __ ...... L ... .l ...... L. .... J (ml Nature of Industry. trade or .ervice .... _...... _...... ·· .. · ...... ·1· .... · ..1 I ~ i ! ...... - ...... - ...... h ..... _ ...... _ ...... • •• , .. _· ••• ·.r ,...... ; (Iv) Class of worke' ...... - ...... _...... i : 15A Whether you are.n Ex ....rvlcem.n? Yes (1)/No (2) ...... 0 158 If Yet In 15A. Pensioner (1)/Non-Pensioner (2) ...... _...... , ...... 0 16 Birth "'11ft 20 For all ever-married women only (" Place of birth M_'_MH_'''W'"~-'-''"TI (b} Rural (1 )turban (2) _M...... H ..-T···+--' (a) Age at marriage ." .. __ .... __ ...... 0 (cl Ol.trict .-.. -... ,.. ----.-...... ,-... ~--~-...1 : : : : (d) State/Country ____ ...... _.J __ _:. __ •• I .. _ •.J 17 Last residence (b) Number of children surviving at prest>nt (a) Place of la't r.. ldence .------n (bl Rural (11/Urban (21 ...... _...... ·_ ....·.-H Male Female- Total ,I, :.: o D 0 (cl Olstrfct ...... - .. ~ .. ~ ... -•. - ... -.l.. ·-..J.--;,-: • .. .!s . . ! i Cd) State/Country .. ___._ .•.• __ .;_.. 1. __ ~ __ ... , 18. Reasons lor migration from place 0 (c) Number of children ever born alive of last residence (Code)' ...... _..• _...... 19. Duration of residence at the village r-1 or town of enumeration ...... j____J Male D Female D Total 0 ·Erriployment (1) Education (2) Family moved (3) Marriage (4}Other. (5) ANNEXE F AaellU_.., Stu4iel The lndian Census has a long tradition of conducting social studies relating to different social and economic life of the people of the country at the micro-level in which the micro-level data provid ed by the census are analysed and interpreted. In fact, for understanding how people living in different ecologicat settings, professing different religions, pursuing different occupations, speaking different languages or belonging to different cultural levels have undergone change over a period of time one 'has to depend upon studies done at the micro-level. Such studies can also bring to relief people's knowledge, attitude and acceptance in regard to different developmental in-puts which arc essential for their succenful implementation and quick results. Thus, while the data that are collected at each cenSU$ on different demographic characteristics of the population at the micro-level can indicate the broad achievements of the country in the field of education, employment, housing, health, etc., the data collected through social studies at the micro-level can provide information as to what kind of transfor mation has taken place in the way of life of the people including occupation, adoption of technological innovations, customs and manners, beliefs and practices, attitude, and opinion, etc., over a period of time. Thus, both kinds of data are essential for planning and administration and also to understand the achievements and impact of planned development. The data collected through social studies conducted at the micro-Jevel are all the more important to know the level of development reached by people living in different geo~raphical regions with a view to evolve policies and programmes to minimise regional imbalances existing in the country in regard to different development aspects. The Indian Census as a well planned synchronous operation covering the whole country had started from the year 1872. Since then the scope, magnitude and dimension of the census have gone on increasing as each successive operation tried to delve deeper, cast wider and question more penetratingly into the different socio-economic, demographic and other characteristics of the popula tion, than the preceding one. Along with this massive operation it has also been the tradition of the Indian Census to conduct special studies of topical interest having great relevance for knowing the Indian society intimately. The erstwhile British Government was particularly interested to study the institution of caste and its intricate inter-relation with the Indian economy and poli.ly partly for political reasons and partly for the scientific interest it generated due to its ubiquity and uniqueness. The detailed account provided on different castes and communities in earlier census repom evoked coDsiderable academic interest in the country and abroad. However, when preparation for the 1951 Census were undertaken the Government of India bad already accepted the policy of official discouragement of community distinctions based on caste. They decided, therefore, that no general Race, Caste or Tribe enquiries should be made but that an enquiry should be made regarding Race, Caste or Tribe only to the extent necessary for providing information relating to certain special groups of the people who are referred to in the Constitution of India. Aft« bId.ependeace the country was confrortted with several socio-economic problems which ba.d to be aolvod through plaoned developmeRt. There Was also a need to have intimate knowledge ab.out iChIcduled castes and scheduled tribes to CRable the Government to deal with their problem. with ,proper uDClDrstanding: ·Tbe 1961 Celllusj.thcrefO'rt, launehed a massive programme-to undertake 81 82 socio-economic survey of villages, survey of handicrafts and fairs and festivals and preparation of ethnographic notes on scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Other important social study projects undertaken during this period were the survey of marriages with the consanguineous and a final rela tions and special studies of cities of over one million population. Soclo-EeoDomk Suney of Village. Coming to thc socio-economic survey of villages it may be mentioned that never before a synchronic study covering such a large number of villages situated in different parts of the country, was undertaken in India. For the purpose of this study 580 villages were selected from different States and Union Territories on purposive sampling basis so as to include, as far as possible, villages representing different characteristics such as multi-ethnic villages with variegated occupations, villages having one predominant occupations like those of fishermen, potters, weavers, etc., tribal villages or vi1lagcs predominantly inhabited by scheduled castes, villages situated near urban centres or those located in inaccessible, far-flung areas, etc. In view of the fact that the time devoted to this endeavQur was rather short it was not possible to make the,>e studies attain high scholastic standards in all cases but as a modest and pioneering attempt at providing an over-all insight