The European External Action Service and National Diplomacies
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The European External Action Service and National Diplomacies EPC ISSUE PAPER NO. 7 3 MARCH 2 0 1 3 By Rosa Balfour and Kristi Raik (eds.) EUROPE IN THE WORLD ISSN 1782-494X PROGRAMME The EPC’s Programme on Europe in the World Building EU foreign policy over the past twenty years has been one of the most challenging and difficult aspects of the process of integration and, despite the innovations introduced by the Lisbon Treaty, the policy is still far from meeting the expectations of European citizens and the rest of the world. At the same time, the EU’s role in international politics is being challenged both politically and economically. The rise of new powers, an increasingly fluid system of global governance, and the growing internationalisation of domestic politics and policies are all putting the EU under the spotlight to deliver. The EPC’s Europe in the World Programme takes a dual approach. EU capabilities in foreign policy and its political will to play a role as a global actor are essential to understand the ways in which the Union engages with the world, by analysing the External Action Service, the use of the EU’s foreign policy tool box, and political dynamics in Europe. Through seminars, public events and special projects, the Programme also examines the EU’s ‘performance’ in certain parts of the world (especially in the Balkans and in the EU’s neighbourhood, but also in Asia) while addressing thematic and cross-cutting issues, such as foreign policy and international migration, international justice and human rights, crisis management and peacebuilding. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements iv The Research Team v The Senior Steering Committee viii Abbreviations ix Chapter I: Introduction by Rosa Balfour and Kristi Raik 1 Chapter 2: The ‘Good Europeans’: Germany and the European External Action Service by Cornelius Adebahr 13 Chapter 3: Allegro Ma Non Troppo: The European External Action Service and Italian Diplomacy by Andrea Frontini 23 Chapter 4: Sweden and the European External Action Service by Mark Rhinard, Jakob Lewander and Sara Norrevik 35 Chapter 5: Spain and the European External Action Service by Ignacio Molina and Alicia Sorroza 45 Chapter 6: Finland and the European External Action Service by Kristi Raik 53 Chapter 7: Poland and the European External Action Service by Grzegorz Gromadzki 63 Chapter 8: Estonia and the European External Action Service by Kristi Raik 75 Chapter 9: Portugal and the European External Action Service by Laura C. Ferreira-Pereira and Alena Vysotskaya G. Vieira 85 Chapter 10: The Glass is half full: The European External Action Service through Dutch Eyes by Louise van Schaik 97 Chapter 11: Slovenia and the European External Action Service by Sabina Kajnč Lange 107 Chapter 12: Greece and the European External Action Service by Ruby Gropas and George Tzogopoulos 117 Chapter 13: In search of leadership: French expectations of the European External Action Service by Fabien Terpan 129 Chapter 14: The United Kingdom and the European External Action Service by Caterina Carta and Richard Whitman 137 Chapter 15: The Czech Republic and the European External Action Service by Vít Beneš 149 Chapter 16: Conclusions: EU foreign policy in 2020 by Rosa Balfour and Kristi Raik 163 Annexes 167 Bibliography 171 iii Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the many national and EU officials who kindly dedicated some of their time to discuss issues related to the creation of the EEAS with the researchers involved in this project. Naturally, responsibility for the content of this paper rests entirely with the authors. The Senior Steering Committee played an invaluable role in participating in the three workshops held for the project (one in Helsinki and two in Brussels) and in providing us with insightful feedback and comments in every stage of this process. Finally, we would like to thank the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, the Riksbankens Jubileumsfond and the Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung, Brussels Office, for the support they gave to this project. iv The Research Team Leaders of the Research Team Rosa Balfour is Head of the Europe in the World Programme at the European Policy Centre (EPC) in Brussels. Prior to joining the EPC in 2007, she was a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Studies in International Politics (CeSPI) in Rome. She holds an MA in History from Cambridge University, and an MSc in European Studies and a PhD in International Relations, both from the London School of Economics and Political Science. She is the author of Human Rights and Democracy in EU Foreign Policy, London: Routledge, 2012. Kristi Raik is Researcher at the Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA). Prior to joining FIIA in 2011, she served as an official at the Directorate-General for External and Politico-Military Affairs