ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT of EUROPEAN CULTURAL HERITAGE POTENTIAL ALBURY CULTURAL PRECINCT STAGE 1 Dirk HR Spennemann

The Johnstone Centre Report Nº 187

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF EUROPEAN CULTURAL HERITAGE POTENTIAL ALBURY CULTURAL PRECINCT STAGE 1

by Dirk HR Spennemann

Albury 2003 © Dirk H.R. Spennemann 2003 All rights reserved. The contents of this book are copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention. No parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the author, except where permitted by law.

Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (1958–) Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1 / by Dirk H.R. Spennemann Johnstone Centre Report nº 187 Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt University 1v.; LCC xxx DDC xxxx 1. Historic Preservation—Australia—New South Wales; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• an investigation of the historic and pic- 1.0 Introduction torial record accessible in Albury; and The brief called for “An assessment of the • a physical inspection of the proposed de- likelihood of archaeological relics being dis- velopment area (see section 5.1) focussing covered during excavation for the proposed on the historic, non-indigenous heritage only. works for the development of the museum- cum-library building.’ 3.0 Historic Back- ground 2.0 Project carried out 3.1. Historic Context The Johnstone Centre carried out the following activities. The property is located in section 12, which historically also contains the key administra- • Undertake and field inspection. tive buildings, such as the post office, the • Check accessible public records, docu- court house, the town hall, the Mechanics ments and studies regarding. Institute (now demolished), the police sta- • Check historic photographic evidence of tion, the telegraph office as well as several site. churches. The development area at the cor- • Predictive assessment of the presence of ner of Swift and Kiewa Street is located in subsurface archaeological material in the the northwestern part of the section 12. 2000mm zone of material the client pro- It is unlikely that the development area poses to remove. would have been used for habitation pur- • Recommendations in relation to study poses during pre-European settlement times. findings. It is likely to have been covered with open woodland and would have served as resource 2.2. The Study Area area for food as well as wood and bark resources. Closer to the Bungambrawatha The study area is comprises 526 to 540 Creek we can expect permanent or semi- Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. permanent habitation sites.

2.3. Methodology The 1839 town grid is set at an oblique angle to the old Sydney Road. After the creation The archaeological assessment comprises of of the grid and letting of town allotments, two parts: the Sydney Road was forced into a zigzag pattern. The old road alignment ran diago-

—1— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1 nally through the southern part of section 12 The area had been used as pastoral and agri- with the town grid, the intersection of Dean cultural land in the 1850s and 1860s. Vine- and Kiewa Streets became a turning point in yards are on record as late as the 1880s for a the zigzag, with the intersection of Kiewa property across Kiewa Street (corner Engel- and Swift or Kiewa And Wilson Streets be- hardt and Kiewa Streets) . ing another. Thus the development area was located at a significant section of Kiewa Substantial development occurred during the Street . late 1870s (presumed) and the 1880s (con- firmed), including cottages along the Swift Private subdivision of the formerly north- Street frontage of property 540 Kiewa south oriented allotments into east-west Street, the 1886 Crawford & Co stables aligned lots allowed for the commercial de- building, and the house and servants’ quar- velopment of the area. ters of 526 Kiewa Street. In the 1880s boarding houses as well as The remaining vacant land allotments were caching stables were erected in the develop- built on during the 1910s, with 532 and ment area. The advent of the motor car in 538-540 Kiewa Street being erected. The the first decade of the twentieth century saw last allotment to be built on was 534-536 the transition of the area in light industry Kiewa Street, where a motor garage was with a focus on servicing the motor car and built in 1926. transportation businesses. The realignment of the highway through Albury in the 1960s After the 1920s only limited subsurface drew away traffic from Dean and Kiewa changes occurred, with most of the open Streets. While this improved the local busi- spaces built over as the properties were ex- ness opportunities in Dean Street, it was det- tended from the Kiewa Street frontage to rimental to the garage and motor service Wood’s Lane. During that period most businesses in Kiewa Street. Over time they buildings were gradually converted in were relocated to the new highway In the 1970s the buildings were converted alignment and congregated at the outskirts of into offices and shopping arcades, with the town. corner property developed into a service station 3.2. History of the development area 4.0 Subsurface Remains Indigenous cultural material culture may well exist on the property. However, based on predictive modelling carried out for other 4.2.3. Survival chances projects in the Albury area as well as a survey The exact location of the 1860s and 1870s of Indigenous sites in areas of one hundred wells is unclear. The area is quite convo- percent site visibility, the likelihood of sites luted, with only few spaces free for the posi- not located on creek or river terraces, or at tion of the wells without running the risk of confluences of creeks is low. contaminating the water supply through the The land was first formally alienated in cesspits. Given that piped water was avail- 1851. During the late 1860s James T Fallon able from 1885 onwards, it is possible that acquired allotments 8, 9 and 10 of section 12 the 1860s and 1870s wells could have been and subdivided them privately with a focus filled in before the buildings were extended on Kiewa Street. and thus may be located under the extant buildings.

—ii— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

4.2.4. impact by buildings 5.1.1. Basis of Assessment While it is not possible to generalise about The assessment process follows that set out the impact caused by the buildings, most by the NSW Heritage Office in its various buildings seem to have been ‘improved’ over guidelines. time with a successive sequence of concrete While some of the subsurface elements that floors, which may well have obliterated any may be present, may posses moderate local subsurface features that had not been already significance, they do no warrant that no affected by the digging of foundations. earthworks be carried out. At least some of the area, now under the car The limited significance that me be present if park, is likely to have been substantially af- subsurface remains are preserved in situ can fected by the development of the Ampol fuel be recovered through archaeological moni- station. toring and archaeological recovery/salvage work if and when the need arises. 4.3. Results of archaeological survey 6.0 Recommendations The total area proposed to be modified for the museum and library buildings was surveyed systematically on foot. The surface Recommendation 1: visibility of the entire area was 0% as the Archaeological monitoring area was wholly built up or covered with While the likelihood of significant archaeo- bitumen and concrete pavements. As a result logical remains relating to the early uses of no evidence of subsurface sites was encount- the building is extremely low, the presence ered. of 1860s or 1870s wells as well as remnants No subsurface testing was undertaken as this of the foundations of the 1870s or 180s would constitute excavation. weatherboard cottages along the Swift Street frontage cannot be discounted. This can be assured by the presence of an ar- 5. Evaluation chaeologist monitoring the demolition and removal of the building as well as the con- 5.1. Cultural Significance of crete floors. Subsurface Remains It is recommended that any demolition of the exist- The assessment of the cultural significance of ing structure be accompanied by an archaeological any subsurface features explicitly excludes monitoring programme and that a monitoring strat- • a consideration of indigenous remains egy be developed. (see Recommendation 3 on that is- sue) Recommendation 2: Archaeological Recovery • a consideration of the heritage value of the extant structures (see individ- If substantial archaeological subsurface re- ual property reports on this matter) mains are encountered during the monitoring of the excavation work, they need to be documented by trained professional person- nel.

— iii — Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Albury City should develop a contingency plan that allows for this work to be carried out and that factors in any delays in construction that may entail. It is recommended that a Albury City develop a contingency plan to allow for the archaeological investigation of substantial archaeological subsurface remains should they be encountered during the archaeological monitoring work.

Recommendation 3: Sampling of the cesspits While we are informed about the general health status of the Albury population, detailed insights are lacking. Given the opportunity, it is advisable to collect samples from any cesspit decommissioned in 1919 or 1920 which may be encountered during the archaeological monitoring and to carry out an analysis of the parasite loading contained therein. It is recommended that any excavation on the properties be accompanied by a sampling strategy to collect excreta samples from the abandoned cesspit and that an analysis of the parasite loading be carried out.

—iv— CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 1 2.5. CONSULTATION CARRIED OUT...... 5 2.5.1. Property Owners...... 5 CONTENTS...... V 2.5.1. Community Stakeholders...... 5

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 3. HISTORIC BACKGROUND ...... 6

1.1. BRIEF...... 1 3.1. HISTORIC CONTEXT...... 6 3.1.1. Indigenous Landuse...... 6 1.2. LOCATION AND OWNERSHIP...... 1 3.1.2. Timeslice 1830s & 1840s...... 7 1.2.1 Location...... 1 3.1.3. Timeslice 1850s & 1860s...... 8 1.2.2. Curtilage...... 1 3.1.4. Timeslice 1870s...... 9 1.2.3.Ownership...... 1 3.1.5. Timeslice 1880s...... 10 3.1.6. Timeslice 1890s...... 11 1.3. PROTECTIVE LISTINGS...... 2 3.1.7. Timeslice 1900s &1910s...... 12 3.1.8. Timeslice 1920s & 1930s...... 12 1.4. RELEVANT SECTIONS OF THE 3.1.19. After the World War II...... 20 HERITAGE ACT (NSW) 1977...... 2

3.2. HISTORY OF THE 2. PROJECT CARRIED OUT ...... 3 DEVELOPMENT AREA...... 20 2.1. STUDY BRIEF...... 3 3.2.1. History of 526 Kiewa Street...... 20 2.1.1. Objectives...... 3 3.2.2. History of 528-530 Kiewa Street...... 20 2.1.2. Time Frame...... 3 3.2.3. History of 532 Kiewa Street...... 21 3.2.4. History of 534-536 Kiewa Street...... 21 2.2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION...... 3 3.2.5. History of 538-540 Kiewa Street...... 22

2.3. METHODOLOGY...... 3 4. SUBSURFACE REMAINS ...... 31

2.4. PRIOR RESEARCH...... 4 4.1. BASIS OF ASSESSMENT...... 31 4.1.1. Nature of the assessment...... 31 2.5. RESEARCH CARRIED OUT FOR 4.1.2. Sources of evidence...... 31 THIS STUDY...... 4 4.1.3. Potential of survival...... 31 2.5.1. Records Consulted...... 4 2.5.1. Pictorial Sources Consulted...... 4 4.2. PREDICTED PRESENCE OR 2.5.3. Field inspEction...... 4 ABSENCE OF SUBSURFACE 2.5.4. Reporting...... 5 CULTURAL RESOURCES...... 32 4.2.1. Indigenous Heritage resources...... 32

—v— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

4.2.2. European Heritage resources...... 32 4.2.3. Survival chances...... 33 4.2.4. impact by buildings...... 42 4.2.5. Research potential...... 44

4.3. RESULTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY...... 45

5. EVALUATION ...... 53

5.1. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SUBSURFACE REMAINS...... 53 5.1.1. Basis of Assessment...... 53 5.1.2 Evaluation of Property against the Criteria...... 54 5.1.3 Significance of the subsurface heritage...... 55

5.2. SUMMATION...... 57

6. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 58

RECOMMENDATION 1: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING...... 58

RECOMMENDATION 2: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECOVERY...... 58

RECOMMENDATION 3: SAMPLING OF THE CESSPITS...... 58

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 60

MAPS...... 60

PUBLICATIONS...... 60

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS...... 65

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS...... 66

8.ENDNOTES ...... 67

—vi— 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Brief 1.2.3.Ownership Albury City Council has invited the John- stone Centre, Charles Sturt University to un- The properties affected by the development dertake an archaeological assessment of a site are all currently owned by the Albury City proposed for a museum and library develop- Council. ment at the corner of Swift and Kiewa Streets. The Johnstone Centre has been asked to provide: 540 530 • An assessment of the likelihood of Swift Street archaeological relics being discovered during excavation for the proposed works. 538–538 1.2. Location and Owner- ship 534–536

1.2.1 Location 532 The properties are located at 526 to 540 Stanley Street Kiewa Street, Albury, County of Goulburn, 528-530 Wood's Lane New South Wales. KIEWA STREET

1.2.2. Curtilage 525 527 526 523

The combined properties face Kiewa Street 524 in the east with a small Swift Street front- 521 529 531 533 537 539 541 age. Access to the western property boun- 522 daries exists at Woods Lane. The curtilage of the properties are confined to the property Figure 1.1. Location of the affected properties in boundaries. the block

—1— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

§139 1.3. Protective Listings i. Excavation permit required in Some of the sub-properties currently carry certain cases buildings, none of which are listed on any of the applicable conservation instruments, 1. A person must not disturb or such as the Albury Local Environmental excavate any land knowing or hav- ing reasonable cause to suspect Plan 2000. that the disturbance or excavation will or is likely to result in a relic being discovered, exposed, 1.4. Relevant Sections moved, damaged or destroyed un- of the Heritage Act less the disturbance or excavation (NSW) 1977 is carried out in accordance with an excavation permit. The NSW Heritage Act 1977 (as amended 1998) protects the State's natural and cul- 2. A person must not disturb or tural heritage and contains measures to pro- excavate any land on which the person has discovered or exposed tect archaeological resources and relics. A a relic except in accordance with relic is defined as any item over 50 years old. an excavation permit. The following are the relevant provisions:

Figure 1.2. Location of the Study Area (Source: http://www.arta.com.au/nswmaps/albury3.html with amendments by the author)

—2— 2. PROJECT CARRIED OUT

2.1. Study Brief • Check historic photographic evidence of site. 2.1.1. Objectives • Compile a historic analysis for each of the The aim of this study is to provide an as- affected properties. sessment of archaeological potential of the • Predictive assessment of the presence of properties 526 to 540 Kiewa Street, Albury, subsurface archaeological material. and to assess the impact the proposed mu- • Predictive assessment of the presence of seum and library development may have on near-surface archaeological material in the these subsurface remains. 200-300mm zone of material the client proposes to remove. 2.1.2. Time Frame • Recommendations in relation to study The data gathering and physical assessment findings. for the study was carried out between 28 • Consultation with client. June and 30 July 2003. 2.3. Methodology 2.2. Project Description The archaeological assessment comprises of The assessment process used for the study two parts: followd the guidelines set out by the NSW 1 • an investigation of the historic and pic- Heritage Office. torial record accessible in Albury; and In completing the tasks outlined in the brief • a physical inspection of the proposed de- (section 1.1), the Johnstone Centre carried velopment area (see section 5.1) focusing out the following activities. on the historic, non-indigenous heritage only. • Undertake and field inspection. • Check accessible public records, docu- ments and studies regarding Albury Rail- way Station.

