..

This paper not to be cited without prior reference to (he authors C.M. 1980/ E: 54 International Council for the Marine Environmental Quality Exploration of the Sea Cornrnittee Ref. Biological Oceanography Cornrnittee

Fisheries - related investigations in Bay following the Betelgeuse disaster R.J.R. Grainger, C. Duggan, D. Minehin and D. O'Sullivan Department of Fisheries & Forestry, Fisheries Research Centre Abbotstown, Castleknock, Co. Dublin IRELAND

Abstract

About 30,000 tons of Arabian light crude oil plus some bunker oil was lost from the tanker Betelgeuse in Bantry Bay followingiinexplosion,.ancl:tire in January 1979. Most of the oil was burnt, ~nd it;'::t'he i'n~~~~~'h~~t;;riOte'w~s polymerised into an asphalt-like material which coated the sho~eline or sank,disrupting fishing and activities. Oil leaked intermittently from the wreck for over a year during the salvage operation, and some of this was treated very effectively by spraying concentrated dispersant from an aircraft. Evidence of residual circulation suggested that the northern ~ side of the inner Bay would have been most threatened by the dispersed oil."Several species of fish spawned in the Bay in the months following the disaster and larvae and postlarvae were widespread. It seems unlikely th~t the survival of fish larvae and post-Iarvae was seriously affected. Fishing activity was disrupted but, apart from periwinkles (Littorina littorea), no commercial stocks were observed to suffer mortality as a result of the spillage. There was some very minor contamination of scallops (Pecten maximus) "but this did not prevent a scallop spatfall in 1979.

, Environ 30.000 tonnes de p~trole brut arabe et de mazout se sont repondues du petrolier Betelgeuse dans la baie de Bantry. La plupart du p~trole a et: br~le en raison de 1a cha1eur intense et 1e reste a et~ polymerize en une mati~re comparablc ~ l'asphalte qui a soit recouvert le littoral soit est allee, au fond et u gene'" '" lespecheurs.'"

Au cours de l'op~ration de sauvetage il y a eu de I'Gpave des fuites intermittentes de p~trole pendant plus d'un an et une certaine quantlte." a ,.",ete trait~ de facon tr~s efficace en pulverisant par :> avion un dispersant.

L'~vidence de circulation a sugger~ que la c~te nord de la baie int~rieure aurait ~t' la plus menacee par le p~trole trait~ de cette facon. ) )

Plusieurs sortes de poissons ont fray~ dans la baie au cours des mois qui ont suivi le desastre et on a trouve des larves et des postlarves partout. 11 semble invraisemblable que la survie des larves et des postlarves de poisson ait ~t~ serieusement compromise. La p~che a "''''ete genee"'" malS.....apart les bigorneaux ( Littorina littorea) on nla observe/' aucune perte dans les reserves commerciales resultant de la pollution. On a decouvert une contamination tr~s minime des coquil1es Saint- ". Jacques (Pecten maxirnus). Cependant on a observe du naissain de coquilles Saint-Jacques en 1979. • Introduction

On 8 January 1979 the tanker Betelgeuse exploded while discharging its earge of erude oil at a jetty 400moff Whiddy Island, Bantry Bay killing 50 people and causing oil pollution which eontinued intermittently during the salvage operation for over a year. The purpose of this report is to describe the seientific investigations earried out by the Department of Fisheries & Forestry following thc disaster, and with reference to "baseline" surveys and to studies conducted in response to previous spillages, to assess the effects of the Betelgeuse oil spillage on ~ the environment and fisheries of Bantry Bay.

In 1968 Terminals (Ire land) Ltd. opened an oil terminal on Whiddy Island. Since the terminal became operational there have been numerous small spillages of oil, and three major ones including the Betelgeuse. In Oetober 1974 a valve left open at night on board the tanker Universe Leader allowed 2597 tons of Kuwait crude to escape. In January 1975 the tanker Afran Zodiae was damaged while unberthing and steamed out of the Bay while 480 tons of Bunker C heavy fuel oil eseaped.

There have been several biological surveys in the Bay with a view to setting "baseline" and others to assess the effects of oil pollution. The fauna ~ and flora of the littoral zone on the rocky shores of Bantry Bay was thoroughly surveyed prior to the major spillages (Crapp, 1973; Guiry, 1973; Thompson, 1979). Following the first two major spillages, Baker et al. (in press) re-surveyed the forty transects studied by Crapp (1973). They noted a number of changes but in most cases these were not obviously attributable to visible oil pollution and seemed more likely to result from the very different meteorological conditions which preceeded each of the two surveys. However, some damage to seaweeds was recorded (Cull~nane et al, 1975). In addition, some studies of the sub-littoral have been made, aspects of which could be used for monitoring in the future (Willis, 1975; Edwards, 1980).

Two escallop surveys were carried out by the Department. The first, in January 1974, involved dredging in Berehaven to assess the potential of that area for escallop reseeding. The second, which was done at the - 2 -

request of a local fishermen's association in August 1977, was a dredging and diving survcy at 13 stations around Whiddy Island end on the north and south shores uE inner Bantry Bay; numbers oE escallops, starfish and crabs were recorded at each station. In addition to these investigations, the Department has monitored escallop spatEall at Bere Island and Whiddy Point Northeast in 1975 and each~ar since 1977.

