Section 2: the Built Environment 2.3 Theme: Infrastructure

SECTION 2: THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2.3 THEME: INFRASTRUCTURE

OVERVIEW

Lack of adequate infrastructure affects the pride of the community and contributes to environmental degradation, which in turn affects the health and economic prosperity of a community. The quality of life in a community can, therefore, be measured by the availability of infrastructure and services provision.

In the Mogale area, the current state of infrastructure provision can be summarized as follows (MCLM IDP, 2002): • The majority of residents (73%) live in formal housing, while 23% live in informal housing; • 82% of households are serviced by Mogale City in terms of electricity; • 62% have water supplies within the dwellings; • 88% have flush toilets; From above: Road K13, Road in Kagiso and Road R14 to Randfontein • 78% have refuse removal on a weekly basis by the city; and • 45% have telephones within their dwellings.

According to the MCLM IDP (2002), the former white areas are fully serviced with tarred roads, storm water systems, parks, piped water, electricity and street lighting. The level of service provided here is the standard that the municipality as a whole is challenged to provide to all of its inhabitants and areas of jurisdiction.

2.3.1 Issue: Roads and Storm Water Management

Overview

The stormwater management of previously disadvantaged areas as well as areas where little infrastructure existed has been the main focus of activity of the MCLM’s Roads and

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Surface Drainage Section since 1999. The lack of adequate stormwater management causes problems such as pollution, erosion and uncontrolled water damming.

According to the MCLM Sub-Directorate: Roads and Surface Drainage (2002), the number of stormwater related complaints have been significantly reduced with the stormwater outlet programme, which is currently being implemented.

What are the Pressures?

Due to lack of adequate roads and stormwater services, the following issues, which negatively impact on the environment, have been identified by the MCLM Sub-Directorate: Roads, Surface Drainage (2002): • Pollution occurs as a result of: o Illegal disposal of household waste, wash water and sewerage into stormwater catch pits in the informal settlement areas within Rietvallei and the Eastern side of Munsieville. These areas do not have adequate waste disposal facilities and sewerage networks. o Illegal dumping of household waste, building materials etc. at stormwater outlets. o Illegal discharge of industrial effluent into stormwater networks by industries. o Silting up of wetlands and streams due to mining activities and poor storm water management e.g. the natural wetland areas bordering the Mindalore township. o Illegal stormwater connections into the sewer system result in the design capacity being exceeded during rainstorms. This in turn cause sewerage overflows from manholes onto the streets, which eventually infiltrates streams, causing environmental health problems, specifically in the Azaadville and Kagiso townships. • Erosion occurs as a result of: o Badly designed stormwater discharge outlets. o Increased densification and new residential developments often leads to increased stormwater runoff. o Natural topography: steep gradients and denuding of vegetation etc. o Lowering of driveway entrances, thus allowing storm water to be diverted away from the road surface into residential properties, particularly in the Azaadville Township. • Uncontrolled damming of water due to: o Illegal excavations and failure to rehabilitate often results in the damming of stormwater facilities (e.g. Azaadville Township). o Blocked stormwater networks also contribute to the damming of stormwater, which could lead to flooding in some areas. Many problems have been experienced in the Kagiso and Rietvallei areas, with gravel material from dirty roads ending up in the stormwater networks after each rainstorm. • Bad stormwater design: o The extensions of townships also have an influence on the stormwater networks to be installed and/or upgraded in order to manage the stormwater run-off adequately and efficiently.

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What is the State?

• Mogale City’s total road and stormwater network is approximately 1100 km. Of this network, approximately 850 km of roads are tarred, while 250 km are gravel roads. A formal underground stormwater network is in place for the majority of the area, where tar roads exist. Open channels are in place adjacent to gravel roads. Drainage problems are experienced in certain low lying-areas (refer to Map 24). • A network of stormwater pipes and canals carry stormwater into the natural watercourses. Only energy breakers and some erosion prevention measures are currently in place. • A total road and stormwater network backlog of 250 km currently exists in Mogale City. This backlog is based on current existing townships. The total road and storm water backlog estimated in January 2001 was ~ 279.9km (including agricultural holdings). • It is estimated that it will take between 8-12 years to address this problem (MCLM IDP, 2002). • 30% of the backlog of untarred roads in Kagiso and Rietvallei areas has been addressed during the last three years (MCLM Sub-Directorate: Roads, Surface Drainage, 2002).

What is the Response?

• Over the next 5 years, 50km of roads per year will be constructed to address the total road and stormwater backlog, including roads in agricultural holdings. This will avoid the rebuilding of roads that can cost 5 times more than the current resurfacing costs. • According to the MCLM Sub-Directorate: Roads, Surface Drainage (2002), problematic areas within townships have been identified, and corrective measures have been implemented such as: o Replacements of old stormwater catch pits with newer, more effective ones, thus reducing the possibility of blocking up; o During the last three years, an intensive stormwater-cleaning programme was undertaken in the Kagiso and Rietvallei areas. Approximately 75% of all stormwater pipes in these areas have been covered; o Some stormwater network systems have been upgraded, rerouted or extended to improve stormwater runoff and reduce blockages; o Improvements to stormwater outlets in the Kagiso area are currently being undertaken. The outlets are lined with natural stone and grouted with cement to reduce erosion; and o Construction of catchment dams in open spaces to catch silt and solid pollutants. This water can be used for irrigation and wetlands.

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What are some of our PROPOSED indicators?

1. (%) Households/areas/suburbs with access to storm water drainage6 2. (%) Storm water infrastructure provided 6 3. (%) Roads provide 6 4. Number of jobs created 6 5. Number of people from employment equity target groups employed in the three highest levels of management 6

What can you do?

• Report erosion and pollution caused by stormwater.

6 Indicators according to the Mogale City Local Municipality, Integrated Development Plan - 2002-2006, June 2002 State of the Environment Report for Mogale City Local Municipality, Gauteng Prepared by Strategic Environmental Focus

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SECTION 2: THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2.3 THEME: INFRASTRUCTURE

2.3.2 Issue: Transport

Overview

Transport and communication systems are the key o the movement of goods, people, information and ideas, and provide access to markets, employment, schools and other facilities and land use, both within cities and between cities, and in rural and other remote areas. The transportation sector is a major contributor to pollution, congestion and accidents. Integrated transport and land use policy and planning can reduce the ill effects of current transport systems. People living in poverty, women, children, youth, older persons and people with disabilities are particularly disadvantaged by the lack of accessible, affordable, safe and efficient Outdoors stream locomotive museum, next to public transport (UN HABITAT Agenda, Chamdor Industrial area Sustainable transport and communication systems, http://www.unhabitat.org/unchs/english/hagenda/ch-4c-7.htm)

Worldwide, the transport sector accounts for ± 30% of total energy consumption, of which road transport alone consumes 82%, almost all of which is oil driven. According to the IDP Housing Sector Plan, 2002, the relationship between lower income housing and urban transportation is well understood. Efficient urban transportation is a critical element in overcoming the fragmented nature of Mogale City and contributing to the economic development of the area. Shorter commuting distances and the associated lower costs will release significant portions of household income (specifically of the poor) for other purposes, such as basic needs, e.g. food.

At a national level, in the pursuance of the goal of more efficient urban areas, which promotes the efficient use of infrastructure, public transport and the more efficient mix of land-uses (residential and commercial) thereby reducing the need to travel, the Department of Transport, together with the Department of Trade and Industry and various other national departments, has been involved in the creation of Spatial Development Initiatives (Sid).