—3— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

• Valuer General of NSW, Valuation Dis- 2.4. Prior Research trict of Albury, Valuation Lists. • Municipality of Albury, Rate Books and The study area is included in the Urban Con- Sanitary Registers servation Area.2 However, none of the properties under discussion (526, 528-530, • Cadastral Maps 532, 534-536, 538-540 Kiewa Street) are • Maps and plans held by the Albury City listed by the National Trust List as part of Library the 1976 Urban Conservation Study as a 3 • Local history-related clippings files main- class 1 property. The 1990 Albury Central tained by the Albury City Library. Area Heritage Study also omits to mention 4 • Register of the National Estate (on-line) or list any of these properties. The 1993 Albury Main Street Study, focusing on the • NSW State Heritage Register (on-line) conservation area with the Central Heritage • NSW State Heritage Inventory (on-line) Area encompasses most properties of section 12, but specifically excludes the properties • Register of the National Trust (NSW) under discussion here.5 2.5.1. Pictorial Sources Con- In the study area, class 1 properties included sulted the Court House (nº 5), the Post Office (nº 3), St. Matthew's (nº 30), St. Matthew's The following pictorial databases and collec- Rectory (nº 31), the Salvation Army Hall at tions were consulted: 533 Kiewa Street (nº38) and The Observa- • National Library of Australia (on-line tory next door (at 531 Kiewa Street, nº database) 6 39). The latter two items were demolished • State Library of New South Wales (on- in November 1978 and August 1979 respec- line database) tively. One of the properties, 526 Kiewa • State Library of Victoria (on-line data- Street, was included as contributory struc- 7 base) tures class 2. • Australian War Memorial (on-line database) 2.5. Research carried • Albury Regional Museum (photographs) out for this study • Albury City Library (aerial photos and individual images) 2.5.1. Records Consulted • Albury and District Historical Society The individual historical records and sources drawn upon for this study have been set out In addition, pictorial resources held in pri- in the bibliography. vate hand were consulted where possible. In addition, consulted were 2.5.3. Field inspection • Property files maintained by Albury City Council The total area proposed to be modified for the Museum Buildings was to be surveyed • Sewage Connection Files held by Albury systematically on foot and all features noted. City Council No subsurface testing or cleaning of exposed • Sewage plans held by Albury City Council soil profiles was to be undertaken as this would constitute excavation.

—4— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

The survey was carried out by Associate Pro- Heritage Values. Johnstone Centre Report nº fessor Dirk H.R. Spennemann, MA Frankfurt 189. Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone PhD ANU, an archaeologist and cultural Centre, Charles Sturt University. heritage manager with 20 years work experi- • Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003d) Nº 532 ence, ten of which in Australia. Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of 2.5.3.1. Access Heritage Values. Johnstone Centre Report nº The entire study/project area was accessible 190. Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone at the time of inspection. Centre, Charles Sturt University. • Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003e) Nº 534-36 2.5.3.2. Visibility Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical The surface visibility of the entire area was Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of 0% as the area was wholly built up or co- Heritage Values. Johnstone Centre Report nº vered with bitumen and concrete pavements. 191. Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt University. 2.5.3.3. Survey coverage • Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003f) Nº 538-540 The entire study/project area was systemati- Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical cally surveyed on foot. Area covered by sur- Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of vey was 100%. Heritage Values. Johnstone Centre Report nº 192. Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone The effective surface visibility was 0%. Centre, Charles Sturt University.

2.5.4. Reporting 2.5. Consultation car- This document, in particular the historic ried out background (chapter 3), should be read in conjunction with the historic overview: 2.5.1. Property Owners • Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003a) The Attempts were made at locating previous Southeastern Corner of Kiewa and Swift owners and lessees of the property in order Streets, Albury, NSW. An Historical Analy- to obtain images of the building and infor- sis. Johnstone Centre Report nº 182. Albury, mation on its history and use. This proved to N.S.W. : The Johnstone Centre, Charles be more difficult than anticipated, mainly Sturt University. because of the commercial nature of the and in conjunction with the following prop- premises. Some of the properties had been erty reports: converted into shopping arcades in the 1980s • Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003b) Nº 526 with a series of tenants. Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of 2.5.1. Community Stakehold- ers Heritage Values. Johnstone Centre Report nº 188. Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone Discussions were also held with the histori- Centre, Charles Sturt University. cal society as well as individuals associated • Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003c) Nº 528-530 with the property’s former use. Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of

—5— 3. HISTORIC BACKGROUND

3.1. Historic Context Brown’s Lagoon and Neill’s Lagoon still give evidence. In this section we will set out the historic context of Albury in general and the study Indigenous settlement was scattered area, the northwestern corner of section 12 throughout the area with a few concentra- in particular. The information as presented tions. Wiradjuri “usually chose a cleared here has been extracted from The Southeastern space for their camps, in the neighbourhood Corner of Kiewa and Swift Streets, Albury, NSW. of water, as fish and birds were their princi- 12 An Historical Analysis by the author.8 For pal articles of food.” There is archaeologi- 13 more detail that study should be consulted. cal evidence for Indigenous habitation as well as burials14 throughout the Albury area, 3.1.1. Indigenous Landuse and settlement models based on site observations have shown that creeks, especially the The early European observers describe the 9 confluences of creeks are prime locations for area of Albury as open woodland. We have open camp sites and the like.15 to imagine a productive region, dominated by the floodplain of the Millewa (Murray) The area east of the mouth of Bungambra- watha Creek is reported as a meeting place, River to the south and woodlands to the 16 north. The areas along the drainage lines of or camping place on cleared ground. A the various major creeks, such as Bungam- similar situation existed at Mungabareena, brawatha Creek west of the current town where a meeting place existed near the ford. Mungabareena is described as a “camp gen- centre and Nine-Mile Creek to the east 17 would have exhibited more open vege- erally occupied” as late as the 1860s. 10 tation. The practice by the indigenous There appears to have been a substantial communities to annually burn off the land permanent Indigenous population, and it was retarded the growth of dense shrub and kept deemed necessary to give one of the elders, the land open, but also provided sufficient dubbed ‘King Bungambrawatha’ a brass fresh growth of native grasses to attract kan- 11 breastplate as a mark of recognition by the garoos, wallabies and other wildlife. The white authority in the area.18 In addition to area now covered by south Albury was a se- the normal habitation places, there were a ries of sand hills; and a series of billabongs. number of special places in the Albury area. While most of the latter are filled in,

—6— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

The most important was a burial ground located in a ‘sand hill,’ a sand dune on the 3.1.2. Timeslice 1830s & 1840s Murray Floodplain. First European visitation to the area occur- European observations made during the red in 1824 when a group of Aboriginal peo- 1840s and 1850s document the rapid decline ple helped Hamilton Hume and William of the Indigenous Australian population Hovell traverse the area. Both carved their brought about by introduced diseases, envi- names into major trees in the Norieul Park ronmental resource destruction and outright area.25 murder. Even though the Europeans had crossed The relationship between Wiradjuri and though the countryside, the area saw at first white settlers seems to have been solely de- little disruption. The N.S.W. government in pendent on the attitude of individuals. Some Sydney was reluctant to overextend its re- of the later had employed Wiradjuri on the sources and thus actively discouraged any 19 land they had alienated from them. The settlement south of Goulburn. early settlers adopted much of the Wiradjuri bushcraft to secure their own survival. Serious European land use of the area started in 1835 when Charles H. Ebden took up the The general shortage of European women in area as part of his grazing Mungabareena Run the region resulted in extended relationships (‘Mungabarina’, operated by William Wyse), between Wiradjuri and Europeans, with off- thus commencing the alienation and later 20 spring. By the 1850s such relationships appropriation of indigenous lands in the area. were frowned upon by the white com- The first station was set up somewhere in munity, often with tragic consequences to the area of the Albury waterworks. the Indigenous women.21 Albury, located a crossing place across the Even though relations were at first amicable, Murray River was included in the weekly this soon changed. The Faithfull massacre of mail route between Melbourne and Sydney April 1838 when eight whites were killed by from 1839 onwards.26 The formal inclusion Indigenous people near Benalla, and the of Albury occurred concomitantly with the Dora Dora massacre of 1838, when Wirad- gazetting of Albury as a town and followed juri were slaughtered by settlers, are events the establishment of a police outpost in that stand out. 1838. In response to real or perceived threat by The river was being forded when the water Wiradjuri, the New South Wales gov- levels permitted. By the end of 1848 Edward ernment agreed in 1838 to establish a police Crisp, proprietor of the Hume Inn, estab- 22 camp at Bungambrawatha. lished a punt service departing from the end 27 Depopulation of the district proceeded of Hovell Street. rapidly. The 1860s saw the establishment of Albury had been built on the northern shore reserves and missions, which served as cen- of the Murray River. The initial European tralised ‘collection points’ for the Indigenous settlement occurred on the flood plain, with peoples, regardless of their tribal affiliations, John Brown's hut being near the confluence thus mixing people who, under traditional of Bungambrawatha Creek with the Murray. circumstances, would not be permitted to This location is hardly surprising given the mix at close quarters. By 1882 only a single Aboriginal use of the same location as a 23 Indigenous person remained in Albury. He camp area.28 too is included in the 1891 census.24

—7— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

In April 1839 the town of Albury was gazet- ted29 based the regulatory north-south ori- 3.1.3. Timeslice 1850s & 1860s ented town grid with ten acre blocks and The Crown Colony of Victoria was estab- streets of 1 1/2 chains (99 feet) width. The lished on 1 July 1851 with the. Murray River lay-out had been proposed and surveyed by designated as the boundary to New South Thomas S. Townsend in January 1839 ig- Wales.33 noring the actual topography of the area. The The gold rush of the 1850's in the Ovens and initial town comprised of five sections, Indigo Gold fields (with towns such as Mitta bounded by Hume Street in the north and Mitta or Beechworth) created a demand for Nurigong Street in the south, Wodonga a wide range of produce and concurrently Place in the west and Kiewa Street in the 30 the agricultural exploitation of the Albury east (figure 3.1). Development was initially slow. The population rose slow, to only 65 area increased manifold. in 1845.31 Small scale farms grew grain and In the early 1850s Albury did not have the vegetables in what is today downtown reputation as a progressive area. Albury be- Albury. Initial ploughing and establishment came a municipality on June 25th, 1859, and of fields happened on the alluvial flat, as thus in charge of its own town planning.34 they were more fertile and easier to clear.32 The town was administered by a cooperation As a result of the repeated flooding, the headed by an elected mayor and elected al- commercial centre of Albury moved to dermen, commonly prominent businessmen 35 Even though in charge of its higher ground, essentially north of Hume, and lawyers. own planning, Albury was tied in its devel- and soon after, north of Smollett Street. By opment by the pre-existing town grid as well the late 1840s the town grid was extended as the placement of the reserves for its public to the north and east. The town grid had spaces. been set at an oblique angle to the established road, which had been developed based In 1848, when Townsend’s new plan of the on the topography of the surrounding hills enlarged Albury was produced, the southern and the location of the crossing place. part of section 12 had been set aside for the administrative buildings locating there the In 1848, when Townsend’s new plan of the post office, the court house and other facili- enlarged Albury was produced, the place- ties (see below). This in turn created a pull ment of reserves for the administrative that saw the centre of town gradually sift centre that far from the established centre of eastwards. By the mid 1850s a cluster of population was unusual. The southern part shops and dwellings had developed in of section 12 (bounded by Dean, Kiewa and (southern) Kiewa Street, in response to the Olive Streets) was in ‘the middle of no- new alignment of town. where.’ Yet it was placed strategically: located on higher ground to it was largely im- The external communication of Albury com- mune from flooding by the Murray. Its lo- prised of land based traffic along the Sydney cation substantially east of the commercial to Melbourne Road and, beginning in the centre at Townsend Street was necessitated early 1850s, of a smattering of river boat by the need to avoid any flooding by traffic. In addition, the telegraph arrived Bungambrawatha Creek. during this period. By end of November 1856 the connection with Melbourne was upgraded by extending the Mel- bourne–Beechworth coach service to