Thc Bctelgeuse spillage

At the time of the explosion on the Betelgeuse about 39,000 tons of Arabian light crude remained on board, about 74,000 tons of Arabian heavy crude having been discharged earlicr. Following the explosion • a Eire raged for about 24 hours and the intense heat caused much of the oil to polymerise into an asphalt-like residue some of which coated about 400m of rocky shoreline near the jetty to thickness oE about 30cm. This oil residue was denser than water and sunken patches were seen in the vicinity of the wreck by divers and fishermen reported it contaminatig bottom trawls and escallop dredges up to 15 miles away. After the fire, oil was leaking from the wreck at an estimated 5 tons/hour for about six days until some of the leaks were plugged. Leakage then continued at an estimated 2 tons/hour until the 10,000 tons remaining on board had been~mped ashore. Thus about 30,000 tons was either burnt or spilt. Estimates of the quantity which escaped unburnt during the first week vary between 2,000 (Cross et ale 1979) and 10,000 tons, of which possibly 500 tons reached the shore. In addition small quantities of crude as weIl • as some bunker oil were released intermittently during the salvage ope~ation which has been in progress for over a year.

Until 10 January, oil was stranded only on the north shore of Whiddy Island and on the shores of Whiddy and Bantry Harbours (Fig. 1). Over the next two days it spread more widely around the inner Bay and then with easterly winds on 13 January oil in patches was stranded down the northern shore as far as Berehaven (Fig. 1). Most of the polymerised oil on the north shore of Whiddy Island was collected manually using pick axes and forks while some of the oil stranded elsewhere was collected using straw. Some of the unburnt oil which came ashore on Whiddy Island was collected using gully suckers. A boom placed across the mouth of Glengariff Harbour prevented o'il from entering this high amenity area. - 3 -

Small amounts of oil were collected at sea in the vicinity of the wreck

using a skimmer in conjunction with a towed Troill boom. Spraying of dispersant (BP 1100 WO) was kept to a minimum and much emphasis was put on applying it as effectively as possible. After an isolated case of incorrect application of dispersant by a tug, spraying was suspended by the Oepartment on 10 January and thcre was very little spraying by tugs and naval vessels after this. Following a demonstration of the effeetiveness' of spraying eoneentrated dispersant (BP 1100 WO) from a low-flying aireraft applying only 28 l/hectare (about ~ the ~ quantity per unit area sprayed from ships), aerial spraying was used almost exelusively thereafter, and then only on the more substantial slieks of fresh oil.

After the Betelgeuse spillage, Myers et ale (1979, 1980) who have been regularly monitoring the littoral zone at five sites in Bantry Bay sinee 1978, surveyed a number of additional transeets whieh had been established by Crapp (1973). No biotie ehanges were noted though partieular attention had been given to speeies whieh are sensitive to oiling (Crapp, 1973). Myers et ale (1979) concluded that the effeets of the spillage up to six months afterwards had been slight, exeept for a seetion of the north shore of Whiddy Island wheri burningdl eame ashore and devastated life in the littoral zone whieh ineluded ... periwinkles (Littorina littorea).

Fishing was 'disrupted by the pollution and clean-up process. Floating oil prevented fishing in some areas and sunken oil fouled trawls and, in partieular, eseallop dredges. Exploitation of shellfish, partieularly periwinkles, eseallops (Peeten maximus) and elams (Tapes deeussata) was 1IIr seriously affeeted and some catehes of Nephrops norvegieus were rejeeted by buyers.

Fisheries - related investigations

The Oepartment of Fisheries & Forestry earried out hydrographie and zooplankton surveys, diving surveys, taste-panel tests for shellfish - 4 -

tninting and ehemical analysis far hydrocarbon contamination of escallops. On the Departmen~s insistanee, the salvors commis~ioned a sedimentological survey to monitor thc distribution of dredge spoil from tbe raising of the stern section of the Betelgeuse, but the results of this are not yet available.

(1) Hydrographie and Zooplankton survevs

It is the larval stages of fish and shellfish that are most sensitive to cil (Künhold, 1972) and dispersant (Wilson, 1972) toxicity. For this reason zooplankton surveys were eondueted to determine the distributions of larvae of speeies whieh were spawning in Bantry Bay. Hydrographie surveys were made to determine the eirculatory patterns and to assess ~ the areas whieh would be most affeeted by dispersed oil.

Five hydrographie/zooplankton surveys have been condueted. On the first, temperatures were measured using reversing thermometers on NIO bottles whieh were used to take water sampies for salinity analysis by titration. On the remainder of the surveys a Salinity/ Temperature Bridge (NIO Type MC5) was used to measure temperature and salinity profiles. Zooplankton sampies were taken using a high-speed Duteh modified Gulf 111 sampier with 275 ~m aperture mesh. This was towed in double oblique fashion to within 7m of the sea bed from avessei travelling at 5 knots. The warp was payed out and hauled in at about 40m/minute. The volume of water filtered was reeorded by a preealibrated flowmeter mounted in the nose eone. The plankton sampies were preserved ~ in 5% formalin in sea water.

