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Home , Acentria, Agathiphaga, Andricus kollari, Andricus quercuscalicis, Aulacaspis tegalensis, Catoxantha

INDEX

Generic and specific names are in italics. Synonyms are indicated by a cross-reference (e.g. Calandra see Sitophilus). Page numbers in bold type denote illustrations. Abax 278 Aeshna (=Aeschna), larval excretion 236 abdomen 13, »-5, 33, 78 Agaonidae 211, 212 appendages of 30, 31, 33; in embryo 101, 172 102; musculature 41, 42; segmentation 30, Agathtphagidae 172 101; viscera 78 Ageniaspis }ilscicollis, polyembryony 95 abdominal artery 78 Aglossata 172 abdominal ganglia 45, 47 Agriotes 250 Acanthoscelides obtectus 311 153 accessory glands 88 Agriotes lineatus 299 of female 89, 91; of male 91, 92, 93 Agriotes obscurus 299 accessory hearts 79 Agriotes sputator 299 Acentria (= Acentropus) 173 Agromyza 201 acephalous larva 109, 166 Agromyza sonchi, mine 202 Acephate 327, 328 Agromyzidae 204 Acerentomon 121 calcium excretion 84; host specificity 197; Acerentulus 120 as leaf-miners 201-3, 202 acetylcholine 44, 330 Agrotis 303, 337 acetylcholine esterase 44 Agrotis segetum 303 acetyldopamine 8 air-sac 72, 73 acetylglucosamine 7 alarm pheromone 54, 55, 145 Acheta alary muscles see aliform muscles auditory organ 51; tegmen 51 - see Sialis Acheta domesticus 133, 134 Aldicarb 327, 328, 331 Achroia grisella, sex attractant 55 Aleyrodes proletella 148 Acidia see Euleia Aleyrodidae 148 pollination 209 metamorphosis 108 Acrididae 292 Aleyrodoidea, 148 air sacs 72; hearing 51; respiration 75; alienicolae 146 stridulation 51, 52; tympanum 51 aliform muscles 77, 79 Acridoidea 132, 134 alimentary canal 61, 62-5 acron 13, 103 of Archotermopsis 217; of Calliphora 64; acrotergite 19 development 98, 103; excretory role 65, 84; acrotrophic ovariole 90 of Nemobius 63; of Periplaneta 63 activation centre 99 alkaline gland 34, 35 Aculata 180 allantoic acid 83 180, see also sting allantoin 83 Acyrthosiphon pisum 295 allometric growth 104 adaptive radiation 195-6 allomone 54 adecticous pupa 110 allopatric speciation 287 Adelges abietis 205 alternation of generations 206 Adelges cooleyi 207 Altica 298 Adelgidae 146, 207 alveolus 8 adenosine triphosphate 29, 37 Alysia 224 Adephaga 154 Amauris 241 adhesive organ, in Rhodnius 21 amber, in 191 aedeagus 31, 32, 91, 92 ambrosia 306, 307 Aedes 317, 318, 319, 320 amino acids, in nutrition 67 medical importance 313,319; tracheal end• -y-amino butyric acid 44 cell 71 ammonia 83,84,236-7 Aedes aegypti 317, 320 amnion 98, 100, 101 larva 234, 318; pupa 318 amniotic cavity 98, 101, 188 Aedes scutellaris 319 amniotic folds 98, 100, 101 aeropyle 97 Amphigerontia, venation 140 aerosol 330 amphipneustic tracheal system 73 INDEX amplexiform wing-coupling 170 Aphididae 145, 146 amplitude modulation 52 cyclical parthenogenesis 94, 145-6; life• amylase 66 cycle 145-6, 294; viviparity 96, 145 anal furrow 22 Aphidius 224 anal lobe 22, 191-2 Aphidoidea 145, 146 anal papilla 10, 77, 234 alarm pheromone 55; -forming 204, anal veins 24 207; host specificity 197, 201; mycetocyte anamorphosis 30, 120 218; and virus transmission 294-5 anautogeny 232 Aphis craccivora 197 Anax, larval abdomen 129 Aphis fobae 295 Andrena life-cycle 294 as pollinator 208, 211; Stylops parasitic on Aphodius 283 156; visiting flowers 272 aphrodisiac pheromone 55 Andrena carlini, mouthparts 176 Aphytis chrysomphali 271 kollari 204, 205, 206 Aphytis lingnanensis 271 204, 206 Aphytis melinus 271 androconia 87 Apini 181, 244 Androctenes horvathi 228 Apis mellifera A!1giosperms, and insects 196 alarm pheromone 55; antennal sensilla 53; Angoumois Grain see Sitotroga cerealella circulation 78; colour vision 60; form Anisoptera 128, 129, 130 perception 60; hind leg 177; larva 108; larva 129; larval respiration 77 mouthparts 176; parthenogenesis 94, 243, Annelida 186 247; as pollinator 208, 213; population Anobiidae, as pests 309,310,311 density 245,251; population growth 254; Anobium punctatum 309, 310 pretarsus 21; pupa 110; queen substance 56, Anopheles 316-20 87, 244, 246; regulation in embryo 100; biology 316-17,318--19; larva 234; medical social life 241; sting 34; tarsal receptors 53; importance 313,316,317-18; mouthparts thermoregulation 82; thorax 177; tracheal 163-4,317; oenocytes 86 system 72; venation 176; wax glands 86 Anopheles albimanus 318 apneustic tracheal system 73 Anopheles arabiensis 318 180 Anopheles cla viger 318 larval gut 65; ovipositor 180, 181 Anopheles culiJacies 318 apodeme 11, 36, 37 Anopheles funestus 318 in Dipteran mouthparts 160, 161, 163 Anopheles gambiae 318 apodous larva 108, 109 Anopheles leucosphyrus 318 Apoidea 243 Anopheles maculipennis as pollinators 208 complex 318; larval palmate hair 234 apolysis 104 Anopheles plumbeus 319 apomorphic character 182 Anopheles punctulatus 318 apophyseal pit 19 Anopheles stephensi 318, 319 aposematic coloration 198, 239 Anoplura 142, see also Siphunculata appendages 13 antenna 15 of abdomen 102; development of98, 102; musculature 38 embryonic 98, 101, 102; of head 15, 102 antennal artery 78 Apple Blossom Weevil see Anthonomus antennal lobe 46 pomorum antennal segment 102 Apple Capsid see Plesiqcoris rugicollis anterior cubitus 24 apposition image 59, 60 anterior media 23, 24 Apterygota, a para phyletic group 194 anterior tentorial pit 14 Apterygotes 117 Anthocoridae 218, 334 affinities 188; characteristics 117; fate maps Anthocoris nemorum 218 100; moulting 106; ovariole 90; sperm Anthomyiidae, as leaf-miners 201 transfer 94 Anthonomus grandis 155, 299, 340 Aptinothrips rufus, population density 250 Anthonomus pomorum 300 aquatic life Anthophora 208 adaptations to 76, 84, 233, 234; in Anthrenus 311 Heteroptera 145, 233; in insects 232-7; in antifeedant 198 173, 233 Antirrhinum, pollination 209 Arachnida see Chelicerata -lion see Myrmeleontidae arboviruses 320 anus 61,65 Archaeognatha 32, 122, 123 Aonidiella aurantii 271 affinities 124, 188--9; characteristics 122-3; aorta 46, 78, 79 literature on 355; moulting 106; thoracic Aphaniptera see Siphonaptera gland 87 Aphelinidae 224, 225 Archips see Choristoneura Aphelocheirus, respiration 76 Architipula 191 385 INDEX

Archostemata 154 Belostoma, nervous system 45 Archotermopsis wroughtoni, gut 217 Belostomatidae 145 arista 167 benzene hexachloride see Gamma-HCH Aristolochia grandiflora, pollination 210 benzoylphenylurea 326 Arixenia 135, 136 BHC see Gamma-HCH Arixenia esau 136 Bibionidae 207 armyworm see Spodoptera binomial nomenclature 116 arolium 20, 21 biological control 335-41 Arthropleona 122 biological equilibrium 262--6 Arthropoda 204, 205, 206 characteristics 183; classification 183-5; biotype 197, 285, 288, 341 phylogeny 185, 186 biramous limb 13 Artona catoxantha 336 bird lice see Phthiraptera Arum maculatum, pollination 210 Biston betularia 239 Ascalaphidae 151 Biting house-fly see Stomoxys Asilidae 21, 167 biting lice see Phthiraptera predatory habits 219, 221 Black Arches Moth see Lymantria monacha Asilus barbarus 219 black- see Simuliidae Asilus crabroniformis, pretarsus 21 blastoderm 97, 98, 100 Asparagus see Crioceris asparagi blastokinesis 103 Aspidiotus, fungal association 217 Blastophaga psenes 181, 211 Aspidiotus destructor 297 Blatta 137 association neuron 43 circulation 78, 81; fat-body 67; male asynchronous flight-muscle 27, 37 reproductive system 92, 93; nervous Athous haemorrhoidalis 299 system 45; oenocytes 86 Atlas Moth see Attacus Blattaria 137 Atopatelura, abdomen 125 circulation 78; ootheca 91 A TP see adenosine triphosphate Blattella 137 atrium Blephariceridae 233 in Dipteran larva 166; in spiracle 69 Blepharidopterus angulatus 334 Attacus, size 3, 173 Blissus leucopterus 144 Attagenus pellio 311 blister beetles see Meloidae Atta sextens, population growth 254 blood 77, 79-82 Attini 216 circulation 80-2, 81; respiratory function 79 attractant gland 86-7 blood cells 7'J, 80, 112 auditory organ 48, 50, 51 blood gills 77 tegalensis 297 blood meal identification 280 Australentulus 120 bloodsucking insects 162, 163-4, 230--2, 231 autogeny 232 blood-worm see Chironomidae Autographa gamma, parasite of 95, 96 blowfly see Callirhora axillary sclerite 26, 27 Blue Swallowtai see Battus philenor axon 43 body·cavity 102, see also haemocoel Aysheaia pedunculata 186 Body see Pediculus humanus azadirachtin 198 bollworms see Diparopsis; Earias; Heliothis; Azinphos-methy\ 327, 328 Platyedra Bombini 181 Bacillus popilliae 338 social life 244 Bacillus thuringiensis 338 Bombus 208, 209, 213, 241 backswimmer see Notonectidae population density 251; thermoregulation Baculovirus 337-8 82 baits, insecticidal 330 173 bark beetles see Scolytidae bombykal55 basalar sclerite 41 bombykol55 basement membrane 8 207, 221, 224, 227 basiconic sensillum 48, 53, 56 172, 173 basisternum 18, 19 diapause 114; sex attractant 55 Batesian mimicry 238, 240 book lice see Psocoptera bats (Chiroptera) Boopidae 229 commensals 135; ectoparasites 228 Borellia recurrentis 315 and sound perception 171 Boreus 157 Battus philenor 198, 240 bot-flies see Oestridae bed-bugs see Brachycera 165, 167 bedeguar gall 206 Braconidae 224, 225 see Apis, Apoidea, Bombus, Colletes, etc. brain 45,46 bee purple 60 development of 45, 103; functions of 46; beetle see Coleoptera neurosecretion in 46