—8— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Albury.36 Until then it had been a horse mail just south of the area under assessment. In system only. addition much commercial development oc- A new ferry was established in 1859 at the curred such as the Globe Hotel at the corner end of Wodonga Place, near the current of Dean and Kiewa Streets. The area under bridge and close to the Turk’s Head Hotel.37 assessment was just to the north of the de- In 1861 the first timber bridge across the velopment , but was located on the zigzag- Murray was opened.38 ging main route through Albury. From the river the road zigzagged through The mid 1860s saw a regional depression, town, because Townsend’s 1839 regulation which caused a number of businesses to shut north-south town. Initially, the road had down or reduce services. Property prices traversed the area in a more or less straight plummeted, not only in the region but in 43 By the end of the line (figure 3.1). The expanding town grid central Albury as well. decade business was booming again forced this into a zig-zag, along the main commercial areas. The most common route ran from the river east into Hume Street, 3.1.4. Timeslice 1870s from there north along Townsend Street, A trip from Albury to Sydney took four days east along Dean Street, north along Kiewa in 1850.44 The fast Cobb & Co. coach ser- Street and the east again either along Swift vice connecting to the railhead at Goulburn or, later, Wilson Streets. The study area cut travelling time to 51 hours in 1870.45 As which initially had been traversed by the the railhead neared Albury the travel times Sydney Road (figure 3.2) was thus situated decreased. By the end of the decade the rail- along the main route of through traffic. head had reached Gerogery. Making a land- The rules of land ownership and acquisition based Melbourne-Sydney traffic feasible. The changed with the introduction of the Crown gap from Wodonga to Gerogery was bridged by Crawford & Co coaches, transporting 420 Lands Alienation Act 1861. This act meant 46 that small parcels, between 40 and 320 acres, passengers in October 188o alone. 39 of Crown Land could be alienated, which Until the arrival of the railway most of the increased the number of small land holders. heavy goods traffic to and from the Border The economic development of Albury also region was carried on paddle steamers plying saw the introduction of viticulture in 1851 the Murray. If the water levels permitted the by the German emigrants Schubach, Rau and voyage from Adelaide to Albury could be Frauenfelder. By 1856 twenty-five acres made in three weeks. Seasonally variable wa- were under vines. ter levels of the Murray, however, made navigation beyond Wahgunyah/Rutherglen The 1850s and in particular the 60s were a unpredictable and thus unreliable. In growth period for social development, com- November 1873 the railway reached Wo- mensurate with the increase in population: a 40 donga from Melbourne. As a result most of national school opened in 1850,. the first the heavy goods traffic on the upper sections stipendiary magistrate was appointed in 41 of the Murray shifted its focus to Melbourne 1853, the first hospital was erected in and away from the river. 1860/61,42 a court house and new telegraph Albury was connected with Wodonga by a offices in Dean Street in 1860, a Mechanics 47 Institute in 1861. Also churches of various regular daily coach line from January 1874. denominations were erected, among them In 1876 Crawford & Co. started an ‘omni- St.Matthews in Kiewa Street in 1857/59, bus,’ running every half hour from 2:30am, connecting Albury and Wodonga.

—9— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

The urban development of Albury can be ex- and a 14'7" wide right of way carved out of emplified by the census statistics available. the centre of the allotment. This lane way The population of Albury rose from 65 in provided rear access to the properties, an es- 1845 to 981 in 1861 and 1906 by 1871. sential component in times when horse- drawn carriages were the sole means of The major urban development was the lo- wheeled transport and when horses needed cation of the railway corridor, which was to be stabled in people’s back yards. By pro- pegged out in 1874 and 1875. Clearly Albury viding the rear access Fallon allowed owners was a border community and a future rail to develop their new Kiewa Street frontage connection between the colonies of New to the full width of the property. South Wales and Victoria could be foreseen. Given the availability of land allotments in The price differential for the lots indicates the region, the only available corridor was to the decline in property values to further one the east of the exiting centre close to the went from Dean Street. While in 1875 the base of Eastern Hill. Once the railway had southwestern corner block of Dean and arrived and a station was built, this location Kiewa Streets sold for £1800, the highest would create another pull toward to the prices Fallon could attract for one of his east, gradually causing businesses to relocate subdivision lots was £200. This was paid in there, just as the placement of the adminis- 1872 by the Manchester Unity of Odd- trative centre in section 12 had done at the fellows for 522 Kiewa Street, the property beginning of the 1860s. adjacent to the St Matthews parsonage. The neighbouring subdivision lots went for £140 The construction of the Catholic Church at each (524 and 526 Kiewa Street), while the the corner of Olive and Smollett Street, in combined block of lots 4 and 5 brought 1870-1872 and the extension of St Mat- £191 or £95/6 per lot. Although only three thews in 1872-1874 were major communal house numbers further north than the lot developments of the decade. In the study bought for the Oddfellows Hall, it brought area major new buildings were the new post only half the return. Clearly, any property office at the corner of Dean and Kiewa away from Dean Street was deemed a com- 48 Streets in 1879, the Oddfellows Hall at mercial backwater. 522 Kiewa Street in1874, 49 the Albion Ho- tel in Swift Street in 1874 (destroyed by fire 3.1.5. Timeslice 1880s in 1879),50 The 1880s saw an agricultural expansion and During the 1870s the property market intensification in the areas north and north- boomed. James T Fallon managed to acquire east of Albury, which produced great eco- lots 8, 9 and 10 of section 12 which allowed nomic gains for the town. Indeed, the 1880s him to subdivide them privately. This were the boom years of Albury's develop- changed the original, town-plan structured ment. In 1885 Albury was gazetted as a north-south alignment of the lots, with focus town.51 on Swift Street, to an east-west alignment with a focus on Kiewa Street. The new sub- By 1881 the Great Southern Line from Syd- division comprised of slices of allotments 9 ney had reached Albury, thus connecting the and 10, with a part of allotment 8. Fallon border with its capital city. The impact of broke up allotment 8 into a number small the railway on travel times cannot be under- land parcels included into the new subdivi- estimated. While a trip from Albury to Syd- ney took four days in 1850,52 it could now sions, a sliver of land along the eastern mar- 53 gin that was eventually added to allotment 7, be made in in 16 hours by rail.

—10— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

In 1880 the first roads in Albury were being a reliable gas supply first for lighting in the blue metalled, starting at the customs house homes and, gradually, also for heating and in southern Townsend Street and following cooking. Another major development was from there the Sydney road via Dean Street the construction of a water reservoir on and Kiewa Street to Wilson Street.54 There- eastern hill, which was fed from the Murray 58 The after the metalling was gradually extended to by waterworks at Mungabareena. scheme was extended in 1890.59 From 1885 other streets. Tar paving of roads did not water was piped through mains in the major commence until the late 1887s, and then at streets. This ensured a reliable water supply first confined to the footpaths. even in the summer months when house As a direct result of the Victorian trains tanks ran dry and water carts could not keep going straight through to Albury, the traffic up with the demand.60 volume of local omnibus service between In the late 1880s the central area continued Wodonga and Albury effectively collapsed. to grow, attracting key institutions. Whereas before the service comprised of eight or nine omnibuses and between four The development of public buildings along and five coaches, using 40 horses, now only a the Dean Street side of section 12 continued couple of wagonettes and a couple of omni- with the erection of a new telegraph office buses were sufficient.55 The coach company at the corner of Olive and Kiewa Streets in Crawford & Co was forced to develop other 1885,61 a new Mechanics Institute in 1883, routes to utilise its rolling stock. This led to and a fire station next to the Mechanics In- the development of feeder lines for the rail- stitute in 1889,62 The Kiewa Street section ways and coach lines into the regional areas saw the erection of the Albury Club in up and own the Murray. 1884,63 a Temperance Hall in 1885 (converted into the Federal Theatre in 1890),64 While urban growth so far had been to the and the Salvation Army citadel in 1889.65 east as well as in the southern part, the 1880s were the decade when urban settle- Two idealized images from 1881 (figure 3.5) ment expanded north. Wealthy land owners and 1888 (figure 3.6) give an impression of could afford to built houses a speculative the study area, but should not be regarded as rental properties. The demand for residential gospel. blocks outstripped supply, and production land was also converted into allotments. A 3.1.6. Timeslice 1890s good example is Crisp’s Paddock, the land On the environmental front the early 1890s north of Guinea Street between David and marked the spread of the rabbits in the re- Kiewa Streets, was subdivided in May 1881 gion. Rabbits did not arrive in the Albury into housing allotments—which swiftly 56 Area until 1884. By the early 1890’s the rab- sold. bits had become a plague66 and graziers In addition, the final harnessing of Bungam- needed to consider taking drastic action. In- brawatha Creek opened up large tracts of vestment in—expensive—rabbit-proof wire centrally located land to subdivision and de- mesh fencing became common. velopment. Economically Albury was not immune from By February 1883 the Albury Gas Company the depression of 1893–1897. The construc- commenced operations, located in Kiewa tion of the new Municipal Chambers, which 57 Street, south of Smollett Street. Mains had been planned for the mid 1890s, had to were laid along the main streets. This meant be put abeyance until the economy im-

—11— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1 proved. Businesses suffered and development In 1905 a section of Dean Street, between stalled. Olive and Kiewa Streets, was tarred, which The end of the decade saw the advent of brought about welcome relief from the need telephones. By 1899 26 telephones were to water the roads in order to bind the dust, connected.67 even though the road was no longer suitable 72 During that decade no development occur- for horses. red in the study area. The southern part of section 12 remained the administrative hub of Albury. This was fur- 3.1.7. Timeslice 1900s &1910s ther demonstrated in 1914 when the Hume Shire Council occupied offices on the first The first decade of the new century was 73 floor of 522 Kiewa Street. The council dominated by the advent of the motor car, remained in the building, which soon after and the second decade by the advent or avia- became known as ‘Hume Chambers,’ until tion, both of which were seen as ‘fads’ at 1927 when it erected new premises on its first, and both were to have profound effects present site at the corner of Kiewa and on travel and on Albury’s connection with Englehardt Streets, just north of the Salva- the rest of Australia. tion Army Barracks.74 The first Albury citizen to own a car was the Even though coaches and horse-drawn carts motor cycle dealer Frederick Charles Black- were still dominant modes of transport, 68 The lock, who in 1905 acquired a Minerva. motor cars became increasingly common. number of cars grew slowly at first, but by The eastern side of section 12, located on the 1911 there were about 30 motor cars in city centre, but on the road leading to Syd- Albury.69 Parallel to the increase of the cars ney, became the focus of the motor industry. came an increase in the number of garages and mechanics who could maintain cars. 3.1.8. Timeslice 1920s & 1930s A major step in the urban development was Urban expansion continued north as well as the development of a sewerage system for northwest, with the lower sections of the central Albury. The first homes were con- 70 hills becoming prime real estate. Some de- nected in June 1919. Not only did this im- prove public health, but it also, potentially, velopment occurred in form of estates where freed up back yards. In many cases, however, developers subdivided an entire section and existing outhouses were connected. built residences. Another major component of the urban de- The motor car exerted its dominance during velopment of the 1910s was the installation that period. Horse-drawn coach lines went of electric lights. By 1913 loans were raised out business or were converted in to motor by the council, but the outbreak of World coach operations. In the study area we find War I temporarily delayed the laying of the the establishment of Murray Valley Coaches, lines. By 1916 this was completed, and gas a company founded in Albury, which in lighting in the streets terminated.71 1934 commenced operation of motor coach lines parallel to the Murray covering areas With the depression over, many properties in not connected by rail. Dean Street were redeveloped and the character of the city centre altered to become much more urbanite.

—12— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 3.1. Interpretation of Townsend’s 1839 map. The development area is shown shaded.

—13— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

PUNT

Figure 3.2. Map of Albury with the Sydney Road alignment in the 1850s. Section 12 is shown in darker shading

—14— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 3.3. St. Matthew's, Albury. Photograph of the church and the then recently completed parsonage (photo about 1870).75

Figure 3.4. The Globe Hotel (left) and Fallon’s premises (right) in Kiewa Street in the early 1870s.76 Note the wine barrels in front of Fallon’s Store, as well as the use of large windows.