Freshwater run-off enters Bantry Bay mainly from the eastern. and northern shores; aeeording to eatehment area and rainEall distribution data (Anon. 1977), 64% of the total run-off into the Bay is diseharged between Bantry town and Seal Harbour, 25% between Seal Harbour and Fair Head (just west of Bere Island) with only the remaining 11% entering from the southern shore between Bantry and Sheep's Head (Fig. 1). This distribution of run-off taken in eonjunetion with the hydrographie data from the surveys can indieate eirculatory patterns. - 5 -

Th~ results of cach surv~y are discusscd b~low.

12-14 J~nuary 1979:

Thc limited sea temperature data of this survcy show a decline with increasing remoteness from thc open sea (Fig. 3) would be expected in winter. Also, temperatures appear high~r on the southern side than on thc northern side, suggesting a more oceanic influence on the southern sidc. Profiles of temperature and ßalinity across the Bay suggest a circulatory pattern of residual (net) flow in a northeastward direction on .the southern side of thc Bay and a seaward direction on the northern side, at least in the inrrer Bay (Fig. 2). This suggests that the north side of the Bay would • have been most threatened by the oil once dispersed • No dead or moribund zooplankters were observed in a cursory examination of the live material and no decayed specimens were noted in the preserved material. All the fish eggs taken in the plankton sampie, except for four (3 sprat and 1 rockling), belonged to a group of species which it is not possible to distinguish between, particularly when the eggs are not well developed.as in this case; these eggs were probably whiting, but may have been pollock, flounder or pouting. Figure 4 shows the distribution of these eggs (expressed as numbers be.low one square meter of sea surface) which were probably being spawned off the north shore of Whiddy Island and drifting towards the mouth of the Bay along the northern shore, supporting the circulatory pattern suggested above (Fig. 2). Incubation times for these eggs at the temperatures prevailing would be about ten days • (Russell, 1976), so it would seem that by the time the larvae emerged from the relatively resilient egg stage they would have been weIl away from ~!hiddy Island, and possibly lost from the Bay, where concentrations of oil and dispersant would probably have been much lower. The only fish larvae taken were two sprat and two herring and in addition onemult goby, Aphia minuta, was captured.

Thus the oil spillage did not prevent fish, probably whiting, from spawning. Dense marks of fish in mid-water were recorded on the echosounder north of Whiddy over three days (12-14 January) and these according to fishermen were probably sprat. - 6 -

22 February 1979:

Temperature and salinity dacn suggested a circulatory pattern in the inner half of the Bay similar to that in January (Fig. 2), but in the outer half the outflow seemed to be down the centre of the Bay as exemplified by the surface salinity distribution (Fig. 5)

The fish eggs, thought to be whiting were again present in February (Fig. 6). Intense spawning was taking place off Glengarriff and these eggs were drifting westwards along the north shore. Spawning was probably also taking place southwest of Whiddy Island. However, in the outer Bay eggs were more abundant on the southern side. The distribution of sprat eggs (Fig. 7) also showed maximal numbers off Glengariff and along the northern shore of the inner Bay with some • evidence of a "tongue" evidence down thc centre of the outer Bay. Rockling eggs were most abundant in the western inner Bay and in the outer Bay in a band from Shot Head southwestwards. The distributions of fish eggs seemed to conform generally to the proposed pattern of residual circulation. The only fish larvae taken were sprat ranging in length between 4mm and 7mm; one specimen was captured at each of eight stations. The eggs, thought to lE whiting, which were present in January may havereen swept from the Bay before they hatched. Thus the continued slow leakage of oil and occasional use of dispersant since the first"survey did not stop the spawning of whiting or prevent sprat and rockling from commencing spawning. • 22 May 1979

The temperature and salinity distributions suggested a clockwise redidual current with the warmer and less saline water from the inner Bay flowing out along the south shore (e.g. Fig. 8). This is in complete contrast to the circulation pattern seen in January, and to some extent to that in February also, when the gyre flowed in the opposite direction.

The abundance of fish eggs was not as high as in the February survey but fish larvae were much more abundant. Most of the eggs were of a type similar to whiting and these were found - 7 -

throughout the Bay (Fig 9). Sprat and Ca11ionymus (dragonet) eggs, the next most abundant speeies, were also widespread (Fig. 10). Severa1 speeies of fish 1arvae were found in the plankton but sprat numbers were strong1y dominant (Tab1e 1). The distribution of sprat 1arvae (Fig 11) shows a dramatie gradient of abundanee, deereasing from the mouth to the inner Bay. Though the numbers are generally higher on the southern side, suggesting that the 1arvae originated in the inner Bay, the extreme1y high numbers at the mouth-may mean that many tt the 1arvae in the Bay originated outside. The fact that the distributions of eggs and larval did not obvious1y re1ate to the proposed eircu1atory system as they did in the previous surveys suggests that the eurrent ~ reversa1 indicated by the temperature and sa1inity data.from this survey may have been a shott-lived and temporary phenomenon. The plankton sampies contained many decapod 1arvae, predominant1y Nephrops and Pagurus speeies. Nephrops noregieus larvae were most abundant on the southern side (Fig 12). On this survey no traces of oi1 were observed on the surfaee or in the plankton sampies.

