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Divan Indien Ecole Doctorale 180 SHS : Cultures, individus, sociétés Laboratoire : Cermes 3 Divan indien Pratiques de la psychanalyse et modes d’individualisation dans l’Inde urbaine contemporaine Anne Gagnant de Weck Sous la direction d’Alain Ehrenberg et de Marie-Caroline Saglio-Yatzimirsky Soutenance prévue le 26 novembre 2018 Membres du jury : 1. Marine Carrin (rapporteuse) 2. Stéphanie Tawa Lama-Rewal (rapporteuse) 3. Pierre-Henri Castel 4. Richard Rechtman 5. Alain Ehrenberg 6. Marie-Caroline Saglio-Yatzimirsky 2 REMERCIEMENTS Je voudrais tout d’abord remercier mes directeurs, M. Alain Ehrenberg et Mme Marie- Caroline Saglio-Yatzimirsky, pour m’avoir soutenue dans ce projet depuis le début, avec générosité et exigence, alors que je venais d’une autre tradition disciplinaire (celle des lettres) et désirais me diriger vers les sciences sociales sans avoir encore les totems universitaires requis dans le domaine. Merci à eux pour leur disponibilité, leurs relectures critiques et leurs conseils toujours judicieux, sans lesquels ce travail ne serait pas ce qu’il est. Merci au département de sociologie de l’ENS de Lyon pour m’avoir fait confiance et m’avoir octroyé une bourse doctorale qui m’a permis d’entreprendre ce travail avec une réelle sécurité financière (ce qui n’est pas rien, dans le paysage universitaire actuel). Je remercie en particulier Marie Vogel, qui a patiemment relu mon projet de thèse. Merci au département de la recherche et de l’enseignement du musée du Quai Branly pour m’avoir fait bénéficier d’une bourse de quatrième année, grâce à laquelle j’ai pu terminer cette thèse dans les meilleures conditions qui soient. Merci à Frédéric Keck, à Julien Clément et à Vincent Guigueno pour leur accueil et leurs conseils. Merci aux doctorants et post-doctorants pour leur présence quotidienne et leurs soutien pendant les moments de découragement qui ne manquent pas de poindre au cours d’une rédaction de thèse. Mes remerciements vont aussi aux membres du Cermes3, pour leur encadrement et leurs conseils, en particulier Jean-Paul Gaudillière, Maurice Cassier, Fanny Chabrol, Anthony Stavrianakis, Claudia Lang et Andrew Mc Dowell. Le Cermes 3 m’a aussi permis, grâce aux aides financières fournies, de me rendre souvent en Inde et d’y mener de longues enquêtes de terrain. Merci au CSH de m’avoir accueillie comme doctorante invitée et de m’avoir donné l’occasion d’organiser une conférence dans leur institution. 3 Merci aux membres de l’association Indias, avec qui j’ai pris plaisir à organiser des événements pour faire découvrir l’Asie du Sud à un large public : Mariane Hillion, Marine Bellego, Sundar Ramanadane, Floriane Zaslavsky, Iva Čápová, Jean Arzoumanov et Antoine Naïk. Merci aux différentes personnes qui, à des degrés divers, m’ont aidé dans la réalisation de ce travail : Bertrand Pulman, pour son aide et son soutien institutionnel, Samuel Lézé, Caterina Guenzi et Benoit Fliche, pour leurs précieux conseils, Serena Bindi, pour une discussion qui m’a aidé à mettre certaines données de terrain en perspective, Pierre-Henri Castel, pour m’avoir encouragée à assumer une dimension quelque peu littéraire dans ce travail et à faire des portraits approfondis de thérapeutes et de patients, Jean Nimylowycz, pour avoir partagé avec moi son travail et les archives qu’il a recueillies à Calcutta. Merci aux institutions qui m’ont ouvert leurs portes et une partie de leurs informations pendant l’enquête de terrain : l’hôpital psychiatrique Vimhans, les hôpitaux Fortis (merci en particulier à Anurag Mishra), et surtout l’université Ambedkar. Que soient vivement remerciés les membres du département de psychologie, en particulier Ashok Nagpal et Amit Basu, pour m’avoir accueillie dans leurs séminaires, lieux de discussions et de débats qui ont nourri cette thèse, ainsi qu’Anup Dhar, pour ses cours passionnants et les articles qu’il m’a envoyés. Merci aussi aux jeunes professeurs et aux étudiants du département, qui font du campus universitaire un endroit plaisant, riche de rencontres et de découvertes. Je remercie bien sûr, au-delà de ce que je peux dire, les psychanalystes, les psychologues, les psychiatres et les patients qui ont accepté de me parler de leur vie professionnelle et de leur vie tout court. Je ne peux tous les citer nommément, en raison de leur nombre et de l’impératif de confidentialité, mais qu’ils sachent que cette thèse doit tout à leur accueil, à leur disponibilité, à l’intérêt qu’ils ont accordé à mon travail et à la confiance qu’il ont accepté de me faire. En particulier, ma gratitude est immense envers celles que j’ai nommées Madhvi, Monika et Bhanu, les trois jeunes femmes qui ont accepté de me parler de leur vie pendant des heures, dans ce qu’elle a de plus beau et