—15— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 3.5. The Commercial Bank, at the southwestern corner of Kiewa & Dean Street.77

Figure 3.6. The intersection of Kiewa And Dean Street before the extension of the post office78

—16— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 3.7. The Murray Valley Coach terminal at the northeastern corner of Kiewa and Swift Streets photographed in 1953.79

Figure 3.8 View of Kiewa Street looking south in the early 1960. Fallon’s wine cellars to the left.80

—17— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 3.9 Map of Albury with the highway alignment in the 1960s. Section 12 is shown in darker shading

—18— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 3.10 Oblique aerial photograph of Central Albury in the early 1950s. The Englehardt and Stanley Street subdivisions of the 1880s are in the foreground

—19— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

3.1.19. After the World War II 3.2. History of the de- The break in the railway gauge, coupled with velopment area the placement of military bases and training camps along the Murray, made Albury a ma- The following brief section has been ex- jor transport distribution centre during tracted from the historical analysis for the individual properties. For more detail, these World War II. The major breakthrough of 81 the 1960s was the standardization of the reports should be read in conjunction. railway gauge, which allowed trains to go from Sydney to Melbourne. While travel 3.2.1. History of 526 Kiewa times improved, the main gain was the fact Street that all freight no longer needed to be trans- The land was first formally alienated in shipped in Albury. A loss of staff at the rail- 1851. During the late 1860s James T Fallon ways occurred, as well as a reduction in acquired allotments 8, 9 and 10 of section 12 Albury’s importance as a freight distribution and subdivided them privately with a focus centre. on Kiewa Street. The late 1940s saw the development of By about 1881 the first building was erected. Australia’s first travel lodge at the northeast- It comprised of a two-storey building with a ern corner of Swift and Kiewa Streets. hipped roof and a double-storey verandah Erected for Murray Valley Coaches, the facing Kiewa Street. A second building, most building served a bus terminal and garage, likely a servant’s quarters, was erected at the and provided overnight accommodation for northern boundary. In the 1910s to 1930s long-distance travellers (figure 3.7). The re- the property served as a boarding house. alignment of the highway through Albury in In 1938 the boarding house was converted the 1960ps drew away traffic from Dean and into a motor garage and accessories outlet. Kiewa Streets. While this improved the local business opportunities in Dean Street, it was In 1949 the servant’s quarters was demol- detrimental to the garage and motor service ished and a block of flats erected on the businesses in Kiewa Street. Over time they southern boundary of the property. Various were relocated to the new highway extensions were erected in the yard. By 1989 alignment and congregated at the outskirts of the building was converted into a series of town. shops and offices and the remaining open space roofed over. In the 1970s Albury-Wodonga was declared a National Growth centre, which for short time boosted the local development. Resi- 3.2.2. History of 528-530 Kiewa Street dential areas grow on the outskirts of Albury. In the centre of Albury many com- The land was first formally alienated in mercial premises were changed from single 1851. During the late 1860s James T Fallon occupancies to small shopping malls and ar- acquired allotments 8, 9 and 10 of section 12 cades. and subdivide them privately with a focus on Kiewa Street. The property 528–530 Kiewa Street was created in 1872 as part of this subdivision. It seems that until 1886 the property was vacant land.

—20— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

The first major development of the property up into lots. It was sold in 1899 to Cleaver occurred in 1886 when John Hiram Craw- Woods and subdivided then. ford of Beechworth decided to consolidate The first major development of the property its stabling business in one central location occurred in 1912 when Wood’s erected a a and for this purpose acquired the land 528- 128' long and 40' wide (39 m x 12m) double 530 Kiewa Street. brick building. It was Albury’s first building The building erected for Crawford & Co was erected as a motor garage, at the time adver- a double brick stables with a curved roof tised as being capable of accommodating 40 supported by 12" by 12" posts. The building cars. was 60" (18.3m) wide and approximately The two proprietors, Azor Robbins and Alex 100" (30.5m) long. It served as the hub for Porter, designed, built, tested and flew a Crawford’s regional coach operations, pro- Bleriot-type monoplane, and have to be re- viding stabling for 30 horses and the associ- cognised as belonging to Australia’s aviation ated omnibuses, coaches and wagonettes. pioneers. The advent of the motor car signalled the Between 1936 and 1946 the building served end of the coach lines. Even though cars as bus terminal and depot for Murray Valley were not frequent until after World War I, Coaches, and Albury-based bus company that business became slower and slower. By 1919 rose to significance in regional transport, Crawford & Co folded, selling off its re- providing bus services from Adelaide to Syd- maining routes to smaller companies and in- ney. dividuals interested in taking up the mail From 1946 to 1950 the building housed the runs. Albury Banner, a weekly newspaper of large After the demise of Crawford and Co the regional reach and importance. building seems, at one stage, to have served Between 1914 and 1936, as well as after as an auction mart operated by a Mr. True. 1950 the structure served as a motor garage In 1922 it was converted into a tyre service and was associated with a range of motor and motor garage. With different owners and and car supplies related business. In 1974 the lessees the property retained the use as a gar- building was converted to provide a shop age and motor car show rooms until 1975. and office space for a range of tenants. During that time the building saw repeated changes to its internal lay out as well as sub- 3.2.4. History of 534-536 stantial modifications to the front façade. In Kiewa Street 1977 it was converted into an arcade with ten shops. The land was first formally alienated in 1851. During the late 1860s James T Fallon 3.2.3. History of 532 Kiewa acquired allotments 8, 9 and 10 of section 12 Street and subdivided them privately with a focus on Kiewa Street. The land was first formally alienated in 1851. During the late 1860s James T Fallon In the absence of detailed records the infor- acquired allotments 8, 9 and 10 of section 12 mation on this period of the property is sket- and subdivided them privately with a focus chy. The first building on the property seems on Kiewa Street. Property 532 Kiewa Street to have bee erected in 1926 when a purpose- was part of the residual allotment not split built motor garage and showroom was built for Bill West and his company West’s Motors.

—21— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

In 1968 Ampol Australia purchased the In 1933 the property was leased by AT Jones properties 534-536 Kiewa Street and 538- who ran a plumbing and small engineering 540 Kiewa Street and amalgamated the ti- shop, selling small mechanical equipment. By tles. The extant buildings were removed to 1935 or 1936 a new building facing Kiewa make way for a petrol station development. Street was erected, but which also extended The station was run as a company-owned along Swift Street. station until 1989 with various lessees. When AT Jones vacated the premises in After acquisition by the Albury City Council 1946, the lease was taken up by West's in 1989 the station buildings were demol- Motors which also leased from the same ished and the area redeveloped into a car owners the adjacent property 534-336 park. Kiewa Street. Soon after Bill West died in the early 1960s the company went insolvent. 3.2.5. History of 538-540 Sometime in the mid 1960s the property Kiewa Street served as a temporary post office, when the The land was first formally alienated in Albury GPO was refurbished and ex- 1851. During the late 1860s James T Fallon tended.82 acquired allotments 8, 9 and 10 of section 12 In 1968 Ampol Australia purchased the and subdivided them privately with a focus properties 534-536 Kiewa Street and 538- on Kiewa Street. 540 Kiewa Street and amalgamated the ti- In the absence of detailed records the infor- tles. The extant buildings were removed to mation on this period of the property is ex- make way for a petrol station development. tremely sketchy. Prior to the sub division the The station was run as a company-owned focus of the property would have been on station until 1989 with various lessees. Swift Street. This would have made 538-540 After acquisition by the Albury City Council Kiewa Street part of the frontage of allot- in 1989 the station buildings were demol- ments 8, 9, and 10. It is possible that minor ished and the area redeveloped into a car buildings or tents may have been erected on park. the land. An 1881 town view image shows two small cottages facing Swift Street. If the image is to be believed, both of them had small verandahs. In the mid 1910s a double fronted shop building was erected facing Kiewa Street with two separate rooflines running east- west. The corner shop was occupied by the boot maker Williams, while the southern shop was used by S.Cossor conducting business as a plumber, gasfitter, and general me- chanic. The sewerage pan for 1919 shows this brick building buildings as well as a weatherboard building with a narrow verandah facing Swift Street (predating 1881?) and an outhouse, in the middle of the allotment.

—22— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Table 3.2. Summary of the Land Use in the Study Area Period Land Use <1830 Indigenous land use, open wood lands, occasionally flooding Murray floodplain to the south 1835 Begin of land alienation, with the establishment of the Mungabareena Run 1839 Albury Township gazetted 1840s Study area is uncleared bush land 1851 Land alienation of section 12 1850-60s Study area used as cleared pastoral and agricultural land (vineyards across the road) 1872 Subdivision of allotments 8, 9, and 10 and sale of prime new lots (near Dean Street) <1880 Erection of weather board cottages with verandahs on 540 Kiewa Street along Swift Street frontage ~1881 Erection of two-storey building with double-storey verandah at 526 Kiewa Street 1886 John Hiram Crawford of Beechworth erects major stables building at 528-530 Kiewa Street 1910s 526 Kiewa Street is operated as a boarding house 1910s Cleaver Woods erects a double fronted shop building at 538-540 Kiewa Street. A boot maker Williams and the plumber and gas fitter S Cossor are tenants 1912 Cleaver Woods erects Albury’s first purpose-built motor garage at 532 Kiewa Street for Azor Robbins and Alexander Porter 1913 Azor Robbins and Alexander Porter designed, built, tested and flew a Bleriot-type monoplane, and have to be recognised as belonging to Australia’s aviation pioneers 1919 Crawford and Co terminates operations. The advent of the motor car signalled the end of the coach lines 1922 %28-6530 Kiewa Street converted into a converted into a tyre service and motor garage, 1926 Purpose-built motor garage and showroom erected for Bill West and his company West’s Motors at 534-536 Kiewa Street. 1933 538-540 Kiewa Street leased by At Jones who operated a plumbing and small engineering shop, selling small mechanical equipment. 1935/36 New custom-built premises erected at 538-540 Kiewa Street 1936 Murray Valley Coaches used 532 Kiewa Street as depot, providing bus services from Adelaide to Sydney

—23— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Table 3.2 (ct’d). Summary of the Land Use in the Study Area Period Land Use 1938 The boarding house at 526 Kiewa Street was converted into a motor garage 1940 A block of flats is erected in the rear of 526 Kiewa Street 1946 Murray Valley Coaches vacates 532 Kiewa Street and moves to new promises on the northeastern corner of Kiewa and Swift Streets. 1946 The Albury Banner, a weekly newspaper of large regional reach and importance, moves into 532 Kiewa Street 1946 AT Jones vacated 538-540 Kiewa Street and moves across the road. The property is leased by West’s Motors expanding the business 1950 West’s Motors leases 532 Kiewa Street, further expanding the business 1964/5 West’s Motors goes into receivership after founder dies 1960s 538-540 Kiewa Street serves as temporary post office 1968 Ampol Australia purchased the properties 534-536 Kiewa Street and 538-540 Kiewa Street and amalgamated the titles. A petrol station was erected 1974 532 Kiewa Street converted into shops 1977 528-530 Kiewa Street converted into an arcade with 10 shops 1989 526 Kiewa Street converted into offices and shops 1989 534-540 Kiewa Street acquired by Albury City Council and converted into a car park 2002 Planning for the development of an integrated museum and library 2003 Heritage assessment

—24— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 3.11 Section of the panoramic view of Albury as shown in the Illustrated Sydney News of 22 Janu- ary 1881.

Figure 3.12 Section of the panoramic view of Albury as shown in the Border Post of 7 December 1888.

—25— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 3.13. Speculative reconstruction of the appearance of 526 Kiewa Street with verandah.

—26— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 3.14. Reconstruction of the appearance of the front façade of the Crawford Stables

Figure 3.15. Perspective reconstruction of the appearance of the Crawford Stables at 528-530 Kiewa Street

—27— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 3.16. Reconstruction of the front façade of 532 Kiewa Street in 1913, showing its asymmetrical nature.

Figure 3.17. The Façade of West's Motors, photographed in 1964. 538-540 Kiewa Street is at left, 534- 536 Kiewa Street at right83

—28— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 3.18 Western Façade of 526 Kiewa Street in July 2003

Figure 3.19 Western Façade of 528-530 Kiewa Street in July 2003

—29— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 3.20 Western Façade of 532 Kiewa Street in July 2003

Figure 3.21 Properties 534 to 540 Kiewa Street as seen from northwest

—30— 4. SUBSURFACE REMAINS

concrete. At no location is bare soil exposed. Any earthmoving on the site dates so far 4.1. Basis of Assessment back, that no oral history can be collected, which could inform the decision-making 4.1.1. Nature of the assess- process. ment The assessment set out in this section will 4.1.3. Potential of survival outline the nature and extent of any subsur- The potential of survival of subsurface ar- face archaeological remains that may exist on chaeological material the property and that may be encountered if the existing structure and ground sealant 4.1.3.1.Indigenous sites (concrete and bitumen) is to be removed in the process of future construction. While not the focus of this study, the potential presence of Indigenous cultural heritage 4.1.2. Sources of evidence material shall be touched upon. Given the relative acidity of the soil and the 4.1.2.1. Documentary evidence passage of time, any Indigenous remains are confined to inorganic materials, such as The observations made in this section are 84 based on the documentary evidence regard- quartz and silcrete flakes or charcoal. ing the present structure and its predecessors, 4.1.3.2. European Cultural Heritage as set out in section 3.2. The data quality is mixed. A caveat to the following observa- Overall, the potential for survival of Euro- tions is the fact that no firm documentary pean-contact era subsurface remains is rea- evidence for the appearance of structures, if sonably good given the limited amount of any, prior to the sewerage plan of 1919 can excavations that seems to have been carried be found. out in the past in the wake of construction. The main sewers lines were run in Wood’s 4.1.2.2. Physical evidence Lane to the west of the property, while all The surfaces within the structure and on the utility easements are on the street or the property are all covered with bitumen or footpath of Kiewa Street.

