[Prakash Sanjay: Gokshura (Tribulus Terrestris Linn.) -A Review]
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International Journal of Applied Ayurved Research ISSN: 2347- 6362 GOKSHURA (TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS LINN.) A REVIEW 1Prakash Sanjay 1Lecturer,Department of Dravyaguna,Govt. Ayurvedic College & Hospital,Varanasi- 221002.U.P. (India) ABSTRACT : Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) Family: Zygophyllaceae is a procumbent herb commonly known as Small Caltrops, occurs naturally throughout India, specially warm regions. As this is having Guru, Snigdha Guna, Madhura Rasa, Madhura Vipaka, Shita Virya. By the virtue of above property this is Vatapittashamaka. Gokshura contains a number of bioactive chemicals, including saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, and tannins. The fruits of Laghu Goksura (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) are useful as alterative, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, anti-arthritic, cooling, tonic, demulcent, expectorant and conceptive (root of white flower-variety). It is useful as calculus affections, kidney diseases, painful micturition and urinary discharges. The present review is therefore, an effort to give a detailed focus on its botanical details, phytochemistry, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic importance and its pharmacological studies. Keywords : Gokshura, Tribulus terrestris, diuretic, ashmari, phytochemistry, pharmacology. INTRODUCTION: Gokshura (Tribulus aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, anti-arthritic, terrestris Linn.) Family: Zygophyllaceae is cooling, tonic, demulcent, expectorant and a procumbent herb commonly known as conceptive (root of white flower-variety). Small Caltrops, occurs naturally It is useful as calculus affections, kidney throughout India, specially warm diseases, painful micturition and urinary regions.(Fig. 1). The fruits of Laghu discharges. Gokshura are useful as alterative, Figure 1 T.terrestris. (A) Whole plant with flowering twig. (B)Fruit. History: On comprehensive review of described in mutrakrichchhra (S.U.59.19). Ayurvedic classics it was found that In Ashtanga Hridaya, it is described as Gokshura is described in Charaka Rasayana (A.H.U.39.56). In Harita Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Samhita, it is described as ashmarihara Hridaya, Sharangadhara Samhita, Harita (H.S.3.31-13). In Kaideva Nighantu, it is Samhita, Nighantus and Chikitsagranthas. described as Hridaroga, krichchhashmari, In Charaka Samhita, it is described as shvasakasarujahara.1 In Bhavaprakasha Shvadanshtra ghrita used in ashmari Nighantu, its properties are described as (C.Ci.26.74). In Sushruta Samhita, it is vrishya, ashmarihara, [Prakash Sanjay: Gokshura (Tribulus Terrestris Linn.) -A Review] pramehashvasakasarsha, hridroga.2 In Raj Shadanga- It possesses the sixth part, Nighantu, gokshuradvaya is described in spines, apart from usual five parts. krichchhrashmari.3 It is also mentioned in Chanadruma- The plant has leaves like Chikitsa Granthas like Chakradatta, it is those of Bengal gram plant. described as sunthigokshura kwatha in Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Punjabi : Gokhru, amavata (CD.25.9.). Bhavamishra, in his Hathchikar section Bhavaprakash, madhyamakhanda Mar. : Sarate mentions indication of Guj. : Betha gokhru, Mhana Gokhru trikantakabeejachurna in ashmari.4 Same Tamil : Nerunje used in Vrindamadhva (VM.34.28). Telugu : Palleru shvadanshtraphalachurna is used in Pers. : Kharakhasak shosharoga(Rajamartanda.12.3). Arab. : Hasak Botanical classification5 Eng. : Small Caltrops, Gokhru Tribulus terrestris Linn.belongs to the Description7 family Zygophyllaceae. A. Tribulus terrestris Linn.:Goksura-ksudra Kingdom: Planate goksura Unranked: Angiosperms A procumbent herb; stems and branches Unranked:Eudicots pilose;young parts silky-villous. Leaves Unranked: Rosids opposite, abruptly pinnate, one of each Order: Zygophyllales pair usually smaller than the other; Family: Zygophyllaceae sometimes wanting; stipules lanceolate, Genus: Tribulus hairy; leaflets 3-6 pairs, 6-12 mm. long, Species: terrestris oblong, mucronate, sericeos-villous with Part used: Fruits, roots, whole plant. appressed hairs beneath and more or less Doses of fruit powder 3-6gm., Decoction so on the upper surfaces, base rounded 50-100 ml. Specific formulations are oblique; petioles very short pilose. Goksuradi curna, Goksuradyavaleha, Flowers axillary or leaf-opposed, Goksuradi guggulu, Goksuradi Kvatha, solitary;pedicels 1.2-2 cm. long, slender, Dasamularista, Trikantakadya (Sadhita) hairy. Sepals 6 mm., lanceolate, acute, Ksira, Trikantakadi Kvatha, Svadanstra hairy. Petals 1 cm., long, oblong-obovate; taila, Goksuradi modakam, Svadanstra claw short, hairy. Ovary bristly; style ghrtam, Abhayarista, Svadanstradi short;stout; stigmatic lobes longer than the pamakam, Svadanstradi Kasayam, Trikan- diameter of the