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Regional SDIs focus on the enhancement of transport infrastructure to link opportunities related to resources and existing economic activities to generate new opportunities and attract private sector investment. In this context, the Department of Transport is also paying attention to initiatives aimed at overcoming the inefficiencies (particularly transport subsidies) associated with large settlements, which are functionally urban, yet spatially decentralised from urban areas.

A close link between the densification ventures of the Municipality and the public transportation initiatives is necessary (MCLM IDP: Housing Sector Plan, 2002).

What are the Pressures?

• No public transport – with major areas not being accessible and therefore affecting sustainable economic and social development. • Available transport not affordable – people spend more on transport than on basic needs, e.g. food. • The high incidence of informal settlement, which promotes urban sprawl, ultimately defeating the aim of urban boundaries. The primary reasons for the establishment of informal settlements in the rural areas, as stated in the Magaliesberg Spatial Development Strategy, are: o The number of legal and illegal businesses, which are being established; o The lack of formalised housing opportunities within the sub-region; and o The long distances employees need to travel to reach areas of employment; and; o The lack of reliable public transport (MCLM IDP: Housing Sector Plan, 2002).

What is the State?

• Many proposed provincial roads that would increase the accessibility of Mogale City are not developed. These routes have been planned on a provincial level (such routes include the K198 at the Leratong intersection and the N17 route that would provide a direct link to Johannesburg to the fly-over at the R28/Hendrik Potgieter Road intersection). • The flow of traffic to Johannesburg (including Randburg / Sandton and the centre of Johannesburg) is routed along Hendrik Potgieter Drive, Ontdekkers Road and Main Reef Road. Due to the insufficiency of these roads and the many intersections (of which some of the intersections are underdeveloped and dangerous), the flow of traffic in an easterly and northerly direction is very slow. This is a disadvantage to Mogale City due to the fact that many people stay in Mogale City and work in Johannesburg/ Sandton/ Randburg etc. • No formal public transport system, linking Mogale to the adjacent economic nodes is in place. • The proximity of Lanseria International Airport to MCLM is not adequately promoted for optimisation of export (MCLM IDP: LED Sector Plan, 2002). • A road master plan is required for Muldersdrift.

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• No transport policy and/or planning are in place to accommodate the basic needs of the population. • Mogale City has no allocated bicycle routes along the city’s main roads. • The current land use planning is not effective in that commuting distances in the Mogale area are very long. This could be due to rigid zoning and non-mixed land-uses (co-locating residential, commercial and industrial uses), which do not complement local economic development and therefore impede the efficiency of settlements. The high incidence of informal settlement is also indicative of the transport challenges.

What is the Response?

Sustainable Transport 151. In order to achieve sustainable transport in human settlements, Governments at the appropriate levels, in partnership with the private sector, the community sector and other relevant interested parties, should: (a) Support an integrated transport policy approach that explores the full array of technical and management options and pays due attention to the needs of all population groups, specifically those whose mobility is constrained because of disability, age, poverty or any other factor; (b) Coordinate land-use and transport planning in order to encourage spatial settlement patterns that facilitate access to such basic necessities as workplaces, schools, health care, places of worship, goods and services, and leisure, thereby reducing the need to travel; (c) Encourage the use of an optimal combination of modes of transport, including walking, cycling and private and public means of transportation, through appropriate pricing, spatial settlement policies and regulatory measures; (d) Promote and implement disincentive measures that discourage the increasing growth of private motorized traffic and reduce congestion, which is damaging environmentally, economically and socially(human health and safety), through pricing, traffic regulation, parking and land-use planning and traffic abatement methods, and by providing or encouraging effective alternative transport methods, particularly to the most congested areas; (e) Provide or promote an effective, affordable, physically accessible and environmentally-sound public transport and communication system, giving priority to collective means of transport with adequate carrying capacity and frequency that support basic needs and the main traffic flows; (f) Promote, regulate and enforce quiet, use-efficient and low-polluting technologies, including fuel-efficient engine and emission controls and fuel with a low level of polluting emissions and impact on the atmosphere as well as other alternative forms of energy; (g) Encourage and promote public access to electronic information services.

UN HABITAT Agenda, Sustainable transport and communication systems, http://www.unhabitat.org/unchs/english/hagenda/ch-4c-7.htm

Proposed • A Transport policy for Mogale City. • Bicycle lanes and pedestrian footpaths along roads with pedestrian bridges over busy roads. MCLM to create a bicycle/pedestrian friendly city. • A Transport Strategy for Mogale City is in the process of development – modes of transport for public and tourism purposes will also be investigated as a component (Dikgang Tsa Mogale, Nov/Dec 2002). • According to the MCLM IDP: LED (2002), there should be a focus on all modes of transport with the provision of a public transport system being of the utmost importance. A public transport system would not only ensure accessibility of amenities to the communities in Mogale City itself, but would also create an opportunity for stronger linkages to other areas and the opportunity for people to find jobs in areas adjacent to Mogale City. • The use of the existing train commuter service should be linked to other modes of transport. State of the Environment Report for Mogale City Local Municipality, Gauteng Prepared by Strategic Environmental Focus

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• The use of public transport modes should be promoted and utilised to lessen the pressure on the road network. • The provision of a public transport system to link to the northern sectors of Johannesburg should also be investigated. • Ensure that economic, spatial, social and environmental planning is integrated and targets the disadvantaged communities. It is essential that less rigid zoning and more flexible planning mechanisms, promoting mixed land-use (co-locating residential, commercial and industrial uses), which will complement local economic development, are implemented (MCLM IDP: Housing Sector Plan, 2002), therefore: o Transport and all the related costs of time, fuel, unproductive vehicle use etc., can then be reduced by shortening commuting distances; o Land values for the once isolated lower-income neighbourhoods will rise, thereby improving the low-income household's asset base and savings potential; and o Local fiscal capacity will improve, thus creating a wealthier residential base.

What are some of our proposed indicators?

1. (%) Public using public transport 2. Capacity and availability of public transport 3. Road versus rail transport 4. Amount of private transport (per 1000) 5. (%) Modal split of public versus private transport 6. Number of reported accidents per annum per 100 km of road for which the municipality is responsible5 7. Availability of pedestrian and bicycle friendly streets 8. (%) Income spent on public transport 9. (%) Households with basic access to roads and public transport 5 10. Effectiveness of land use planning 11. Trips per worker per day 5 12. Commuters travelling greater than 1 hour to work 5

What can you do?

• Share travelling lifts to work and school. • Walk or ride a bicycle, where possible. • Make use of public transport as much as possible.

LINKS WITH OTHER ISSUES

• Local economy • Health • Land use

5 National Key Performance Indicators for Local Government, Development Planning and Local Government, April 2001

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SECTION 2: THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2.3 THEME: INFRASTRUCTURE

2.3.3 Issue: Waste Water Management

Overview

Mogale City aims to collect, treat and release all wastewater generated in a cost effective and environmentally sound manner, striving to minimise the potentially adverse impacts, while enhancing those with promise and potential.

The urban areas, Krugersdorp, Kagiso, Azaadville and Munsieville are fully serviced with waterborne sewer systems, except for Tudor Camp in the Chamdor area (1 500 people) and Pongoville in Kagiso (2 500 inhabitants)

According to MCLM IDP: Waste, Water Sector Plan (2002), Mogale City Local Municipality owns and operates three-bulk sewage treatment plants namely, Flip Human Water Care Works (WCW), Percy Stewart WCW and the Magaliesburg WCW (commissioned in August 2002).