—31— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

zone as distinguishable as that at St Mat- thew’s could have survived. 4.2. Predicted presence or absence of sub- 4.2.2.2. 1870s to 1880s surface cultural resources Substantial development occurred during the late 1870s (presumed) and the 1880s (con- firmed). Subsurface features of heritage re- 4.2.1. Indigenous Heritage resources dating to the 1870s and 1880s com- sources prise of the foundations of and outbuildings Indigenous cultural material culture may well relating to the cottages along the Swift exist on the property. However, based on Street frontage of property 540 Kiewa predictive modelling carried out for other Street, any subsurface features associated projects in the Albury area85 as well as a sur- with the 1886 Crawford & Co stables vey of Indigenous sites in areas of one hun- building, as well as part of the foundations dred percent site visibility,86 the likelihood of the servants’ quarters of 526 Kiewa of sites not located on creek or river terraces, Street. In addition a number of outhouses or at confluences of creeks is low. must have existed. For 526 Kiewa Street we The location of the property in relation to may also presume the presence of a small permanent water courses (in this case the old stables building. meandering alignment of Bungambrawatha 4.2.2.3. 1890s to 1920s Creek to the west of the site) suggests that no sites are present on the property. This The remaining vacant land allotments were does not preclude the presence of isolated built on during the 1910s, with 532 and artifacts. 538-540 Kiewa Street being erected. The last allotment to be built on was 534-536 4.2.2. European Heritage re- Kiewa Street, where a motor garage was sources built in 1926. The laying of water pipes in the 1890s and of 4.2.2.1. Pastoral Heritage the sewer lines by 1919 meant that wells, Items and sites associated with pastoral heri- cesspits and outhouses became obsolete. Any tage may well exist in the area, which had subsurface features associated with these been used as pastoral and agricultural land in buildings relate to structural matters or to the 1850s and 1860s. Vineyards are on re- motor service pits. cord as late as the 1880s for a property across Kiewa Street (corner Englehardt and 4.2.2.4. Post 1920s Kiewa Streets) (figure 3.11). Limited exca- After the 1920s only limited subsurface vations in St Matthew’s in 1993 cut through changes occurred, with most of the open areas that had been under roof and floor spaces built over as the properties were ex- since 1859 which revealed parallel lines be- tended from the Kiewa Street frontage to low the old A-horizon, possibly indication Wood’s Lane. the bottoms of plough furrows (running north-south).87 Given the passage of time between the 1850s and the commencement of construction in the 1880s, it is unlikely that a plough

—32— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

stables erected, the property was on a reli- 4.2.3. Survival chances able supply of town water, and no well was necessary. Figures 4.1 to 4.9 show the location of the various sewer lines over time in relation to the buildings.

While we know that many of Albury’s ? houses in the 1870s had roof-fed rainwater tanks which were replenished by water carts as needed, 88 we can assume that many properties would have had their own well. A horse stables most certainly would have required a reliable water supply. From 1885 water was piped through mains in the major streets. The scheme was extended in 1890, by which time the storage capacity had been increased to 4.52 megalitres.89 The exact location of the 1860s and 1870s wells is unclear, but we can assume that would not only have been somewhere in the ? back yard, but also away from the cesspits. This interrelationship not only applied to the property under discussion, but also to the neighbouring properties. Figure 4.2 shows the 1919 building enve- lopes for the properties 524 to 540 Kiewa Street and the tentative location of the cesspits (circles). This is based on an interpretation of the 1919 sewerage connections, which seem to have gone to existing out- Figure 4.1. Potential location of cesspits (●) and houses. wells (?) on the properties at the corner of Swift and Kiewa Streets. As can be seen, the area is quite convoluted, with only few spaces free for the position of the wells without running the risk of contaminating the water supply through the cesspits. However, given that piped water was available from 1885 onwards, it is possible that the 1860s and 1870s wells could have been filled in before the buildings were extended and thus be located under the extant buildings. In the case of property 528- 530 Kiewa Street, it is unknown whether buildings existed on the allotment in the 1870s. Thus the need for a well is unclear. Certainly when Crawford & Co had the

—33— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 4.2. Tentative location of the cesspits, based on an interpretation of outhouse location on the sewerage map of 1919

—34— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 4.3. Plot of the buildings and their subsurface features (sewage lines) as shown on the sewerage map of 1919

—35— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Buildings Sewerage Lines

Figure 4.4. Plot of the buildings and their subsurface features (sewage lines) as they were in about 1931

—36— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Buildings Sewerage Lines, &c

Figure 4.5. Plot of the buildings and their subsurface features (sewage lines) as they were in about 1938

—37— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Buildings Sewerage Lines

rectangles are car service pits Figure 4.6. Plot of the buildings and their subsurface features (sewage lines) as they were in about 1956

—38— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Buildings Sewerage Lines

Figure 4.7. Plot of the buildings and their subsurface features (sewage lines) as they were in about 1956

—39— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Buildings Sewerage Lines

Figure 4.8. Plot of the buildings and their subsurface features (sewage lines) as they were in about 1980

—40— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 4.9. Plot of all subsurface features (sewage lines) superimposed

—41— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

What is recorded are various concrete floors 4.2.4. impact by buildings as well as part of a brick pavement. This sequence has been illustrated in figure 4.12. 4.2.4.1. Impact by buildings on subsurface fea- After the 1960 redevelopment the entire tures at 526 Kiewa Street floor seems to have been covered with con- The presence or absence of artefactual re- crete. It is unclear whether the concrete was mains other than Indigenous depends on the merely laid over the existing surfaces, or amount of excavation work carried out in whether the old surfaces were removed. the course of digging sewer lines and re- It is noteworthy that the brick pavement moving existing floors. Overall, however, ends at the posts supporting the roof, which the likelihood that material culture items, gives an indication of the depth of the horse with the exception of construction refuse, boxes. It can be assumed that the floor of could be encountered is deemed very low. the horse boxes would have been compacted soil, and that the brick pavement 4.2.4.2. Impact by buildings on subsurface fea- was confined to areas where cart and wagon tures at 528-530 Kiewa Street traffic occurred. The flooring of the two of- Figures 4.11 shows the ground floor plan of fices would in all probability have been the various development stages of 528-530 wooden floorboards on joists. Figure 4.13 Kiewa Street, with the combined subsurface shows the reconstructed internal layout of intrusions shown in black. In addition to the the Crawford Stables as they might have ap- walls, this was limited to the foundations peared in 1886. for the 8' by 8' posts. These are shown as 4.2.4.3. Impact by buildings on subsurface fea- hatched areas as their exact size is unknown. Most of the later interior modifications tures at 532 Kiewa Street were limited to wooden partitions for office Figures 4.15–4.17 provide plots of the floor enclosures, which would have left so sub- plans of 532 Kiewa Street over time. These stantive impact on the subsurface area. The are combined into 4.18 plotting all potential major exception to this are the 1960 modi- subsurface intrusions. fications and the construction of a mezza- nine level, which necessitated the erection There seems to have been at least two con- of additional posts and their foundations. crete floors poured, one in the 1930s and Another, but more limited exception was another in 1974. We do not know whether the 3' by 9' car service pit that was dug into the 1930s concrete floor was poured on the the northeastern section. existing soil base. If it did, it could have preserved any artefactual material that may be- Reputedly the first floor covering was a come embedded in the soil since the build- cobble stone pavement. None of the extant ing was erected in 1912. Part of that floor building plans makes any reference to that. was subsequently dug up to provide for the There is reference. however to a brick level channel needed to allow high busses to pavement in the rear section of the building. drive all the way to the eastern end of the It is possible that irregularly worn bricks, building. In addition a car service pit was with their rounded edges may resemble a dug into the southeastern corner (figure cobble stone pavement to the uninitiated 54.17). When the second floor was poured eye. the internal floor level was levelled out and the channel filled in. Part of this, as well as the car service pit, had already been filled in

—42— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1 as part of the 1946 redevelopment for the when Preston Motors left the site.94 It ap- Albury Banner office. pears that the cellar was used a area where spare parts that were in very low demand It would appear that this second floor is 95 level with the street level of Kiewa Street were relegated to. and possibly even slightly raised at the 4.2.4.5. Impact by buildings on subsurface fea- Wood’s Lane end. If the old floor was removed to provide level floor, then we can tures at 538-540 Kiewa Street assume that any old surface material would Since we are uninformed about the level of have been lost. If, however, the new con- earthworks carried out as part of the digging crete floor was imply laid on top of the old of foundations for the various buildings. We slab, then the underlying soil, as well as the can assume that such ground disturbances, infills of the channel and the car service pit with the exception of the abovementioned would survive. sewer lines, would have been limited. Un- The floors of the 1912 and 1920s internal less unreported cellars existed in the 1910s offices had wooden floors, laid on joists. building at the corner of Swift and Kiewa Any material culture that had fallen be- Streets, there a good chance that at least tween the floor boards would have been re- some of the foundations of the 1880s cot- covered during the 1920s and 1930s refur- tages may still survive. The main limitation, bishment or buried under the first concrete however, is the extent of the development slab. in preparation for the Ampol fuel station, as well any earthworks carried out as part of 4.2.4.4. Impact by buildings on subsurface fea- its decommissioning (see below). tures at 534-536 Kiewa Street 4.2.4.6. Impact by buildings on subsurface fea- The West’s motor building had at least two tures at 534-536 and 538-540 Kiewa Street major subsurface features, a cellar and at (Ampol Station development) least one drive-over car pit of about 20 feet length.90 The establishment of the Ampol fuel station in 1968 saw the demolition of all existing The West's Motors building had a large cel- buildings of 534-540 Kiewa Street, the lay- lar under the show room section, with a sin- ing of sewer lines and the laying of fuel lines gle access in the southeastern corner of the as well as of three fuel tanks. It is unclear cellars.91 It seems that the cellar did not ex- what level of earthworks occurred in prepa- tend under the driveway leading to the gar- ration for the development of service ap- age section in the rear. Given that the origi- rons. We can assume, however, that some of nal design of the building included both an the upper layers of soil, approximately 20- entrance and exit drive way, it can be as- 30cm, would have been removed to ensure sumed that the cellar did not extend under that the bitumen on the forecourt would the northern (exit) driveway, but was con- withstand the weight of the fuel delivery fined to the showroom area (figure 4.19). tankers and any another trucks that may According to other testimony the cellar ex- have entered to refuel. This may well have tended only below the office and waiting obliterated many of not most of the founda- room area, but not below the actual show tions of the early buildings. The 1880s struc- room, with approximate dimensions of 14 tures were single storey buildings which by 20 feet (figure 4.20).92 The cellar was would not have had substantial foundations used a store room for business records.93 of they were erected of brick. We know Colin Gabriel remembers emptying the cellar

—43— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1 from the 1919 sewer plan, however, that at neighbouring properties. This could provide least one of them was weatherboard, for a unique insight into the nature of habita- which the foundations (most likely stumps) tion in central Albury during the 1870s ex- would have been even less substantial. It is pansion period. most probable that the other building was The cesspits would have been decommis- also of weather board construction sioned in 1919 or 1920, depending on the A major question is the exact location and exact date the house sewers were con- fate of the fuel tanks of the Ampol Station. nected. As the pits were frequently emptied, The station once had three fuel tanks, one the life cycle of an early twentieth century with a capacity of 13.200 litres (for diesel) cess pit is short and hence any material cul- and two with a capacity of 17,200 litres (for ture encountered in the pits would be Regular and Super).96 Based on vague per- chronologically close to 1919. Samples of sonal recollections by the widow of one of human excreta could be analysed for para- the lessees, at least two of the tanks were site infestation, which might be of archaeo- located in the northeastern corner of the logical, and in particular medico-historical property, along the Swift Street frontage.97 interest. The success would depend on the The third fuel tank may have been in the preservation conditions. northwestern corner. Ampol Australia no longer has any files on the matter. 4.2.5.1. Research potential of 526 Kiewa Street After decommissioning the tanks had to be The history of surface development of the either cleaned and sand filled or removed. property is insufficiently known. Thus it is The property files held by Albury City are possible that the foundations of the 1880s ambiguous. Sand filling was recom- servant’s building along the northern boun- mended.98 It would appear that the tanks dary of the property may still be extant. were eventually taken out. This is supported Figure 5.4 shows the superimposed building by recollections of previous lessees,99 The lines and highlights the area of the 1880s paper trail, however, is somewhat ambigu- servant’s building as an area of interest, ous. On of 1 October 1991 an Albury com- which should be monitored during any ex- pany requested permission to remove the cavations of building demolition. tanks.100 Only a marginal note indicates that the tanks were indeed removed and the site was compacted.101 Whether the fuel lines were also removed on that occasion and the ground levelled and recompacted remains unclear.