386 INDEX

brain hormone see thoracotropic hormone species 1; predatory adaptations 221; branchia see gill venation 152 branchial chamber, in Ephemeropteran larva Caraboidea 154 128 Caraphractus, swimming 236 Brassolinae 240 Carausius morosus 135 Brevicoryne brassicae 295 carbamate 326, 330 bristle-tails see Archaeognatha Carbaryl 326, 327, 328 Brown-tail Moth see Euproctis chrysorrhoea Carbofuran 326, 327, 328 Bruchidae 311 carbohydrase 66 Brugia malayi 319 cardiac sphincter 62, 65 brush border 62, 63 cardiac valve see cardiac sphincter buffalo gnats see Simuliidae cardo 16, 17 bumble bee see Bombini; Bombus carnivorous plants see insectivorous plants buoyancy 236 carotenoids 12 Bupalus piniaria, population fluctuations 257 Carpocapsa pomonella see Cydia pomonella 155 carrion beetles see Silphidae as leaf-miners 201 carrion, fauna 283 155 carrying capacity 252 Burgess Shale, fossil 186 caste 241 bursa copulatrix 89, 91, 93 in 245, 246; in Isoptera 138, 242 bursicon 87 caste differentiation 246 bush see Tettigoniidae caterpillar see Lepidoptera, larva Busseola fosca 303 caudal filament 225, 227 butterfly see ; Hesperioidea cave-cricket 133 butterwort see Pinguicula 167, 219 gall-forming 203, 206; paedogenesis 96; as Cabbage Root-fly see Delia radicum pests 303 Cabbage White Butterfly see Pieris brassicae Celery fly see Euleia caddis-fly see Trichoptera cells, of wing 24 caeca, of gut 61 cellulose, digestion of 66, 217 Caenis 126, 128 central nervous system 44, 45 Calandra see Sitophilus centrolecithal egg 97 calcium carbonate, excretion of 84 cephalopharyngeal skeleton 164, 166 calcosphaerites 84 Cephidae 180 Caligo 240 Cephus 341 Callimorpha dominula, genetics 284 Cephus cintus 340 Calliphora 168, 283 Cerambycidae 155, 283 adult head 164; alimentary canal 64; feeding digestion in 66; larva 154; as pests 309,310; mechanisms 160, 161, 162-3; larva 164; pollinators 207; pupal cell 84 larval head 164; mouthparts 160, 161; Ceratitis, host selection 199 spiracle 70, 164; venation 164 Ceratitis capitata 304, 305, 339 Calliphoridae 164, 167,215, 283, 313, 325 Ceratocystis ulmi 307 Callitroga see Ceratophyllidae 313 Callosobruchus chinensis 311 Ceratopogonidae 210, 230, 232 competition 268; host-parasite relations Cercopidae 145, 297 273,274 cercus 31, 33 Callosobruchus maculatus 311 in Dermaptera 135; in Embioptera 136 Caloneurodea 190 cervical sclerite 17 Caloptilia azaleella 203 cervix 17 Caloptilia syringella 203 Ceutorrhynchus pleurostigmus 300 Calotermes see Kalotermes Chaetocnema 298 calypter 22 Chaetosiphon fragaefolii 295 calyx 89 chafer see camel-cricket 133 Chagas' disease 313, 315-16 camellia gall 206 Chalcidoidea 181, 223, 225 campaniform sensillum 48, 49, 50 no cocoon 178; host preferences 224; Campodea 118, 121 polyembryony 95, 96 moulting 106; sternites 119; tracheae 72 Chaoborus, larval buoyancy 236 Campodeidae 120 Charterginus, nest 242 campodeiform larva 109 Chartergus, nest 242 of Trichoptera 174, 175 Chelicerata 183, 184 Campsoscolia 211 chemoreceptor 48, 49, 52, 53, 199-200 Cantharidae 207 Chilo suppressalis 302 155 Chilopoda 185 Carabidae 1, 152, 154, 219 Chinch-bug see Blissus leucopterus larva 153; mouthparts 152; number of Chironomidac 167, 207, 215, 233, 235, 241

387 INDEX

Johnston's organ SO; larval blood 75; larval of insects 115-181; principles of 115-16, 194 respiration 75 claw 20, 21, 41, 42 Chironomus in ectoparasites 229 larval respiration 76; larval swimming 236 clear zone eye 59 7 cleavage 97, 98 chitinase 105 cleavage centre 99 chitosan 8 click beetles see Elateridae Chloeon see Cloeon click mechanism 25, 26 Chlordane 327, 328 cline 286 chlorinated hydrocarbons 326 Cloeon 126 chlorpicrin 326 clothes 172, 312 choline acetylase 44 Clothoda 136, 137 cholinesterae 330, see also acetylcholine c1ypeogenal sulcus 15 esterae c1ypeolabral sulcus 15 chordotonal sensillum 48, 49, 50 c1ypeus 14, 15 chorion 89, 97, 98 in Diptera 160, 161; in 143 Choristoneura fomiferana 266, 307-8 coccid see Coccoidea Chorthippus brunneus, life-table 258, 259 154, ISS, 240, 241, 334 Chorthippus paral/elus, population density 250 larva 153, 154; oviposition site 222; as Chortoicetes termini/"era 292 predators 219,221; pupa 110 chrysalis see Lepidoptera, pupa Coccoidea 146, 147 Chrysolina, fooa preferences 200 biology 146-8; gall-forming 204; Chrysomelidae 154, ISS, 207, 297 metamorphosis 108, 147, 148; mouthparts larva 153, 154; as leaf-miners 201 142-3; mycetocytes 218; as pests 297; Chrysomeloidea 155 respiratory system 74; wax-glands 86 Chrysomphalus aonidum 297 cochineal 147 Chrysopa 288 Cochliomyia hominovorax larva 150; speciation 288 sterile-male control 339; veterinary Chrysopa camea importance 313, 325 in bIological control 337; speciation 288 cockchafer see Scarabaeidae Chrysopa downesi 289 cockroach see Blattidae; Blattaria; Chrysopidae Dictyoptera habits 151; larva 150, 151 Coconut Moth see Levuana iridescens Chrysors, medical importance 313 cocoon 109, 110 cibaria sucking pump 38, 143 Code, of Zoological Nomenclature 116 cibarium 61 Codling Moth see Cydia pomonel/a musculature 38, 143 coeloconic sensillum 48, 53 see Cicadidae coelom sac 100, 102 Cicadel/a viridis 144 co-evolution Cicadellidae 145, 218 of insects and flowers 207; of parasites and as pests 295-7 hosts 229 Cicadidae 145 Coleophora 203 larval leg 19; tymbal 52; venation 144 203 Cicindela 221 Coleoptera 151-5 Cicindela hybrida, larva 220 affinities 194; characteristics 151; excretion Cicindelinae 154 83, 84; gizzard 63; larva 108, 153; literature larva 222 on 364; number of species 1,151; ovariole Cimbex americana, larval mouthparts 179 90; as pests 297-301,305-12; as pollinators Cimex 144, 316 207, 208; repugnatorial glands 86 food 144; sperm transfer 94 Collembola 121, 122 Cimex lectularius 316 abdomen 30; adult moult 106; affinities Cimicidae 228, 229, 230 188; characteristics 121 -2; excretion in 85, Cinnabar Moth see Tyria jacobeae 121; literature on, 354-5; spiracles 68 circulation 8(}-2, 81 colleterial glands 91 circulatory system 77-82 Col/des 208 Circulifer tmel/us 296 colon 65 Cirsium see Leptinotarsa food web 279; on 205, 206; guilds on decemlineata 280 coloration 11-12 Cisiidac: 215 protective 237-41 Citrus Mealy-bug see Planococcus citri colour vision, ~1 cladistics 182, 194 Colpochila, leg 152 clasper 31, 32 Columbicola columbae 141 class 115 combination colours 11,12 classification commissure 44 of Arthropoda 183-5, 186; cladistic 194; Common see Musca domestica

388 INDEX common oviduct 88, 89 Cryptochaetum grandicome, larva 225 community 277 Cryptochaetum iceryae 335 diversity 272, 280-4; stability 282; Cryptocheilus 219 succession 282-4; trophic structure 276--80 cryptonephridial system 83, 84 competition 265-71, 267, 268, 270, 282 Cryptostylis, pollination 212 competition coefficients 269 Cryptotermes 309 competitive displacement 271 crystalline cone 57, 58, 59, 60 competitive exclusion 271 ctendium 229 compound eye 58, 59, 60 Ctenocephalides canis 325 histology 58; image formation 59, 60 Ctenocephalides felis 325 Compsilura concinnata 224 Ctenolepisma concave and convex veins 24 mandible 125; male terminalia 125 cone cell 59 cubitus 24 Confused Flour Beetle see Tribolium confosum cuckoo-spit see Cercopidae Coniopterygidae 151 Cucujoidea 155 connective 44 Culex contact 329 medical importance 313,319; mouthparts Contarinia sorghicola 303 162, 163-4 Contarinia tritici 304 Culex fatigans 319 contest competition 267 Culex pipiens 167 control Culicidae 10, 167, 230, 232, 233, 317, 318 biological 335-41; chemical 326-36; excretion 83, 84; hearing 50-1; Johnston's integrated 341-2; natural 263 organ 50; larva 318; larval feeding 215, 235; Copeognatha see Psocoptera larval osmoregulation 237; larval Coptotermes 309 respiration 76; larval swimming 236; copulatory aperture, in Lepidoptera 33, 172-3 medical il1)portance 313,316-20; pupa 318; copulatory organ see genitalia resting posture 317 corbicula 177 cultural control 340 Cordylobia anthropophaga 325 Cupedidae 154 Corixa punctata 144 Curculionidae 1,155,297,300,307,311 Corixidae 145, 233, 272 head 152, 155; larva 109, 154; as leaf• corneagen layer miners 201; number of species 155 of compound eye 58; of ocellus 56, 57 Curculionoidea 155 corneal lens 57, 58 cuticle 7, 8, 35 cornicle 145, 146 mechanical properties 3, 4, 9; moulting coronal suture 14 of 104-6, 105; muscle attachments 36; corpora pedunculata see mushroom bodies physiology of 8; tanning of 8 corpus allatum 46, 47, 87-8 cutworm see corpus cardiacum 46, 47, 87 cyclopiform larva 223 Corydalis 150 Cyclorrhapha 167 Cosmopolitlls sordidus 300 head 164, 165; instar number 106; 173 mouthparts 160-2, 163; nephrocytes in costa 24 larva 85; puparium 110 Cotton Boll Weevil see Anthonomus grandis Cydia molesta 302 Cotton Stainer see Dysdercus Cydia nigricana 302 Cottony Cushion Scale see [cerya purchasi Cydia pomonel/a 171, 255 coxa 19 genitalia 31; as 301, 302 coxite 30, 31, 32, 33 Cylas formicarius 300 Crab Louse see Pthirus pubis Cylindrachetidae 134 Crabro cephalotes, larva 179 Cynipidae crane-fly see Tipulidae gall-forming 204, 205-6 culex 262 Cynipoidea 181 cremaster 171 cyclical parthenogenesis 94 Cricetomys, parasite on 135 Cyphus 12 cricket see Gryllidae Cyrtidae 224, 227 Crioceris asparagi 155 Cyrtorhinus see Tytthus crochet 171 cystocyte 80 crop 61,62 Cyzenis albicans 261, 278 cross-resistance 332 cross-vein 24 Dacnonypha 172 crumena 143 Dactylopius coccus 147 Crustacea 183, 184 Dacus 304 cryptic coloration 238-9 host selection 199 Cryptinae 225 Dacus curcurbitae 304 Cryptocercus punctulatus, digestion in 66, 218 Dacus dorsalis 271, 339 Cryptochaetum 225, 227, 335 Dacus oleae 304, 305