10 August 1979

By August sea surface temperatures had risen sharply and the water had beeome stratified; in the inner and central Bay this was most marked on the southern side and in the outer Bay in the midd1e. The stratifieation may mean that circulation was oceuring on a vertical plane along the Bay, with an inflow of cool water at depth and an outflow of warmer water • near the surface. There was little salinity variation at the surface aeross the Bay (Fig. 13) though there was a gradient throughout the 1ength of the Bay; this indicated that circulation on a horizontal plane was minimal.

Few fish eggs were taken on this survey, the majority being roek1ing eggs whieh were nearly all taken in the outer Bay. Details of the eggs taken are shown in Table 2. There were also fewer fish larvae (Tab1e 3) than in May. The dominant speeies in August were gobies ~phia minuta and Crystallogobius linearis) rather than sprat. The - e -

distribution of gobies ~5mm) (Fig. 14) ShOHS the highest abundance On the northern side of the inner B3y.

A-g April 1980

At the surface salinities tended to be lower, and temperatures higher, on thc northern side than on tlle southern side (Fig 15) while nea~­ bottom temperatures and salinities varied liitle throughout the Bay. Temperatures varied between surface and Lottom by about 10 and so. stratification had not yet become very marked. This may mean that redidual circulation on a horizontal plane was significant and that flow in • an anti-clockwise direction as in January 1979 (Fig. 2) was occurring.

Fisleggs were veryabundant during this survey, in particular sprat, dragonet (Callionymus spp.) and eggs which were probably whiting (but possibly flounder, pouting or pollock), and the distributions of these are shown in Figures 16-18. Sprat eggs were most abundant on the northern side of the outer Bay and least abundant on the southern side which may have been subject to inflow from outside. Eggs thought to be whiting appeared most densely on the southern side öf the inner Bay and numbers decreased towards the mouth. Callionymus eggs spawned in the Bay (Fig. 18) may have been drifting out along the northern side while some along the southern side may have originated outside the Bay, possibly in Dunmanus Bay. • Of the fish larvae sprat were.by far the most comrnon and, like the sprat eggs, were most abundant on the northern ~ide of the Bay (Fig. 19). There was quite a range of other species found in very small numbers and these are listed in Tables 4 and 5.

(2) Diving investigations

Diving surveys by the FRC diving unit were made at 17 stations between 27 February and 2 March 1979 on escallop (Pecten maximus (L.»beds in theBay (Fig. 20) at depths between 6m and 20m.- The purpose of these surveys was to record any abnormal animal behavious or animal mortalities, and to record the presence or absence of selected species

in the macrobenthos. ------

- 9 -

No oil was observed below the intertitLd ZOll'.!, so this prol);jbly means that, on the seallop beds of the inner ßay al least, the sunken oil must have been very localised. No animals were observed behaving abnormally, and in partieular seallops anel queen seallops (Chbmys opercularis) were showing normal swimming activity. Although clean shells of recently-dead seallops were noted at station 17 near the terminal this was not evidence of abnormal mortality. Crabs and starfish were <1ctive in the area and may have been rcspollsible. Dcad shells are common on escallop grounds and were seen during the previous diving surveys seen when diving in Bantry Bay in 1975 and 1977. Large ~ quantities of dead shells of 'G'_group seallops almost eertainly were duc to crab predation; many of these shells had been crushcd and cracked.

The numbers of escallops and queen eseallops observed per 60 minutes diving time were recorded at eaeh station (Table 6) along with the presence or absence of each of 32 species or groups of speeies, and thc results were consistent with the results form the previous diving studies. Eseallops from 14 loeations within Bantry B~y were collected for taste panel tests and hydrocarbon analysis.

On a subsequent diving survey on 28 August 1979 considerable numbers of escallop spat of mean size 7.25 ~ 1.61mm were seen on seaweed off Whiddy ~ Island.

(3) Chemical analysis and taste panel tests of escallops

Scallops collected from dive stations 1-9, 11 and 12 (Fig. 20) were shelled and cleaned on arrival in the laboratory on 28th February, 1st and 2nd of March 1979. They were then cooked in boiling water for 8 minutes and served to taste panels as shown in Table 7. None of the panel members found any of the escallops to be tainbed. However, some members considered some sampies to be of poor quality, and in each of

these cases the museie was thought tolE I 'of poor qua I ity, and in each of these cases the museie was thought to bc perfeet. but thc gonad to be of paor quality. As a result cf th{s chemical analysis was restricted to the gonad. The ganads da have a high lipid content which may form - 10 -

3 good base for incorporating hydrocarbons.

The analytical proeedure, using cscnllops from dive stations 2,3,4, 6,7,11,14 and 17 cooked as described abovc, involvcd eXlraction dnd purifieation of the lipid fraction accurclillg to Bligh aod Dyer (1959) and Ehrhardt (1972). The samplcs, including Betelgeuse oil and an escallop control, were analysed for aliphatic hydrocarbons using Gas Liquid Chromatography in thc range 80°_ 3000 C '..Inder a programmed run. The 2m eolumn was packcd with 2~% silicone OV/17.