4.2.5. Research potential

4.2.5.1. Wells and Cesspits Figure 4.10. Superimposed building lines of 526 If wells existed, they would have been filled Kiewa Street and area of interest shaded in before the 1920s and thus would provide a high potential for archaeological material 4.2.5.3. Research potential of 528-530 Kiewa culture in their fill. We can assume that the Street fill would comprise both of household re- If the floors have been built up rather than fuse and construction debris obtained from removed, then it quite possible that material

—44— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1 culture predating the 1920s may be present present. Likewise the potential that 1960s in the area of the former horse boxes, where material culture items could be encountered it could have been trodden into the ground, in the filled-in car service pit and the cellar as well as in the area of the former man- cannot be discounted. ager’s offices, where material may have fallen between floor boards and eventually 4.2.5.6. Research potential of 538-540 Kiewa have become covered up by the concrete Street floors. Likewise the potential that material culture items could be encountered in the If the development of the Ampol service filled-in car service pit cannot be dis- station was not preceded by a removal and counted. The likelihood that material cul- recompaction of much of the upper layers of ture remains exists in the area formerly co- the old surface areas, then it is possible that vered by the brick paving is deemed very parts of the foundations of the 1870s/1880s low. If anything, it is likely that construc- cottages along the Swift Street frontage may tion items, such as nails and other fasteners have survived. They may provide limited re- are present. search potential. Figure 4.14 sets out the relative probabili- ties, with darker shading representing a 4.3. Results of archae- higher likelihood. Overall, however, the ological survey likelihood that material culture items, with A survey of the affected properties was car- the exception of construction refuse, could ried out on several occasions between 28 be encountered is deemed very low. June and 30 July 2003. 4.2.5.4. Research potential of 532 Kiewa Street The total area proposed to be modified for the Museum Buildings was accessible at the If the floors have been built up rather than time of inspection and was surveyed system- removed, then it quite possible that material atically on foot. The surface visibility of the culture predating the 1920s may be present. entire area was 0% as the area was wholly If anything, it is likely that construction built up or covered with bitumen and con- items, such as nails and other fasteners are crete pavements. present. Likewise the potential that 1940s material culture items could be encountered As a result no evidence of subsurface sites in the filled-in car service pit cannot be dis- was encountered. counted. No subsurface testing was undertaken as Overall, however, the likelihood that ma- this would constitute excavation. terial culture items, with the exception of construction refuse, could be encountered is deemed very low.

4.2.5.5. Research potential of 534-536 Kiewa Street If the floors have been built up rather than removed, then it quite possible that material culture predating the 1920s may be present. If anything, it is likely that construction items, such as nails and other fasteners are

—45— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 4.11. Combined subsurface features of Crawford’s stables at 528-530 Kiewa Street (north is at left)

—46— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

1950s 1886? 1950s

1920s 1938

Figure 4.12. Sequence of floor coverings 1886 to 1950s of Crawford’s stables at 528-530 Kiewa Street (north is at left)

—47— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 4.13. Reconstruction of the 1886 internal partitions and floor coverings of Crawford’s stables at 528- 530 Kiewa Street (north is at left)

—48— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Figure 5.14. Potential for the presence of subsurface material culture of Crawford’s stables at 528-530 Kiewa Street (north is at left). The darker the shading the greater the likelihood

—49— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1 Roofed over area

Figure 4.15. Reconstructed floor plan of 532 Kiewa Figure 4.16 Floor plan of 532 Kiewa Street as it Street as it may appeared in 1912. The existence of appeared in the 1920s the weatherboard shed at the northeasterm side is un- certain.

—50— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Service Pit Sunken Track (2.4 m wide) Ramp Roofed over area

Figure 4.17 Floor plan of 532 Kiewa Street as it appeared in 1936 (the service pit was added at a Figure 4.18 Potential subsurface remains and intru- later stage) sions at 532 Kiewa Street (north is at left)

—51— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Cellar below Cellar below Showroom Offices only

Figure 4.19 Sketch plan of West's Motors Cellar at Figure 4.20 Sketch plan of West's Motors Cellar at 534-536 Kiewa Street based on the recollection of 534-536 Kiewa Street based on the recollection of Colin Gabriel Clive Macintosh

—52— 5. EVALUATION

5.1.2. Assessment Criteria 5.1. Cultural Signifi- cance of Subsur- The assessment criteria used are those prom- face Remains ulgated by the New South Wales Heritage Office:103 A separate question is whether any subsur- The Heritage Act (NSW) 1977 defines State face features are culturally significant, should heritage significance, in relation to a place, they be encountered in the project area. The building, work, relic, moveable object or following discussion explicitly excludes precinct, to mean significance to the State in • a consideration of indigenous remains relation to the historical, scientific cultural, (see Recommendation 3 on that is- social, archaeological, architectural, natural sue) or aesthetic value of the item (section • a consideration of the heritage value 4A[1]). of the extant structures (see individ- “To be assessed for listing on the ual property reports on this matter) State Heritage Register an item will, in the opinion of the Heri- tage Council, meet one or more of 5.1.1. Basis of Assessment the following criteria:

5.1.1. Assessment Process * an item is important in the course, or pattern, of NSW’s The assessment process follows that set out cultural or natural history; by the NSW Heritage Office in its various guidelines.102 It comprised of historical data * an item has strong or special collection, an investigation of extant fabric association with the life or and an assessment of the heritage value of works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in the property according a series of criteria NSW’s cultural or natural history;

* an item is important in demonstrating aesthetic character-

—53— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

istics and/or a high degree of achievement in NSW (the local area) creative or technical achievement in NSW ; D An item has strong or special association with a particular community or * an item has strong or special cultural group in NSW (the local area) association with a particular for social, cultural or spiritual reasons community or cultural group in NSW for social, cultural or E An item has potential to yield infor- spiritual reasons; mation that will contribute to an understanding of NSW's (local area's) * an item has potential to yield information that will contri- cultural or natural history bute to an understanding of F An item possesses uncommon, rare or NSW’s cultural or natural his- endangered aspects of NSW's (local tory; area's) cultural or natural history * an item possesses uncommon, G An item is important in demonstrating rare or endangered aspects of the principal characteristics of a class NSW’s cultural or natural history; of NSW's (local area's) - cultural or natural places; or - cultural or natural * an item is important in dem- environments onstrating the principal characteristics of a class of NSW’s 5.1.2.1. Criterion A - cultural or natural places; An item is important in the course, or pat- or tern, of NSW's cultural or natural history - cultural or natural envi- (State significance); OR An item is import- ronments.” (Heritage NSW, ant in the course, or pattern, of the local Listing Heritage Items) area's cultural or natural history (local significance).

5.1.2 Evaluation of Property If foundations of the 1870s/1880s cottages along against the Criteria the Swift Street frontage of 540 Kiewa Street sur- Each property must be assessed against a vive, then they can exemplify construction methods number of criteria of state (local) signifi- of weatherboard buildings dating to that period. cance as promulgated by the New South Even if foundations would be well preserved, they Wales Heritage Office: most probably only comprise of stumps and are deemd of moderate local significance only. A An item is important in the course, or pattern, of NSW's (local area's) cul- 5.1.2.2. Criterion B tural or natural history B An item has strong or special associa- An item has strong or special association tion with the life or works of a per- with the life or works of a person, or group son, or group of persons, of import- of persons, of importance in NSW's cultural ance in NSW's (local area's) cultural or or natural history (State significance); OR natural history An item has strong or special association with the life or works of a person, or group C An item is important in demonstrating of persons, of importance in the cultural or aesthetic characteristics and/or a high natural history of the local area (local signifi- degree of creative or technical cance).

—54— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

parasite loading of those individuals contributing This criterion is not directly applicable to the poten- excreta to the cesspits. tial subsurface remains under assessment. 5.1.2.5. Criterion F 5.1.2.3. Criterion C An item possesses uncommon, rare or endan- An item is important in demonstrating aes- gered aspects of NSW's cultural or natural thetic characteristics and/or a high degree of history (State significance); OR An item pos- creative or technical achievement in NSW sesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects (State significance); OR An item is import- of the area's cultural or natural history (local ant in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics significance). and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in the local area (local signifi- This criterion is not directly applicable to the poten- cance). tial subsurface remains under assessment. This criterion is not directly applicable to the poten- 5.1.2.7. Criterion G tial subsurface remains under assessment. An item is important in demonstrating the 5.1.2.4. Criterion D principal characteristics of a class of NSW's - An item has strong or special association cultural or natural places; or - cultural or with a particular community or cultural natural environments (State significance); group in NSW for social, cultural or spiritual OR An item is important in demonstrating reasons (State significance); OR An item has the principal characteristics of a class of the strong or special association with a particular area's - cultural or natural places; or - cul- community or cultural group in the area for tural or natural environments (local signifi- social, cultural or spiritual reasons (local sig- cance). nificance). The potential subsurface remains under assessment This criterion is not directly applicable to the poten- are not likely to provide information that will con- tial subsurface remains under assessment. tribute in a significant way to demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of structures or 5.1.2.5. Criterion E sites of the area.

An item has potential to yield information 5.1.3 Significance of the sub- that will contribute to an understanding of surface heritage NSW's cultural or natural history (State significance); OR An item has potential to yield 5.1.3.1. General information that will contribute to an under- If well are present, the potential for insight standing of the area's cultural or natural his- into 1860s and 1870s Albury is high. The tory (local significance). material culture and faunal remains retrieved The potential subsurface remains under assessment from such a well most certainly significant at are not likely to provide information that will con- the local level (in the absence of other ma- tribute in a significant way to an understanding of terial culture and excavations this is a for- the area's cultural or natural history. An exception gone conclusion), and possible also on a state to this would be the cess pits which were closed off level in view of Albury’s position at the in the 1920s and which could contribute bio- southern periphery of the colony and a major medical samples that allow for an analysis of the border town to Victoria.

—55— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Given the short life cycle of early twentieth 5.1.3.4. Property 532 Kiewa Street urban cesspit infills, the potential material culture contained in the decommissioned Any material culture derived from the cur- cesspit is likely to be no state-level signifi- rent building either refers to the period of its cance and only of low local significance. Of construction in the 1910s or to its use as a scientific interest may be the collection of bus depot and motor garage (1920s-1946). If bulk samples for human excreta for parasite material culture is present within the walled analysis to assess the overall parasite loading confines of the building, it is not likely to of those individuals contributing excreta to comprise of significant items which could the cesspits. illuminate or exemplify any of the elements of the structure deemed to have heritage sig- 5.1.3.2. Property 526 Kiewa Street nificance. Any material culture derived from the cur- 5.1.3.5. Property 534-536 Kiewa Street rent building either refers to the period of its construction in the 1880s or to its use as a The location of the property 534-536 Kiewa boarding house (1910s-1938) and as a motor Street in relation to the land allotments before garage (1938-1977). If material culture is the subdivision and in relation to the struc- present within the walled confines of the tures shown on the 1881 and 1888 town building, it is not likely to comprise of sig- sketches, suggests that no early sites are likely nificant items which could illuminate or ex- to be extant. emplify any of the elements of the structure In view of this, the significance of the an- deemed to have heritage significance. The ticipated subsurface heritage is low. anticipated subsurface material is not deemed significant to warrant extensive ar- 5.1.3.6. Property 538-540 Kiewa Street chaeological investigations. The location of the property 534-536 Kiewa 5.1.3.3. Property 528-530 Kiewa Street Street in relation to the land allotments before the subdivision and in relation to the struc- Any material culture derived from the cur- tures shown on the 1881 and 1888 town rent building either refers to the period of its sketches, suggests that weatherboard cot- construction in the 1880s or to its use as tages may have existed on the property. In coaching stables (1886-1919) and as a motor the absence of excavations of domestic garage (1922–1975). Given the nature of the structures relating to the 1870s and 1880s in floors inside the building it is not expected Albury, such data are of potential signifi- that much material culture is present, in par- cance for the understanding of life in Albury ticular in view of the successive replacement during that period. of concrete floors. In view of this, the significance of the an- If material culture is present within the ticipated subsurface heritage is moderate to walled confines of the building, it is not high at the local level. likely to comprise of significant items which could illuminate or exemplify any of the However, the subsequent earthmoving and elements of the structure deemed to have soil removal in the wake of the fuel station heritage significance. development and later clean-up may have removed any substantial traces.

—56— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

5.2. Summation While some of the subsurface elements that may be present, may posses moderate local significance, they do no warrant that no earthworks be carried out. The limited significance that me be present if subsurface remains are preserved in situ can be recovered through archaeological monitoring and archaeological recovery/salvage work if and when the need arises.