de plus douloureux. Leur confiance me touche et m’honore. Merci à celles et ceux qui ont rendu ma vie à Delhi si riche de belles rencontres, de longues discussions et de plaisirs partagés, en particulier Varun Sharma, Dinesh Jamwal, Panu Sharma, Jaimini Mahajan, Ramesh Chander, Sudarshan Singh Shekhawat, Sushil Yadav, Marine Brasquies, 4 Elise Coquereau. J’exprime ici ma profonde gratitude à Pugazh Kumarasamy et à sa famille (bonjour au petit Lénine), qui m’ont accueillie chez eux plusieurs mois durant. Mes remerciements vont aussi, bien sûr, à mes amis de France et d’ailleurs, qui m’ont permis de ne pas oublier qu’il y a une vie en dehors de la thèse. Merci à la troupe Magna Bestia, avec qui il est si jouissif de jouer. Merci à Julie Chevaux, à Clémence Fourton et à Varun Sharma pour leurs conseils de traduction. Merci à Charlotte Wagenaar pour ses relectures et à Alexandra Puillet pour son aide, sa disponibilité et sa présence quotidienne (bien que téléphonique) dans ma vie. Merci à ma famille. A Caroll, ma mère, à Philippe, mon père, et à Pierre-Arnaud, mon frère, pour leur savant dosage d’amour, de fantaisie et de névrose qui fait la beauté de notre famille. Merci à Benjamin, pour sa tendresse et sa patience (les enquêtes de terrain ont été longues…). Merci d’être mon premier lecteur et de m’apporter un soutien exigeant. Merci, tout simplement, d’être dans ma vie. 5 6 RESUME / ABSTRACT Cette thèse est consacrée à la pratique contemporaine de la psychanalyse à Delhi. Après avoir resitué les pratiques contemporaines dans la longue histoire de la psychanalyse indienne, ce travail cherche à décrire les formes que prend la pratique psychanalytique en contexte indien et à comprendre ce que ces formes révèlent d’un certain nombre de tensions autour de la montée en puissance de valeurs individualistes dans la classe moyenne de Delhi. A partir d’entretiens menés avec une quarantaine de thérapeutes et de patients et de la fréquentation assidue du milieu psychanalytique de Delhi, on montre comment le récent dynamisme de la psychanalyse dans la capitale et des psychothérapies dans les villes indiennes est soutenu par les changements profonds qui traversent la société indienne depuis la libéralisation des années 1990. Les portraits détaillés de trois jeunes femmes – une psychanalyste et deux patientes – doivent nous permettre de mieux comprendre comment les changements qui affectent cette classe moyenne ont des répercussions dans les mutations subjectives d’individus particuliers. Ce travail a ainsi deux versants principaux, eux-mêmes étroitement intriqués : d’une part, prendre le cabinet du thérapeute, lieu d’élaboration subjective, comme un laboratoire des renégociations à l’œuvre dans une Inde urbaine en plein essor ; d’autre part, décrire la façon dont les structures sociales et les représentations collectives propres au sous-continent façonnent la coloration spécifique que prend, en contexte indien, cette transaction intime qu’est la cure analytique et plus globalement la psychothérapie. This research focuses on the psychoanalytic practice today in Delhi. We outline the long history of Indian psychoanalysis and then we try to describe the various forms taken by the psychoanalytic practice in the Indian context in order to understand how these forms relate to the social tensions that surround the increasing appeal of individualistic values in the Middle Class of Delhi. Basing ourselves on interviews with about fourty therapists and patients and on participant observation in the psychoanalytic circles of Delhi, we show that the growing number of psychoanalysts and psychotherapists in Indian big cities is due to the far-reaching changes that have occurred in the Indian society since economic and social liberalization in the 1990s. The rich and detailed description of three women’s life stories – one psychoanalyst and two patients – enables us to understand better how these changes have an impact on the subjective transformations of specific individuals. This work has two sides, intricately linked between themselves : on the one hand, I take the therapist’s private practice as a place where people negotiate, give form and meaning to the social changes that are happening ; on the other hand, I describe the way the social structures and collective perceptions of the Indian society shape the specificities of Indian therapy. 7 8 TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 13 1) Problématique ............................................................................................................................ 17 2) La classe moyenne ..................................................................................................................... 19 3) Enquête de terrain
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