389 INDEX

Daktulosphaira see Viteus diffraction colours 12 damped oscillations 265, 266 diffusion damp-wood 309 in tracheae 2, 74, 75 damsel-fly see Odonata; Zygoptera diffusion control 75 Danaus 241 diflubenzuron 326 proboscis 169 digestive enzymes 66 Danaus gilippus, sex pheromone 55 digestive system, 61-7 see also alimentary Danaus plexippus 198 canal mimicry 238, 240 digestion 66 Dasineura erataegi 206 in Isoptera 66, 217-18; by symbionts 66 Dasineura ulmaria 206 digger- see Sphecoidea Dasyleptus brogniarti 189 Dimethoate 326, 327, 328 day-length, and diapause 114 4--6--dinitro-o-cresol 326 DDT 326,327,328, 329, 330 Dionaea muscipula 213, 214 dead wood, insect fauna 283 Diparopsis 303 Death-watch Beetle see Xestobium rufovillosum Diplopoda 185 decticous pupa 110 Diplura 118, 121 Deetieus verrucivorus 133 affinities 119, 188; characteristics 118; defence mechanisms of plants 197-8 literature on 354; morphology of 119; delayed density-dependence 265 spiracles 68; and Symphyla 187 Delia antiqua 305 Diptera 159--68 Delia radieum 199, 201, 305 bloodsucking habits 230-2; characteristics Delphacidae 145 159-60; fossils 191; larvae 109, 164, 165; Demeton 327, 328 literature on 366-7; mechanisms of feeding Dendroetonus 306 160-5, 230-2; mouthparts 160, 161, 162, Dendroctonus brevieomis pheromones 55 231, 321; number of instars 166; ovary 89; Dendroetonus mieans 306 oviscapt 165, 226; parasitic in mammals Dendroetonus valens 272 324-5; as 224, 225; parasitoidal dengue 320 larvae 225, 227; as pests of crops 303--5; as dens 122 pollinators 207, 210; pupa 110, 166, 318, density-dependence 258, 262--6, 264, 265, 323; relationships 194; tarsal receptors 53; 266,268 as vectors of disease 311, 312, 313--14, 316- density-independent effects 258, 264 24; venation 23, 164, 165 dermal gland see epidermal gland Dipylidium eaninum 325 Dermaptera 135, 136 discal cell, of Lepidoptera 170 characteristics 135; excretion in 85; discal sclerite 161 literature on 358--9; parental care 135 Dissosteira, spiracles 68, 69 Dermatobia, medical importance 313 Ditrysian Lepidoptera 173 Dermatobia hominis 324 diuretic hormone 87 Dermestes 311, 312 di versity 272, 280--4 Dermestes ater 312 diving beetles see Dytiscidae Dermestidae 155, 283, 311 Dixidae 233 Dermestoidea 155 DNOC see 4-6-dinitro-o-cresol derris 326 Dociostaurus maroccanus 292 Desert Locust see Sehistoeerea gregaria Dolichopodidae 219 desiccation, resistance to 4, 84, 97 Doliehovespula norvegiea 243 determination Doliopygus 307 embryonic 99-100; postembryonic 112-13 Donacia, larval respiration 76 deutocerebrum 45, 46 I-dopa 8 development 97-114 dopamine 9,44 embryonic 97-103; physiology of 98--100, dor-beetles see Scarabaeidae 112-13; postembryonic, 104-14 Doreus 283 Dexia ventralis, larva 225 dorsal diaphragm 77, 78, 79 Dexiinae 224 dorsal ocellus 14, 56, 57 Diamond-back Moth see Plutella xylostella functions of 57 diamond beetles see Cyphus; Entimus dorsal sinus 77 diapause 114 dorsal vessel 78, 79 Diaphanopterodea 190 see Odonata diaphragms, ofhaemococl 77, 78,79,81 Drosera rotundifolia 213 Dicondylian ground-plan 189 Drosophila Dicophane see DDT genetic variation 284; imaginal disks 112; Dictyoptera 137 population growth 254, 255; regulation in characteristics 137; literature on 359; egg 99-100 relationships 192 Dieldrin 326, 327, 328 genetics 284; logistic population growth differentiation centre 99 254,255

390 INDEX

Drosophila paulistorum, semispecies 286 Encyrtidae 224, 225, 226 Drosophila pseudoobscura 285 Encyrtus infidus, larva 223 Drosophila willistoni, genetics 289 endocrine glands 46, 87-8, 113, see also Drosophilidae 167, 215 metamorphosis Dryinidae 223 endocutiele 7, 8, 105 dry-wood see Kalotermitidae Endomychidae 215 ductus ejaculatorius 91, 92, 93 endopeptidase 66 Dufour's gland 87 endophytic oviposition 130 dung, insect succession in 283 117 dung beetles see Scarabaeidae characteristics 149, 192; larva of 108, 109; dusts, insecticidal 330 metamorphosis of 106--7; pupa 109, 110; Dutch disease 307 relationships 192, 193 Dyar's law 104 endoskeleton 3, 11 Dysdercus 144 of head see tentorium; of thorax 18, 40, 41 Dysmicoccus brevipes 297 end-plate 44 Dytiscidae 154, 219, 233 enteric caeca 61 leg 20,235 Entimus 12 Dytiscus 221, 235 Entognatha 188 adult respiration 76; larval ocellus 57; larval entognathous mouthparts 119, 188 respiration 75; swimming 235, 236 Entomobrya, tibiotarsus 122 Dytiscus margina lis, larva 220 enzymes digestive 66; in moulting 105 Earias 303 Eosentomon 121 Early Thorn Moth see dentaria Epeorus, nymph 127 earwig see Forficula or Dermaptera Ephemera 127 Ecdyonurus 127 larval habits 126 ecdysial cleavage line 14, 105 Ephemeroptera 32, 126, 127, 215, 233, 241 ecdysis 105, see also moulting affinities 191; characteristics 126; fossil 189; ecdysone 87, 112, 113 literature on 355-6; male genitalia 31, 32; Eciton burchelli, population density 251 number of instars 106; oviducts 88; vasa eelosion see hatching deferentia 92 ecological niche 272 Ephestia cautella 311,312 ectadenia 92 Ephestia elutella 311 ectoderm 100, 101, 102-3 Ephestia kuehniella 171, 311, 338 Ectognatha 188 imaginal disks 111 ectoparasitic insects 227-30, 228 Ephydridae 2 efferent reproductive ducts 88, 89, 92, 93 epicranial suture 14 egg 97,98 epicranium 13 maturation of 97 epicuticle 7, 8 egg-burster 104 waterproofing layer 9 egg-pore 89 epidermal glands 8, 11, 55, 105 egg shell see chorion, epidermis 7, 8, 36, 104, 105 ejaculatory duct 91, 92, 93 epimeron 18, 19 Elachista 203 epineural sinus 100, 102, 103 203 epipharynx 15 Elateridae 155, 299 in Siphonaptera 159 larva 153, 154, 299 epiproct 30, 31, 291 Elateroidea 155 episternum 18, 19 electrophoresis 285, 288 epistomal sulcus 14 elephantiasis 319 epoxyethane 330 e1ytron 22, 151, 152 equilibrium Embiids see Embioptera of body 50; of populations 262-6, 282 Embioptera 135, 136 equitability 281 characteristics of 135; literature on 359 Erebus agrippina, size 3 embryo 98, 101, see also development Eriocrania 168 embryonic development 97-103 mouthparts 168 physiology of 98-100 172 embryonic membranes 98, 100, 101 Erotylidae 215 Empididae 207,219 cruciform larva Empoasca fabae 295-6 of Lepidoptera 108, 171; of Mecoptera 157; Empoasca fascia lis 340 of Symphyta 178, 179; of Trichoptera 174, em podium 20, 21 175 emulsifiable concentrate 330 Erythroneura 272 Enarmonia see Cydia ethylene dibromide 330 Encarsia formosa 274, 337 ethylene oxide 330 encephalitis 320 eucephalous larva 109, 165

391 INDEX

Eucharitidae 226 flagellum Euleia heraclei 203 of antenna 15; of sperm 187 excretion in 84 flash coloration 239--40 Eulophidae 225 flea see Siphonaptera Eumenidae 220, 221 flea-beetles 155 Euproctis chrysorrhoea flies see Diptera larval hairs 11; as pest 308 flight 1, 26-30 European Com Borer see Ostrinia nubilalis control of 29; fuel for 29-30; mechanisms Eurytoma tibialis 260 25,26,27,28,29,37; origin of25, 26, 189; eusocial insects 241-2 preparation for 82; in Sarcophaga 25 Eustheniidae 131 flight-muscles 25, 26, 37 Euxoa 303 plTysiology of 27, 28, 37 evolution, of Insecta 186-93, see also flour beetles see Tribolium speciation fluctuations, in population density 257, 258 exarate pupa 110, 111 Fluted Scale see 1cerya purchasi excretory system 82--6 follicle types of 83, 84 of ovariole 89, 90; of testis 91, 92 excretion 82-5 food chain 277 in aquatic insects 236; by fat-body 67, 85 food web 276-80, 278, 279, 282 excretory cells 67, 85 footman moths see Lithosiinae exocrine glands 86-7 Forcipomyia 230, 231 exocuticle 7, 8, 105 fore gut see fore intestine exopeptidase 66 fore intestine 61, 62 exophytic oviposition 130 development of 61, 98, 103 172 Forest-fly see Hippobosca equina Exopterygota, a paraphyletic group 194 forestry, insect pests of 305-8 Exopterygotes 117 For}icliia allricularia 135, 136 characteristics 126; metamorphosis parental care 135 106-8; relationships 191-2, 193 Forficulina 135 exoskeleton 3 Formica rnfa mechanical properties 4; see also cuticle population density 251; systematic position exponential growth 251, 252 115 exteroceptor 49 Formicidae 180, 219 extra-embryonic blastoderm 98, 101 castes 245; eyes 58; social life 246; trail• exuviae 104 marking pheromone 55 Eyed Hawk-moth see Smerillthus ocel/ata form-perception 60 eyes see compound eyes, ocelli fossil insects 189-91 eyespot 240 frenulum 22, 170, 173 Frit-fly see Oscinella ftit froghopper see Cercopidae family 115 frons 14 fat-body 78, 100 frontal ganglion 46, 47 of Blatta 67; excretory role 67, 85; frontal gland 139 histology 67 frontal pore 139 fate-map 100 frontal sac see ptilinum fecundation canal see fertilization canal frontal suture 14 feeding habits, of insects 195, 196-200, 230--2 frontogenal sulcus 15 femur 19 fruit-flies see Drosophila; Tephritidae fenestrated membrane 58 Fruit-tree Red Spider Mite see Panonychus Fenvalerate 327, 328 IIlmi Ferrisia virgata 297 fulcrum 160, 166 fertilization 91, 97 Fulgoridae 145 fertilization canal 91 fumigant 330, 331 fibres, of muscle 35--6 fumigation 330 fibrils, of muscle 35--6 fundatrigeniae 145 FicIIS, pollination 210, 211 fundatrix 145 fig-insect see Blastophaga fungus-feeders 215, 216 Figites anthomyiarnm 223 fungus garden 216 fig-wasps see Agaonidae fungus gnat see Mycetophilidae Fiji disease 296 furca filarial Nematodes 313, 319 of Collembola 121, 122; of Dipteran filariasis 313,319 mouthparts 161-2; in thorax.18 filter-feeding 215, 235 Furniture Beetle see Anobium pllnctatllm firebrat see Thermobia domestica fire-flies see Elateridae GABA see ",(-amino butyric acid flabellum 177, 178 galea 16, 17