A positive traee of oil was detected in cseallop gonads from dive stations 3 anel 14 (Fig. 21) in a11 other samples the eoneentration of oil was too low to deteet. The analysis was qualitative not quantitative as the eoneentrations found were elose to the limits of dcteetion of • the method.

A further taste panel test was eondueted using eseallops eolleeted by divers atthree sites, namely staticllS 2,3 and 17 (Fig. 20) on 3 May 1980. The results (Table 8 ) show that sampies from dive station 17 were picked out by one member of the panel as having a "strong oily" flavour and by another m having a "weak musty" flavour. Other members did not deteet anything unusual about these eseallops. While eseallops from dive station 17 (adjacent to the oil terminal) may have been tainted, those from the other two stations were not. • Conelusions

About 30,000 tons of Arabian light crude plus same bunker oil was lost from the tanker in Bantry Bay; most of it was burncd and some was polymerised by the intense heat into an asphalt-like material whieh coated the north Whiddy shoreline or sank and ereated a nuisanee for fishermen throughout the Bay. Of the unburnt oil, some of it eame ashore and was eollected, some w~s dispersed at sea and small quantities were eollected at sea. - 11 -

Intermittent 1eakages of oi 1 continued for 18 manth", JurL:(: t.t1'-" ""alva~·_

operation and these"slicks were most1y treated in

Good baseline data were available for the littoral zone and Myers et a1. (1979,1980) were able to state that the species in this zone had been only slightly affected, except on the north shore of Whiddy where burning • oil came ashore. Though fishing activity was disruped, the adult stocks of commercial species themselves, with the exception of periwinkles in at least one area, were not seriously affected.

The five h,drographic and zooplankton surveys undertaken by the Department following the explosions provided evidence on residual currents in the Bay and in all surveys except that of May 1979 ciruclation on the horizontal plane in the inner Bay was probably towards the head of the Bay on the southern side and seawards on the norther side (Fig. 2). This suggests that the northern side would be most threatened from dispersed oil (floating oil being mainly subject to wind-drift). These surveys also showed which speeies were spawning in the Bay and so potentially • threatened at the larval stage. The oil and dispersant pollution did not stop sprat, dabs, rockling and dragonets and fish which were probably whiting from spawningin the Bay, sometimes just north of Whiddy Island. Often the distribution of these eggs supported the proposed residual eireulation suggested by the hydrographie studies (eg Fig.4· and 7). However, many of these eggs were probably swept from the Bay before they were due to ,hateh to release the more sensitive larvae. At least 23 speeies of fish larvae wereeollected and no dead larvae were observed in the freshsamples or deeayed larvae found in the preserved samples. Thus it seems unlikely that the oil/dispersant pollution seriously affeeted the survival of fish larvae and postlarvae.

Taste~nel tests and chemieal analysis did suggest that there was some very minor eoritamination of seallops elose to the terminal and also at one point on thenorthern shore, possibly as a result of residual - 12 -

drift in that direction.

Diving investigations did flct n:.veal an)' .ldverse effects on t1'L~ escallops or on other animals on tlle eseallop beds. Nor was therc an i'bvious reduetion in spatfall of escallops in 1979, illthough thc strpn~th of that vear-class remains to bc eonfirmed.

Rcferenees

Ano~ 1977. Summary of hydrometrie reeords, Southern Water Resouree Region An Foras Forbatha, Dublin

Baker, J.M, ~. Hainsworth. K. Hiseoek, D. Levell, G. Bishor, M. Willis R. Gollinson, R. Kingsburty, A.J. O'Sullivan. The roeky shore of Bantry Bay : a re-survey. Ir. Fish. Invest. (in press) Bligh, E.G. and W.J. Dyer, 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraetion • and purification. Gan. J. Biochem. PhysioL 37 : 911-917

Grapp, G.B. 1973 The distribution and abundance of animals and plants on the rocky shores of Bantry Bay. Ir. Fish. Invest. Ser B. No 9, 15pp.

Gross, T.F., T. Southgate and A.A. Myers, 1979. The initial pollution of shores in Bantry B~y, Ireland, hy oil from the tanker Betelgeuse Mar. PoIl. Bull. 10 : 104-107

Gullinane, J.P., P. MeGarthy and A. Fleteher, 1975. The effeet of oil • pollution in Bantry Bay. Mar. PoIl. 6 : 173-176.

Edwards, A. 1980. Ecological studies of the kelp, Laminaria hyperbo~, and its assoeiated fauna in southwest Ireland. Ophelia 19 : 47-60.

Ehrhardt, M. 1972. Petroleum hydroearbons in oysters from Galveston Bay. Pollution 3 : 257-271.

Guiry, M.D. 1973. The marine algal flora of Bantry Bay, Co. . Ir. Fish. Invest. Sero B, No. 10, 22 pp

Kunhold, W.W. 1972. The influence of crude oils on fish fry. Marine Pollution and Sea Life. Ed. by M. Ruivo. Fishing News (Books). - 13 -

Myers, A.A., T.F. Cross and T. Southgate, 1979. Bantry Bay Ecological survey. Second Annual Report, University College, Cork.

