Loves of a She-Devil Bachelor’S Diploma Thesis
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Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Lucie Pelčáková “I Don't Think You Are a Woman at All. I Think That What You Are Is a She-devil!" – Feminism in The Life and Loves of a She-devil Bachelor’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: prof. Mgr. Milada Franková, CSc., M.A. 2019 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Author’s signature I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor prof. Mgr. Milada Franková CSc., M.A., for her patience, time and advice and feedback that she gave to me while working on this thesis. I would also like to thank my parents and brother for their support and love. Lastly, I am extremely grateful to my boyfriend who supported me and never failed to make me laugh. Table of Contents 1. Introduction _____________________________________________________ 1 2. Feminism _______________________________________________________ 4 2.1 Early and First Wave Feminism _________________________________________ 6 2.2 Second Wave Feminism ______________________________________________ 12 3. Fay Weldon – Life _______________________________________________ 18 3.1 Fay Weldon’s Works _________________________________________________ 25 4. Feminism in The Live and Loves of a She-devil_________________________ 27 4.1 Female Roles _______________________________________________________ 29 4.2 Male versus Female Characters ________________________________________ 35 4.3 Women’s Bodies ____________________________________________________ 40 4.4 Sisterhood _________________________________________________________ 46 4.5 Parenthood, Marriage and Religion _____________________________________ 49 5. Conclusion _______________________________________________________ 52 Works Cited ________________________________________________________ 54 6. Summary ________________________________________________________ 59 7. Resumé _________________________________________________________ 61 1. Introduction As the title of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s essay, in which she talks about the importance of feminism, says: “we should all be feminists” (Adichie). No matter whether you are male, female or non-binary, all of us should support the feminist movement because we, as a society, have always benefited from the endeavors of feminists all around the globe. Feminism has come a long way since its beginning in the 19th century, and it has become a movement that stands for a lot more than just equality. Moreover, feminists are not only women who long for a change with a diminutive percentage of men being on their side, but rather a large variety of people – male, female and non-binary. At the same time, the negativity that surrounds feminism did not change. Hatred towards those who support the feminist movement is still present, even though there is more information, especially thanks to the internet, about what feminism really stands for. In the past, feminism was criticized as a movement that spreads hate towards men, sees men only as the predators, and want only women to be in power in all spheres of life. Sadly, these misconceptions about feminism still prevail. There is a notion that feminists still do not like men and think that they are even better than them. What is more, there are still people who claim that “all feminists are man-hating, sexually depraved, castrating, power-hungry, etc.” (hooks, Talking 136), however, these are, by the words of bell hooks, “prevailing stereotypes” (hooks, Talking 136). As a result, these negative assumptions make it hard for feminists to be taken seriously. In addition, many feminists are afraid to call themselves feminists publicly due to these assumptions. Without a doubt, feminism is still needed in our society. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a brief summary of the history of feminism and afterwards analyze Fay Weldon’s novel The Life and Loves of a She-devil from the feminist perspective. This thesis will present how Weldon uses feminism to demonstrate the sexist behavior towards 1 women. It will also show that although the novel was written during the Second Wave feminism, there are still many elements that have not changed even after thirty-six years since the novel was published. Fay Weldon was already an iconic feminist writer, who was not only known for her novels and other works, but also for her controversial opinions. In this particular novel, she discusses topics which were a center of a feminist debate during that time. Still, as it was already suggested, these topics are relevant even today. This whole work is comprised of various works that deal with feminism and feminist theory. It also consists of numerous interviews with Fay Weldon, which proved to be very beneficial. There were many works which proved to be helpful, nevertheless, Susan Alice Watkins’ Introducing Feminism was particularly beneficial for the historical background of feminism. Next to this, Finuala Dowling’s Fay Weldon’s Fiction and Naomi Wolf’s The Beauty Myth were some of the most crucial works used for analysis of the novel. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part of this thesis provides a brief overview of the development of feminism mainly in Britain and the USA since its beginning in the 19th century, throughout both feminist waves, up to what today’s feminism consists of. This part also offers a brief overview of Fay Weldon’s life and the contents of her work. This part is essential for this work since it provides the necessary background to the feminist themes that are mentioned in the analyzed novel. The second part of the thesis consists of one chapter and five subchapters. This chapter introduces Fay Weldon’s novel The Life and Loves of a She-devil and gives a brief background to it. This chapter also mentions the influence of the novel. The five subchapters of this part focuse on different feminist themes that are included in the novel – from female roles to female bodies, as well as parenthood. Moreover, the provided study 2 of the novel will be examined from the point of feminism as we know it today, since it differs from feminism that was during the time the novel was published. The last chapter of the entire thesis is a conclusion. 3 2. Feminism Feminism has been in existence for a long time, however, there are still misconceptions about what feminism means and what it stands for. Hence, for the purpose of this thesis, it is needed to explain what feminism means. What is more, since this thesis is also focused on a study of a Fay Weldon’s novel from the feminist perspective, it needs to be said how the analysis will be done. Therefore, this chapter will cover the definition of feminism and the point of view from which the novel will be analyzed. As it is with other movements, there are many definitions of feminism and they range from easy to difficult level of understanding. Perhaps the simplest and at the same time most understandable definition of feminism comes from bell hooks, who is an American author, professor, social activist and feminist. In her book Feminism Is for Everybody, she states that “simply put, feminism is a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression” (hooks, Feminism 1). Thus, this definition clearly explains the aims of feminism, while being easy to understand. Yet, it could be debated that feminism is a movement that wants equality of sexes and this definition lacks the word equality as well as this aim entirely. While that is essentially true, bell hooks’ definition already explains that feminism is a fight for equality because without sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression, there will be equality between both sexes. In addition, there certainly remain many more definitions of feminism, however, it is not possible to mention them all. While some definitions are similar to the one by hooks, there are also definition that claim to explain what feminism mean, but in reality, they mention only a few goals of feminism. Nonetheless, these definitions are adopted by a smaller percentage of feminists. To illustrate, some feminists might be in support of women’s right, such as right to vote, and equality, but they do not agree with the current 4 development of women coming forward with their experiences of sexual harassment after a long period of time. For example, in the USA this is often an opinion of older republican women (“What group…”). Thus, while there are many definitions of feminism, only a few of them fully say and agree with what feminism stands for. Besides, it is indeed important to say, from which point of view the analysis of the novel will be written since there are differences between various decades of feminism. While Fay Weldon wrote this novel during the Second Wave feminism, the study will be given from the point of view of feminism as we know it today. This means, that while current feminism contains elements that were known during the Second Wave feminism, it also includes different new elements and beliefs that were either non-existent or unpopular during the Second Wave. Thus, there might be ideas which were criticized before but are approved today and vice versa. Nevertheless, this thesis does not follow any particular feminist theory since it tries to be as objective as possible. 5 2.1 Early and First Wave Feminism Certainly, there is no possibility of giving a full account of all the events that have happened since the beginning of feminism. Moreover, it is not possible to mark the exact year when the feminism started. Nevertheless, there is a possibility to approximately identify when the first feminist ideas began to emerge. This subchapter will cover the early history of feminist movement ending with the beginning of the Second Wave feminism. It is important to mention that even before the beginning of feminism and feminist ideas, there were many individual women who could be classified as the predecessors of feminists as we know it today.