The rural areas are predominantly agricultural smallholdings or farm areas. Although, most of these areas are serviced with septic tanks and percolation trenches, the use of pit latrines is still widespread. Smallholdings near the urban areas make use of conservancy tanks, which are serviced by the Waste Department.

The MCLM service area accommodates Approximately 550 000 people with the estimated number of connected consumer units being in the region of 77 800 (excluding the Magaliesburg area).

In terms of Environmental Quality Control, Mogale City markets itself as being a leader in wastewater matters on a national (effluent wastewater treatment) and international (sludge management) (MCLM IDP: Waste Water Sector Plan, 2002).

What are the Pressures?

• Current population and business statistics, as well as future development plans are not available (Housing and City Planning). This compromises a long-term planning and prediction of sewage flows and associated infrastructure requirements. MCLM needs to formulate a ”Free Sanitation” strategy (MCLM IDP: Waste Water Sector Plan, 2002).

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• Informal settlements are not equipped with formal sewerage systems and the use of pit latrines can result in soil and water pollution, which pose a severe health threat to the community. • Discharge from the Percy Stewart Water Care Works (WCW) drains to Blougat spruit, which in turn drains to Bloubank spruit, one of the main tributaries of the Crocodile River. • Flip Human Water Care Works (WCW) discharges its effluent into the upper Wonderfontein spruit, at the Donaldson dam. Approximately 4 km down stream, the water is piped towards the Mooi River. Due to the increase in population and urban densification pressure is placed on the capacity of the stormwater pipeline causing overload which results in stormwater and effluent overflow into the underlying dolomitic structures. This overflow results in a rise of the water table effecting mining activities and facilitating sinkhole development. Enlargement of the pipeline or a transfer scheme to Klip River are possibilities that may alleviate this problem. Currently, the Far Westrand Dolomitic Water Association, DME and DWAF run a dewatering initiative to alleviate the risk. • The MCLM area receives its water from the Vaal River catchment. Water supplied to the Percy Stewart WCW from the Vaal is discharged into another catchment area (at an amount of 15 mgl/day). • Septic tanks and french drains are being replaced with alternatives such as Vacuum Tanks. • The MCLM does not have a legal permit in terms of the National Water Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998) to operate the Flip Human Wastewater Treatment Plant. • According to the Waste Water Sector Plan (2002), various housing initiatives have been identified by the MCLM and services will be provided before these areas are occupied. • The provision of sanitation for Tudor Camp, Pangoville and Featherbrook Estates is considered a matter of urgency. • Development around Tarlton, Hekpoort and Nooitgedacht will have to be investigated on a macro-scale with serious consideration being given to bulk sanitation facilities. • The possible transfer of wastewater in the Rietfontein and Muldersdrift areas to the Driefontein WCW must be investigated. • The possible expansion of the wastewater collection system around Magaliesburg must be investigated. • According to the MCLM, Waste Water Sector Plan (2002), the Flip Human and the Percy Steward WCWs dispose of waste sludge by irrigating instant lawn. Over long periods, this practice could lead to contamination of the groundwater. • Informal settlements situated adjacent to irrigation furrows create a health hazard. • The Bekker School extracts water from the irrigation furrows, for domestic purposes.

What is the State?

• In Muldersdrift, only a small section is connected to a water-borne sewer system, connected to the Roodepoort/Driefontein outfall sewer. The remainder of Muldersdrift is serviced by septic tanks and percolation trenches (refer to Map 25).

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• The Tarlton area has no sewer system, with an estimated population of 2 000 living without sanitation. • Although the town of Magaliesburg has water-borne sewerage, it is limited to the town centre. • Ga-Mohale is fully reticulated and services must be provided before any further extensions are permitted. Both Magaliesburg and Ga-Mohale drain in to the Magaliesburg WCW. • 88% of the households have flush toilets connected to a sewerage works 5. • 1% of the population has access to bucket system latrines. • 9% of the population make use of ventilated improved pit (VIP’s) latrines 5 • MCLM does not currently have a Waste Management Strategy in place, but is in the process of developing a Waste Minimization Strategy and an Integrated Waste Management Plan, (MCLM IDP: Waste Water Sector Plan, 2002). • Currently, 72 industries are monitored and charged according to the respective trade effluent tariffs, resulting in a total trade effluent charge (income) of approximately R 500 000 per month. This monitoring action also assists the WCW in limiting/controlling the acceptance of hazardous/toxic wastewaters into the biological wastewater treatment plants (MCLM IDP: Waste Water Sector Plan, 2002). • Mogale City’s major wet industries produce effluent from malt brewing, meat processing, and distilling. The large industries including – SAB (55 and 75%), Davis Gelatin (49, 48%) and Bull Brand (36, 48%). The largest contributors to Flip Human are Chamdor (24.5%) and Kagiso (21.6%); and to P/Stewart is Krugersdorp Key West (18.7%) and Agricultural Holdings (15.2%) (MCLM, IDP: Waste water Sector Plan, 2002). • A Sewerage Management and Control Plan are in place for Mogale City, with particular focus on rural areas (MCLM IDP indicator, 2002). • 20Mℓ of industrial effluent is disposed of as wastewater per day. The wastewater is nutrient removed activated sludge (levies, composition and quality, monitoring is required by IDP indicator, 2002). • The existing waste water treatment plant infrastructure is in a good condition and is well maintained (MCLM, IDP: Waste Water Sector Plan, 2002). • Only two tankers are currently available, causing sewage spills as a result of unavailability of sewage tankers. This causes bacteriological and chemical pollution of water sources and affects human health in terms of deceases, smells and odour nuisances (MCLM, IDP indicator, 2002). • An average of 25 calls relating to sewer blockages are daily received from the public. • An average of 12 calls are daily received from industries related to effluent discharges and associated issues. • The treatment plant capacity and current flow are summarized below (MCLM, IDP: Waste Water Sector Plan, 2002). • The existing waste water treatment plant infrastructure is in a good condition and is well maintained (MCLM IDP: Waste Water Sector Plan, 2002).

5 National Key Performance Indicators for Local Government, DPLG, April 2001 State of the Environment Report for Mogale City Local Municipality, Gauteng Prepared by Strategic Environmental Focus

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• Only two tankers are currently available, resulting in sewage spills as a result of the unavailability of sewage tankers. This causes bacteriological and chemical pollution of water sources, which affects human health (MCLM IDP indicator, 2002). • An average of 25 calls, relating to sewer blockages, are received daily from the public. • An average of 12 calls are received daily from industries related to effluent discharges and associated issues. • The treatment plant capacity and current flow are summarised in Table 2.3.3 (MCLM IDP: Waste Water Sector Plan, 2002).

Table 7: Hydrological capacity of water care works in the MCLM (MCLM IDP: Water Sector Plan, 2002)

Design flow/load Current flow/load Flip Human WCW Total (hydraulic capacity) 50 Ml/d 23.1 Ml/d Total (organic capacity) 40 000 kg COD/d 38 500 kg COD/d Percy Stewart WCW

Total 20.5 Ml/d 17.5 Ml/d Total (organic capacity) 35 500 kg COD/d 27 100 kg COD/d Magaliesburg WCW

Total 1.1 Ml/d Not commissioned Total (organic capacity) 750 kg COD/d

• Flip Human WCW has enough hydraulic capacity for several years, however, the limit in terms of the organic load it receives is close to the allowed limit. • Percy Stewart WCW will operate on almost 90% hydraulic and organic capacity, when the upgrading project is finished. The design flow / load of Percy Stewart WCW should be 27 Ml/d and 37 665 kg COD/d. • Magaliesburg WCW will run on almost 100% capacity shortly after commissioning, thus requiring immediate expansion with a phase 2 of the Works, before any further waterborne sewage developments may be planned in Magaliesburg. The design flow / load of Magalies WCW should be 880 kg COD/d (Waste Water Engineering, MCLM, 2002).

