The TCP/IP Protocol Suite Tutorial December 20, 2006 Trademarks and Copyrights Microsoft®, Windows®, Outlook®, and Internet Explorer® are registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. AOL®, AOL® Instant messenger™ and AIM® are trademarks or registered trademarks of America Online, Incorporated. Yahoo!® and the Yahoo! logo are registered trademarks of Yahoo, Inc. Acrobat® and Acrobat Reader® are a registered trademarks of Adobe Systems, Incorporated. All other products or services mentioned in this document are identified by the trademarks, service marks, or product names as designated by the companies that market those products or services or own those marks. Inquiries concerning such products, services, or marks should be made directly to those companies This document and its contents are provided by Fujitsu Network Communications, Inc. (FNC) for guidance purposes only. 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TCP/IP Protocol Suite Tutorial Table of Contents Introduction...............................................................................1-1 Objectives.............................................................................1-1 Standards .............................................................................1-1 Distribution Method ..............................................................1-1 Optional Reading..................................................................1-1 The OSI Reference Model........................................................1-3 Purpose ................................................................................1-3 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite........................................................1-5 Before We Begin.......................................................................1-7 The Application Layer...............................................................1-8 Application Layer Examples .................................................1-8 The Transport Layer .................................................................1-9 User Datagram Protocol.......................................................1-9 Transmission Control Protocol ...........................................1-10 The Internet Layer ..................................................................1-14 The Internet Protocol ..............................................................1-15 IP Routing...............................................................................1-19 Address Resolution Protocol ..................................................1-20 The Network Access Layer.....................................................1-21 Point-to-Point Protocol............................................................1-23 Ethernet ..................................................................................1-25 A TCP/IP Networking Example...............................................1-29 Wireless Fidelity......................................................................1-36 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access ..................1-40 Frame Relay ...........................................................................1-44 Asynchronous Transfer Mode.................................................1-47 Multiprotocol Label Switching .................................................1-52 Tutorial Review.......................................................................1-55 Review Answers .....................................................................1-59 Glossary Release 1.0, December 20, 2006 Fujitsu and Fujitsu Customer Use Only i TCP/IP Protocol Suite Tutorial List of Figures Figure 1-1: The OSI Reference Model..................................... 1-2 Figure 1-2: Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models ............... 1-4 Figure 1-3: Encapsulation........................................................ 1-6 Figure 1-4: The UDP Packet Structure.................................... 1-9 Figure 1-5: TCP Packet Structure.......................................... 1-12 Figure 1-6: Classful Addressing............................................. 1-15 Figure 1-7: NAT ..................................................................... 1-16 Figure 1-8: The IP Packet Structure ...................................... 1-18 Figure 1-9: The Point-to-Point Protocol Frame...................... 1-22 Figure 1-10: Ethernet Frame Formats ................................... 1-24 Figure 1-11: PPP Encapsulated in an Ethernet Frame.......... 1-28 Figure 1-12: TCP/IP Example................................................ 1-29 Figure 1-13: Communicating at the Application Level ........... 1-29 Figure 1-14: Using TCP to Transport HTTP Messages......... 1-30 Figure 1-15: Using DNS to Resolve Hostnames ................... 1-30 Figure 1-16: Establishing a TCP/IP Connection .................... 1-31 Figure 1-17: Invoking the IP Protocol .................................... 1-31 Figure 1-18: Using ARP to Determine MAC Addresses ........ 1-32 Figure 1-19: Using Ethernet to Transmit an IP Datagram ..... 1-32 Figure 1-20: Sending the Frame to the Default Gateway ...... 1-33 Figure 1-21: Routing the Frame to the Final Destination....... 1-34 Figure 1-22: The 802.11 MAC Frame Format ....................... 1-35 Figure 1-23: WiMAX MAC PDU Format ................................ 1-39 Figure 1-24: Frame Relay Packet Structure .......................... 1-43 Figure 1-25: ATM Cell Structure............................................ 1-46 Figure 1-26: Mixed Service Types on an MPLS Core ........... 1-51 Figure 1-27: The MPLS Label Stack...................................... 1-54 ii Fujitsu and Fujitsu Customer Use Only Release 1.0, December 20, 2006 Tutorial The TCP/IP Protocol Suite Introduction This self-study tutorial satisfies the prerequisite for Transmission http://www.fujitsu.com/us/services/telecom/training/ Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networking edservtcpip.pdf knowledge that is required for attendance at Fujitsu Network The tutorial can be viewed using Acrobat® Reader®. Communications Inc. (FNC) Educational Services data networking product training classes. Optional Reading Objectives FNC-500-0005-010, Guide to ATM After completing this lesson, the student should be able to: ATM Tutorial • Describe the OSI 7-layer networking model Ethernet Tutorial • Describe the TCP/IP networking model The referenced optional reading can be downloaded by going to the following URL: • Define basic networking terminology http://www.fujitsu.com/us/services/telecom/training/ • Understand the various TCP/IP networking components • Identify the relationships between the components of the TCP/IP protocol suite Standards The student can complete the tutorial and take the self evaluation at the end of the tutorial. If the student passes the tutorial, the FNC prerequisite qualification for data networking is complete. If the student does not pass the tutorial, sections in the tutorial relating to questions missed should be reviewed. Each student should be familiar with concepts and terms of the tutorial prior to attending class. Distribution Method The data networking tutorial is available at the following Internet address: Release 1.0, December 20, 2006 Fujitsu and Fujitsu Customer Use Only 1-1 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite Tutorial Figure 1-1: The OSI Reference Model 1-2 Fujitsu and Fujitsu Customer Use Only Release 1.0, December 20, 2006 Tutorial The TCP/IP Protocol Suite The OSI Reference Model As many networking tutorials do, this one begins with an Session Layer introduction to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) The session layer controls the connections (sessions) between Reference Model (OSI Model). The OSI model is a layered, computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the abstract description for communication and computer network connections between the local and remote application. protocol design, developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection initiative. It is also called the OSI 7-layer model. Transport Layer Purpose The transport layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users, thus relieving the upper layers from transfer concerns The OSI model divides the functions of a protocol into a series of while providing reliable data transfer. The transport layer controls layers. Each layer has the property that it only uses the functions the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation/ of the layer directly below, and only exports functionality to the desegmentation, and error control. layer directly above. A system that implements protocol behavior Network Layer consisting of a series of these layers is known as a protocol stack or simply stack. Protocol stacks can be implemented either in The network layer provides the means