style. takabija curnam, Brhat Varunadi Kvatha. Fruit globose, consisting of (usually) 5 Vernacular Names6 hairy or nearly glabrous, often muruculate, Sanskrit names : Gokshura, Kshuraka, woody cocci, each with 2 pairs of hard Kantaphala, Gokantaka, Trikantaka, sharp spines, one pairs longer than the Bhakshakanta, Bhukshura, Shvadanshtra, other. Seeds several in each coccus, with Svadukantaka, Palankasha- Fruits are transverse partitions between them. armed with spines which injure the feet of Flowering and Fruiting Time is rainy to grazing cattle. autumn seasons and onwards. Ikshugandhika- With aroma of sugarcane. It is found throughout India, especially Sthalashringataka, Vanashrigataka- Fruits warm regions. resembling water-chestnut. B. Pedalium murex Linn. : Brhad goksura. 1576 www.ijaar.in IJAAR VOLUME II ISSUE 11 JAN-FEB 2017 [Prakash Sanjay: Gokshura (Tribulus Terrestris Linn.) -A Review] Family : Pedaliaccae known compounds, N-p- Description: A much-branched herb, 15- coumaroyltyramine, terrestriamide, 38 cm. high;stems and branches often hecogenin, aurantiamide acetate, slightly rough with scaly glands. xanthosine, fatty acid ester, ferulic acid, Leaves opposite, pale glaucous-green, vanillin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and β- somewhat fleshy, 2.5-5 by 2-3.8 cm. sitosterol, from the dried fruits of broadly ovate-oblong, truncate or obtuse, TT.[16]10 The alkaloids present are coarsely crenate-serrate or sublobate, harmane and norharmane. The β-carboline glabrous above, the lower side usually alkaloid, tribulusterine, is present in minor covered with minute scales, base acute; quantities in fruits.[17]11Gas petioles 6-20 mm. long. chromatography-mass spectrometry Flowers axillary,solitary; pedicels 4 mm. analysis of methanolic extract of the whole long. Calyx small, scarcely 3 mm. long; plant of TT revealed the presence of α- minutely scaly outside, divided rather Amyrin as the major constituent and seven more than half way down; lobes 5, linear- minor constituents, which are 3,7,11,15- triangular, acute. Corolla 2.5 cm. long, tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, n- about 2 cm. across the mouth, bright hexadecadienoic acid, hexadecadienoic yellow; tube 2 cm; long, slender; lobes acid ethyl ester, phytol, 9,12- broad, rounded.Filaments glandular-hairy octadecadienoic acid, 9,12,15- at the base. octadecatrienoic acid, and 1,2- Fruit 1.3-2 cm., long, narrowed at the base, benzenedicarboxylic acid disoctyl ester. pyramidal-ovoid above the spines, bluntly Sterols such as β-sitosterols and 4-angled, with stout sharp conical stigmasterols were also found to be horizontal spines from the angles. present.[18]12 Flowering and Fruiting Time rains to Therapeutic uses13 The medicinal autumn seasons and onwards. properties of Brhad Goksura (Pedalium It is found in tropical regions in India; murex Linn.) are almost the same as those Konkan, Gujarat, Madhya pradesh, Uttar of Laghu Goksura (Tribulus terrestris Pradesh, Deccan Peninsula and other areas Linn.) in country. The fresh leaves and stems, briskly Pharmacodynamics8 agitated in cold water, speedily convert it Rasa: Madhura into a thick mucilage, nearly of the Guna: Guru, Snigdha consistence of the white of a raw egg, Virya: Shita inodorous and tasteless. Vipaka : Madhura An infusion of fresh leaves and stems is Doshakarma : Vatapittashamaka used as an esteemed remedy for treating Chemical composition gonorrhoea and dysuria. The preliminary phytochemical study of The juice of the fruits is useful as an TT revealed the presence of saponins, emmenagogue. It is employed in puerperal flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, and diseases, and to promote the local tannins.[6]9 Tian Shung et al. isolated and discharge. The leaves are used as a curry characterized three new compounds, in spleenic enlargements. The decoction of terrestribisamide, 25R-spirost-4-en-3, 12- the roots is used as an antibilious remedy. dione, and tribulusterine, together with 10 1577 www.ijaar.in IJAAR VOLUME II ISSUE 11 JAN-FEB 2017 [Prakash Sanjay: Gokshura (Tribulus Terrestris Linn.) -A Review] It is very useful drug in kidney and urinary Saponin from TT possesses hypoglycemic troubles specially calculus and dysuria and properties.[32]18 their allied complications. The fruits are Hypolipidemic activity antispasmodic, aphrodisiac and The aqueous extract of the fruits of TT emmenagogue; their decoction is used for was evaluated for their hypolipidemic the diseases for which the mucilaginous activity in Wistar albino rats.[37]19 infusion of the leaves is suggested. The Activity in cardiac disorders juice of the fruits is given in puerperal TT showed significant effect in the diseases, and for promoting lochial treatment of various cardiac diseases discharge. A pint of an infusion of the including coronary disease, myocardial seeds is given daily in spermatorrhoea, infarction, cerebral arteriosclerosis, and impotence and incontinence of urine.