Myers, A.A. T. Southgate and T.F. Cross 1980. Distinguishing the effeets of oil pollution from natural eyclical phenomena on the biota of Bantry Bay, Ireland, Mar. Poll. Bull. 11 : 204-207.

Russell" F.S., 1976 The eggs and planktonie stages of British marine fishes. Academie Press. 524pp.

Thompson, G.B. 1979. Distribution and population dynamies of the limpet Patella aspera in Bantry Bay. J. exp. mare Biol. Eeol. 40 : 115-135•

• Willis, M.E. 1975. Studies on the biology of the sea urching, Paraeentrotus lividus in Bantry Bay, southwest Ireland. M. Sc. thesis, University College Cork.

Wilson, K.W. 1972. Toxicity of oil spill dispersants to embryos and larvae of some marine fishes. Marine Pollution and Sea Life. Ed. by M. Ruivo, Fishing Ne~s (Books) •

• 'I'atl e 1 Numbers of fiah larvae other than eprat taken at each station on 22 May 1979.

Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 1) 14 15 16 17 Totale Common nues '';;:,,,.

Callionymus spp. 2 6 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 36 Draconeb Limanda limanda 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 ) 21 Dah . Solea solea 1 2 3 Sole

Microetomus kitt 1 1 2 Lemon sole Poor cod!Norway Trisopterus spp. 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 5 6 22 1 pout/:Bib Ammodytidae 1 . 1 1 5 1 9 Sand. eele , Topknots 2 1 1 4 Topknots Rockling 1 1 1 1 4 Rockling Liparis monal;ui 1 1 1 J f'7ontagu's sea anai

Y~crQchirus variegatus 1 1 '!'hickback eele

Pollachius pollachiul!! 1 1 Pollack

Cottidae 1 1 2 Sea ecorpions . Platichthys fleeus 1 3 1 1 6 Flounder

Merlangi1ls m~rlaneu8 1 1 2 Whiting

Totale 6 14 9 10 2 2 1 2 0 2 2 5 1) 12 10 20 12 122 ---- . . . .,

'l'able 2 NumberB cf .g~:s cf various speeies taken on 10 AUf.'"'..:~~t 1979. (Station numbers in brackets.)

Hockling - 1(1), 2(J), 4(2), 1(7),1(10),3(13),2(14>,2(15\ 1(16),2(17). Limanda limanda. - 2(1), 1(8), 1(11).

Topknets - 1(5), 1(7).

~ardina pilchardus - 1 (10).

CallionymUB Bpp - 2(10), 1(16).

Unidentified - 1(2), 2(4), 2(7), 1(15).

T~ble 3 Numbers of larvae of variOU8 speeies other than gobies taken on 10 August 1979 (station numbers in brackets).

2'ritJopterus luseus - 1(1);-1(17).

Callienymus spp - 1(4), 1(16), 1(17).

Sprattus sprattus - 7(1), 1(6), 2(14), 9(15), 8(16), 18(17). Sardina pilchardus - 1(15).

Microstomua kitt - 1(1), 1(15).

Labridae - 1(1), 2(2), 1(3), 4(5), 1(6), 1(8). Hockling - 2(5). Trachinus vipera - 1(7). • Dlenniua gattorugine - 1(11);

Liparis menagui - 1(14).

Platlchthys flesus - 1(16).

Unidentified - 1(6), 1(10), 2(11). Table 4 l Nwabere er egge ef varloua Bpeci~s other than sprat,g~~l_ionY!lEB and Whiting taken en ö-9 April 19öü ,station numbers in brackets).

Limanda liaaanda - 2(1),1(4),1(5),3(6), 1(1U), 1(12).

Mlcro~tomus kitt - 2(1). liuckling - 1(1),2(0),1(10),1(12),1(13),2(14),2(17).

Arl!ogloS8UB laterna - 1(3),1(6),1(12).

Leplderhombu8 vhiffiagonis - 1(14).

T.... pkn.te - )(17).

'l'&lble 5 Number8 erlarva. of various species otherthan sprat tak~n on ti-9 April 19bO (station numbers in brackets).

Trisopterus minutus - 3(1), 3(4), 1(6), 1(10), 1(16), 1(17).

~wedytidae - 5(1), 1(1), 1(1), 1(12), 1(14), 1(15).

Callionyaus .pp. - 1(1), 1(6), 1(10), 1(13).

Rockling - 1(1), 1(S).

Merlangius merlangus - 1(4), 1(S).

Liaanda limanda - 1(4), 2(S).

Liparis .entagui - 1(4), 1(17).

Platichthye fleeue - 2{S).

Cl~stailegebiu8 linearis - 1(5), 1(12).

Dlpleco~a8ter biaaculata - 1{S).

Ph.U8 gunneluB - 1(6),1(10), 1(1J).

Taurulus bubalie - 1(6), 1{tl), 1(14), 1(17).

Clupea harengue - 1(9).

Ur..knewn ,- 1( 1 ). I~ /" Table 6 Relative abundance of escallops'present at each diving station.