What is the Response?

• According to the MCLM IDP: Waste Water Sector Plan (2002), the MCLM aims to: o Disseminate information about sanitation and wastewater management; o Cooperate with MCLM Housing to select and implement appropriate sanitation systems; o Monitor and manage all major water catchments and collection systems in MCLM; o Monitor major groundwater bodies in MCLM; o Continuously expand and upgrade wastewater infrastructure to meet the demands of an ever increasing customer base;

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o Plan, implement and manage an integrated wastewater infrastructure maintenance program in the most effective, efficient and economic manner possible; o Optimise operation and management of the wastewater collection and treatment facilities; o Design and construct sound engineering networks and pump station infrastructure, in accordance with the required SABS standards; o Assess, investigate and develop applicable physical, biological and chemical treatment technologies; o Provide productive and cost-effective maintenance of the sanitation and wastewater facilities; o Optimise operation of the water laboratory, based on sound scientific and quality performance criteria; o Improve awareness and knowledge of the biological, chemical and physical processes in the municipal and industrial sectors; o Encourage and implement technology transfer; o Recognise, support and promote skills development amongst employees; and o Identify and contribute to the undertaking of research into the potential recovery and beneficial re-use of water. • It would be beneficial to investigate and develop alternative sludge management practices, such as the expansion of the Magaliesburg Wastewater Treatment Plant along with the upgrading of the Flip Human and Percy Stewart Wastewater Treatment Process. This will ensure stricter standards for nitrate and disinfection, construction of bulk wastewater treatment for the proposed dense rural developments at Tarlton and Brandvlei, upgrading of the sludge disposal and land application sites as well as reclamation and re-use of treated wastewater for selective industrial, agricultural and community garden applications. • Support services are provided by extensive monitoring of all major industrial activities, effluent quality (analytical) and quantity water (intake and effluent metering), spillage/pollution control and corrective action, ISO 9000 and ISO14001 assistance and environmental auditing. This monitoring action also assists the plants in limiting/controlling the possibility of receiving hazardous/toxic wastewaters into the biological wastewater treatment plants.

Legal compliance • To consistently comply with specific sanitation and wastewater standards set by applicable legislation and regulations, which are consistent with the broader environmental policy. • The following should be developed: o A “Free Sanitation” policy for Mogale City in line with the national strategy. o The revision and promulgation of municipal Bylaws to deal with all aspects of wastewater, sewage effluent, industrial effluent and storm water pollution. o The review of a trade-effluent tariff structure for Mogale City in line with a possible uniform approach developed at several Metropolitan Municipalities. o Population and business statistics as well as related future development plans (Housing and City Planning).

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o A sanitation strategy for rural areas and future low-density developments in rural areas. o A Maintenance Management System including a database, which will serve maintenance, replacement and upgrading needs of related infrastructure. Reliable data is required for planning of future infrastructure investment. • Improving response time to customers, without compromising quality of service. • Pursue discussions for regionalisation and/or partnershipping to realise the long-term goal of a regional “Wastewater Utility Corporation” for the entire West Rand. • A central water laboratory provides process control assistance to the plants, as well as a range of other analytical and consulting services to the greater Mogale area, with respect to industrial auditing, tariff charges and environmental analysis. • The housing projects planned for the next five (5) years were identified and the location, in terms of the major wastewater drainage areas, were established in terms of a Waste Water Delivery programme (MCLM IDP: Waste Water Sector Plan, 2002). • Mogale City markets itself as being a leader in wastewater matters on a national (effluent wastewater treatment) and international level (sludge management). The following specific projects are identified to be developed in accordance with the City’s Environmental Management procedures: o Developing and implementing surface water and groundwater monitoring systems; o Developing procedures and protocols to deal with emergency situations, which threaten the environment, such as spillage; and o Reporting on the environmental impacts associated with the wastewater treatment plants. • MCLM has taken the first step in developing a Waste Minimisation Strategy and is in the process of formulating an Integrated Waste Management Plan (MCLM IDP: Waste Water Sector Plan, 2002).

Legislation • National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) • National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 19980 • Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 • Municipal Structures Act (Act 117 of 1998) • Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2002) • Water Services Act (Act 108 of 1997) • Guidelines dictating the beneficial utilisation of sewage sludge • The proposed National Sanitation Policy of Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

What are some of our indicators?

1. (%) Households with either septic tanks or flush toilets connected to a sewerage works 2. (%) Sludge sewage re-used 3. (%) Population with access to bucket systems 4. (%) Population with ventilated improved pit (VIP’s) latrines 5

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5. (%) Population with access to chemical flush toilets 6. (%) Waste water discharge that meets waste discharge standards 5 7. (%) Provision of water borne-sewerage systems in rural areas and informal settlements6 8. Sewerage Management and Control Plan in place for Mogale City, with particular focus on rural areas 6 9. Maintained data base of all sewage system users in Mogale City 6 10. Number of jobs created 6 11. Number of people from employment equity target groups employed in the three highest levels of management 6 12. Maintain 100% payment for business and other users 6 13. (%) Increase in household payments 6 14. Hydrological and organic capacity projections for each of the WCWs 6 15. Sewage sludge handling and monitoring programme 6 16. (%) Buffer zone agricultural activities 6 17. Industrial effluent composition and quality monitoring 6 18. (%) Conversion to Vacuum/Conservancy tanks 6

What can you do?

• Re-use waste products and recycling of effluent where possible. • Convert your french drain or septic tank to a vacuum/conservancy tank.

LINKS WITH OTHER THEMES

• Health • Land use • Local economy

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SECTION 2: THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2.3 THEME: INFRASTRUCTURE

2.3.4 Issue: Solid Waste Management

Overview

Some people view waste as a Waste Generation manifestation of the inefficient use of According to the 1999 State of the Environment Report for resources, while others view it as the South Africa, the country generates over 42 million m3 of solid root cause of pollution and the waste every year. This is about 0.7 kg per person per day, which is more typical of developed countries than a associated environmental degradation. developing country (by comparison the figure in the UK is Whichever way one looks at it, 0.73 kg, 0.87 kg in Singapore and 0.3 kg in Nepal). In addition, 5 million m3 of hazardous waste are generated increased waste generation is an every year. inevitable consequence of development and must be systematically managed in South Africa’s capacity to treat, store and dispose of high volumes of waste are limited, and it is predicted that five of order to conserve resources and protect the nine provinces will have landfill shortages within the next the environment (DWAF, 1997). An decade. Further cause for concern is the low percentage of expanding economy, increased hazardous waste that is actually disposed of properly. It has been estimated that 5% of the 5 million m3 produced every production of goods together with an year was disposed of at designated sites. expanding population are the main State of the Environment Report for South Africa, 1999 drivers for waste generation (DEAT, National Core Set of Indicators: Waste Management, March 2002).