—57— 6. RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendations are made based on the historic observations outlined Recommendation 2: in section 3, the assessment of the potential Archaeological Re- of subsurface features set out in section 4 covery and the evaluation set out in section 5. If substantial archaeological subsurface remains are encountered during the monitoring Recommendation 1: of the excavation work, they need to be Archaeological documented by trained professional person- monitoring nel. While the likelihood of significant archaeo- Albury City should develop a contingency logical remains relating to the early uses of plan that allows for this work to be carried the building is extremely low, the presence out and that factors in any delays in con- of 1860s or 1870s wells as well as remnants struction that may entail. of the foundations of the 1870s or 180s It is recommended that a Albury City develop a weatherboard cottages along the Swift Street contingency plan to allow for the archaeological in- frontage cannot be discounted. vestigation of substantial archaeological subsurface This can be assured by the presence of an ar- remains should they be encountered during the archaeologist monitoring the demolition and chaeological monitoring work. removal of the building as well as the concrete floors. Recommendation 3: It is recommended that any demolition of the exist- Sampling of the ing structure be accompanied by an archaeological cesspits monitoring programme and that a monitoring strategy be developed. While we are informed about the general health status of the Albury population, detailed insights are lacking. Given the opportunity, it is advisable to collect samples from any cesspit decommis-

—58— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1 sioned in 1919 or 1920 which may be encountered during the archaeological monitoring and to carry out an analysis of the parasite loading contained therein. It is recommended that any excavation on the properties be accompanied by a sampling strategy to collect excreta samples from the abandoned cesspit and that an analysis of the parasite loading be carried out.

—59— 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Third edition. 1927. Department of Lands, Sydney. Maps Map of the Town of Albury and suburban Albury Sewage System. Map by J. Marshall, lands. Parish of Albury, County of dated 14 November 1905, endorsed by Goulburn, Land District of Albury. A.L. Wade, Chief Engineer and Alg. Fourth edition. 1958. Department of Peake, Assistant Engineer on 3 August Lands, Sydney. 1910. Ms. on file Albury Municipal Li- Plan of one hundred and sixty town allot- brary. ments and other suburban allotments Map of the Town of Albury and suburban in the town of Albury, 1853 (on file lands. Parish of Albury, County of Albury City Library). Golbourn. Transmitted to the Sur- Plan of the Town of Albury, Parish of veyor General with descriptions and Albury, County of Goulburn, Land letters nº 296, dated 24 May 1855. District of Albury. 3rd edition, Office Signed by James Partridge. (on file Nº 82-41. Surveyor General's Office, Albury City Library). Sydney. 1884. Map of the Town of Albury and suburban Plan of subdivision of suburban allotment nº lands. Parish of Albury, County of 5, Parish of Albury, County of Goul- Goulburn, Land District of Albury. 19 burn. Elizabeth Costen and Charles December 1906. Department of Englehardt Owners and Occupiers. MS Lands, Sydney. on file Albury City Library Map of the Town of Albury and suburban lands. Parish of Albury, County of Publications Goulburn, Land District of Albury. 3 October 1916. Department of Lands, Anon. (1913) Albury Illustrated. Present-day Sydney. views. Melbourne: Renwick-Pride- Map of the Town of Albury and suburban Nutall. lands. Parish of Albury, County of Goulburn, Land District of Albury.

—60— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Albury City (2003a) Albury City Wide Heri- typescript manuscript (carbon copy tage Study. Volume 1: The Study. with title page missing) relating to Draft Document March 2003. events around Albury, Huon and Mit- chell Families, centering on Table Top Albury City (2003b) Lavington Heritage Station. Most probably written in the Study. Volume 1: The Study. Draft mid- or late 1930s by a grandson of Document April 2003. James Mitchell. Australian Archives Andrews, Arthur (1912) The History of Albury ACT Repository Record Series A 1824-1895. Renwich Pride, Albury. 1336/1 Item U95 Andrews, Arthur (1920) The first settlement of Apperly, R., Irving, R. and Reynolds, P. the Upper Murray, 1835-1845. D.S. (1989) A pictorial guide to identifying Ford, Sydney Australian architecture—styles and terms from 1788 to the present. Sydney: Angus Andrews, Arthur (1988) The History of Albury and Robertson. 1824 to 1895. (Facsimile reprint of 1912 edition with historic photographs AWDC (1982) Aboriginal Archaeology of the added). Albury: Albury and District Albury–Wodonga region. Albury: Historical Society Inc. Albury–Wodonga Development Cor- poration. Anon. (1872a) A tour to the south. Albury. The Australian Town and Country Journal AWDC (1989) Aboriginal Archaeology of the 15-4-1872, p.461-462. Albury–Wodonga region. Albury: Albury–Wodonga Development Cor- Anon. (1872b) A tour to the south. The poration. Vineyards of the Albury district. The Australian Town and Country Journal 20- Barr, J. (1841) Anglican Church Architecture. 4-1872, p. 500. Oxford Anon. (1876) A visit to Albury. The Austral- Barr, J. (1846) Anglican Church Architecture ian Town and Country Journal 16 Septem- with some remarks upon ecclesiatical furni- ber 1876, p. 461. ture. Oxford: J.H. Parker. Anon. (1895) Albury [Book compiled to Bayley, Wiliam A. (1954) Border City. History promote Albury as a location for the of Albury, New South Wales. Albury: Federal Capital]. Sydney: John Sands. Albury City Council. Anonymous (n.d.) “Remine–scences from Bayley, Wiliam A. (1976) Border City His- Table Top (?)” Unidentified, untitled tory of Albury. 2nd edition Weston & typescript manuscript (carbon copy Co., Kiama with title page missing) relating to Border Morning Mail (1938) The Official His- events around Albury, Huon and Mit- torical and Pictorial Record of Albury and chell Families, centering on Table Top Border Districts commemorating the 150th Station. Most probably written in the anniversary of Australia. Albury: The mid- or late 1930s by a grandson (?) of Border Morning Mail. James Mitchell. Australian Archives The Border Post ACT Repository Record Series A Border Post Almanac (1877) (Albury) Almanac for 1878. 1336/1 Item U95 2nd edition. Albury: Affleck & Gray. Anonymous (n.d.) “Reminescences from Table Top (?)” Unidentified, untitled

—61— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Australian Bush. Border Post Almanac (1881) The Border Post Brisbane: University of (Albury) Almanac for 1882. Albury: Af- Queensland Press, pp. 196-222. fleck & Gray. Delaney, W.S. (1953) Kiewa and Olive Border Post Almanac (1887) The Border Post Streets have played their part in Border Morn- (Albury) Almanac for 1888. Albury: Af- Albury’s rise to prosperity. ing Mail fleck & Gray. 24 October 1953,p. 13. Wodonga. Over River and Border Post Almanac (1897) The Border Post Dunlop, A.J. (1976) Plain. (Albury) Almanac for 1898. Albury: Af- Melbourne: The Hawthorne fleck & Gray. Press. Glimpses of north- Boyes, Mrs. Frank (1977) Columns of His- Finn, Rev. W.M. (1971) eastern Victoria and Albury, New South tory. Episode 330–Reader's Memories, Wales. Harry Hawker 1914. Wodonga Express (Reprint of the 170 edition). February 16, 1977. Jim Lowden Printing, Melbourne. Riches of Ancient Australia. Boyes, Rosemary (1984) Heritage. Some his- Flood, J. (1991) toric buildings and places. Albury–Wodonga University of Queensland Press, 1984. Armadale, Vic: H.H. Stephen- St.Lucia. son. Freeman Collett & Partners and Nicole Albury Main Street Pro- Cobb, Nathan A. (1895). The handling of Fransen (1993) ject. Vol. 1 Report threshed grain—vigorous language. . Sydney: Freeman Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales Collett & Partners 6(11): 804-805. Grant, Alan (1990) Albury Central Area Cobb, Nathan A. (1900). Grain elevators. Heritage Study Landscape Analysis. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales Prepared for Albury City Council and 11(13): 187-194. the Heritage Council of NSW. Along parallel lines. A his- Collean, Jocelyn and o'Dwyer, Peter (1990) Gunn, John (1989) tory of the railways of New South Wales Albury Central Area Heritage Study. . Conservation Policy and Implementa- Melbourne: Melbourne University tion Report. Prepared for Albury City Press. Council and the Heritage Council of Gunn, R.G. (1987) Mudgegonga Aboriginal NSW. Rock Art Site (Site 8224/001). A de- Cosgraves (2001) Valuation and Report on tailed recording of the art and its con- the Hub Arcade situated at 530 Kiewa text with an assessment of its archae- Street, Albury, NSW 2640. May 2001. ological significance. A report to the Cosgraves Consuting Valuers, Albury Victoria Archaeological Survey.On file. Report on file. Aboriginal Heritage Coutts, P. (1978) Victoria Archaeological Unit, Aboriginal Affairs, Victoria. Survey Activities Report 1977/78. Re- cords of the Victorian Archaeological Survey Hannath, Lee (1983) A business man and his Border Morning Mail Nº 8. career. 1 Novem- ber 1983, p. 13. Davenport, Sarah (1984) ‘We was coming to Progress Albury Ltd. presents: better ourselves.’ In: Lucy Frost, No Henry, V. (1924) place for a nervous Lady. Voices from the The city of tomorrow on the winding Murray River, Australia’s noblest stream. Beautiful

—62— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

and progressive Albury, N.S.W. Lucas, Stapleton & Partners (1992) St. Mat- W.C.Penfold & Co. Ltd, Lithogra- thew's Church Conservation Analysis & phers, Sydney. Australian Archives, Conservation Policy. Report prepared for ACT Repository, Canberra, Record Se- St.Matthew's Vestry Anglican Parish of ries A1861/1 Item Nº 5131. Albury. Melbourne: Clive Lucas, Holloway, Geoff (1997) The cultural heri- Stapleton & Partners tage of a near urban cultural land MacDonald, J. (1980) Albury-Wodonga. The scape. Bachelor of Applied Science chosen City. The first ninety years. Da- (Honours) Thesis. Albury: Charles nolly: Parish Printing Group. Sturt University. Martin, Des (1981) Tale of Twin Cities Part Holmes, Lloyd (1981) Albury's Railway Cen- 1–The Fonding Years. Armadale: tenary 1881–1981. Albury: Albury and Graphic Books District Historical Society. Meldrum, J.V. (1980) Those magnificent Holmes, Lloyd (1991) A Railway Life. Byron men in their flying machines. Parade Bay: Lloyd F. Holmes. April 1980, p. 47 Howitt, W. (1855) Land Labour and Gold. Mitchell, John Francis Huon (1906) Aborigi- Or, two years in Victoria with visits to Syd- nal Dictionary (Woradjuri Tongue) Albury: ney and Van Diemen’s land. 2 vols. Lon- J. Walker. don: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. Morrison, W. Frederic (1888) The Aldine cen- tennial history of New South Wales, il- Hume Shire Coucnil (nd) A guide to places lustrated : embracing sketches and portraits of historical interest within in the of her noted people, the rise and progress of shire. [Albury: Hume Shire Council] her varied enterprises, and illustrations of Jones, Howard C. (1989) A history of Thur- her boundless wealth, together with maps of goona. Albury: Albury–Wodonga De- latest survey. Sydney : Aldine Publishing velopment Corporation. Co Jones, Howard C. (1991) Albury Heritage. NSW Heritage Office (1996) Archaeological Albury: Albury City Council. Assessments. Sydney: NSW Heritage Latona, Ken (1976) City of Albury Central Office, Department of Urban Affairs Area Urban Conservation Study. A and Planning. study prepared for Albury City Council NSW Heritage Office (2000) Heritage In- by The National Trust of Australia formation Series. Assessing Historical (New South Wales). Prepared for the Association. Sydney: NSW Heritage National Trust of Australia (New Office. South Wales). by Ken Latona. NSW Heritage Office (2001) Assessing Heri- November 1976. tage Significance. NSW Heritage Manual Lawrence, G. Vere (1947) It’s been good Part 2. Sydney: NSW Heritage Office fun. The High-Wayfarer vol. 1 no. 1, NSW Heritage Office (2001b) Heritage In- December 1947 p. 3. formation Series. Historical Research Lewis, M. (1988) Two hundred years of concrete for Heritage. Sydney: NSW Heritage in Australia. North Sydney: Concrete Office. Institute of Australia.