into the way of life of the people living in Indian villages and understanding the level of development of amenities and services available in these areas these studies could claim to have achieved their desired objectives. Since these studies' were conducted simultaneously in different parts of the country at a specific point of time they are useful to carry out cross cultural comparisons besides providing bench mark data for, carrying out diachronic studies in further to know the manner ill which Indian villages are changing under the impact of different development programmes. Further, some of the villages because of their inaccessible nature have never been studied before with the result that these village survey reports are the only source of information available on them even today. Study OD Haadicrafts For the pLlrpose of the study on handicrafts, 175 traditional crafts were selected. The main objectives of this study Wife to find out the processes of social interaction existing between the craftsmen and people b~longing to other castes and communities. the kinds of raw materials used and method of their procurement. different manufacturing techniques employed in the craft, the manner in, which the finished products are disposed of and other economic aspects associated with production and sale. Along with this project a directory of handicrafts was also compiled. Stacl, OD Fairs .ad Festivals In regard to fairs and festivals. an attempt was made to collect basic data on all fairs and festivals including weekly hats and markets held in different parts of th~ country and to ascertain their socio-economic and religious dimensions. In regard to a few important festivals cietailed studies were conducted and reports published. In respect of others the information collected were published under the title 'Fairs and Festivals' for each state. Etbnoar.pbic Study on Scbeduled Castes IDd Scheduled Tribes As mention1ed earlier, the Indian ~nsus. bas had the tradition of undertaking ethnographic studies. But the I. studies conducted before Independence had tbeir focus more on the exotic c~tomt and planners followed by differellt castes and communities rather than on the social and ,economic aspects., J\fte.r. Independence s~ud~s' on schedaled· pastOI _ad scheduled tribes w.ero ,cDDtinoed· to collect data relating to different socio-economic aspects for enabling the Government to discharge its constitutional obligations towards them. . 83 Study ell S•• II ••' Medium ToWIll As ancillary to the 1971 Census a survey of towns, particularly small towns in different· parts of the country, had been undertaken. Such studies were conceived as complementary to village studies. This was an operational necessity of the Census Organisation to project as far as possible a complete picture of the Indian Society in their social, cultural and economic setting. besides generating data for formulating appropriate plans and policies for rural and urban development. A few diachronic studies of villages studied earlier in connection with tbe 1961 Census were aiso, however. undertaken not only to record the actual cbange that has taken place during the decade but also to know the dynamics of change. Further, it is envisaged that with the improvements in the standards of living of the rural population small towns and semi-urban centres would grow up in different parts of the country for providing various types of services required by the rural populatian in a developing society. For the planned development of such centres, insight gained through the study of some of the existing centres would be extremely useful. The different aspects covered under the study, therefore, included (a) growth history of the centre and the concomitant changes in the economic and social relations of the region (b) growth history of the various servicing institutions and agencies in the centre in response to tae various factors of change and the resultant changes in the pattern of distribution of community, power and prestige (c) frequency and pattern of interaction among different segments of the popula tion Cd) nature and intensity of linkage with the larger towns on the one hand and rural hinterland on the other (e) persistence of the values of the traditional society and percolation of the values of the technological gains of the urban society into the social complex of the centre and (f) other ancillary matters. The towns were selected keeping the following aspects in view: (a) Size group (b) Demographic features (c) Functional types (d) Specific industry or occupations dominating the economy (e) Location (f) Concentration of different castes and communities (g) Other social and cultural phenomena (temple town, health resort, etc.) Re ... tady of VIIIIgei Re.study of about 20% villages studied in connection with the 1961 Ctlnsus was another important social study project taken up in connection with the 1971 Census. Soell'ltudy project. tlkea up II cODaectioD wltb tbe 1981 CeDI.. There, has been an attempt at making the social study project!! taken up in connection with the 1981 Census more broad-based and oriented, as far as possible, to 'meet specific planning require. ~nts for. the development of the weaker-sections of the society. The re-study of villages and the ~udy of .mall and medium towns which had been taken up as adjuncts to the 1971 Census were continued al mtClt-censal studies in conneCtion with the 1981 Census as well. Besides', a study of ~ra4itioli4&l rural.. basod handicrafts was taken up as part of the social study programme connected with the 1981 Census. 84 In fact, the Sixth Plan had laid more empbasis on the developm.eat of ,uzal~ed CtIIfu.. Far ~ the purposes of the Economic Census, the enterprise list had sought information on small scale and village industries. The 1961 Census series on handicraft studies had covc~.red rWlll as well as urban crafts. 