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Exposé Écrit Du Royaume-Uni De Grande-Bretagne Et D'irlande Du Nord

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Exposé Écrit Du Royaume-Uni De Grande-Bretagne Et D'irlande Du Nord Note: Cette traduction a été établie par le Greffe à des fins internes et n’a aucun caractère officiel 15058 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE EFFETS JURIDIQUES DE LA SÉPARATION DE L’ARCHIPEL DES CHAGOS DE MAURICE EN 1965 REQUÊTE POUR AVIS CONSULTATIF EXPOSÉ ÉCRIT DU ROYAUME-UNI DE GRANDE-BRETAGNE ET D’IRLANDE DU NORD 15 février 2018 [Traduction du Greffe] TABLE DES MATIÈRES Page CHAPITRE I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 A. Le processus qui a abouti à la formulation de la demande d’avis consultatif ....................... 3 B. Les principales questions que soulève la demande d’avis consultatif ................................... 8 i) Question de savoir si la Cour, dans l’exercice de son pouvoir discrétionnaire, devrait refuser de répondre à la requête pour avis consultatif ....................................... 9 ii) Les points que soulèverait la teneur des deux questions si la Cour décidait malgré tout d’y répondre .............................................................................................. 10 C. Structure du présent exposé écrit ......................................................................................... 11 PREMIÈRE PARTIE. LES FAITS ....................................................................................................... 13 CHAPITRE II. GÉOGRAPHIE ET HISTOIRE CONSTITUTIONNELLE DE L’ARCHIPEL DES CHAGOS ......... 13 A. La géographie de l’archipel des Chagos et de Maurice ........................................................ 13 i) L’archipel des Chagos ................................................................................................. 13 ii) Maurice ........................................................................................................................ 16 B. La cession de l’archipel des Chagos au Royaume-Uni (1814)............................................. 17 C. L’administration de l’archipel des Chagos par le Royaume-Uni en tant que dépendance secondaire (1814-1965) .................................................................................... 17 D. Le Territoire britannique de l’océan Indien : création et évolution constitutionnelle ......... 21 E. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPITRE III. LE DÉTACHEMENT DE L’ARCHIPEL DES CHAGOS ET L’ACCESSION DE MAURICE À L’INDÉPENDANCE ................................................................................................. 23 A. L’évolution de Maurice vers l’indépendance ....................................................................... 23 B. L’accord donné en 1965 par le conseil des ministres mauricien au détachement de l’archipel des Chagos ........................................................................................................... 25 i) La question du détachement a été abordée avec les ministres mauriciens en juillet 1965 ................................................................................................................... 26 ii) Les réunions du 23 septembre 1965............................................................................. 28 iii) Les autres échanges qui ont eu lieu en octobre et l’accord du 5 novembre 1965 ....... 33 iv) Les élections législatives de 1967 et le vote pour l’indépendance de l’Assemblée législative ................................................................................................ 34 C. La réaffirmation par Maurice du détachement après son accession à l’indépendance ........ 35 D. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPITRE IV. LE DÉPLACEMENT DES CHAGOSSIENS, LES RECOURS EN JUSTICE ET LA QUESTION DE LA RÉINSTALLATION .......................................................................................... 41 A. Le déplacement des Chagossiens ......................................................................................... 41 - ii - B. Procédures engagées devant des tribunaux britanniques et la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme ................................................................................................................ 43 i) Les demandes d’indemnisation et de satisfactions déclaratoires ................................. 43 ii) Les recours en révision judiciaire ................................................................................ 47 C. Réexamen de la question de la réinstallation ....................................................................... 51 D. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPITRE V. LE DIFFÉREND BILATÉRAL RELATIF À L’ARCHIPEL DES CHAGOS ET LES TENTATIVES RÉPÉTÉES FAITES PAR MAURICE POUR EN OBTENIR LE RÈGLEMENT PAR UNE JURIDICTION INTERNATIONALE ........................................................................................ 56 A. Il existe de longue date un différend entre Maurice et le Royaume-Uni au sujet de l’archipel des Chagos ........................................................................................................... 56 B. Les tentatives répétées faites par Maurice depuis les années 1980 pour faire valoir sa revendication de souveraineté tant au niveau bilatéral que sur le plan international .......................................................................................................................... 57 C. Les tentatives répétées faites par Maurice pour obtenir que le différend de longue date soit tranché par une juridiction internationale .............................................................. 60 D. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPITRE VI. L’ARBITRAGE CONCERNANT L’AIRE MARINE PROTÉGÉE DES CHAGOS (MAURICE C. ROYAUME-UNI) ..................................................................................................................... 64 A. Introduction : l’importance de l’Arbitrage concernant les Chagos .................................... 64 B. Les demandes de Maurice dans l’Arbitrage concernant les Chagos ................................... 65 C. Les conclusions du Tribunal sur le fond des demandes de Maurice ................................... 66 D. Les négociations qui ont suivi le prononcé de la sentence ................................................... 71 E. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 71 DEUXIÈME PARTIE. LE POUVOIR DISCRÉTIONNAIRE DE LA COUR .................................... 73 CHAPITRE VII. POURQUOI LA COUR DEVRAIT EN L’ESPÈCE EXERCER SON POUVOIR DISCRÉTIONNAIRE DE REFUSER DE RÉPONDRE À LA DEMANDE D’AVIS CONSULTATIF ............ 73 A. Le pouvoir discrétionnaire conféré à la Cour par l’article 65, paragraphe 1, de son Statut .................................................................................................................................... 73 B. L’opportunité judiciaire en l’espèce ..................................................................................... 76 C. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 83 TROISIÈME PARTIE. LES POINTS DE DROIT SOULEVÉS PAR LES QUESTIONS POSÉES DANS LA REQUÊTE POUR AVIS CONSULTATIF ................................................................ 84 CHAPITRE VIII. LE PROCESSUS DE DÉCOLONISATION DE MAURICE A ÉTÉ VALIDEMENT MENÉ À BIEN EN 1958 ............................................................................................................... 84 A. L’interprétation de la question a) ......................................................................................... 84 B. Les représentants élus de Maurice ont validement consenti au détachement de l’archipel des Chagos ........................................................................................................... 86 - iii - C. Aucune règle de droit international n’interdisait le détachement de l’archipel des Chagos en 1965 .................................................................................................................... 90 i) La résolution 1514 (XV) de l’Assemblée générale ne procédait pas d’un droit à l’autodétermination juridiquement reconnu en 1965/1968 .......................................... 91 ii) Le paragraphe 6 de la résolution 1514 (XV) de l’Assemblée générale, datant de 1960, n’était pas l’expression d’une règle de droit international coutumier qui aurait eu en 1965/1968 un effet contraignant pour le Royaume-Uni .................... 92 iii) Le paragraphe 6 de la résolution 1514 (XV) de l’Assemblée générale ne pouvait pas être applicable au cas de Maurice et de l’archipel des Chagos ................ 99 D. Le droit à l’autodétermination n’était pas reconnu en droit international en 1968 ............. 99 E. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 102 CHAPITRE IX. LES CONSÉQUENCES EN DROIT INTERNATIONAL DU MAINTIEN DE L’ARCHIPEL DES CHAGOS SOUS L’ADMINISTRATION DU ROYAUME-UNI .................................................. 105 A. L’interprétation de la question b) ......................................................................................
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