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The South Australian Hypotheses

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The South Australian Hypotheses The South Australian Hypotheses Impacts of vessel loss in South Australian colonial whaling The Encounter Bay wreck, Encounter Bay, South Australia (Photograph by Irini Malliaros 25 June 2019) Timothy Zapor Archaeologist A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Master of Maritime Archaeology. Department of Archaeology, College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide January 2020 Declaration of Candidate ‘I certify that this thesis does not incorporate without acknowledgment any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any university; and that to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text’ Timothy Zapor January 2020 i Abstract This thesis uses a case study from Encounter Bay, South Australia to examine the impacts of vessel loss in colonial South Australian whaling. A collaborative project to undertake study on South Australia’s ‘first-fleet’ and other immigrant vessels began in 2018 with the search for the barque South Australian. One of the first sixteen vessels to bring free immigrants to Australia and one of South Australia’s first whaling ships. South Australian is the oldest recorded shipwreck in South Australia, sinking in 1837, just one year after the formation of the colony. Originally built Marquess of Salisbury in England in 1819 as a Falmouth packet ship in service of the Royal Post Office, South Australian carried mail around the globe until it was purchased by The South Australian Company and sailed for Australia. In early 2018, the research team located the articulated remains of a wooden vessel in Encounter Bay, South Australia using a combination of historical records and local community knowledge. The Encounter Bay wreck is believed to be that of South Australian. Encounter Bay and surrounding waters are the resting place of many other known shipwrecks. Most of these wrecks have been identified only through the historic record and their exact location is unknown. Positive identification of the Encounter Bay wreck is necessary to establish if the wreck site is indeed that of South Australian or one of the other vessels wrecked nearby. The location of the site and orientation of the remains provide an initial affiliation with historical documents pertaining to South Australian’s wrecking event. This initial affiliation allows for the undertaking of historical research into the wrecking event of South Australian and its impact to South Australia’s early whaling activities. A vessel lost so early in a colony’s history while involved with the first maritime economy of the area may have a large cultural impact. This study set out to record the archaeological remains of the Encounter Bay wreck through underwater survey techniques, i.e. baseline-offset mapping, photography, 3D modelling, timber species identification, and metal analysis. With no previous archaeological data, recording of the Encounter Bay wreck allows for a study into the construction of the vessel as well as helps to identify the wreck. Analysis of historic documentation surrounding the wrecking event of a colonial whaling vessel evaluates the cultural impacts that the loss of an important vessel has on a fledgling whaling industry, if any. Identification of the remains and analysis of the cultural impact of South Australian’s loss are not mutually exclusive in this study. Even with a negative identification the research will provide information on a newly located wreck as well as evaluate the cultural importance of a vessel known to have operated in the region. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people for their support and guidance throughout this project: My supervisor Wendy van Duivenvoorde, thank you for your help and guidance, I would have been lost without your knowledge. The MaP Fund founders, Mark Staniforth and Paddy O’Toole, thank you for introducing me to an amazing shipwreck and for your ongoing support, without you none of this would have been possible. Rick Bullers of the Department for Environment and Water for helping to bring this project into existence and for your guidance and friendship when things got rough. The Australian National Maritime Museum crew, James Hunter and Kieran Hosty, who provided their knowledge and time to make sure the fieldwork happened, and taught me the ways of the Maritime Archaeologist. The Silentworld Foundation crew, Paul Hundley and especially Irini Malliaros, thank you for your tireless efforts and drive to make this project the absolute best it could be (and make me look good on camera). The South Australian Maritime Museum team, Kevin Jones, Adam Paterson, and Lindl Lawton for their support and help with conservation of remains. The residents of Victor Harbor who were so excited to aid our team and made the fieldwork such a pleasant experience, and for your ongoing vigilance in protecting underwater heritage. The Flinders University Department of Archaeology Technical Officers, John Naumann, Chantal Wight, and Hiro Yoshi, for providing me with gear and welcoming me into the lab. Fellow students Peta Straiton and Mae Stace for your guidance, proof reading, editing and making the long hours in the lab bearable. Finally, to my friends and family, both near and far, old and new, especially to my loving parents, Janice Carter and Mike Zapor, you have made me who I am today and without your constant love and support I would not be where I am. iii Table of Contents Declaration of Candidate ......................................................................................................................... i Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1 – Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Historic Background of Victor Harbor ............................................................................................... 3 Location .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Research Question .............................................................................................................................. 6 Aims .................................................................................................................................................... 6 Significance......................................................................................................................................... 6 Limitations .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter Outline ................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 – Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 10 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Previous Archaeology ....................................................................................................................... 10 Previous Studies in Encounter Bay ............................................................................................... 11 Comparative Archaeological Sites ................................................................................................ 12 Methods of Vessel Identification ...................................................................................................... 13 Middle-Range Theory ....................................................................................................................... 15 Ruling Theory and Multiple Working Hypotheses ........................................................................... 17 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 19 Chapter 3 – Methods ............................................................................................................................. 20 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 20 iv Multiple working hypotheses
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