'But the focus of the craft studies taken up as a.nciJlary to the 1981 CenW8 i$ on the traditional rural-based crafts. . These studies focus their attention on those aspects which 'Would help to promote the growth of the crafts for the larger benefit of the CCOJlOmy of the regioo. particularly oithe viHages. This is in conson~nce with the policy of tbe Governm~nt to give due importanee to the rural sector with focus on employmeat-intensive strategy of development in which next to agricu lture the small scale industries and handicrafts playa significant role. Preparation of ethnographic notes on scheduled castes and scheduled tribes which was taken up at the time of the 1961 Census continued to be a major assignment under social studies. But it has beeR found that considerable time will be required to publish ethnographic notes on each and every notified community based on actual fiield study. Therefore, in view of the urgent need to have mi1llimum first band informatio-n on all notified communities to assist the government in taking different policy decisiGfts relating to these notified communities, it has been decided to prepare glossary notes. on scheduled castes and compendium notes on scheduled tribes under special study series to be brought out in connection with the 1981 Censu's. Apart from the ethnograpbic notes brought out by this Organisaton a great deal of other literature is also published every year Oon these notified communities by different agencies. We have already enough brought out bibliography .in connection with the 1%1 Census indicating all available published material on these communities including census publicatiMls, till then. Thereafter many more publications have come out and a suppLementary bibliography incorporating references to these publications was brought ou.t in 1986. Another supplementary bibliography with reference to publications which have been brought out till recently has also been planned to be brought out shortly. The work relating to the secondary analysis of census data to write a report on the demogra phic trends among the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes with reference to literacy is another exercise which has been taken up in connection with the 1981 Census. The report of this study would provide a comparative picture orthe literacy rates among the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes between 1961, 1971 and 1981 Censuses. Diltriet Census H.. cUaQoks The District Census Handbooks are by far one of the most valuable p.roducts of Census; Operatisons With their micro-level data down to the lowest administrative unit i.e. viliage and ward these publications are constantly referred to by planners and administrators for several purposes like delineation of eteetorlil constituencies, adjustment of administrative boundaries, formulation of local and regional plans, etc. The utility of these volumes to researchers and academicians needs hardly any emphasis. Besides, the village and town level data published in these H!lndbooks serve as the essential base for vari()us types of surYe'Y.~ The publication of District Cens.... s Handbooks ,beaan from the t9S·1 Cmsus. 'Till then village level data. uae4 to QC publised .in village Statements aDd also iD; nittrict Mannls aDd· District G~eucers. These St.atemeD~. _reiy ~owed. tile nlo\~~t' of «cupiod :DoIlSH .1Id population by religion fQr each. vUlNe and town lUld ~y ,did not COaWR otbel: e.... ial d_ls: The District Cenau. Han.dbooks' were, therefore, ~taanoQ tp tCQlQIVCtlWlcloioiency. Thus.. t. '1"1 DiIllltriCt Ce9tis: ~bQOk.S. contaioed importJnt DistrictCen~ •.. T~C'.f4I. Gca.at Papua.. Tables, :&oRO. Tabtes as well a~'the Primary'Census Abstract for each village and town. At the 1961 Census the scope of the Distriot Census Handbook was fUftJ\er'enlarged to include the administration statistics of various departments. Besides the village and Town Directory the DCR of 1961 contained village-wise and town wise particulars relating to area, householdti, po.pu.l~ ation, scheduled oastes, scheduled tribes, literates, broad categorisation of working popula.tion. etc. Important amenities such as educational, medical, public health and communication ,faciHties available were also indicated against each village and town. A further modification in the presentation of data in the District Census Handbooki was introduced at the 1971 Censt,lB when the publication was brought out in three parts: Part A-Vill.a.ge and Town Directory, Pari a-:-Village and Town Primary Census Abstract and Part C-Analytica.l Report, Computerised Tables based on amenities available in villages, Administrative Statistics:and District Census Tables. In part A. the Village Directory was given first and then the Town Directory. The Village QireQ.;. tory was arranged taluk-wise and contained particulars relating to amenities available in each village such as educational, medical, power, drinking water, post and telegraphs, communications (roads), etc.. Besides information on market days, staple food, land-use statistics, places or religious, historical or archaeological interest in the village, etc., were included. The Town Directory portion was presented in seven statements. Particulars like CIVIC administrative status, origin and growth of population, functional category, physical aspects and location, municipal finance, civic and other amenities, educational, medical, recreational and cultural facilities, trade, commerce and banking facilities and, lastly, composition of the population by religion and scheduled castes and scheduled tribes were presented in these statements. While information for Part A was collected from the respective administrative dcpartmellts, Part B was based on the data collected during actual census operations. It provides the Primary Census Abstract for each revenue village and also for each enumeration block and ward of a town containing information on area, occupied residential houses, number of households, total populatioft and its break-up by sex, SC and ST population, literates, workers by industrial categories and non workers as per the 1971 Census. Some states, however, brought out these two parts in one volume while the others in two separate volumes. Part C contained administrartive statistics pertaining to the district in regard, to' eVery field of development. besides the 1971 Census tables relating to general population, economic characteri stics, cultural and migration aspects, housing and establishment, religion and language. A write-up indicating changes in soCio-economic and demographic characteristics of the district during the decade (1961-71) and computerised tables based on Village Directory and Primary Census Abstract data we're also included, in this. part. For tbe 19S1 Census, it was decided to bring out the District Census Handbook in two parts. Part A comprises the Vi1l~ge and Town Directory. while Part B contains the Village and Town Directory Census Abstract. It also contains the Primary Census Abstract for scheduled caste~ and scheduled tribes at tehsil/town levels .. The experience of the 1971 Census had shown that it will be "xt.t,me~y diflcult .to ~llect the non·ceasus stati'stics from various departments in time and this had been the main reason which had caused delays in the publication. of Part 'C' of the 1971 Handbooks. It was, therefore. decided not to go in for collection' of administrative statistics this time. In any ease the. 