Dive station Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1) 14 1S 16 17

Oc-currer;ee of '0' group esc8.l1ops .; .;

:;)eJd '0' €TOUP shell I

:Jead escallop (clean shell )

::uT.b€'r cf e<.c,llops in ef•. c:-J samr.le ..-~ 10 L5 111 9 15 9 9 5 0 9 4 0 4 ) 0 31

Heb ti'1e r.l.1.rnrerS of escallops per 60 nins 1J ....1'1r'~\ time 20 37 300 120 ll5 64 60 54 37 0 77 40 0 34 16 0 109

Num~ers of queen scallops in each sampIe 1 3 2 1 2 1 2

Relative n~rnbers of queen scallops per 60 ~inutes diving ti~e 4 15 8 8 20 8 7 T~ble 7 : Results of the t~ste panel tests cf escallops collected at various dive stati.ns (see Figure 47). 'fhe tests vere carried Gut .0 2~ February, 1 and 2 March, 1979.

1. CODslusions er taste panel membere Dive 1 Dive 2 Dive3

Satiefactory 5 5 Poor Qualtiy Tainted

'l'lle taste panel ceosieted ef 5 people.

.',.

2. Conclueiena er taste pOinel memL',ors Dive I. Dive 5 Dive 6 Dive 7 Dlve tl

s... tisfactory 5 7' 5 5 ;' .. ;,:~/T.'~?':.,. Poer Qual! ty :':"'~~2';' 2 2 2 T.o.1nted

The taste panel cenelsted er 7 people.

3. Conslusions taste panel members er Dive 9 Dive 11 Dlve 12 Satisfactory 4 4 3 Poor Quali ty 1 Tainted

The taate panel consiated of 4 people. o J~ ~< ,~~ d ~crl ed y eix taste p~nel mem ers for eacb sample tested on 19 May 1980. (Tastes cons1dered y' r:ec unless other~ise stated.) All resulta provided are co~par18~nB between one sample (add taeting)

'" t ~ or. ------., :-or t.rol - (Strong Musty) (Weak !'usty) * - (,7':edi um jJius y) - - - - - I

I U\ jiu S.... ce ) - - - - * Contra] I ------Cant rol ------

~ '--"-._--- _._.------..- '- SecUon 3 ~j tation 2 (l~edl um Sweet) - - (Veak l'iusty) - - - Station 3 - - - - * - ~ta~ .. on 1 '{ - (Strang C'ily) (Weak rusty) - - - -

Sf'C tie;n 4

- - - - i' - ( , ~ ~ - 'r.g (ily) ('Jr, <; .... r :t y) - - - I ,: 11, ~',-=~ t.) - - - -

_._1_._._ .... ~ .. .. _ _. .... -~---_. -- _ ~_..-- ._----- __._------...... _------_ ... - ._.---- . '. '\ :

(\.. ,'.• J' c;. ~ '. ",,~ 1 I L 16

--::-'-:----­ 30 1

Fi:;;utC' ]: J~pth contours ar,d plact,.·s. m nl i 0:"",0 ci ...; n (he text.

lOI •

-I 30 1 t.O'

_____J, •.,., 3D'

•

Nos/m2 o 1- 2 35' • 3-9 • -' 10 -29 L\ >30

, ' 40' 3D' Figurc'4. ,Distribution'of fish eggs thought to be whiting (but possibly pouting, pol lock orflounder), 12 - 14 JanuarY,1979. - ---,_ .... ---;----1

1 35 -

'------:-..J1------'--J..- ---l__ __ 9°50' 40'· 30' o Figure 5. Surface salinity (°;00) on 22 February 1979.

)~ 5'

Nos/m2 • o 35' 1- 10 11 "-100 101 -1000 • >1000

9°50' 40" 30' figure 6. The distribution of fish eggs thought to be whiting (but possibly pouting, flounder or pollack) on 22 February 1979. ~O'

.. Nos/m2 o , - 2 3-9 • ..===:-=....::: " 10-29 ~;;;;;,:;;.-;; >30 J

-_. L.-I_, _.J ..._...... J_, . T 9°50' 40", 30' Figure 7. The distribution of sprat eggs on 22 February 1979.

510~ 5'r------.------r-----~::>"""""v--r-_---.-\

..•

40'

35' 10·0 •

9°50' 40' 30' Figure 8. Surfa~e-tempera~ure (Oe) on 22 May 1979. ,------

~- i~/I

40'

2J Nos/m " o 1- 2 35' 3-9

~~:~~~~:" 10 -29 >30

9°50' • 40'· 30' Figure'9~ The distribution of eggs thought to be whiting (but possibly pouting, flounderor pol lock) on 22 May 1979 • •.

40'

Nos/m2 o 1-2 35' 3-9 10-29 >30

9°50' 40', . 30' Figure'lQ. The' dis:trib~ti"on o~ sprat eggs on 22 May 1979. ~ -.. .- .... ,', ... 40'

Nos/rn'-? o 35' 1-10 11 -100 101 -1000 >1000

9°50' 40' 30' Figure 11. ~he-distribution of sprat larvie and postlarvae on 22 May 1979.

'.

'.

40'

Nos/m2 :...:--::::..-;,:;:.:.:.=--=:..=...;.....~:: -:-::-.:.;- o ~R~~)~~~f~'F 1- 2 35' 3-9 i =-.....:~....:.:._:==-~::...=::::~-::...=.~ ~ .. ~~~~'~-:~~~~~,. ----_._- .. 10-29 >30

9°50' 40', 30' ~igure_12~~~h~ di~t~ib~tio~~of_Nephrops larvae of all stages on 22 May 1979. ..