392 INDEX gall 203-7, 204, 205 gnathal pouch 119 gall-forming insects 203-7, 204, 205 goat moths see Cossidae gall-midges see Cecidomyiidae goblet cells 64 gall-wasps see Cynipidae Gold-tail Moth see Euproctis chrysorrhoea Gambusia affinis 337 Goliath Beetle, size 2 Gamma-HCH 326, 327, 328, 329 gonad 88, 102, see also ovary; testis ganglion 43, 44, 45 gonangulum 33, 34, 125 development of 103 gonapophysis 32, 33, 123 Gasterophilus gonocoxa 32 veterinary importance 313, 324 gonoplac 33 Gasterophilus intestinalis, life-cycle 324 gonopod 31 gastral groove 100 gonopore 32, 33 gastrulation 101 gonostyle see style Gause's principle 271 gonotrophic cycle 232 Gelis 225 Gooseberry see Pteronidea ribesii gena 14, 15 Gorytes 211 genetic control 33S-9 gossypol 198 genetic distance 28S-9 Gracillaria see Caloptilia genetic drift 248, 286-7 201, 203 genetic variation 284-9 Grain Weevil see Sitophilus granarius genitalia 31, 32 granulosis virus 337, 338 of Cydia pomonella male 31; of Graphosoma, head and mouthparts 143 Ephemeroptera male 31; female 32-3; male 32; of Periplaneta americana male 31 as pests 293; see also Orthoptera (Acrididae; 115 Tettigoniidae) Geometridae 173 greenfly see Aphidoidea larva 171; reduced wings 170 Greenhouse Whitefly see Trialeurodes germarium vaporariorum of ovariole 89, 90; of testis follicle 91 Green Tortrix Moth see Tortrix viridana germ-band 97,98, 101 Green Rice Leafhopper see Nephotettix germ-cells 97 nigropictus germ layers 101 gregaria phase 292 Gerridae 218, 233 gregarization 293 hair-pile 9, 235 ground-beetles see Carabidae ghost moths see groundhopper see Tetrigidae giant water-bugs see Belostomatidae grouse-locust see Tetrigidae gill 68, 76, 77 growth of Anisoptera 77; physical 76; ofZygoptera of populations 251-7; in size or weight 104 76, 129 Gryllacrididae 218 Gilpinia hercyniae 337 Gryllacridoidea 132 ginglymus 15, 16 Gryllidae Gipsy Moth see Lymantria dispar characteristics 134; hearing 51; stridulation gizzard 61, 62 51,52 glands 86-8 Grylloblatta campodeiformis 132 accessory reproductive 91, 92-3; a living fossil 132 endocrine 46, 47, 86, 87-8, 113-14; Grylloblattodea 131, 132 epidermal 8, 11, 105; exocrine 86-7 affinities 132; characteristics 131; literature glandular setae 55 on 357 Gloger's Rule 286 Grylloidea 132, 134 glossa 16 Gryllotalpidae 134 172 legs 20 Glosselytrodea 190 guild 280 Glossina 165, 167, 230, 250, 255, 313, 320 gula 15, 152 control of 322, 339; digestion 66; fecundity gustatory perception 52, 53, 54, 199, 200 322; .Jife-cycle 322; medical importance gustatory receptors 51, 53, 54, 199, 200 320--2; mouthparts 165, 321; viviparity 95, gut see alimentary canal 322 Gymnosoma 224 Glossina fosca 322 Gypsy Moth see Lymantria dispar Glossina morsitans 251, 322 Gyrinidae 154, 233 Glossina pallidipes 251, 322 habits 219; swimming 236 Glossina palpalis 322 Gyrinus natator, leg 234 Glossina tabaniformis 321 Gyropidae 229 Glossina tachinoides 322 Glossinidae 230, 313, 320 Habrocytus 260 glutamic acid 44 Haemagogus, medical importance 313 gl ycosidase 66 haematophagous insects 230--2, 231

393 INDEX

Haematomyzus 142 see Mayetiola destructor haemocoel 77, 102 172 haemocyte 8, 79, 80, 112 Heterobathmiina 172 haemoglobin 75, 167 Heteroderes 300 haemolymph see blood Heterojapyx, mouthparts 119 hairs 8 heteromerous beetles 155 clothing 10; sensory 49; see also setae 173 hair pencil 55 Heteroneuran wing-venation 170 hair-plate 49 Heteropeza, paedogenesis 96 Halictophagus 156 Heteroptera 144 Halictoxenos, polyembryony 96 bloodsucking habits 230, 232; Halictus 208 characteristics 144; mouthparts 143; Haliplidae 233 operculum 104; repugnatorial glands 86; Halobates 233 symbionts 218 haltere 22, 29, 50 Heterospilus prosopidis, fluctuations 273, 274 Haltica see Altica heterozygosity 285 hamuli 22 'V-hexachlorocyclohexane see Gamma-HCH handling time 276 Hexagenia, larval habits 126 haplodiploid sex determination 94, 247 see Insecta haplometrotic colony 243 hind gut see hind intestine Harmonia axyrides, genetics 284 hind intestine 61 Hartigiola annulipes 206 development of 61, 103 hatching 104 Hippobosca 165 hatching spine 104 Hippobosca equina 168 haustellum Hippoboscidae 168, 230 in Diptera 160; in Trichoptera 174 as ectoparasites 229 hawk-moths see histamine 35 HCH see Gamma HCH Histeridae 219, 283 head 13, 14 histoblast 112 appendages 15-17; in embryo 101, 102; histogenesis 111, 112 musculature 38, 39; segmentation 102 histolysis 111, 112 head-capsule 13, 14 holocrine secretion 64 Head Louse see Pediculus humanus Holometabola see Endopterygota hearing 50-2, 51 holometabolism 106, 108 heart 78, 79, 80 holopneustic tracheal system 73 accessory 79; physiology of 80 holotype 116 heat loss 82 homeotic mutant 113 Hecalius, with 225 Homoneuran venation 170, 173 Heliconiinae 241 Homoptera 145, 146--7, 197 Heliconius erato 238, 241 characteristics 145; as pests 294-7 Heliconius melpomene 238, 241 , formation of 243-4 Heliothis 337, 338 honey-bee see Apis mellifera Heliothis armigera 303 honey-dew 145 Heliothis zea 303 Hoplocampa jlava, larva 179 hemelytron 22, 144 Hoplocampa testudinea, host selection 199 Hemerobiidae 151 hopperbum 296 hemicephalous larva 109, 165 hormones 87 Hemimeridae 228 in metamorphosis 113-14; in diapause 114 Hemimerus 135 horse bot-fly see Gasterophilus viviparity 96 horse-flies see Tabanidae Hemimerus talpoides 136 host-parasitoid relations 224, 272--6 Hemimetabola see Exopterygotes host races 288 hemimetabolism 106, 107 host selection Hemiptera 142-8 in bloodsucking insects 232; in characteristics 142; feeding mechanisms ectoparasites 229; in parasitoids 226; in 142-3; fossil 189; literature on 361-3; phytophagous insects 199, 200, 204 mouthparts 143; ovariole 90; relationships host specificity 192 in ectoparasites 229; in parasitoids 224; in Hemipteroid orders 126 phytophagous insects 197, 204 Hemiteles 225 House Cricket see Acheta domesticus Hepialidae 172 house-flies see Muscidae wings 170, 173 House Longhorn Beetle see Hylotrupes bajulus Hepialus, venation 170 hover-flies see Syrphidae herbivory 196-201 humble bee see Bombus Hesperiidae 272 humidity receptors 56 Hesperioidea 173 Hydrocampa see Nymphula

394 INDEX hydrofuge hairs 9 insecticides 326-34, 327 hydrogen cyanide 326, 330 application methods 331; classification 326; Hydrometridae 233 desirable features 326, 329; formulation Hydrophilidae 154, 233 330-1; limitations of 326; mode of action Hydrophiloidea 154 329-30; resistance to 284, 332-5; structural Hydrophilus, swimming 236 formulae 327; summary table 328; toxicity hydrophobe hairs 9 to man 333-4; toxicity to beneficial insects Hydropsyche 222 334 Hydroptilidae 235 insectivorous plants 213, 214 5-hydroxytryptamine 44 instar 105 Hylobius abietis 155, 284, 307 integrated pest management 341-2 Hylurgopinus ru{ipes 306 integument 7-11, 8, 105 Hylotrupes bajulus 310 processes of 10; see also cuticle 175--81 interbrachialligament 119 affinities 194; characteristics 175; larvae intercalary veins 25 178, 179, 223, 226; literature on 368-9; in Ephemeroptera 126 mouthparts 176, 177-8; ovarioles 89; as interference colours 12 parasitoids 223; parthenogenesis in 94, 180; intermaxillary brachium 119 as pollinators 180; social life 242-7; interneuron 43 venation 178; wings 22, 24 intersegmental membrane 12 Hymenopus coronatus 222, 239 interspecific competition 269 hypandrium 32 intestine see alimentary canal hypericin 200 intraspecific competition 267 113, 227 intrinsic rate of increase 252 hyperparasitism 224-5 inundative release 336 hypocerebral ganglion 46 inverse density-dependence 263, 264 Hypoderma, veterinary importance 313, 324 invertase 243-4 Hypoderma bovis 324 ion pump 237 Hypoderma lineatum 324 IPM see mtegrated pest management hypodermis see epidermis Ips 306 hypognathous head 15 Ips pini 272 hypopharynx 15, 16 iris cell 58, 59 in Diptera 160, 161, 162, 163, 164; in iris pigment cell 57 Periplaneta americana 16 Iron, nymph 127 hypopneustic respiratory system 74 Ischnura, larva 129 hypos to mal sclerite 166 island faunas 281 Isoperla 131 Icerya purchasi 297, 334 Isoptera 138, 139, 241, 242 biological control 335 characteristics 138; digestion 66, 217; 224 fungus gardens 216; literature on 359-60; 181 ovarioles 89; as pests 308-9; relationships Idolium diabolicum 222 192; symbiotic Protozoa 217; social life ileum 65 138; trail-marking pheromone 55 imaginal disk 111, 112 Japanese Beetle see Popillia japonica inclusion viruses 337 Japygidae 118 inclusive fitness 247 characteristics 120; spiracles 68 Incurvaria 203 japyx 118 173 nervous system 45 Indian Leaf Butterfly see Kallima inachus Jassidae see Cicadellidae industrial melanism 239 Johnston's organ 50 ingluvies see crop jugum 170 inner layer, of embryo 100, 101 jumping plant lice see Psyllidae inoculative release 336 juvenile hormone 88, 113 , in plant galls 205 Insecta adaptability of 1; adaptive r~di.ation 19~; kairomone 54 ancestry of 186-8; characteristics 1; Kallima inachus 237, 239 classification 115--81; evolutionary Kalotermes 138 relationships 182-94; food of 195, 276-80; Kalotermitidae, as pests 309 fossil groups 189-91, 190; ground-plan katydid see Tettigoniidae 187; injurious species 290-325; literature on key factor analysis 260-2 343-83; number of species 1; phylogeny Khapra Beetle see Trogoderma granarium 182-94, 193; as pollinators 207-14; kin selection 247 relationships 187-8; relations with plants king-cricket 133 1%--201; size 2; and tree species 281-2; knock-down 330 281 K-strategists 255