The lack of proper waste management policies results in the pollution of the air, land and fresh water systems, and subsequently disruption of ecosystem processes, habitat destruction and species loss. It also has a negative impact on people’s health. The amount of waste produced also places increasing pressure on the landfills where this waste is discarded. Increasing amounts of land set aside for landfills could lead to further habitat destruction and species loss.

What are the Pressures?

• MCLM generates 10 000 tons of solid waste per month. • According to the MCLM IDP: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (2002), industrial and commercial activities can generate large quantities of waste, including hazardous waste. The various mining and industrial activities in the Mogale area contribute significantly in this regard. • Radioactive pollution occurs in the river systems that occur in close proximity to the mine dumps. • The poor state of parks and open spaces encourages illegal dumping. • The type and quantity of hazardous waste produced per sector per year is unknown.

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• Ineffective refuse removal occurs due to failure of equipment and vehicles, along with personnel strikes. These factors encourage illegal dumping, causing pollution and degradation to the environment. Illegal dumping of waste on land and into rivers contributes to soil and water pollution. It is also impacting on biodiversity and the recreational value of open spaces (MCLM IDP: Risk and Vulnerability Report, 2002). • According to the IDP Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Report, there is a limited fleet and small budget for maintenance. Heavy rains over prolonged periods hamper daily covering and maintenance at landfill sites. • No standby work force and the failure of equipment and vehicles influence landfill site operations and management. • An Integrated Waste Management Plan / Strategy for Mogale City is required. • Non-compliance with statutory obligations and requirements (IDPs) for landfill sites is required. Luipaardsvlei and Magaliesburg operate without permits. • Non-compliance with the statutory Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill, no proper mechanisms for weighing exist and income generation is very low. • Illegal littering in the residential nodes causes surface water pollution. • The rapidly growing population has resulted in increasing volumes of domestic waste being produced. In addition, as income levels rise, so does the amount of waste produced per person. • The Environment Conservation Act, 1989 (Act 73 of 1989) requires that all landfill sites meet the DWAF defined minimum standards in order to qualify for an operating permit. As a result, many landfill sites are increasing their charges to cover the increased costs of meeting higher environmental standards. They are also becoming stricter with regard to the type of waste they are willing to accept, in order to meet the requirements of their permits (Durban SoER, 1999). MCLM does not have a facility for the disposal of hazardous waste, resulting in expensive transportation of this waste to other facilities for disposal. Although higher costs provide an incentive to reduce the quantity of waste produced, it has also resulted in an increase in illegal dumping to avoid the cost of proper disposal. • There is no refuse removal in rural areas, causing various forms of pollution. • The increase in population and lack of housing has resulted in the growth of numerous informal settlements around the MCLM. Some of these settlements lack formal waste management systems with their waste often being disposed of in nearby open spaces and rivers. • Soil and freshwater resources in the MCLM are vulnerable to pollution from landfills and the illegal dumping of waste and effluent from wastewater treatment works. Soil and groundwater can become polluted by landfill sites if leachate (the liquid formed during decomposition of disposed waste material) moves through the surrounding soil and enters the groundwater. In particular, the leaching of heavy metals and hazardous chemicals can be dangerous to plants, animals and people (Durban SoER, 1999). • If poorly managed landfill sites contribute to air pollution. Hazardous substances such as benzene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, methane and naphthalene decompose and create volatile gases. If they become concentrated in pockets, they can be explosive.

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• Bad odours are particularly common during the wet summer season when the landfill sites are kept moist. This, together with high temperatures, facilitates the decomposition of waste and the production of odours. Landfill waste is usually covered with material such as soil and rubble at the end of each day to reduce odour problems. • Communities located close to landfill Waste Reduction sites can be impacted on by air The approach to integrated pollution and waste management pollution and landfill gas. If not spelled out in the White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management in South Africa (March, 2002) requires a managed properly, volatile organic shift from control to prevention: substances and landfill gas can be • Minimise and/or avoid the creation of pollutants and waste; present in residential areas adjacent • Minimise and/or avoid the transfer of pollutants from one medium to another; to landfill sites. These substances • Accelerate the reduction and/or the elimination of cause burning eyes, sore pollutants; throats, and headaches. Poorly • Minimise health risks and impact; • Promote the development of pollution prevention managed landfill sites attract pests technologies; such as flies and rats, which can • Use energy, materials and resources more efficiently; spread to surrounding communities • Minimise the need for costly enforcement; • Limit future liability with greater certainty; (Durban SoER, 1999). • Limit costly clean-up practices; • Promote a more competitive economy; • Reduce human impact on the environment; What is the State? • Enhance the quality of life, and • Ensure intergenerational equity.

• Solid waste in Mogale is disposed of at the Luipaardsvlei landfill site (8 ha). This site has conditional legal approval and an adjacent expansion is being planned. • Illegal dumping mostly occurs in Munsieville, Kagiso, Longview and the mining areas. • No information is currently available concerning the value of waste recycled including composting (MCLM, 2002). • The MCLM has two landfill sites, neither of which are currently licensed (although there are ongoing efforts to remedy this situation). As these sites are unlicensed, there has been little investment in infrastructure resulting in the absence of weighbridges. • 78% of urban households have access to weekly kerb side collection services.5 • The total MCLM expenditure on waste management per year amounts to R35 million. • Mogale has no Integrated Waste Management Plan in place. This was a requirement by the IDP for April 2002. • Two Buy-Back Recycling Centres are operational; the one is in Kagiso and the other is in Munsieville. • Waste impacts on land, water, health and aesthetical appeal in the informal settlements, where solid and liquid waste has been noted. • Illegal dumping of medical and hazardous waste at both formal dumping sites and elsewhere has been recorded.

5 National Key Performance Indicators for Local Government (Department of Provincial and Local Government, April 2001).

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What is the Response?

Proposed • Development of waste Chamdor Waste Recycling is the collection of waste (plastic, management systems for cardboard and paper) from various points including shopping centres Mogale, with highest and factories in the West Rand. It does not include the collection from households. The waste is and sold to recyclers. priorities placed on waste prevention and minimisation, Greening the WSSD Projects, reuse and recycling, and www.dacel.gpg.gov.za/HTML/infopages/querypage_all.htm environmentally sound disposal facilities. This system should include technology to recapture the energy contained in waste and encourage small-scale waste-recycling initiatives that support urban and rural waste management. It should also provide income-generating opportunities. • The development of additional buy-back centres is planned in MCLM. • Public awareness should be increased regarding the causes and prevention of pollution. • MCLM could introduce incentives to reduce refuse removal costs, if citizens dump "green" waste at an identified area. This could be used as raw material for compost and then be sold at the local nurseries.

Existing Legislation, Projects and Global Action Plans • The Environment Conservation Act, 1989 (Act 73 of 1989) requires that all landfill sites meet defined minimum standards. • The Roads and Ribbon Development Act, 1940 (Act 21 of 1940) prohibits the deposition of waste near specified roads. • The National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 (Act 103 of 1977) empower local authorities to prohibit the construction of a building on an area covered with refuse. • The Rural Areas Act, 1987 (Act 9 of 87) allows the Minister of Housing to plan for town commonage to make provision for the dumping of soil. • The Minerals Act, 1991 (Act 50 of 1991) governs the disposal of solid waste generated by the mining sector. • The Local Government Transition Act, 1993 (Act 209 of 1993) prescribes the powers and duties of Metropolitan Councils in relation to issues like waste disposal facilities. • The White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management (IPandWM) is part of the South African government's efforts to meet the goals of Agenda 21 (DEAT, 2000). • Section III: Changing unsustainable patterns of consumption and production (World Summit on Sustainable Development, Plan of Implementation, 2002).