in the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union and as a Visiting Fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies. She holds both a Master’s and a PhD in Social Sciences from the University of Turku. Members of the Research Team Cornelius Adebahr is a political scientist and entrepreneur based in Tehran and Berlin, focusing on European foreign policy in its broadest sense. Since the end of 2000, he has been the owner of Wirtschaft am Wasserturm – Political Consultancy, Project Development, and Training. In addition, he is a fellow of the Research Institute of the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP), a lecturer at the Willy Brandt School of Public Policy at Erfurt University, and a member of the Team Europe of the European Commission. He studied at the University of Tübingen, Sciences-Po Paris and the Freie Universität Berlin, where he obtained a PhD in Political Science. Vít Beneš is a Researcher at the Institute of International Relations in Prague and an External Lecturer at the Metropolitan University in Prague. Prior to that, he was Assistant to the Editor-in-Chief of the ‘Mezinárodní Vztahy’ journal. He holds a Bachelor’s degree, a Master’s and a PhD in International Relations from the University of Economics in Prague. Caterina Carta is a Lecturer at Vesalius College at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). Prior to joining the VUB, she was Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at the Institut d'Etudes Européennes of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). She holds a Bachelor’s in Political Science from the University of Catania and both a Master’s and a PhD in Comparative and European Politics from the University of Siena. Laura Cristina Ferreira-Pereira is Associate Professor of Political Science and International Relations at the School of Social and Political Sciences of the Technical University of Lisbon. Before that, she was Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Relations at the University of Minho. She holds a Master’s of Arts in European Studies from the University of Minho and a PhD in International Relations from the University of Kent. Andrea Frontini is a Programme Assistant at the European Policy Centre (EPC). Prior to joining the EPC, he was Project Assistant at the Italian Atlantic Committee. He holds both a Bachelor’s and a Master’s in International Affairs and Diplomacy from the University of Trieste and a Postgraduate Degree in International Relations from the Italian Society for the International Organisation. Grzegorz Gromadzki is a Warsaw-based independent expert in International Relations. He was Director of the International Cooperation Programme at the Stefan Batory Foundation in Warsaw and worked as a journalist at the foreign desk of the Gazeta Wyborcza newspaper. He holds a Master’s in History from the Catholic University of Lublin. v Ruby Gropas is a Researcher at the European University Institute’s RSCAS, a Lecturer in international relations at the Law Faculty of the Democritus University of Thrace (Komotini) and a Visiting Professor at the College of Europe in Bruges. She has worked as a Research Fellow for the Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP) since 2002. She was Managing Editor of the Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies and Southeast Europe Policy Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC. Ruby received her doctorate degree from the University of Cambridge (2002) and has studied at the Université Libre de Bruxelles and at the University of Leuven. Sabina Lange (formerly Kajnč) is a Lecturer at the European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA) in Maastricht. Before joining the EIPA, she was a Lecturer at the Centre for International Relations at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Ljubljana. She holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Political Science from the University of Ljubljana, a Master’s in European Studies from the Freie Universität Berlin and a PhD in Social Sciences from the University of Ljubljana. Jakob Lewander was a Research Fellow at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs (UI). Prior to that, he worked as a project coordinator, political reporter and editor. He holds a BA in Political Science and Sociology and an MA in European Politics, both from Stockholm University. He also studied at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and at the Universidad de Belgrano in Buenos Aires. Ignacio Molina is Senior Analyst for Europe at the Elcano Royal Institute and a Professor at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. He holds a PhD in Political Science from the same university, and an MA in Social Sciences from the Juan March Institute (Madrid). His areas of interest and expertise include the process of European integration, the Europeanisation of Spain's politics and government, analysis of the State’s institutional capacity and the quality of governance in Spain.