395 INDEX labellum 160 Leptinotarsa decemlineata 155, 197, 199 labial gland 65-6, 86, 110 density-dependence 264, 265; larva 153; as labial groove 142, 161 pest 298; resistance to insecticides 332-3 Labiatae, pollination 209 Leptotema dolobrata, hemelytron 144 labium 15, 16, 17 Levuana iridescens 336 musculature 39 life table 258--60 labrum 14, 15 ligula 17 in Diptera 160, 161, 162; musculature 38 limb-base 18, 184 147 Limenitis archippus, mimicry 238, 240 Laccifer lacca 147 Limnephilidae, larva 174 lacewings Limnephilus, larval case 174 brown see Hemerobiidae; green see Limothrips cerealium, mouthparts 149 Chrysopidae Lincoln index 249-50 lacinia 16, 17 Lindane see Gamma-HCH Lacon 300 lingua 15 lacuna 22 Linognathus 142 ladybird see Coccinellidae Liothrips oleae 149 Lamium album, pollination 209 lipase 66 Lampromyia 222 Liposcelis 140 Lampyridae 221 Liriomyza 201 lancet 34, 35 Lissopimpla semipunctata 212 lantern-flies see Fulgoridae Lithocolletis see larder beetles see Dermestidae Lithosiinae 215 Large White Butterfly see Pieris brassicae Litomastix truncatella, polyembryony 95, 96 Larix, Adelgids on 146 Loa, transmission 313 larva 106 locomotion see flight; swimming; walking of Endopterygota 107, 108, 109; of Locusta migratoria Exopterygotes 106, 107; of parasitoidal oenocytes 86; outbreak area 293; as a pest Hymenoptera 223; of predators 220; see also 292; phases 292-3 orders of insects locusts 241, 250 Lasioderma serricome 218, 311 as pests 290, 291-3; phases 292; see also lateral ocellus 56, 57 Acrididac lateral oviduct 88, 89 logistic population growth 253, 254 Lathridiidae 215 lagged 256 LDso see median lethal dose longhorn beetles see Cerambycidae lead arsenate 326, 329 long-horned grasshoppers see Tettigoniidae leaf-beetles see Chrysomelidae longicom beetles see Cerambycidae leafhoppers see Cicadellidae looper see Geometridae larva leaf-insects see Phasmida Loricera, larva 153 leaf-mining insects 201-3, 202, 282 lorum see submentum of Apoidea leather-jackets see Tipulidae Lotka-Volterra model 269, 270, 275 leg 19 Lotus corniculatus, pollination 209 of cicada nymph 19; of Mantid 19; louse see Phthiraptera modifications 19, 20, 234; movement 42; Lucanidae 155 musculature 41, 42 Lucilia 168, 283 Leguminoseae, pollination 209 veterinary importance 313, 325 Leishmania 323 Lucilia cuprina 325 leishmaniasis 313, 323 competition 268 Lema 297 Lucilia sericata 325 Lepidoptera 168--73 Lutzomyia 313, 323 characteristics 168; excretion 84; female 220 reproductive ducts 89, 91; fossils 191; larva Lyctidae 309 108, 171; larval ocelli 171; larval -glands Lyctus brunneus 309, 310 86, 171; literature on 367-8; male genitalia Lygocoris pabulinus, metamorphosis 107 31; mouthparts 168,169; number of ins tars Lymantria dispar 171, 308, 338 106; number of ommatidia 58; oenocytes sex attractant 55; variation 287 86; as pests of crops 171-2, 301-3; as pests Lymantria monacha 171 of stored products 171, 311-12; as oviscapt 33; as pest 308 pollinators 207-8; pupa 110, 171; Lymantriidae 308 relationships 172, 193; structure of head Lysandra coridon, genetics 284 169; tarsal receptors 53; venation 169, 170 vesicatoria 155 Lepidosaphes 147 Lepidosaphes becki 297 Machilidae 124 Lepisma saccharina 124, 125 abdominal appendages 123 excretion 84; habitat 124; paranota 26 Machilis 123 Lepismatidae 125 ovipositor 123

396 INDEX macropterous caste, in Isoptera 138 MeJ!arhyssa J!reenei 271 Macrosiphum euphorbiae 294 MeJ!arhyssa macnmlS 271 Macrosteles fascifrons 296 Megasecoptera 191 Macrotermes 216, 309 Meinertellidae 124 Macrotermitinae 216 meiosis 92, 94, 97 macrotrichia 8, 10, 22 melanic varieties 239, 284 Maize Stalk-borer see Busseola jitsca melanin 12 Malachiidae 207 melanism 239 malaria 313 Melanoplrls, sensilla 50 Malathion 327, 328 Melipona 241 Mallophaga 142, 227 population density 251 a paraphyletic group 194; see also Meloe 153, 155 Phthiraptera elytra 153; hypermetamorphosis 155 Malpighian tubules 61, 65, 82, 83, 84 Meloidae 155 embryology of 61, 103; function of 84, hypermetamorphosis 113, 155; t 10, 15 t; structure of 83 resemblance to 156 mandible 14, 15, 16 Melololltha melolontha articulation 15; in Diptera 162, 163; air sacs 72; larva 153; as pest 300 modifications of 142, 143, 151, 163; Melon Fly see Dacus CHCllrbitae musculature 17, 38, 39; of Periplaneta MelophaJ!"s ovillus 168, 228 americana 16 viviparity 95 mandibular glands 66, 87 mentum 16, 17 in Lepidopteran larva 65-6 merocrine secretion 64 Manduca sexta, thermoregulation 82 mesadenia 92 Mansonia, medical importance 313 mesenteron 61, 98, 103 see also mid intestine Mantidae Mesoehorus 225 leg 19; predatory adaptations 137, 221 mesoderm 101, 103 man tid see Mantodea Mesopsows immunis 272 Malltis reliJ!iosa 137 MesopsoCt/s ImiptmetatllS 272 Mantispidae 151 mesothorax 17, 19 fore leg 151,221; hypermetamorphosis 113 Mesozoic insects 190 Mantodea 137, 218 metabolic water 5 ootheca 91 metabolism, of flight-muscle 29-30, 37 manubrium 122 metamorphosis 5, 106 mark and recapture technique 249 ofEndopterygota 106--7; of Exopterygotes mask, in Odonate larva 129, 130, 221, 235 106,107,108; hormonal control 113-14; mating 93, 94, 128 internal 111-13 maxilla 15, 17 metapneustic tracheal system 73 in Diptera 162, 163, 164; in Hemiptera 142, Metapolybia, nest 242 143; musculature 38, 39; in Periplalleta metathorax 17 americalla 16 methyl bromide 326 maxillary apodeme 160, 161 Mevinphos 327, 328 maxillary palp 16, 17 Miastor see Heteropeza in Diptera 166, 167; musculature 38,39 Microcoryphia see Archaeognatha Mayetiola destmctor 96 Micromalthus debilis, paedogenesis 95, 96 biotypes of 285, 341; as pest 304, 340 micro-organisms see Ephemcroptcra symbiotic 215-18, 216, 217; see also vector meal worm see Tenebrio 172 mealy-bug see Pseudococcus; Plallococc"s Mieropterix 168,174 mechanoreceptor 48, 49 maxilla 169; as primitive form 172, 191 Mecoptera 157, 218 micropyle 97 characteristics 157; literature on 365; Microtermes 216 relationships 157, 194 microtrichia 8, 22 Med-fly see Ceratitis capitata microvilli 62, 63 media 24 midges see Chironomidae; Ceratopogonidae in Ephemeroptera 24 mid gut see mid intestine, medial cross-vein 24 mid intestine 61, 62, 63-5 median lethal dose 328, 333 development 61; ultrastructure 62 medio-cubital cross-vein 24 migrantes 146 Mediterranean Flour Moth see Ephestia Migratory Locust see Locusta miJ!ratoria kuehniella Mikiola faJ!i, gall 205, 206 Mediterranean Fruit-fly see Ceratitis capitata mimicry 240-1 MeJ!achile 208 Miomoptera 191, 192 Megaloptera 150 Miridae 334 perhaps paraphyletic 194 mitochondria of flight-muscle 30, 37 MeJ!arhyssa afrata 271 Mllemollica, maxilla 169 397 INDEX

Molanna, larval case 174 Myrmeleontidae 151 mole-cricket see Gryllotalpidae habits 222; larva 220 Monarch Butterfly see Danaus plexippus Myrmica ruginodis, population density 251 Monophlebus 148 Mytilaspis julva 147 monophyletic group 182, 194 Myxophaga 154 Monotrysian Lepidoptera 173 Myzus persicae 146, 294, 295 Monura 189 Morabinae 288 Mordellidae 207 Nabidae 218, 334 Moroccan Locust see Dociostaurus maroccanus Nacerda me/anura 310 Morpho, colour 12 nagana 313, 320 morula 96 nasute termites 139 mosaic egg 99 Nasutitermes 139, 309 mosaic theory of vision 59, 60 natural control 263 mosquito see Anopheles; Culex; Culicidae natural selection 248, 286 moth see Lepidoptera Naucoridae, habits 218, 233 motor nerve 43 Naucoris 235 motor neuron 43 neck 17 moulting 4, 104, 105 nectar 208, 243 hormonal control 113--14; and oenocytes Nematocera 165, 166 86; of tracheae 73-4 bloodsucking 230,231,316-17 moulting fluid 104, 105 Nemestrinidae 224, 227 mouth-hooks 164, 166 Nemobius sylvestris, gut 63 mouthparts 15 Nemopteridae 151 in bloodsucking insects 162, 163-4, 231, Nemoura, venation 131 315,317,321; musculature 38,39; of Neopseustina 172 Orthopteroid insects 39; of Periplaneta 191, 192 americana 16; see also orders of insects neotenin see juvenile hormone mucro 122 Nepa 235 Mullerian mimicry 240, 241 Nepa cinerea 219 multiple resistance 332 Nepenthes 213, 214 Musca Nephotettix 296 air sacs 72; insecticide resistance 332; Nephotettix cincticeps 296 medical importance 313, 324; nervous Nephotettix nigropictlls 296 system 45; number of ommatidia 58; Nephotettix virescen.< 29(, oviscapt 165 nephrocyte 85 Musca domestica 167, 324, 332 Nepidae, habits 145, 218 Musca sorbens 324 Nepticula 203 Muscidae 167, 215, 230, 283, 313, 324 173 excretion 84; habits 324; olfactory organ as leaf-miners 201, 203 53; puparium 110 nerves, sensory and motor 43 muscles 35, 37-42 nervous system, 43-7 abdominal 41, 42; of antenna 38; development of 102-3; and insecticides attachment to cuticle 36; functions of 37, 330; representative species 45; 38; of head 38, 39; histology 35, 36; of leg stomatogastric 46, 47 41, 42; of mouthparts 38, 39; physiology Nesomachilis 27, 37; power of 37; proprioceptors in 50; male terminalia 123; pregenital segment of sting 34, 35; of thorax 25, 40, 41; 123 tracheoles in 30, 74; of wings 25,26-30,40 nest, of Vespidae 242, 243 muscular system 35-42 neural groove 100, 102 mushroom bodies 45 neural ridge 102 M usse! Scale see Lepidosaphes becki neurilemma 43, 45 mycetocyte 67,218 neuroglia 43 mycetome 67, 145, 218 neurohaemal organ 87 Mycetophagidae 215 neuromere 47, 102 Mycetophilidae 167, 215 neuromuscular junction 44 mycoplasma 295 neuron 43 Myelophilus see Tomicus neuropile 44 myiasis 324-5 Neuroptera 149, 150, 151 Mymaridae 224 characteristics 149; cocoon 110; excretion myofibril 28, 35 84; larva 150, 151; literature on 363-4; myofilament 35 predatory adaptations 221, 222; Myriapoda 183 relationships 192, 194 characteristics 185; relationships 187-8 neurosecretory cells 43, 46, 113, 114 Myrmeleon 220 Neuroterus lenticularis 204 Myrmeleon jormicarius, larva 220 Nellroterus querClisbaccarum 205, 206