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What are some of our PROPOSED indicators?

1. Types and volumes of waste generated (household commercial, industrial) 2. Solid waste generation per capita (ton per site per month) 3. Amount and areas of illegal dumping 4. Value of waste recycled (Composting) Rand /year 5. Waste recycled m3 or tonnes per year / % per year 6. Hazardous waste produced per sector per year 7. Volume of medical waste received for incineration 8. Volume of waste received by the incineration facilities (t/a) 9. Municipal expenditure on waste management 10. Reduction in land filled solid waste volumes 11. (%) Sludge sewage re-used 12. Volume of waste received at landfills 13. Hazardous waste produced per sector per year 14. General waste produced per capita per year 15. General waste produced per income group per year 16. (%)Households with access to weekly kerb side services5 17. Increase in number of successful income generating recycling schemes and transfer stations 18. Competitive waste collection services and less dominance by one or few companies 19. Increase in number of formal houses and provision of user friendly waste storage facilities 20. Increased use of returnable/ reusable packing 21. Number of landfill sites – licensed 22. Budget allocation to street sweeping and litter collection (R/pa) 23. Number of schools involved in litter projects 24. Available landfill lifespan (incl. hazardous) 25. Education training and human resources 26. Integrated Waste Management Plan by April 2002 6 27. Number of Buy-Back Recycling Centres 6 28. Number of Transfer Stations (Rubble, Garden Waste, Paper, Bottles, all other) 6 29. Number of jobs created 6 30. Number of people from employment equity target groups employed in the three highest levels of management 6 31. Ring Fencing Plan and Financing in place 6 32. First phase of ring-fencing completed 6 33. Maintain 100% payment for business and other users 6

What can you do?

Minimise waste production, through: • Participating in a meaningful manner in landfill site monitoring in your area; • Getting involved in the initiative to secure landfill sites for the future;

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• Recycling your waste at home; • Practicing composting of all organic waste; • Supporting initiatives to reduce the packaging of products; • Reusing "waste items" wherever possible; • Supporting the Bontle-ke-Botho (Gauteng Clean and Green Campaign); • Waste separation to be taught at nursery school level; and • Undertake waste separation at home.

Source: Dikgang Tsa Mogale, Nov/Dec 2002

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SECTION 2: THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2.3 THEME: INFRASTRUCTURE

2.3.5 Issue: Energy

Overview

Electricity, as a major economic 145. The use of energy is essential in urban centres for transportation, commodity, is not only industrial production, and household and office activities. Current essential for local economic dependence in most urban centres on non-renewable energy sources can development, but also the lead to climate change, air pollution and consequent environmental and human health problems, and may represent a serious threat to sustainable improvement of the general development. Sustainable energy production and use can be enhanced by living standards of all residents encouraging energy efficiency, by such means as pricing policies, fuel switching, alternative energy, mass transit and public awareness. Human and therefore contributes to the settlements and energy policies should be actively coordinated. Government’s objective of poverty alleviation. The supply UN HABITAT Agenda, Sustainable Energy Use http://www.unhabitat.org/unchs/english/hagenda/ch-4c-7.htm of electricity contributes to security (through public and home lighting). It also reduces air and water pollution through the use of electrical energy for appliances instead of burning fossil fuels for cooking and heating.

The reduced use of fossil fuels also reduces air pollution and acid rain emissions. A reduction in air pollution will enhance the environment that people live and work in. Approximately 80 % of all energy generated in the world is based on non-renewable fuels, whose emissions have deleterious effect on the environment (the creation of greenhouse gasses, acid rain and toxic waste). Greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced by one third from present levels by switching to renewable energy sources (MCLM IDP: Electricity Sector Plan, 2002).

In MCLM, 83% of the households have electricity for cooking heating and lighting. The other forms of energy are coal, paraffin and gas. There is a continuous demand for electricity due to the population growth, which contributes, to the increased demand for energy in Mogale City. The supply of electricity to poor communities is a priority. The availability of electricity, however, is not a guarantee that the use of fossil and/or organic fuels will decrease. Observations are that, despite the availability of electricity to all residents, the burning of fossil fuels as a primary source for heating energy and cooking continues, since electrical appliances remain costly.

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Sources of Electricity in the MCLM Sources of Electricity in the MCLM

13% 1% 13% 1% 2% 2% Municipal Electricity Municipal Electricity Paraffin Paraffin Candles Candles Unspecified Unspecified 84% 84%

Figure 20: Sources of Electricity in the MCLM (MCLM IDP, June 2002. Based on 1996 Census)

What are the Pressures?

• The continual demand for energy, linked to housing provision. • Respiratory diseases due to the use of in- house coal burning.

What is the State?

• According to the MCLM IDP, 2002: Sector Plan (2002), approximately 83% of the households in Mogale City has access to electricity. 5 • Less than 0,1% of households use gas for lighting. • 13% of the households in Mogale City use candles for lighting. • The locality of the Eskom grids are: o 33 kV system consists of Condale substation, Condale Street, Olivanna, Krugersdorp; o 6.6 kV system consists of Azaadville substation, Kohinoor Street, Azaadville. • There are 850 oil transformers. • 314 substations and 590 miniature substations exist. • Energy purchased and maximum demand at Condale increased at 2,1% and 1,14% per annum respectively. • Both the maximum demand and the energy purchased at Azaadville indicates a slight decrease over the past 11 years, due to the installation of ripple control. • Energy purchased at Flip Human indicates a slight increase. • Current electrical demand is: o Condale S/S max demand 115 240 kW (July 2002); and o Azaadville S/S max demand 6070 kW (Sept 2002).

5 National Key Performance Indicators for Local Government (Department of Provincial and Local Government, April 2001).

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• Future electrical demand can be estimated at an increase of 5% per annum of the current demand. • The cost of electricity is: o At Condale 16.03 cents/kWh (July 2001- June 2002); and o At Azaadville 16.82 cents/kWh (July 2001- June 2002). • Mogale City, as a ring fenced electrical service provider, will ensure the affordability and quality of service provision. The surpluses from electricity will ensure an affordable service package to all stakeholders as a ring fencing plan and financing are in place (MCLM IDP indicators, 2002). • The MCLM network is predominately supplied by Eskoms’ Krugersdorp Municipality substation. The substation’s installed capacity is 3 x 80 MVA, 132/33kV. The low voltage side belongs to MCLM whereby the 33kV network is distributed. • There is an estimate 1500 MW spare installed capacity available.

What is the Response?

International • UNDP: Energy for Sustainable Development Programme • UN Framework Convention on Climate Change • The Montreal Protocol • Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985)

National • A new planning method has been developed for bulk electricity supply, based on predictions of future electricity needs taking land use and economic trends into account. Poor communities that do not have electricity or that are under-serviced have been targeted as priorities for the upgrading and extension of the electricity networks. • The Department of Minerals and Energy is drafting a new energy policy that takes the impacts of energy supply on the environment into account. • Research on clean technologies such as solar energy is being undertaken by institutes such as the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. ESKOM, the Department of Health and the local authorities have published educational material to educate people regarding the sensible use of electricity and other energy sources as well as how to avoid hazards from these energy sources.

Mogale Strategy

• Energy for Sustainable Development Strategy should be developed for the MCLM.