'w0uld be a.vailable {rom statistical burea!H4departments ,of the eDJlceraed State/Union Terrhlwy GoYel"lt1llCDt.,: 86 The Vi.l1asc Directory of the 1981 Census has been planned on the pattern of the 1971 Census. A column on "total population and number of households" is added to facilitate analysis of Villa,e Directory data. The column on "approach to village" is added to facilitate analysis of Village Directory data. The column on "approach to village" is added to know how many inaccessible villa,os are there in a district. The consideration of the Minimum Needs Programme of the Planning Commission necessitated the inclusion of "adult literacy centres" under educational amenity and "Primary health sub-centres" and "community health workers" under medical facility. All the amen ities except power supply in the village have been brought together with the instruction that in case an amenity is not available in the referrent village, its distance in broad range from the nearest place where the amenity is available should be ascertained and published. This will facilitate analysis of data on amenities in relation to the nearest places in case these are not available in certain villages. Another additional item in the Village Directory of the 1981 Series is the presentation of information on such aspects as the number of copies of newspapers coming to the village and motor cycles/scooters, cars/jeeps and tractors available in the village. There are four appendices to the Village Directory of the 1981 Series. These are :- (i) Tehsil/BlockjThana-wise totals of the amenities of the district as a whole, (ii) Land utilisation data in respect of non-municipal towns, (iii) Taluk/Block/Thana-wise Jist of villages where no amenities are available and (iv) Taluk/Block/Thana-wise list of villages according to the population of SCjST population by range. The appendix (iii) will be hel..,fuJ for planning in-puts in areas/villages where basic infras tructure is lacking. The appendix (iv) will be helpful for planning welfare programmes for SC/ST at micro-level, particularly in relation to area development oriented programmes. The format of the Primary Census Abstract has also been modified in view of certain changes in economic and other questions canvassed through the individual slip of the 1981 Census. The Town Directory-=Part 'A' consists of seven statements (I to VI and IVA). All these are almost similar to those adopted for the 1971 Census. The Statement VII of the 1971 series on "Population by religion of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes" has not been compiled for the Town Directory of the 1981 Census. But a few new columns in different statements have been added to facilitate proper analysis of the data. While preparing formats of the Town Directory, the Minimum Needs Programme of the Planning Commission has been kept in view. The column on scbeduled castes and scheduled tribes population in Statement IV and adult literacy classes/centres in Statement V are a sequel to this perspective. Again, if the fire-fighting service as in statement IV and medical or educational facilities as in statement V are not available in the town, the name of the nearest place where tbe same are available alongwith its distance from the referrent town is being given this time. This is a !lew feature and it will facilitate to identify the areas where such facilities are not available. A new statement on civic ,and other amenities in notified or recognised slums of Class I and II towns (statement IV A) has also been included. This information will be extremely useful to town planners to check out programmes for providing civic amenities in slum areas. The collection of data on slums hal been ratricted to Class 1 and Class II towns 'only as it is felt that it will be cUfficwt and tjm.e-COldumins to collect this information for all other towns including the CCIlJUS towns most of which do not have such load authorities as muniCipalities. . ' , As usual the District CeDIUS Handbooks are compiled by the Directorates of Census Opota tions of each State/Union Territory on behalf of the respective State/Union Territory Oovemmeet~ 87 In the 1971 series, apart from the Town Directory included in the District Census Handbook. a state level Town Directory volume covering all the towns in the state was brought out for each of the 17 major states in the country. These States are Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar. Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka. Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu. Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. A separate state level Town Directory for the remaining States and Union Territories was not recommended because of the smaller number of towns in them. Tpe state level Town Directory includes all the seven statements pertain ing to all the towns, arranged in alphabetical order of the state as was furnished for each district in the District Census Handbook Part A of the 1971 Census. The Primary Census Abstract of each town has also been presented in this Directory. The State volume of the Town Directory has proved to be useful to administrators, planners, research workers, etc. It was, therefore, decided to continue the compilation and printing of this volume for the 1981 Census as well. This time a state level Town Directory has been planned for the state of Manipur as wen where the number of towns has gone up from 8 to 32. For other smaller States and Union Territories no state level Town Directory will be brought out for the 1981 Census since the number of towns in these States and Union Territories was small. The frame of the state Town Directory for the 1981 Census remains more or less the same as that of the 1971 series. Besides the seven statements included in regard to each town in the District Census Handbook, the state level Town Directory has the: following 5 appendices. (i) The location of the towns in the state, district and tehsil, (jj) Towns arranged in the order of population size with serial number of their alphabetical