398 INDEX neurotransmitters 44 olfactory perception 52, 199, 200 neutral molecular evolution 286-7 olfactory receptors 51, 53, 200 niche 272 Oligocene fossils 191 Nicholson-Bailey model 276 Oligoneoptera 191, 192 Nicoletiidae 125 oligopod embryo 101 nicotine 326 oligopod larva 108, 109 Nilaparvata lugens ommatidium 58, 60 biotypes 285; as pest 295 Onchocerca volvulus 320-1 Nocardia rhodnii 67 onchocerciasis 313, 320-1 Noctua 303 Onion Fly see Delia antiqua Noctlla pronuba 239 Onychophora 183, 184, 186 Noctuidae 169, 173 oocyte 89, 90 as pests 303; pupa 110 oogonium 89 nodus, in Odonata 129 ootheca 91 Nomadacris septemfosciata in Dictyoptera 137 outbreak areas 293; as a pest 292 Operophtera brumata 198 nomenclature in food web 277, 278; key factor analysis international code 116; zoological 116 261,262; mortality 261; population density non-biting midges see Chironomidae 262, 2M, 265 Nosopsyllus fosciatlls, medical importance 313, operculum, of egg 104 325 Ophioninae 225 Notoligotoma I/itens 136 Ophrys, pollination 211 Notonecta Opius .fletcheri 223, 224 respiration 9, 76; seizing prey 221; Opius longicaudatus 271 swimming 236 Opius oophilus 271 Notonectidae 233 Opius vandenboschi 271 hair-pile 9; predatory habits 219 optic lobe 45 notum 18 Orchestes fogi 202 nuclear polyhedrosis viruses 337, 338 Orchidaceae, pollination 210-12, 211 Nun Moth see Lymantria monacha Orchis mascula, pollination 210, 211 nurse cells 89, 90 order 115 nutrition 66-7 order of insects, listed 117 and symbionts 67,217, 218 phylogeny 188-93 nymph 106 organophosphates 326, 330 Nymphula 173 Oriental Fruit Fly see DaClls dorsalis Oriental Fruit Moth see Cydia molesta Orthodera ministralis 137 , galls on 204, 205-6 Orthoptera 132-4, 133 oblong plate 34 characteristics 132; excretion 84, 85; obIon gum 152, 154 gizzard 63; hearing 51; literature on 357-8; obtect pu pa 111 male accessory glands 92; relationship to in Lepidoptera 110 Grylloblattidae 132; ovariole 90; occipital foramen 15 stridulation 51, 52 occiput 14, 15 Orthopteroid orders 126, 191 ocelli 56 Orussoidea 180 dorsal 56, 57; lateral 56, 57 OYlISSUS 180 octopamine 44 Oryctes rhirlOceros 300 Odonata 10, 128-9, 218, 233 Oryzaephilus mercator 311 affinities 190, 191; characteristics 128; fossil Oryzaephilus surinammsis 21i9, 311, 312 189; larval mouthparts 129, 235; literature Oscinella fit 304, 305 on 356-7; mating posture 128, 129, 130; Osmia 208 number of ommatidia 58; nymphal osmoregulation 10, 77, 236 respiration 76-7; ovariole 90; predatory Osmylidae 151 adaptations in 129, 221, 222; sperm transfer ostia 78 94 Ostrinia jimwcalis 303 Odontotermes 216, 309 Ostrirda nubilalis 171, 301, 302-3, 340 Oecophylla longinoda 340 Oulema 297 Oedemeridae 207 Ol/lema melanopus 298, 299 Oedipoda caerulescens 133, 240 Ol/lema oryzae 298 oenocyte 8, 78, 85-6 outbreak area, of locusts 293 oenocytoid 80 ovariole RR, 89, 90 oesophagus 61, 62 ovary 88, 89, 90 Oestridae 167, 313 oviduct 88, 89 Oestnls, veterinary importance 313 ovipositor 32, 33 Oestnls ovis, life-cycle 324-5 in Hymenoptera 177, 180; of Lymatllria oil beetles see Meloe monacha 33; in parasitoids 226; of 399 lNDEX

Schistocerca 291; ofTettigoniidae 33; valves Pemphiglls bllrsarills 207 of33 Penci/lidia jellyllsi 228 oviscapt 35, 165, 226 penis 31, 32, 91, 92 of Lymantria mOllacha 33 Pentatoma rufipes 144 ovum see egg Peppered Moth see Biston betll/aria owl see Caligo perception 48-61 owlet moths see Noctuidae of colour 6~1; of form 59-60; of sound oxygen 51-3; see also chemoreceptor; access to tracheoles 74; carriage in blood mechanoreceptor; sensillum 75; cuticle impermeable to 10; see also pericardial cells 78, 85 see also nephrocytes respiration pericardial sinus 77, 78 oxygen debt 37 226 Peri(ampus hyalinlls, larva 223 Pachydiplosis oryzae 304 perineural sinus 77 paedogenesis 95, 96 perineurium 45 Palaeodictyoptera 190 Peripatlls 184 Palaeoptera 191 peripheral sensory nervous system 48 a para phyletic group 191 Periplatleta americana 137 Palaeozoic insects 189-90 alimentary canal 63; male genitalia 31; palmate hair 9, 234 mouthparts 16 palp 17 peri plasm 97, 98 labial 16, 17; maxillary 16, 17 peripneustic tracheal system 73 palpifer 17 peripodial sac 111 palpiger 17 perispiracular gland 234 panoistic ovariole 90 peritoneal layer 91 Panonychlls IIlmi 334 peritreme 68 Panorpa 157 peritrophic membrane 62, 64-5 Panorpida 194 Perkinsiella saccharicida 296, 335 Panorpoid complex 194 Perlidae 218 Pallstrollgy/us 313 nymph 131 Panstrongyllls megistlls 315, 316 permethrin 326, 327, 328 Papilio 240 pest control Papilio ajax, chemoreceptor 199 biological 335-41; genetic 338-9; Papi/io dardat/lls 241 insecticidal 326-34; integrated 341-2; by Papilio machaon, genetics 284 micro-organisms 337-8; by predators and Papilionoidea 173, 207 parasitoids 335-7 paraglossa 16 pests 290 paramere 32 of agriculture 290-305; of domestic Paraneoptera 191, 192 320-2, 324-5; of forestry 305-8; losses due paranota 26, 189 to 290; of medical importance 313-25; of para-oesphageal connectives 47 stored products 311-25; of timber 308-10 parapatric speciation 287, 288 pest management see integrated pest paraphyletic taxa 194 management paraphysis 161 Petrobills maritimus 123 paraproct 30 mouthparts 123 Parasitica 181 petroleum distillates 326 ovipositor 181; see also parasitoids phagocyte SO, 112 324-5, see also ectoparasitic insects; phagocytic organ 80 parasitoids phagostimulant 200 parasitoids 222-7, 223, 225 Phallus, spore dispersal 217 respiration 77 pharate adult 110, 175 Parathion 327, 328 pharate instar 106 parthenogenesis 94 pharate pupa 109 in aphids 94, 145, 294; cyclical 94; in Phamacia se"atipes, size 2 Cynipids 94, 206; in Hymenoptera 94, 247; pharyngeal glands, of Apis 245 in Phasmida 94 pharyngeal sclerite 164, 166 Pasteurella see Yersillia pharynx 62 patagia 169 musculature 38 Pauropoda 185 phases, of locusts 292 Pea Moth see Cydia tligricana Phasmatidae 134 Pectillophora see Platyedra egg 84 pedicel 15 Phasmida 134, 135 Pedicullls characteristics 134; literature on 358; medical importance 313; mouthparts 315 parthenogenesis 94; resemblance to foliage PediCII/lis hlimmllls 141, 142,314-15 135, 239 Pegomyia hyoscyami 203 Pheido/e killgi, castes 245

400 INDEX pheromone 54, 307 Pissodes types of 54 head 152; as pests 307 Philaenus spumarius, genetics 285 pitcher plants see Nepenthes; Sa"acenia Philonthus decorus 277, 278 Pityogenes hopkimi 272 Philophylla see Euleia placenta % Phlebotomus 313,323 placoid sensillum 48, 49, 56 mouthparts 231 plague, transmission 313, 325 Phorate 327, 328, 331 226-7 Phormia 284 of Perilampus 223 photoreceptor 56, 57, 58, 59 Plannipennia 151, 218 phragma 36, 37 characteristics 151; larval gut closed 65; Phryganea, larval case 174 larval mouthparts 150 Phthiraptera 141, 142 Planoco((us citri 297 bloodsucking habits 315; characteristics Planoco((us kenyae 297 141; literature on 360-1; relationships 192; planta 21 as vectors of disease 314-15 planthoppers see Delphacidae Phthorimaea operculella 302 plants Phylliidae 134 relations with insects 196-201; resistance to Phyllium 134, 135, 239 insect attack 197-8, 340-1 Phyllonorycter 203 plant-lice see Aphidoidea Phyllonorycter platani 202 plantulae 20, 21 Phyllotreta 155, 298 plasma 79 Phyllotreta nemorum 298 plasmatocyte 80 phylloxera see Viteus Plasmodium 316-17 Phylloxeridae 146 plastron respiration 76, 97 phylogeny Platycnemis, embryology of99, 100 of Arthropods 185-6; of insects 182-94 Platyedra gossypiella 172 phylum 115 as pest 302, 337, 340; sex-attractant 55 Phymatidae 218 Platygaster, larva 223 physical colours 11, 12 Platygaster hiemalis, polyembryony 96 physical gill 76 Platygasteridae 224, 225 Physokermes 148 Platypezidae 215 Phytomyza 201 Platypsyllus castoris 228 Phytomyza atricomis see P. horticola; Platypus 307 P. syngenesiae Plecoptera 130, 131, 233, 235 Phytomyza glechomae 202 affinities 130; characteristics 130; instar Phytomyza horticola 202 number 106; literature on 357 Phytomyza ilids 202 Plectrocnemia 222 Phytomyza syngenesiae 202 pleometrotic colony 243 phytophagous insects 195-201 Plesiocoris rugicollis 144 Picea, Adelgids on 146, 207 plesiomorphic character 182 pick, in Psocoptera 140 pleural sulcus 18, 19 Pieris 171 pleural suture see pleural sulcus venation 170 pleural wing-process 19 Pieris brassicae, subspecies 286 pleurite 13 Pieris napi, genetics 284 pleuron 13, 18, 19 Pigeon Louse see Columbicola columbae pleurosternal muscle 40, 41 pigment 11 Plistiophora operophterae 261 pigment cells plume moths see of compound eye 58, 59, 60; of ocelli 57 Plusia see Autographa pilifer 168 Plutella xylostella 302 pin-cushion gall 206 Podura aquatica 235 Pine Looper Moth see Bupalus piniaria poison canal 35 Pine-shoo.t Beetle see Tomicus piniperda poison gland 34, 35, 86 Pine-shoot Moth see Rhyacionia buoliana poison sac 34, 35 Pine Weevil see Hylobius abietis polar bodies 94, 97 pineapple gall 207 polarized light, perception of 61 pineapple wilt 297 Polistes, nest 242 Pinguicula 213 pollen basket see corbicula pinhole borers 306, 307 Pink Bollworm see Platyedra gossypiella pollination, by insects 207-14, 209, 210, 211 Pinus, Adelgids on 146 Polycentropus 222 Pipunculidae 224 Polyctenidae 228, 229, 230 Pipunculus cruciator 225 polyembryony 95, 96, 226 Pirimphos-methyl 327, 328 Polymitarcys, nymph 127