Legislation Improve access to reliable, affordable, economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally friendly sound energy • Electricity distribution license of the NER services and resources, sufficient to achieve • Electricity Act, 1958 (Act 40 of 1958) the Millenium Development Goals, including the goal of having the proportion of people in • Mogale City electricity by-laws poverty by 2015.

• Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act WSSD, 2002: Johannesburg Plan of 85 of 1993) Implementation

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• SABS standard as relevant for specific functions • Environment Conservation Act, 1989 (Act 73 of 1989) • The providing of community lighting • The NRS 047 Quality of Service • The NRS 048 Quality of Supply • NRS 055 Revenue Protection • The Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000)

What are some of our PROPOSED indicators?

1. (%) Households with access to electricity 5 2. (%) Households using gas for lighting 3. (%) Households using candles for lighting 4. (%) Households with alternative sources of energy, such as solar panels 5. (%) New housing schemes that are built taking into account passive energy design principles 6. Number of electrical substations 7. Number of oil transformers 8. Current electrical demand 9. Future electrical demand 10. Cost of electricity (in cents/kWh) 11. (%) Supply of electricity to poor rural households6 12. (%) Provision of electricity to the urban poor in backyards and informal settlements 6 13. Data base of all electricity consumers in Mogale City 6 14. Increase electricity connection in the Eskom-licensed areas 6 15. Strategic Partnerships established with ESKOM and other stakeholders to resolve issues around the supply of electricity 6 16. Number of jobs created 6 17. Number of people from employment equity target groups employed in the three levels of management of the company/organisation 6 18. (%) Increase in household payments 6

What can you do?

• Make use of sources of renewable energy (for example wind and solar energy). • Use less electricity and invest in energy efficient appliances. • Start using bio-energy specifically in the rural areas, e.g. wood chips for heating.

5 National Key Performance Indicators for Local Government, Department of Provincial and Local Government, April 2001 6 Indicators according to the Mogale City Local Municipality, Integrated Development Plan - 2002-2006, June 2002 State of the Environment Report for Mogale City Local Municipality, Gauteng Prepared by Strategic Environmental Focus

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SECTION 2: THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2.3 THEME: INFRASTRUCTURE

2.3.6 Issue: Water Supply

Overview

Access to potable water is a direct indication of the quality of life. Mogale City does not abstract and/or purify any water from any local sources for use as potable drinking water. All potable water is either purchased from Rand Water or purchased from adjacent local authorities and supplied to consumers. In a typical month with seasonal adjustment, an average of 1 650 000 kilolitres are purchased from Rand Water and an average of 1450 kilolitres purchased through two connection points from Johannesburg Water in Muldersdrift (MCLM IDP: Water Sector Plan, 2002). In Magaliesburg, a small network exists that is connected to supplies raw water from a fountain source to residents for domestic and irrigation purposes. Average monthly volumes of water sold via this network are negligible in terms of the total water usage. Raw water abstracted from boreholes is also supplied by Mogale City to the Krugersdorp Golf Course for irrigation purposes (MCLM IDP: Water Sector Plan, 2002). Various problems relating to the quantity of water supplied to consumers are experienced, specifically relating to peak hour supply. To alleviate these difficulties, no less than three reservoirs and three water towers have been constructed in the last five years. In addition, bulk supply lines were laid and other supply lines upgraded. Mogale City has initiated a prepayment project, which is the biggest prepayment water project in South Africa with the largest number of installed meters. Since the introduction of this project, the water demand in Mogale has reduced dramatically.

What are the Pressures?

• According to the MCLM IDP: Water Sector Plan (2002), the proposal by the MCLM to possibly use the vast amount of available underground water resources in the

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Sterkfontein / Tarlton area, to augment Rand Water supplies as a cost saving option will put extra pressure on the already fragile underground water system. • Water flow has already reduced as a result of the over pumping of boreholes situated in dolomitic aquifers and in the granite dome (Muldersdrift). These water resources are occasionally depleted in dry seasons. • A 25% rebate is provided for Industrial / Commercial users who use substantial amounts of water. This is to ensure that the wet industries in Mogale City remain competitive and provided with an incentive to other industries to invest in the region (MCLM IDP: Water Sector Plan, 2002).

Water Provision in MCLM Water Provision in MCLM

26% Piped water in dwelling 26% Piped water in dwelling Natural resources Natural resources Borehole 5% Borehole 5% 62% Public tap 62% Public tap 6% On site water 6% 1% On site water 1%

Figure 21: Water provision in MCLM

Percentage of Accounted for Water Consumption Percentage of Accounted for Water Consumption for the Four Main Categories of Consumers in for the Four Main Categories of Consumers in MCLM (Nov 1999) MCLM (Nov 1999) 11% Middle to high income 11% Middle to high income residential consumers 38% residential consumers 38% Low income residential 26% Low income residential 26% consumers consumers Industrial /Commercial Industrial /Commercial

25% Other 25% Other

Figure 22: Percentage of accounted for water consumption for the four main categories of consumers in MCLM (Nov 1999)

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What is the State?

Water supply • According to MCLM IDP: Water Sector Plan (2002), 88% of households have piped water on site (yard taps or house connections). 5 • 5% of the population has access to public taps. • 62 % of the population has access to piped water in their dwellings (also refer to Map 27). • An estimated number of 1175 informal dwellings receive water through standpipes. • 19 bulk water connection points from Rand Water exist. • The total water storage capacity in the Mogale area, including reservoirs, towers and tanks is 99,08Ml. • The estimated length of pipelines in the network is 1 400 km. • The estimated number of metered consumers are 40 000. • The estimated number of properties in Mogale City are 56 000. • The cost of water is R 2,29/Kl and is recovered through a tariff structure which incorporates a rising block tariff for residential water with the lowest block set at zero (free basic water). This tariff structure also differentiates between various users of water and incorporates a cross-subsidisation between industrial use and residential use to subsidise free basic water. The luxury residential use of water is levied at a higher tariff, and the additional income is also used to subsidise free basic water. • According to the Water Sector Plan (2002), the number of complaints dealing with water has increased proportionately. On average, close on 50 calls are received daily from the public dealing directly with water and/or the infrastructure required to deliver the service and achieve cost recovery. • Access to piped water, adequate water pressure and supply problems occur in the Muldersdrift area. • All potable water used by Mogale City is purchased from Rand Water and adjacent local authorities. • More than 16 500 prepayment meters had been installed by the end of February 2002 in Kagiso (area of focus for prepayment), resulting in dramatic reductions in water consumption as well as substantially increased payment percentages for water supplied in those areas. • There are 40 921 households in Mogale with access to Universal Free Basic Water. As part of this, 30 Kill of water are provided per household (MCLM, 2002). • There are 1175 poor households in Mogale with access to Free Basic Services (MCLM, 2002). • There are 750 households with no access to Free Basic Services (MCLM, Oct 2002). • 95 % of the population in the MCLM has access to potable drinking water (MCLM, 2002). • 5% of the population in MCLM does not have access to basic services and sanitation (MCLM, 2002). • It is estimated that by 2007, all people in MCLM will have access to basic water (MCLM, 2002).

5 National Key Performance Indicators for Local Government, DPLG, April 2001 State of the Environment Report for Mogale City Local Municipality, Gauteng Prepared by Strategic Environmental Focus

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• The population growth and future demand for water is estimated at 2,1%.