order shown against each, (iii) Towns arranged district-wise and within each district in order of population size, (iY) List of towns having outgrowths with their population figures, and (v) Names of places of tourist interest in different towns of the state. The volume contains the Primary Census Abstract for each town as was done in 1971. In brief, the contents of this volume are as follows: (i) Analytical note based on a set of prescribed inset-tables (ii) Statements I to VI & IV A (iii) Primary Census Abstract (town-wise) (iv) Appendices and Maps All·I.ell. Town Directery An all-India Town Directory for all the towns of the country had been compiled as part of the 1971· Census publication programme. In this aU-India volume, the towns of the country are arranged in alphabetical order aRd the main information of all the seven statements and the Primary Census Abstract are compiled in two statements. A similar Town Directory at the aU-India level is being brought out on the basis of the 1981 Census data. Stu)' OD dl.rt...... of lIIfrattructara. facilities fa dlft'erent reg'..... Ie"," ... tr .... :of .....1sat10D The Census Organisation is a major producer of a variety of demographic and SOGio-economic data. The District Census Handbooks, Town Directories, Standard Urban Area Statistics, etc., are being brought out as a part of a comprehensive census tabulation plan to meet the t&!!CIuirem,entfIJ;~f various Government departments and other data users. Attempts were made after the 1971 Census Operations to analyse this massive published data. An exploratory study of the 1961 Census Village Directory data as well as the 1971 data on "Standard Urban Areas" was imdertaken which revealed that'such systematic studies will be extremely useful for meeting the needs of planning in the Hght of dIe latest strategy of development: Accordingly, a plan scheme to Hudy the distribution of infrastructural facilities in different regions and levels and trends of urbanisation was drafted which was'later on approved by the Planning Commission for implementation from the 'financial year 1978-79: Thfs scheme was included under the then Sixth Piv'e Year Plan (1978-83) and subsequently under the revised Sixth Five Year Plan (1980~85). It is now an ongoing project under the 7th Plan (198'5-90). Time series data are being generated and analysed under this study. The study based on the 1971 Census data on infrastructure in rural areas and on levels and trends of urbanisation based on 1971-81 data was mainly conducted as a benchmark for studie~ to be undertaken on the basis of the 1981 Census and onwards. A report covering these aspects has already been brought out as Occasional Paper-I of 1986. From the data on rural infra,structure collected at:the 1981 Census, 30 main tables ha~e been generated at the State and District levels in respect of all the States and Union Territories. A.set of aJlalytical tables are being generated state-wise for analysis.and report writing. These data will be analysed to gauge the magnitude of in-puts in the devel4Jpment of infrastructure. The study will be further supplemented by analysing additional data being provided for the first time in the village directory of 1981 series. Already a number of tables on additional amenities, like availability of oom.tIRlrlity health workers, types of UIiC of electricity in villages, communication facilities like bus stop. railway station, welter-ways, etc, have been compiled. It is also proposed to analyse the infrastructural facilities in terms of distance at which an amenity is available in case it is not locally provided. This complcmentar)' analysis will go a loog way in projecting the degree of backwardness br- btherwise in terms of infra'structure in different areas. It is proposed to bring out a report on these aspects for the States and Union Territories falling in North. Central and Eastern zones by March, 1989 and for the States and Union Territories falling in Western and Southern zones in the last year of the Seventh Plan i.e. 1990. The study on various aspects of urbanisation would take into consideration certain crucial c:\imentions of urbanisation, namcl~jmpact of growing congestion in the larger cities, particularly on people living in slums. In this connection, the data on living conditions in slums has already been analysed and a report thereon has been sent to the press as Occasional Paper~3 of 1988. In order to highlight the role of small towns in the regional development a. study on dispersal of infrastructural facilities in small towns has been taken up. This will help to understand the role the small towns can play in reducing congestion in large cities and towns. This will also help in unders tanding whether infrastructural growth has kept pace with temporal and' spatial growth particularly in small towns. A report for all-India with state-wise analysis on infrastructural facilities in small towns is being drafted and will be ready by March, 1989. The emerging trends of sub-urbaoi~t~on or urban sprawl will also be examined in the light of the 1981 Census data o~ Standard U~ban Areas 'and a report on the same will be brought out in, 1989-90. For di$lX:rning the. patterns ·of growing :imbalanee in urban growth in different relions, necessary IQD8it'\lOi~al PORuiation., data for stlec~ lHbtln':ce:n.tres is beins,compi\ed and analysed.. The report for States anddJnioo!TerritQri.es in. l'l~gud to Southern and Western :zenes has been drafted and. for States and UAioll Territories falling ill, .the remaining three zones, the report will be madc·rtadyby'Maroh. 