401 INDEX polymorphism .. . Proctotrupoidea 181, 223 in ants 245, 246; In aphIds 145, 146, 294; In larva 108 locusts 292-3; in termites 138, 139 prognathous head 15 Polyneoptera 191-2 prohaemocyte 80 154 Projapygidae 120 polypod embryo 101 proleg 30-1,109,157,171,172,178 polypod larva 108, 109, 179, 223, 226 proleucocyte 80 polytrophic ovariole 90 propneustic tracheal system 73 pomace-flies see Drosophilidae propodeum 175, 176 Pompilidae 220, 221 Propoxur 327, 328 proxima 206 proprioceptor 49 Pontomyia natans 233 intramuscular 50 Popillia japoniea 299, 301, 338 Prorhitlotermes simplex 139 population 248 Prosena sibirita, larva 225 fluctuations 257, 258, 266; genetic variation pros theca 16 284-9; growth 251-7; regulation 262--6 protease 66, 105 population biology 248-89 protective coloration 237-41 population density Protelytroptera 191, 192 absolute 249, 250, 262; measurement of Protermes minutlls, fungus garden 216 249-50; relative 249 prothoracic gland see thoracic gland pore-canal 7, 8 prothorax 17, 19 postantennal organ 121 protocephalic region 101 post-embryonic development 104-14 protocerebrum 45 posterior cubitus 24 protocormic region 101 posterior media 24 Protodonata 190 posterior tentorial pit 14 Protophormia, veterinary importance 313 postgenital segments 30 Protophormia terraetlovae 325 postmentum 17 protopod embryo 101 postnotum 18, 19 protopod larva 108, 109 postocciput 14 Protorthoptera 190, 192 postoesophageal commissure 46 Protozoa poststernellum see spinasternum symbiotic in termites 66, 217; pathogenic potato leaf-roll virus 294 315,316--17,321,323 potato virus Y 294 Protura 120 powder-post beetles see Lyctidae affinities 188; anamorphosis 30, 120; Praying see Mantis religiosa characteristics 120; literature on 354 preantennal segment 102 proventriculus see gizzard precocene 326 Pseudaeanthotermes spittiger, fungus garden 216 predacious insects 218-22, 219, 220, 335-7 Pseudoeoeells 148 predator-prey relationships 272--6 PseudoeoeClis adonidum 147 predatory insects 218-22, 219, 220, 335-7 pseudocone 207 pregenital segments 30 Pseudophyllinae 239 prementum 16, 17 Pseudotheraptus wayi 340 in Diptera 160, 161, 162 pseudotracheae 161, 162, 163 pre-oral food cavity 61 Psi/a rosae 305 prepupa 109 Psilidae 305 prescutum 18, 19 Psi/opa petro lei 2 presternum 18, 19 psocids see Psocoptera prestomal teeth 161, 165 Psocodea 194 prestomum 161 Psocoptera 140, 141 presumptive area 100 literature on 360; relationships 141, 192 pretarsus 19, 20 Psorophora, medical importance 313 of Asi/us erabroniformis 21; of Apis Psychidae 170 mellifera 21 Psyehoda phalaenoides 210 primary consumer 277 Psychodidae 230, 313 primary host, of Aphididae 145, 294, 295 Psyllidae 145, 204 primary iris cell 58, 59 Psylliodes 298 primary producer 277 Psylloidea 145 primordial germ cells 97, 98, 100, 102 pterines 12 Prionoryetes canieulus 300 Pteronidea ribesii, ovipositor 177 priority, in nomenclature 116 Pterophoridae 173 proboscis Pterostiehus madidus 261, 278 of Diptera 160, 162, 163-4; of Hemiptera pterostigma 25, 129 142, 143; of Lepidoptera 168, 169 procephalic lobes 102 earliest fossils 189; phylogeny 189-94, 192 proctodaeum 61, 98, 103 Pthirus pubis 314 402 INDEX ptilinal suture 165 respiration 2, 5, 75-7 Ptilinlls pectinicomis 283, 310 in aquatic insects 76-7, 234-5; in ptilinum 165, 166 endoparasites 77; neural control of 75 Ptychomyia remota 336 respiratory system 67, 68-74 Pillex irritans 158 types of 73 Pulicidae 313 Retimlitennes 309 pulsatile organs 78-9 retinaculum pulvillus 9, 20, 21 in Collembola 121, 122; in Lepidopteran pupa 106, 109, 110 wing 22,170 of aberrant Exopterygotes 108; in retinal pigment cell 57 Lefidoftera 110,171; types ofllO-l1 retinula pupa eel 110 of compound eye 58; of ocellus 57 puparium 110 rhabdom Pupipara, and viviparity 95 of compound eye 58, 59, 60; of ocellus 57 Purple Scale see Chrysomphailis aonid'lm Rhabdophaga rosaria 206 purse gall 207 Rhagionidae 219 pygmy mole-crickets see Tridactyloidea Rhagoletis, host selection 199 pyloric sphincter 65 Rhagovelia, tarsus 234 173, 302, 311 Rhinoceros Beetle see Oryctes rhitloceros Pyrallsta see Ostritlia Rhipiphoridae 227 pyrethroids 198, 326, 330 Rhodites rosae 206 pyrethrum 326 Rhodtlills prolixlls adhesive organ 21; diuretic hormone 87; excretion 83, 84; feeding 232; medical Qlladraspidiotl4s pemicioms 297 importance 313,315-16; oenocytes 86; quadrate plate 34 symbiont 67 quasi social insects 242 queen bee 244 Rhopalosiphllm padi 199, 295 Queen Butterfly see Danalls gilipplis Rhyaciotlia blloliatla 197, 308 queen substance 56, 87, 244, 246 Rhyacophilidae 174 quinone 8 larva 174 Rhytlchophorns ferrllgitlells 300 Rhytlchophorns palmarnm 300 Rabbit Flea see Spi/opsylllls clitliclIl'IS Rhynchophorns phoellicis 300 radial cross-vein 24 Rhynchota see Hemiptera radial sector 24 Rhytliella praemrsor 188 radio-medial cross-vein 24 Rhyssa 224, 226 radius 24 Rickettsia prowazeki 314, 325 Raphidia 150 Rickettsia typhi 325 receptaculum seminis see spermatheca robber-flies see Asilidae receptors 48 Rodolia cardinalis 334, 335 types of 48 rostrum rectal papillae 65, 83 of Diptera 160, 162, 163-4; of Hemiptera rectum 61, 65, 83 143 excretory role 65, 82, 83 rotenoids 326 recurrent nerve 46, 47 rotenone 198 Red Bollworm see Diparopsis rove-beetles see Staphylinidae Red Locust see Nomadacris septemJasciata , of Apis 245 Reduviidae 144, 230 r-strategists 255 habits 218; medical importance 313,315-16 Reesimentlis tlielselli 337 Sabatitlca, venation 170 reflex mechanisms 43 sagittal suture see coronal suture regulation Saga pedo 133 in embryonic development 99, 100; of Saginae 218 population density 262--6 salivarium 61, 62 relapsing fever, vector of314-15 salivary duct 61-2, 65 replacement cells 62, 64 salivary gland 65--6, 86 reproduction 93--6 chromosomes 318; development of65 reproductive diapause 114 salivary pump see salivary syringe reproductive system 88-93 salivary syringe 62, 142, 143 development of89, 93, 102; female 88, 89, SalmOtlella 324 90-1; male 91,92,93 Salta tori a 132 repugnatorial glands 86 sandflies 323 reservoir hosts 314,315,320,323,325 sandfly fever 313 resilin 9 San Jose Scale see Qlladraspidiotlls pemiciosllS resmethrin 326 sarcolemma 35 resource partitioning 229, 271-2 Sarcophaga, flight mechanism 25, 27

403 INDEX

Sareophaga sarraeeniae 214 serology 279 Sarcophagidae 325 serosa 98, 100, 101 sarcoplasm 35 serotonin 44 sarcoplasmic reticulum 28 Serphoidea see Proctotrupoidea sarcostyle see myofibril Sesamia informs 302 Sarraeenia 214 seta 172, 173 glandular 11; sensory 11, 49, 53 Satyridae 240 sex attractant 54, see also pheromone sawfly see Symphyta sex determination 94 Saw-toothed Grain Beetle see Oryzaephill/S in social Hymenoptera 94 surinamensis sexuales 146 scale II, 82 sexuparae 146 scale, of Coccoidea 147 sheath, of sting 34 scale insect see Coccoidea Sheep Ked see Melophagus ovitlllS scape 15 Sheep Nostril-fly see Oestrus ovis Scarabaeidae ISS, 300 shellac 147 antenna 152; digestion 66; larva 215; leg Shigella 324 152; spines 10 short-horned grasshoppers see Acrididae scarabaeiform larva 109, 153, 154 Sialis 150 Scarabaeoidea 154, 297 larval excretion and osmoregulation 10, Scatophagidae 219 236-7; venation 150 Seelio folgidlls, larva 223 sibling species 287, 289, 318 Scelionidae 224 sigmoid population growth curve 255 Sehistoeerea amerieatla 292 silk 136, 151, 172 Sehistoeerea gregaria silk-gland 62, 65-6, 136, 151 flight mechanisms 28; oviposition 291; as silk moths see Bombycidae, Saturniidae pest 292; sexual maturation 56 silk regulator 62 Sehizotlyeha 300 silk-spinning hairs 136 sclerite 3 silkworm see Bombyx mori sclerotin 8 Silphidae 154, 283 Scoliidae 221, 223 habits 219, 221 Scolioidea 180 Silva nils see Oryzaephill/S scolopale 49, 50 silverfish see Lepismatidae; Zygentoma Scolytidae ISS, 283, 306 Silver Y Moth see Autographa gamma as pests 306, 307; pheromones 55, 307 Simuliidae 167, 210, 215, 230, 233 Seolyllls muitistriallls 306-7 as vectors of disease 313, 322-3 SeolYlus seolyllls 306 Simlilium 323 scorpion-flies see Mecoptera larval feeding 235; larval respiration 76; scramble competition 267 medical importance 313,322-3; Screw-worm Fly see Cochliomyia mouthparts 231; phoresy 322 hominovorax Simulium damno.

404 INDEX skeleton 3 Staphylinoidea 154 mechanical properties 3, 4 stasipatric speciation 288 butterflies see Hesperiidae Ste.~obillm, symbionts 218 sleeping sickness see trypanosomiasis Stegobimn panicel/m 311 smell, sense of 52, 53 stem see Cephidae Smerillth'H oce/lata 240 Stet/odictya lobata 190 Sminthuridae 122 StellopsoCl/S stigmatiClls, mouthparts 140 spiracles 68 Stenopsychodes, venation 174 Smilllhllrlls 121, 122 sterile male technique 338-9 Smilltilllrlls I'iridis, as pest 122 sternellum 18, 19 snake-flies see Raphidia sternite 13 social insects 241-7 145 soldier caste sternum 13, 18, 19 in ants 245, 246; in termites 138, 139 com position of 18, 30 solitaria phase 290 sterols, in diet 67, 218 Sorex aratlellS 277, 278 stick-insects see Phasmida sound perception see hearing stigma, of wing 25, 129 sound production 51, 52 stigmatic cord 73 see Lylta vesicatoria sting 17H speciation 287-8 of Apis mellifera 34 species 115 sting sheath 34 biological concept 287; sibling 287, 289,318 stipes 16 species-area relationship 281 stomach see mid intestine spermatheca 88, 89, 91 stomach poison 329 spermathecal gland 89 stomatogastric nervous system 46, 47 spermatid 92 stomodaeum 61, 98,101, 103 spermatocyte 92 Stomoxys 165, 167,230 spermatogenesis 91-2 stoneflies see Plecoptera spermatogonium 91 storage excretion 85 spermatophore 91, 93 stored products, pests of 311-12 spermatozoa 91, 92 Strepsiptera 156 sperm duct 89, 91 affinities 194; characteristics 156; sperm transfer 91, 93, 94 hypermetamorphosis 113; larva 227; Sphaeriidae 154 literature on 364-5 Sphecoidea 181, 220 striated border 62, 63, 65 Sphecophaga, larval head 179 stridulation 52 Sphingidae 173 stridulatory organs as pollinators 207 of Achela 51, 52; of Acrididae 51, 52 SphiliX ligllstri, heart beat 81-2 structural colours, see physical colours SpiiopsyIllls amiCI/Ills 229--30 style 30, 31 spina 18 stylet spinasternum 18, 19 in Dipteran mouthparts 162, 163; in spine 10 Hemipteran mouthparts 142, 143; in spiracle 9, 67, 68, 69, 103 Siphunculate mouthparts 315; in sting 34, of Calliphora larva 164; closing mechanisms 35 10, 68, 69; of Dissosteira 68, 69; styloconic sensillum 200 musculature 68, 69; number and Sty/ops 156, see also Strepsiptera arrangement 73 subcosta 23, 24 spiracular gill 76 subcoxa 18, 19 splanchnic nerve 47 subfamily 115 Spodoptera 338 subgenital plate 32, 91 Spodoptera exempta 255, 303 subimago 126, 191 Spodoptera exigl/a 303 submentum 16, 17 Spodoptera littoralis 303 suboesophageal ganglion 45, 46, 47 Spodoptera litllra 303 development of 47, 103; neuroscretion in Spotted Alfalfa Aphis see Therioaphis mamlata 114 springtails see Collembola suborder 115 Spruce Budworm see Choristollellra fillniferalla subspecies 285, 289 spur 10, 11 stability succession 282-4 of communities 283; of populations 265 sucking lice see Siphunculata Stable Fly see Stomoxys sucking pump 61 stadium 105 in Hemiptera 143; in Lepidoptera 168, 169 stag beetles see Lucanidae musculature 38 Staphylinidae 154, 283 Sugar-cane Planthopper see PerkillSieIla elytra 153; habits 219 sacc/laricida