35'

40' , 30' Figure 13. Surface salinity (°;00) on 10 August 1979.

Nos/m 2 o 1-2 3-9 10-29 >30

1-- -..1 -.-<:-...1-- ...... 9°50' 40', 30' Figure 1~. The distribution'oE pelagic gobies (Aphia minuta and Crysta' linearis) of 5mm'or less on 10 August 1979. •

35'

'-- L.. l--_'...... __.. 9°50' .40'· 30' Figure 15. Surfacetemperature (~C) on 8'- 9 April 1980.

510~ 5'r------:-.,------,.------=-~..:-,...,:------..

"~'i~~.=,,:§ -~:Ef7ß~~ \ % ".~.~i~~!ff./'J . .~c~!lifi"lrf!Jr;; .' _:. _.~~:~~--~:~~~.~2~~~~~~~~~i:~~~:_:-.:~)~~:"fi_·i~~~~~~~ :~~ .. ~~.~~ 40' ';'7.': ":C:-_-_.-.-::_.•~-:_:: •.• :..-.;._:..:"=.-=.:.~-....:.::.::;.~-._=_".,-_- .-;-:-.- -..;-:;-...---.:.-:.:.':':;,. "'-"':'.":.:=-:-.::::. .. .:.e-,;'0'."':-::"'.':'::-: ':-==~.==C=-=-~=~ ~::;''o=~ Z';.-=.~"'i=::':~~ .. ~-=-;;: ~:::=.::'.'::;:':;;:~=.~·,~7 ;..;..:~:-~-~:::::::-~-:·:~;::-~:_:_::-:_:_=.:::~...:___==.:::::.....~==__=_=:=::_-7_==_::.~=_:_~_._..::_.::~:....::7_:..:-'-=-:z--:-:=::-~--. ~=~{i:1Xl~~~~~~~~fii~~!!=;~f~~~{~:-;1~~!~-t:~·~~.:-· "i; ~~f;- =~__:.... :.=-:::-~ -:-:~-=-:~:.;::-~ ~~:--:;;:~~-.:::-= :_-=:.::.~~-:.~?-_~ .-~_~'=-= ..~ --- .. ::~~~-~;;:_~~:!-·t=~:;:~i~~~~~~~===-~~~~~~:~f~:··

Nos/m2 o 35' 1-10 H-100 "O~."-~ ,. ----_.__ '" ------101 -1000

. fC:.-'~ >1000 '- ____.L_L ____.1. ._ 9°50' 40', 30' Figl.!re. 16 • The .. distribution o.f sprat eggs on 8 - 9 April 1980. 51045'~ I

~O'

Nos/m2

100 --300 35'- ~_._-_._._. 301-1000 .---.. 1000-3080 > 3000 '--_. J, . ______,__L_ 9°50' 30' Figure 17. The distribution of eggs though~ to be mostly whiting (but possibly pouting, flounder or pol lock) on'8-9 April 1980.

"

40'

Nos/m/. o 1- 9 35' _.-:~ ~;:.::/1 10 -29 j .:-.: 30-100

L-- --L ~ _ '--_..__ . 9°50' ~Ol 30' Figure 18. The.distribution of dragonet (Callionymus spp.) eggs on 8-9 April 1980. .' 51° L. 5'r------,------:---- I

"

. , .

40'

.. ? Nos/rn~ o -;;rC •.. J._.... 1-9 35' - -fJ 10-29 JEJ 30-99

'-- IL-. ..--J.__._J._. ... .~. __ gOSQ' !tO' . 3D' Figure 19. The distributionof sprat larvae and postlarvae on 8-9 April 1980.

40'

I? ;~... -~_ r~· I .. I J5'~ .~

40' . 3D' Figure 20. Stations at which diving surveys were carried out, 28 February ­ 2 March 1979. I I i \ j 'I

Ii

I J I I I , I IJ ~:~ I ".'.- ~ I ~ I _l I {f I 1 ,'" I T "? (I/ I . I" I _.. -' _.---. '{" , -~_\-. r 0 .. ' ..... I\, I 1 I I t I I l I J 'A, ~II ~ ('II ~ I, -" ,\ 1 I ,! \ I I / 11 \ I • 11 1 111 I I, I A ~I I 1 11 I 'I 1 I I 11 A J I 11I ,I I tI ,I,' 11 ,~' I 11 I I 1 I I Station 14 ~ '\ I \ 1: I, \; \ I I,"11 ~ I, I f' / ~ 1I I, / , Ij 11 'I I ,I!, 111\ 11 r 1\, I 1'1' ,W I f ~ IV I' I ,,' I I.

L-'--L __ 4.: ._L_J._,- C ~ I$/) )'" U .. 11. .u.o .u.. VI. J..lo l.:lD 1)..<> I .. J;.. Ire- Ifr) 110 '''" .'\) ':' °c

19ure 21. Gas - liquid chromatograms of I\etelgeuse cargo oi 1 (0)