1989 •• The Social Studies Division of the Office of the Registrar General, India has two roles-one, to jO.in in the proceStiftJ and prvSWtatiod' of census data 'Whicb fillts wlttUil·its'l'urvicw and two, to " ';'" ' ~ " ') I 89 act as a specialized research wing for undertaking social studies, Plan schemes, providing such advice as it can provide to other Government agencies and to undertake such occasional jobs as may be assigned to it from time to time. Naturally, the research and study aspect comes into prominance after the load of processing and presenting the census data begins to ease during what is at times called the inter-censal period. The inter-censal period following the 1981 Census has been mostly taken up with: (i) pursuing the new and left. over village, town and craft studies of which more than 150 are at various stages of completion. (ii) completing the balance work under the Plan Scheme relating to the Distribution of Infrastructural facilities, and (iii) pushing through the onerous and timebound programme of a Census and ethnographic survey in the State of Jammu and Kashmir for identifying groups eligible for ST status. For the post 1991 Census period, therefore, it is tentatively proposed to concentrate more on Ethnographic Notes on lesser-known Tribes, Compendium on Scheduled Tribes and Glossary Notes on Scheduled Castes. We will be grateful for views and suggestions of/from data users regarding both the normal social studies programme as also special projects if any, to be proposed for being taken up as a Plan Scheme. ANNEXE.G Lilt of T.buJatioD Propoied for 1991 CeDIUI Lowest level of presentation Table No. Title All·India State volume volume 1 2 3 4 A~Seriel GeDera) Popu)atJoD Tablel A-I Area, Houses and Population District Tehsil & town Appendix-! Statement showing 1991 territorial District Tehsil units and changes during 1981-91 Appendix-2 Number and population of villages District Tehsil with population of 5,000 and over and of towns with popUlation under 5,000 Appendix-3 Houseless and institutional popUlation District Tehsil & VA with I & town million and above population A-2 Decadal variation in population State District since 1901 Appendix State and districts at the 1991 Census District District showing 1981 area and population according to territorial jurisdiction in 1981. change in population of 1981 adjusted to jurisdiction of 1991 A-3 Villages classified by population size District Tehsil A-4 Towns and urban agglomerations classi- Town Town fled by population in 1991 with varia- tion since 1901 Appendix-! New towns added in 1991 and towns Town Town in 1981 declassified in 1991 Appendix-2 Places with a population under 5,000 Town Town classified as towns for the first time in 1991 90 91 1 2 3 4 Appendix-3 Places with a population of under Town Town 5,000 in 1981 which were towns in 198 J but have been declassified in 1991 Appendix~4 Changes between 1981 and 1991 in Town Town area and population of towns and reasons for change in area A-5 Standard urban areas Town & out Town and out growth of town growth of town P.C.A. Union/State Primary Census Abstract District & VAl Tehsil & town town with 100,000 population and over Primary Census Abstract-SC ·-do -do- Primary Census Abstract-ST -do- -do- Urban/village Primary Census Ward and village Abstract Appendix Total Scheduled castes and Urban block Scheduled tribes population B-Series: Genera' Economic Tablet 8-1 Main workers, marginal workers and State District non-workers classified by age and sex 8-1 Part A Main workers, marginal workers and State, UA/city. District, UA/city and non-workers in cities and non-city with 1 million or non~city urban urban areas classified by age and sex more population 8-2 Main workers, marginal workers and State District non-wofkers by age, sex and litcracy urban 8-3 Main workers classified by industrial State, UA/city District. VA/city and . qategory, age and sex with I' million or non~city urban more popwlation 8-4 Part A Main workers classified by industrial State District category, educational level and sex aban 8-4 Part B Main workers classified by industrial State· District category. educational level and $eX rural 92 1 2 3 4 B-S Part A Main workers by age, sex and educt State Distriot tionallevel-urban B-S Part B Main workers by age, sex and educa State District tionallevel-rural B-6 Other work of main workers and State District work of marginal workers by broad category cross-classified by main activity B-7 Marginal workers by J ndustrial cate State District gory, age and sex B-8 Part A Marginal workers by industrial cate State District gory and non-workers by educational level and sex-urban B-S Part B Marginal workers by industrial cate State District lory and non-workers by educational level and sex-rural B-9 Female main workers classified by State State industrial category, age and marital status B·I0 Industrial classification of main State District workers other than cultivators and agricultural labourers by sex and divisions, major groups and minor groups B.ll Main workers in manufacturing, proc State State essing, servicing and repairs by house hold industry and non-household industry B·12 Industrial classification of main State District workers in manufac:turing, processing servicing and repairs on household industry basis by sex and class of workers :8-13 Classification of main workers in non State District houSlbold industry. trade. busiaell. profession or service by class of workers. age and sex 93 ------'------,..,_ ------,--- 1 2 3 4 B-14 Industrial classification of main State District workers in non-household industry, trade, business, profession or service by class of worker and sex B-15 Industrial classification of marginal State District workers engaged in work other than cultivation and agricultural labour by sex B-16 Occupational classification of main State State workers other than cultivators and agricultural labourers by sex B-17 Occupational classification of main State State workers in non-household industry, trade, business, profession or service by class of worker and SI;;X B-18 Part A Occupational classification of main State District workers other than cultivators and agricultural labourers by sex and age-urban B-IS Part B Occupational classification of main State District workers other than cultivators and agricultural labol! rers by sex and age-rural B-19 Part A Occupational classification of main State District workers other than cult'ivators and agricultural labourers by sex and educational level--urban B-19 Part B Ocupational classification of main State District workers other than cultivators and agricultural labourers by sex and educational level-rural B.20 Marginal workers and non-workers State State by main activity, age and sex B.21 HQu$eholds by size and number of State District main workers Distrid B·21 SC Scheduled caste bouseholds by size State and number of main workers 94 1 2 3 4 B-21 ST Scheduled tribe households by size State District and number of main workers c-SerJeI : Social ••d Caltar•• Tables C-l Age, sex and marital status State District C-2 Age, sex and level of education-all State District areas C-2 SC Age, sex and level of education for State District scheduled castes-all areas C-2 ST Age, sex and level of education for State District scheduled tribes-all areas C-2 Part A Age, sex and level of education