405 INDEX

sulcus 13 Tenebrio 155 sundew see Drosera excretion 83, 84; larva 108; larval water superfamily 115 relations 10; Malpighian tubules 83, 84 superlingua 15, 17 Tenebrionidae 311 superparasitism 226 teneral stage 105 superposition image 59, 60 180, 204 supra-oesophageal ganglion see brain as leaf-miners 201; ovipositor 177; thorax survivorship curve 253, 258 177 suspensory ligament 89 Tenthredinoidea 180 suture 12 larva 179; thorax 177 swift moths see Hepialidae tentorium 11, 14 swimming 235-6 Tephritidae 167, 199, 204 swimming hairs 234, 235 as leaf-miners 201; as pests 303, 304-5 swollen shoot disease 297 Teracolus, colour 12 symbionts tergite 13 in fat-body 67, 218; in gut 66, 217, 218 tergum 13 symbiosis, of insects and micro-organisms terminal arborization 43 66, 67, 215-18, 216, 217 terminal filament 89, 90 sympathetic nervous system see visceral termitaria 138 nervous system termites see Isoptera sympatric speciation 287, 288 Termitidae 217 Symphyla 185 Termitomyces 216 relationship with Diplura 187 tertiary consumers 278 Symphypleona 122 Tertiary fossils 191 Symphyta 180 testis 91, 92, 93 affinities 194; larval silk glands 86; thorax Tetrigidae 134 and abdomen 175-6, 177; ovipositor 177, Tettigonia viridissima 133 178 Tettigoniidae 133 symplesiomorphy 182 characteristics 133; hearing 51; ovipositor Synatlthedon exitiosa, mouthparts 169 33; stridulation 52 synapomorphy 182 Tettigonioidea 132, 133 synapse 44, 330 theca, in Diptera 160, 161 synchronous flight-muscle 27 Therioaphis maculata 340 synonym 116 Thermobia domestica 124 Synthemis, larva 129 habitat 124; water relations 10 Syrphidae 219, 221, 222 thermoregulation 82 larval respiration 76; oviposition site 222; thoracic ganglia 45, 47 as pollinators 207 thoracic gland 87, 114 systemic insecticide 328, 329 thoracotropic hormone 87 thorax 17-20, 19 Tabanidae 167, 219, 230,232 musculature 40, 41 mouthparts 162, 165; as vector of Loa 313 thrips see Thysanoptera Tabanus, wing venation 23 Thrips allgusticeps, population density 250 Tabanus atratus, mouthparts 162 Thrips imaginis, population density 263 167 Thrips tabaci, population density 250 larval respiration 77; as parasitoids 224, Thynnidae 221 226,227 Thysanoptera 148, 149, 204, 218 Tachycines asynamonls 133 characteristics 148; literature on 363; taenidium 70 metamorphosis 108; relationships 192 TaeliiorhYllchllS, larval respiration 76 Thysanura 123, 124, 188 tagma 13 a paraphyletic group 194; see also tar-oil distillates 326 Archaeognatha; Zygentoma tarsal flight reflex 29 tibia 19, 20 tarsal pulvilli see plantulae, tibial levator muscle 41,42, 132 tarsomere 20 tiger beetles see Cicindelinae tarsus 19, 20 timber, insect pests of 308--310 taste, sense of 52, 53, 199-200 Tillea pelliollella 172, 312 Tegeticula 212-13 173, 312 tegmen 22 Til/eola hisselliella 172, 312 of Acheta 51, 52 Tiphiidae 221 tegula 22, 169 Tipula 167 teleaform larva 223 venation 164 tel son 13, 30, 120 Tipulidae 167 temperature receptor 56 as pollinators 207 temperature regulation see thermoregulation Tomaspis 297 temperature tolerance 2 tomatine 198

406 INDEX

TomiCHs piniperda trochanter 19 larva 153; as pest 306 trochantin 18, 19 Tomocerus 122 Trogiophillls 133 tonofibrillae 36 Tro,~oderma granarillm 311 tormogen cell 8, 10, 48, 49 Troides Tortrix viridana 277, 307 colour 12; size 3 Toxirhynchites brevipalpis 337 trophallaxis 246 trabeculae, in atrium 70 trophamnion 95, 96 tracheae 67, 70 trophic relationships 276-HO in wing pad 23 trophocyte see nurse cell tracheal end cell 71 Trypanosoma brllcei 320 of Aedes 71 Trypanosoma congolense 320 tracheal gill 76-7, 227, see also Trypanosoma cruzi 315-16 Ephemeroptera; Odonata; Plecoptera; Trypanosoma gambiense 320 Trichoptera Trypanosoma rhodesiense 320 tracheal matrix cell 70 Trypanosoma vivax 320 tracheal system 5, 71, 72, 73 trypanosomiasis 313, 320-2 of Apis 72; in Arthropoda 184, 185; Trypetidae see Tephritidae development 103; types of 73 Tryporyza incertllias 302 tracheal ventilation 73 tsetse flies see Glossina Tracheata 187 Tumbu Fly see Cordylohia allthropophaga tracheole 9, 10, 71 tymbal52 in flight muscle 30, 74 tympanal organ 51, 171 trachoma 324 of Acheta 51; of Acrididae 51 trail-marking pheromone 54, 55, 87 tympanum 51 trail, odour 54, 55, 87 in Lepidoptera 51, 171 transition temperature 9 type, in nomenclature 116 a-trehalose 79 typhus, vector of 313, 314-15 Tremex columba, parasitoids of 271 Tyria jacobeae 198, 240 Trialeurodes val'orariorlllll 148, 201, 337 tyrosinase 12 population fluctuations 274 tyrosine 8, 12 triangular plate 34 Tyttlllls IIltllldll/llS 296, 335 Triatoma 144, 313 Triatoma infestans 315 unguitractor plate 20, 21 Triatominae, as vectors of Chagas' disease Uniramia 185, 186, 187 315-16 uniramous appendage 13 Tribolium 155 urea 83 competition 269; population growth 254, uric acid 83 255 urine 83 Tribolium castanet/m 269, 311 urogomphi 153 Tribolium conjilSll1n 269, 311, 312 Urophora card"i 205, 206 population growth 254 Urophora jacemla, life table 259, 260 Trichodectidae 142, 229 urticating hairs 11 trichogen cell 8, 10, 48, 49 uterus 95 Trichogramma 337 Utriwlaria l'tdgaris 213 Trichogrammatidae 224 trichoid sensillum 49, 53, 56 Trichonympha collaris 217 vagina 88, 89, 95 Trichonymphidae 217 valve Trichophaga tapetzella 172 in male Lepidoptera 31, 32; of ovipositor Trichoptera 10, 173, 174, 215, 233, 235 33,291 characteristics 173; larval silk glands 86; valvifer 33 larval snares 235; larval types 174, 175; Vanessa atalanta, sense of taste 53 literature on 368; mouthparts 174; pupa van Wisselingh test 8 110; relationships 172, 193; venation 174 vasa efferentia 91 TricllOthrips, pretarsus 149 vas deferens 91, 92, 93 Tricorythlls 128 vector Tridactyloidea 132, 134 of human diseases 313-25; of plant• Tridacty/lls mlltus 133 pathogenic viruses 143, 294-7 Tr(~onogenills 215 Vedalia see R odolia Trilobita 183 veins, of wing 22, see also wing-venation and trinomial 285 separate orders Trioza 197 Veliidae, habits 218 tritocerebrum 45, 46 venation see wing-venation triungulin 156, 227 ventilation control 75 trochantellus 181 ventral diaphragm 77, 78, 81 407 INDEX ventral nerve cord 45, 47, 100 Wheat-stem Sawfly see Cephus cillctuS ventral sinus 77, 78 Whirligig beetles see Gyrinidae ventral sympathetic nervous system 47 white ant see Isoptera ventral tube 122 whiteflies see Aleyrodidae ventricular ganglion 47 wing 21, 23, 25 ventriculus see mid intestine development of21, lOS, 111; musculature Venus' Fly-trap see Dionaea mllscipula 25, 26-30; origin of 25, 26, 189 Vermileo 222 wing-beat frequency 27 vertex 14 wing-coupling 22 vesicula seminalis 91, 92, 93 in Hymenoptera 178; in Lepidoptera 22, Vespa crabro 243 170 nest 243 wing,-flexing 190-1 Vespidae 208 wing pad 21, 23 nests 242; social life 241, 243 wing-venation 22, 23 Vespoidea 181 generalized 23; of Tabanus 23; see also Vespula orders of insects nest 242; population density 251 wing vein 22 Vespula germanica 243 see Operopiuera ''''IIIlata Vespula vldgaris 243 wireworm see Elateridae Viceroy Butterfly see Limenitis archipplls wood-wasps see Siricidae Vine Phylloxera see Viteus vitifolii woodworm see Anobillln p'ltlctatllln virus diseases worker caste 241, 246-7 of insects 337-8; of man and other in ants 245, 246; in 244-5; in termites vertebrates 313, 320; of plants 143, 294-5, 138, 139, 242; in wasps 243 296,297 Wuchereria bancrofii 319 visceral nervous system 46, 47 Wyeomyia smith;; 214 visceral sinus 77, 81 vision 56-60 Xmopsylla, medical importance 325 visual cells 57, 58 Xmopsylla clleopis 158 visual organs 56, 57-9 as plague vector 159, 313, 325 vitamins 67,218 Xestobium nljovillosllln 309 vitellarium 89, 90 Xyela, larva 178 vitelline membrane 97 X yelidae 191 vitellins 90 Xylebonls 307 vitellogenesis 90 Xylelltes, venation 170 Vitells vitifolii 295, 314 viviparity 94-6, 95 yellow fever 313, 320 Yellow Fever Mosquito see Aedes aegypti walking 20 Yellow Underwing Moth see Nocwa prolluba warble flies see Hypoderma Yersitlia pestis 325 warning coloration 198 yolk 90,97,98, 100 wasps see Vespoidea yolk cell 97, 98 water boatman see Corixidae Yucca, pollination 212-13 water conservation 4, 84, 97 water balance 4-5, 84, 97 zero growth isocline 270 water scorpion see Nepidae Zeugloptera 172 wax 86, 145 ZOtlOCfnlS elegans 293 in Aleyrodidae 148; in Apis mellifera 86; in Zotlocenls Ilarie.~ata 293 Coccoidea 147; in epicuticle 4, 9 Zootennopsis atlglls/icollis, symbionts 217 wax glands 86 Zoraptera 139-40 of bees 86 literature on 360; relationships 140, 192 Wax Moth see Achroia grisella Zorotyplls 140 web-spinners see Embioptera Zygentoma 123, 124, 125 weevils see Curculionidae affinities 124, 188-9; thoracic glands 87 weta 133 Zygoptera 128, 130 Wharfborer see Nacerda melalll/fa larva 129; larval respiration 76

408