Water quality • Although water is thoroughly tested by Rand Water and remains of a high quality, testing was implemented by MCLM to confirm quality and identify possible deterioration because of retention times in networks and specifically in storage facilities. • The MCLM does routine testing of reservoirs as initiated by Sub-Directorates Water and Wastewater Engineering. • Storage facilities are under utilised. As a result, water quality can be negatively influenced due to long retention periods in reservoirs. Reservoir levels have, therefore, been adjusted accordingly, to allow for a retention period of not more than 24 hours. • In general, water quality in reservoirs complies with a Class 0 classification according to the SABS 241 Drinking water Specification (MCLM IDP: Waste Water Sector Plan, 2002).

Water quantity and consumption • The average annual daily accounted for water consumption is 46 Mℓ of this, the industries account for the consumption of 12 Ml per day (12% of all the annual daily accounted water usage in Mogale) (MCLM, 2002). • The average monthly quantity of water purchased from Rand Water is 650 Ml. • 10 Reservoirs provide adequate storage for the medium to long term, providing sufficient capacity available in all urban areas to accommodate growth over the next five years (MCLM IDP, 2002). • The average monthly accounted for water consumption is 1 400 Ml. • The amount of water use per capita is 16800 Ml. • The total storage capacity of the current reservoirs is 99,08 Ml (MCLM, 2002). • Due to many of the programmes and projects already described above, Mogale City has achieved a 10 % reduction in water demand over the last 5 years. Refer to Graph 2.3.6 a below (MCLM IDP: Water Sector Plan, 2002). • Possibility of unlawful use of water from irrigation furrows exists (DWAF, R. Botha, 2002). • Users with access to WSI supply infrastructure are still utilising water from irrigation furrows, i.e. Bekker School (DWAF, R. Botha, 2002). • Residents of informal settlement living along irrigation furrows are subject to water shortages and health hazards in terms of poor quality water. • There is no surplus or deficient water resources and MCLM, a city situated in a semi- arid country, should manage its water resources accordingly.

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Total Water Consumption in MCLM

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000 Kilolitres

500000

JUN JUN FEB DEC OCT NOV AUG NOV MAY JULY SEPT APRIL MARC Apr-01 Jan-00 01-Sep JAN 95 Months

Figure 23: Total water consumption in MCLM (MCLM IDP: Water Sector Plan, 2002)

WaterWater Consumption Consumption in in Kagiso Kagiso

1000000 1000000 900000 900000 828740 803985 800000 828740782310 803985 800000 782310 700000 700000 Y=8E+06Ln(x)+5E+07 600000 Y=4325.1x-4E+06 Y=8E+06Ln(x)+5E+07 600000 Y=4325.1x-4R²=0.8071 E+06 R²=0.8694 500000 R²=0.8071 R²=0.8694 500000 400000

Kilolitres 400000 R²=0.8016 Kilolitres 300000 R²=0.8016 300000 200000 Y=8E+06Ln(x)+6E+07 200000 250977 Y=8E+06Ln(x)+6E+07 100000 250977 100000 0 0Apr-90 Apr-91 Apr-92 Apr-93 Apr-94 Apr-95 Apr-96 Apr-97 Apr-98 Apr-99 Apr-00 Apr-01 Apr-90 Apr-91 Apr-92 Apr-93 Apr-94 Apr-95 Apr-96 Apr-97 Apr-98 Apr-99 Apr-00 Apr-01

Months Months

Figure 24: Water consumption in Kagiso (MCLM, IDP: Water Sector Plan, 2002)

What is the Response?

• Mogale City has implemented a policy of providing free basic water to all formal residential erven, in line with the DWAF policy. The quantity of water supplied is 6kl per month per property. Where water networks exist in the rural areas, free basic water is also provided to each registered farm portion. Informal backyard shacks on properties

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are not accommodated for through the existing policy mainly because no information exists on numbers of shacks on each property and also because of the immense administrative implications of such provision. • Free basic water is also provided to residents in informal settlements via standpipes installed by MCLM (MCLM IDP: Water Sector Plan, 2002). • Compliance with regulations relating to Compulsory National Standards and Measures to Conserve Water, section 5, published in terms of sections 9(1) and 73(1)(j) of the Water Services Act, 1997 (Act 108 of 1997), has been achieved by Mogale City. • A number of water networks have been installed in the peri-urban and rural areas of Mogale City, with storage capacity designed to accommodate realistic growth in these same areas. It is, therefore, possible to ‘piggy-back’ on existing storage capacity with any new developments in the areas of Muldersdrift, Nooitgedacht, Eldorado, Vlakdrift, Magaliesburg, Hekpoort, Waterval and Protea Ridge. Should substantial development be planned in the World Heritage Site, storage capacity to supply this same area may have to be reviewed. • Ground water resources are depleted in dry seasons in the granite dome (Muldersdrift area) and a new reservoir for Muldersdrift is being planned.

What are some of our PROPOSED indicators?

1. Households receiving weekly refuse removal services 2. (%) Households that have piped water on site (yard taps or house connection) 1 3. (%) Households that have access to an adequate water supply (RDP standards) 5 4. Water use per capita 5. Water demand per annum (m3) 6. (%) Population with access to public taps 7. Reservoirs (capacity, quality, locality) 8. Reduction of water consumption 9. Number of dwellings that do not have access to drinking water within 50m of the dwelling 10. (%) People with access to portable water 6 11. (%) Registration of water supply sources 6 12. (%) Supply of water to poor rural households 6 13. (%) Provision of free water to urban poor in backyards and informal settlements 6 14. A Water Management and Control Plan for Mogale City 6 15. Maintained data base of all water consumers in Mogale City 6 16. Number of jobs created 6 17. Number of people from employment equity target groups employed in the three levels of management of the company/organisation 6 18. Maintain 100% payment for business and other users 6 19. Increase household payments each year 6

5 National Key Performance Indicators for Local Government, DPLG, April 2001 6 Indicators according to the Mogale City Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan - 2002-2006, June 2002 State of the Environment Report for Mogale City Local Municipality, Gauteng Prepared by Strategic Environmental Focus

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What can you do?

• Avoid using water for hosing down paving and cars. • Restrict the use of dishwashing machines. • Do not dump waste and litter in rivers, vleis or wetlands. • Use indigenous plants in your garden. • Protect local vlei areas and rivers and join clean up campaigns. • Support the WfW programme.

LINKS WITH OTHER THEMES

• Health • Local Economy

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SECTION 3: THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

3.1 THEME: LOCAL ECONOMY

Overview Many sources have highlighted the impact of poverty on sustainable development. Poverty alleviation in turn, is directly related to education, health status, the empowerment of women, employment and appropriate development policies. If these issues are not addressed, the earth will eventually no longer be able to sustain a satisfactory quality of life. Such a decline in the natural environment will, Tip Top community food garden in Kagiso in addition, result in the diminished ability for it to supply the needs of the future generations (Fuggle and Rabie, 1992 in the CMC State of the Environment Report, 2002).

According to the World Bank, South Africa is classified as an upper middle- income country, yet a vast proportion of its population are living below the poverty line, associated with low-income countries. Northern Mine Dump, in the background of Kagiso

The majority of the poor in Mogale City and in the rest of South Africa are Africans. Their percentage share of poverty is the highest, followed by that of Coloureds, while Indians and whites make up a negligible share of the total number of poor South African groups. The dependency ratio is more than twice as high among the poor than the more affluent, and poverty rates are higher in female-headed households than they are in male-headed Chamdor Industrial Development households.

State of the Environment Report for Mogale City Local Municipality, Gauteng Prepared by Strategic Environmental Focus

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