State District urban C-2 SC Part A Age, sex and level of education for State District scheduled castes-urban C-2 ST Part A Age, sex and level of education for State District scheduled tribes-urban C-3 Single year age returns State State C-4 Population of five year age groups and State District sex C-s Mother tongue (Alphabetical order) District and city Tehsil & town with population 1 million and above C·6 Bilingualism State State C-7 Religion District and city Tehsil & town with population 1 lakh & above C-8 Households by composition and size State and city District and city with with population population of 1 1akh of 1 lakh and and above above C·9 Households by size and number of State District literate members C-9 SC Scheduled caste household by size State District and number of literate members 95 1 2 3 4 C-9 ST Scheduled tribe household by size State District .and number of literate members D-Serl•• : Milration Tables D-l Population classified by birth place State District D-2 Migrants classified by place of last State State· residence and duration of residence in place of enumeration 0-3 Migrants by sex, place of last resi State and VAs! State and UAs/cities dence, duration of residence and cities having having popUlation of reason for migration population of 1 1 million aud above million and above D-4 Migrants from rural areas within the -do- -do- state of enumeration reporting 'employment' as reason for migration by age, sex, educational level and duration of residence-' urban D-S Migrants from urban areas within the -do- -do- state of enumeration reporting 'employment' as the reason for migra tion by age, sex. educational level and duration of residence-urban D-6 Migrants from rural areas outside the -do- -do- state of enumeration reporting 'employment' as reason for migration by age, sex, educational level and duration of residence - urban D-7 Migrants from urban arcas outside -do- -do- the state of enumeration reporting 'employment' as reason for migration hy age, sex. educational level and duration of residence-urban D-8 Migrants from place of last residence VAs/cities having VAs/cities having to cities by aae, sex, marital status population of 1 pgpulation of I lakh and educational level million and above and above • Por .maller Statu/UTa baviol populaUon lets thaD 10 million the lowest Jevel or ple~rntaalo1l or data In Stat.JUT volum!1 il 'district' and for remaioiol billet Sta •• it i. ". tate' • 96 1 2 3 4 ._------_._-_._------D·9 Migrant workers of cities reporting UAs/dties having UAs/cities having 'employment' as reason for migration popUlation of 1 population of 1 lakh by duration of residence, educational million and above and above level, occupational divisions and sex D·10 Persons born in other districts of the District state and enumerated in this district D·11 Migrants by place of birth classified State by place of last residence D.12 Part A Migrants by place of last residence State State and age for duration of residence of 0-9 years-males D·12 Part B Migrants by place of last residence State State and age for duration of residence of 0-9 years-females '-Series: Fertility Tables F·I Part A Ever married and currently married India State women by present age, age at marriage and religion, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes-urban F-I Part B Ever married and currently married India State women by present age, age at marriage and religion, schedtilcd castes and scheduled tribes-rural F-2 Part A Ever married and currently married India State women by present age, age at marriage and educational level-urban F.2 Part B Ever married and currently married India State women by present age, age at marriage and educational level-rural F·3 Part A Ever nlarried and currently married India State women by present age, age at marriage and occupation-urban F·3 Part B Ever married and currently married India State women by present age, age at marriage and occupation-rural F-4 Part A Ever married women by prc,sent ~se, Ind.ia State parity and religion and total children born to them by sex-urban 97 1 2 3 4 F-4 Part B Ever married women by pr~sent ate, Indla State parity and religion and total children ever born to them by sex-rural F -4 Part C Ever, married women by present age, India State number of surviving children and total surviving children born to them by sex-urban F-4 Part D Ever married women by present age, India State number of surviving children and total surviving children born to them by sex-rural F-5 Part A Ever married women by present age, India State parity and educational level and total children ever born to them by sex urban F-5 Part B Ever married women by present age, India :State parity and educational lev,el and total children ever born to them by sex rural Ever married women by present age, India State number of surviving children and educational level and total surviving children born to them by sex-urban F-5 Part D Ever married women by present age, India State number of surviving children and educational level and total surviving children born to them by sex-rural F-6 Part A Ever married women of scheduled India State castes and schedduled tribes by present age and parity and total chil- dren ever born to them by sex-urban F-6 Part B Ever married women of scheduled India State castes and scheduled tribes by pre- sent age and parity and total children ever born to them by sex-rural F-7PartA Ever married women by present age, IRdia State parity and occupation and total chil- dren ever born to them by sex-urban 98 1 2 3 4 F·7 Part B Ever married women by present age, India State parity and occupation and total chil dren ever born to them by sex-rural F-8 Part A Currently married women by present India State age, duration of marriage, parity and religion and total children ever born to them by sex-urban F-8 Part B Currently married women by present India State age, duration of marriage, parity and religion and total children ever born to them by sex-rural F_9 Part A Currently married women by present India State age, duration of marriage, parity and educational level and total children ever born to them by sex-rural F·9 Part B Currently married women by present India State age, duration of marriage. parity and educational level and total children ever born to them by sex-urban F-IO Part A Currently married women of sched India State uled castes and sslteduled tribes by present age, duration of marriage and parity and total children ever born to them by sex-urban F-IO Part B Currently married women of sched India State uled castes and scheduled tribes by present age, duration of marriage and parity and total children ever born to them by sex-rural F-ll Part A Currently married women by present India State age, duration of marriage. parity and occupation and total children ever born to them by sex-urban F·ll Part B Currently married women by present India State age, duration of marriage, parity and occupation and total children ever born to them by sex-rural 99 1 2 3 4 ------.