—63— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

partment of Human Geography Publication O'Halloran, Charmain & Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2002) Wave Action Impact on HG/10. Canberra: Research School of Archaeological Sites in a Freshwater Pacific Studies, Department of Human Reservoir at Lake Hume, New South Geography, The Australian National Wales. Australian Archaeology vol. 54, University pp. 6–12. Rowland, E.C. (1948) A century of the English church in New South Wales Pennay, Bruce (1992) On the home front: . Sydney; Albury during the Second World War. Angus & Roberston. Albury: Albury and District Historic Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (1993) Aboriginal Society. land use in the Albury Area. ms. Pennay, Bruce (1994a) Two views of Albury in Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (1995) Archaeo- the 1880s indicating the impact of the com- logical Survey of the new C.S.U. cam- ing of railways on town development. The pus, Thurgoona, N.S.W. The John- changing face and shape of Albury. Albury: stone Centre of Parks, Recreation and Albury City Council. Heritage Report nº 44. The Johnstone Pennay, Bruce (1994b) Planing Albury. The Centre of Parks, Recreation and Heri- changing face and shape of Albury. Albury: tage, Charles Sturt University, Albury, Albury City Council. NSW Pennay, Bruce (2001) From Colonial to State Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2002) Archaeo- Border. A federation hsitroy of the social logical Assessment of European Cul- construction of the border between New South tural Heritage Rail-Coach Interchange Wales and Victoria as a frontier, barrier at Albury Railway Station. Johnstone Centre Research in Natural Resources & ad contact zone. Albury: Charles Sturt Society Environmental Consulting Report University. Nº 38. Wagga Wagga: Johnstone Pennay, Bruce (2003) Peopling Albury. To- Centre Environmental Consulting wards a Migrant History. Unpublishes ms. Albury City Council files Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003a) The South- eastern Corner of Kiewa and Swift Robertson, J. Edward (1913) The progress of Streets, Albury, NSW. An Historical Albury and District. Vine –clad portal of Analysis. Johnstone Centre Report nº 182. the Eastern States. Melbourne: Wilke, Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone Mitchell & Co printed for JE. Robert- Centre, Charles Sturt University. son Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003b) Nº 526 Robinson, George Augustus (1844) George Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An His- Augustus Robinson’s Journey into South torical Analysis of the Site and an As- Eastern Australia-1844, with George sessment of Heritage Values. Johnstone Henry Haydon’s Narrative of Part of the Centre Report nº 188. Albury, N.S.W. : same journey. Edited by George The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt Mackaness. Australian Historical University. Monographs vol NS XIX. Sydney: George Mackaness. Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003c) Nº 528- 530 Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Robinson, M.E. (1976) The New South Historical Analysis of the Site and an Wales Wheat Frontier 1851 to 1911. Assessment of Heritage Values. John- Research School of Pacific Studies, De- stone Centre Report nº 189. Albury,

—64— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

N.S.W. : The Johnstone Centre, Swan, K., (1970) A History of Wagga Wagga. Charles Sturt University. Wagga Wagga: City of Wagga Wagga. Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003d) Nº 532 Travers, Greg J. (1987) The Australian articu- Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An His- lated bus : semi-trailer and modern articu- torical Analysis of the Site and an As- lated buses in Australia. Sydney: Transit sessment of Heritage Values. Johnstone Australia Publishing Centre Report nº 190. Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt Turnbull, H. (1916) Old time memories. University. Albury in the '60s and '70s. Albury Banner 9 October 1916. Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003e) Nº 534-36 Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An His- Vagabond (1896) Albury: the Border City. torical Analysis of the Site and an As- Supplement to Albury Banner and Wo- sessment of Heritage Values. Johnstone donga Express, 11 September 1896. 8 Centre Report nº 191. Albury, N.S.W. : pp. Albury: Albury Banner and Wo- The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt donga Express. University. Webb, M. (1984) Table Top. A history of the Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003f) Nº 538-540 district 1824–1984. Temora: Table Top Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An His- History Commitee. torical Analysis of the Site and an As- sessment of Heritage Values. Johnstone Centre Report nº 192. Albury, N.S.W. : Personal Communica- The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt tions University. Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (in press a). Early Chamberlain, Cliff (2003) Local history Aviation in Albury I: Harry Hawker’s columnist. Albury 12 July 2003. Flight demonstration of 1914—the Curtis, Gerry,—Local Historian, Albury, July First sustained heavier-than-air flight 2003. in Albury. Albury and District Historical Gear, Ray.—Planner Albury City Council, Society Bulletin nº ##. Albury, July 2003. Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (in press b). Early Livsey, Helen.—Research Officer, Albury Aviation in Albury II: Maurice Guil- and District Historic Society, Albury, laux’ aerial acrobatics of 1914. Albury July 2003. and District Historical Society Bulletin nº ##. Moss, Ron.—Proprietor of former AMPOL service station, corner Stanley and Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (in press c). Busses Kiewa Streets. Albury, 5 July 2003. Up & Down the Murray The Murray Val- ley Coach Company of Albury. Albury: Newnan, Chris.—Planner, Albury City Letao Council, Albury, July 2003. Strickland, E. (1862) The Australian pastor: a O'Brien, Teri.—Chief Planner, Albury City record of the remarkable changes in mind Council, Albury, July 2003. and outward estate of Henry Elliott. Lon- Strang, Bill.—Barber. Albury, 2 July 2003 don: Wertheim, Macintosh & Hunt. Chamberlain, Cliff (2003) Local history columnist. Albury 12 July 2003.

—65— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

Gabriel, Colin (2003) Former employee of Gabriel, Colin (2003) Former employee of Preston Motors 534–536 Kiewa Preston Motors 534–536 Kiewa Street. Albury 2 July 2003. Street. Albury 2 July 2003. Jones, Warwick (2003) Owner A.T. Jones, Gear, Ray.—Planner Albury City Council, 553 Kiewa Street and son of A.T. Albury, July 2003. Jones, lessee of 540 Kiewa Street. Henry, David (2003) Albury-Wodonga De- Albury 1 July 2003. velopment Corporation. Albury 30 Kelly, John (2003) Former lessee of the Am- August 2003. pol Station 540 Kiewa Street. Albury Jones, Warwick (2003) Owner A.T. Jones, 30 August 2003. 533 Kiewa Street and son of A.T. Macintosh, Clive (2003) Former employee of Jones, lessee of 540 Kiewa Street. West's Motors and later E.A. Machin's. Albury 1 and 2 July 2003. Albury 2 July 2003 Livsey, Helen.—Research Officer, Albury and District Historic Society, Albury, Personal Communica- July 2003. tions Macintosh, Clive (2003) Former employee of Bohun, Bill (2003) Former driver for Murray West's Motors and later E.A. Machin's. Valley Coaches. Albury, 2 July 2003. Albury 2 July 2003 Boyd, Kevin (2003) Former owner of the McMahon, Denise (2003) Family historian Hub Arcade. Albury, 17 July 2003. and author of works on Crawford & Co., Brisbane July 2003 (via e-mail). Brewer, Bernard (2003) Former owner of Quest Fine Arts, then at 532 Kiewa Moss, Ron.—Proprietor of former AMPOL Street. Albury 30 August 2003. service station, corner Stanley and Kiewa Streets. Albury, 5 July 2003. Brissenden, Patricia (2003) Former co- owner of 526 Kiewa Street. Albury 30 Newnan, Chris.—Planner, Albury City August 2003. Council, Albury, July 2003. Chamberlain, Cliff (2003) Local history O'Brien, Teri.—Chief Planner, Albury City columnist. Albury 12 July 2003. Council, Albury, July 2003. Curtis, Gerry,—Local Historian, Albury, July Strang, Bill.—Barber. Albury, 2 July 2003 2003. Weihrauch, Gerald (2003) Proprietor AS In- Davonport, Kenneth (2003) Former owner teriors. Albury, 3 July 2003. of 526 Kiewa Street. Albury, 7 July 2003. Eames, Peter (2003) Former Employee of Wests Motors and Albury Cars and Tractors. 7 July 2003. Edwards, George (2003) Former driver for Murray Valley Coaches. Albury, 21 July 2003.

—66— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

8.ENDNOTES

—67—

Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

25 1. NSW Heritage Office 2001. The Hume Tree was burnt in 18@@, while the tree with Hovell’s inscription 2. Collean & o'Dwyer 1990. survives. The inscription was recut by 3 . Latona 1976 Hovell when he revisited Albury in ■■ 4. Collean & o'Dwyer 1990. 18 . 26 5. Freeman Collette & FRansen 1993. There had been some mail deliveries between Melbourne and Sydney in 1837 6 . Latona 1976, p. 22 and 1838, with Howlong used as the 7. Latona 1976, p. 33. crossing (Andrwws 1912, p. 11). 27 8 Spennemann 2003. Andrews 1912, p. 14. 28 9 Bland 1831. There is abundant evidence that the early 10 European settlers in the area copied Spennemann 1993 Aboriginal land use and raw naterial use: 11 Andrews 1920, p 27 settlement patterns ■■■ 12 Andrews 1920, p. 35. bark canoes ■■■ 13 bark huts ■■■ 14 In late September 1878 a skeleton was food items ■■■ encountered at the ‘new down river 29 road skirting Hospital Hill” (Monument gazetted 13 April 1839. NSW Government Hill). The skeleton, which was reported Gazette 1839, vol. 1, p. 480 (quoted after as in a good state of preservation was as- Andrews 1912, p. 6). sumed to belong to an Indigenous per- 30 Andrews 1912, p. 6 son and was taken charge of by the pol- 31 ice (Albury Banner 28 September 1878, p. Andrews 1912, p. 14 14). The disposal of the remains is un- 32 Andrews 1912, p. 22-23 clear.—The location suggests that the 33 ■■ Quote act. burial was located south of Monument 34 Hill, at the edge of the flood plain. Andrews 1912, p. 40. 35 15 AWDC 1989; Spennemann 1995. ■■ 36 16 BP 23 Oct 1891, p. 3 col. 7. Andrews 1912,p. 31. 37 17 Andrews 1920, p. 35; Andrews 1912 Bayley 1954, p. ■■ 38 18 Jones 1985, p.19 39 19 Robinson 1941, p. 28. Jeans 1972 40 20 Robinson 1941, p. 28. Younger ones only attended school 10.00am to 5.30pm 21 BP 17 January 1857. 41 Andrews 1912, p. 20. 22 Jones 1991, P. 18 42 Bayley 1954, p.46 23 Report by the first Protector of Aborigi- 43 nes in 1882. Pennay 2003. Andrews 1912, p. 48. 44 24 Census 1891 collector’s books Bayley 1954, p. 28

—69— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

45 Bayley 1954, p. 51 72 AB 10 Nov. 1905; March 1906; ADN 7 46 Nov 1905 Bayley 1954, p. 101. 73 47 Formed in 1906 Hume Shire decided to Andrews 1912, p. 65/ set up offices in Albury, after a brief 48 Bayley 1954, p. 107 spell in the Jindera School of Arts 49 Border Post 6 May 1874, p. 2 col. 4. (Hume Shire Council nd). 74 50 Albury Banner 2 May 1874, p. 13 col. 3. That building was demolished in 1966 51 and replaced with the current structure Bayley 1954, p. 103. (Hume Shire Council nd). 52 Bayley 1954, p. 28. 75 Photo: Parish Archives. 53 Holmes 1981, p. 12. 76 Photo Fielder Collection, Courtesy 54 Bayley 1954, p. 94 Albury Regional Museum. 77 55 BP 4 Jul 1883 Source: Albury Illustrated 1913. 78 56 Andrews 1912, p. 75. Contenporary Postcard.Collection Albury Regional Museum 57 Nayley 1954, p. 99; cf. photo in Jones 79 1985, p. 29.—In 1920s sold off to the Gas . Source: MacPherson Collection, Albury Supply Company of Melbourne (Keating Regional Museum. 1974, p. 89). 80. Source: MacPherson Collection, Albury 58 Temders called for on 6 April 1883 (BP Regional Museum. of the same date). 81 Spennemann 2003b–f. 59 BP 25 Apr 1890. 82 Pers.comm. Gerry Curtis 2003. 60 Bayley 1954, p. 99. 83. MacPherson collection, Albury Regional 61 Bayley 1954, p. 107 Museum. 84 62 Bayley 1954, p. 107 Silcrete artifacts are very rare in the 63 Albury region. 85 Spennemann 1995. 64 BP 25 Oct 1889 86 O’Halloran & Spennemann 2002 65 Border Post Almanac 1890, p. 43.—The hall 87 measured 28' by 66' (8.5 x 20m) and cost Spennemann, St Matthew’s Archaeology. £586. If the cost of the land is included, Unpublished. the cost was £800 (BP 15 Mar 1889). 88 Bayley 1954, p. 99. 66 BP 1 Sep 1895 89 BP 25 Apr 1890. 67 Albury Herald 18 Apr 1899. 90. Pers. comm. Clive Mainctosh 68 Blacklock’s BMM 24 October 1913, 16 91. Pers. comm. Colin Gabriel. 69 AB 23 Jun 1911. 92. Pers. comm. Clive Mainctosh 70 ADN 25 June 1919 93. Pers. comm. Clive Mainctosh. 71 Bayley 1954, p. 139. 94. Pers. comm. Colin Gabriel.

—70— Dirk H.R. Spennemann Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1

95 Peter Eames (pers. Comm.) remembers that when the cellar was cleared, large amounts of 1930s and 1940s Caddilac parts were retrieved from the cellar, which were publicly auctioned. 96 Gilbarco Australia to Chief Inspector Dangerous Goods Branch, Department of Industrial Relations, dated North Ryde 2 May 1990. On file, property file nº 3931. 97 Pers. Comm Elena Mamouney 2003. 98 Gilbarco Australia to Chief Inspector Dangerous Goods Branch, Department of Industrial Relations, dated North Ryde 2 May 1990. On file, property file nº 3931. 99 Pers. Comm. John Kelly, 2003. 100 Letter Roebleck to Albury City Council. On file, property file nº 3931. 101 Margial annotation Letter Roebleck to Albury City Council. On file, property file nº 3931. 102 NSW Heritage Office 1996; 2000, 2001, 2001b. 103 NSW Heritage Office 2001

—71—