--- ._--_.__ ._-_.. _-_. "'_,----- .... _------F-12 Ever married and currently married India District women by present age and parity and total children ever born to them by sex F-13 Ever married and currently married India District women by present age and age at marriage F-14 Part A Currently married women by present India State age, duration of marriage, number of surviving children and religion and their total surviving children by sex urban P.14 Part B Currently married women by present India State age, duration of marriage, number of surviving children and religion and their total surviving children by sex-rural F-15 Part A Currently married women by present India State age, duration of marriage, number of surviving children and educational level and their total surviving children by sex-urban F-15 Part B Currently married women by present India State age, duration of marriage, number of surviving children and educational level and their total surviving children by sex-rural F-16 Part A Currently married women of schedu India State led castes and scheduled tribes by present age. duration of marriage and number of surviving children and their total surviving children by sex urban F·16 Part B Currently married women 'of schedu India State led castes and scheduled tribes by present age, duration of marriage and number of surviving children and their total surviving children by sex-rural 123 4 F-17 Part A Currently married women by present India State age, duration of marriage, number' of surviving children and occupation and their total surviving children by sex-urban F-17 Part B Currently married women by present India State. age, duration of marriage, number of surviving children and occupation and their total surviving children by sex- rural F-18 Currently married women by present India State age, and number of surviving children and their total surviving children by sex H-Series : Tables OD HousiDK H-I Census houses and uses to which State District and city with they are put population 1 lakh and abov.e H·2 Part A Distribution of census houses by State and city with District and city with predominant materials of roof, wall population of 5 population of 1 lakh and fioor-urban lakhs and above. and above Appendix Distribution of residential census ·dm· ·do· houses by predominant materials of roof, wall and floor-urban H·2 Part B Distribution of census houses by State District predominant materials of roof, wall and floor-rural Appendix Distribution of residential census -do- -do. bouses by predominant materials of roof, wall and floor-rural H·3 Households by size of household and State and city with District and city with number of rooms occupied poputation of l1a:kb population of 1 la.k'h and above and above Households by number of married -do- ·do~ couples usually living in households and number of rooms occupied 101 1 2 4 4 H-S Household, members of household State and city with Distrk1 and city with and married couples u!>ually living in population of 1 lakh population of 1 lakh households by number of rooms and above and above ()ccupied H-6 Households by household size and District TeAsil and town tenure status of house occupied H-6SC Scheduled caste households by District Tehsil and tOWR household size and tenure status of house occupied H-6 ST Scheduled trihe households by house District Tehsil and town hold size and tenure status of bouse occupied H·1 Households and population by avail State and city with District and town ability of electricity and toilet faci population of I lakh lities and tenure status of house and above occupied H-g Households by source of drinking District and city with Tehsil and town water popuiation of 1 lakh and above SC-Seriel : Special T~bles for Scheduled Castes SC-l Industrial category of main workers, State District marginal workers and non-workers by sex. for scheduled castes (for each caste separately) SC·2 Industrial category of work of margi State District nal workers of scheduled castes by sex (for each caste separately) SC·3 Marginal workers and non-workers by State District sex, type of activity and educational level for scheduled castes (all sehe Q-l.lled castes combined) SC-4 Marsinal workers of scheduled castes State District by main activity cross-classified by industrial category of marginal work and sex (all scheduled castes com bined) Sc-s Age and marital status for scheduled State District castes-All areas (for each state separately) 102 1 2 3 4 SC-6 Part A Education in urban areas only for State District scheduled castes (for each caste separately) SC-6 Part B Education in rural areas only for State District scheduled castes (for each caste separately) ST-Series: Special Tables for Scheduled Tribes ST-! Industrial category of main workers, State District marginal workers and non-workers by sex for scheduled tribes (for each tribe separately) ST-2 Industria! category of work of margi State District nal workers of scheduled tribes by sex (for each tribe separately) ST-3 Marginal workers and non-workers by State District sex, type of activity and educational level for scheduled tribes (all sche duled tribes combined) ST-4 Marginal workers of scheduled tribes State District by main activity cross-classified by industrial category of marginal work and sex (all scheduled tribes com bined) ST-S Age and marital status for scheduled State District tribes-All areas (for each tribe separately ST-6 Part A Education in urban areas only for State District scheduled tribes (for each tribe separately) ST-6 Part B Education in rural areas only for State District scheduled tribes (for each tribe separately) ST-7 Religion for scheduled tribes State District ST-8 Mother tongue for scheduled tribes State District ST-9 Bilingualism for scheduled tribes State District Special Table for Ex-Senicemen Distribution of Ex-Servicemen by District I•• pensioners and non-pensioners in two i.ii. 48995 broad age group (below and above 5S years).