ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD

FIRST EDITION 2018

WWW.BUSINESSFRANCE.FR BUSINESS FRANCE

Entrepreneurship Scoreboard - CONTENTS -

FOREWORD

06

INTRODUCTION

09

- PART 1 - - PART 2 - PERFORMANCE INTERNATIONAL INDICATORS BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES

13 49

14_Overview of the business 50_Bénéteau Group landscape 54_Toyota 20_Business 58_Nutriset demography 62_Fränkische 29_Business finance 66_Qwant 70_Prodways Group 34_Investment, innovation, R&D 74_Seafoodia 78_Armor Group 43_International business development 82_Akuo Energy 86_Château de Chausse 6 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD FOREWORD ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD FOREWORD 7

FOREWORD

CHRISTOPHE LECOURTIER CEO of Business France

Never before has entrepreneurship come to the fore in technological revolution explains the extent to which public debate or promised so much. And never before enterprise is thriving, as well as the critical influence it have so many people jumped at the chance to start their brings to bear on a country’s prospects for economic own business. In France, 500,000 new firms are created growth and attractiveness to business. every year, and nearly half of French people are attracted It is for all these reasons that enterprise demanded to by the idea of becoming an entrepreneur. In just about every corner of the world, support and encouragement be a research focus; the resulting Scoreboard provides for enterprise is a focus for both government and private an overview of entrepreneurship in France, comparing “Two factors are combining interests. the situation with competing nations to highlight its specificities and current buoyancy. Three key factors to thrust entrepreneurial Entrepreneurs have always played a key role in the in corporate development are also examined: business economic process. A century ago, Joseph Schumpeter finance; investment in R&D; and international business spirit into the limelight: portrayed them as capitalism’s heroes, whose ability development. Finally, since entrepreneurship can only the burgeoning Fourth to innovate, take risks and make bold decisions all serve be fully appreciated through case studies, a final section to underpin economic development and unleash new looks at a variety of representative success stories Industrial Revolution and possibilities. involving French entrepreneurs. Today, two other factors are combining to thrust A striking feature of this Scoreboard is the new look to modern individualistic entrepreneurial spirit into the limelight: firstly, business in France. Even today, outdated views persist the burgeoning Fourth Industrial Revolution, whose of an economy supposedly dominated by corporate ideals, which look upon disruptive innovations are entirely reshaping the global behemoths, against a backdrop of Colbertism and economy, while stimulating enterprise creation through entrepreneurship as a national champions. It is high time for these obsolete the potential to create a vast array of novel products clichés to be consigned to history by the entrepreneurial and services; and secondly, modern individualistic ideals, viable career path.” zeal driving French people and their businesses, from which look upon entrepreneurship as a viable career startups to multinationals; and for this more accurate path, and a way of achieving self-fulfillment in line with vision of French enterprise, along with the string of their aspirations. successes showcased by this Scoreboard, to encourage This convergence of contemporary attitudes and more French people to embark on the adventure the great opportunities presented by such a huge of a lifetime. - INTRODUCTION -

Enterprise creation has been on the rise recently in most developed countries, not least France, which has seen BUSINESS FRANCE the sharpest increase. Home to 3.8 million firms, France Entrepreneurship Scoreboard has become one of the most entrepreneurial players on the international business stage over the last quarter of a century, supported by a mature ecosystem and effective sources of finance. Each year sees 550,000 new businesses of all forms founded throughout France, which is now the leading source of startups in Europe. 10 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD INTRODUCTION ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD INTRODUCTION 11

At a time when the French government has put decline since 2012, while SMEs paid down debts and entrepreneurship at the top of its agenda, business strengthened their balance sheets. creation has never been so important in France. New businesses Confidence among French businesses is on the rise, SME growth (2016) In 2016, some 554,000 firms were created, 6% more than as the nascent recovery continues to fuel their growth. in 2015, reflecting growing confidence in entrepreneurship From regional development through employment and the momentum it has generated. In the same year, and the forging of social ties, to the incorporation the number of sole proprietorships and companies 591,000 of new environmental and employment standards in founded also rose sharply, up by 10%. IN 2017 manufacturing processes, entrepreneurs have become +3% More recently, this upward trend has continued into key players in French business life. IN REVENUES 2017, with more than 591,000 businesses founded over This Entrepreneurship Scoreboard has two main aims: the course of the year, up 6.7% from 2016. to showcase France’s entrepreneurial momentum and The challenge now is to build upon these trends 6.7% turn the spotlight onto its entrepreneurs and their and underpin the creation of firms with high growth spirit of enterprise. INCREASE +3.6% potential and opportunities for employment. The first part of the Scoreboard provides comparative To achieve this, French people must believe in themselves FROM 2016 IN VALUE ADDED analysis of French entrepreneurial momentum by and appreciate the strengths of France’s economy. illustrating business development and growth based Entrepreneurship in France is on the rise. The results on specific indicators used to compare France’s of the latest BNP Paribas-OpinionWay “The French and performances with those of other leading OECD When surveyed in October 2017, manufacturing industry business” survey show that nearly half of French people countries. We have identified five key themes, including productivity is high, and the number of researchers is leaders anticipated a 4% rise in the value of their investments (45%), and the younger generation in particular, are the main features of businesses; the increase in and rising steadily. in 2017, after increases of 5% in 2016 and 2% in 2015. attracted by the idea of becoming an entrepreneur in longevity of new firms; business finance; investment Lastly, the Scoreboard recognizes the international what they see as a more business-friendly environment. According to many observers, the election of Emmanuel and innovation; and international business development. outlook of businesses based in France, and here the Macron shows how France has voted for change. Various Cyclical factors, such as a buoyant economic climate and The second section seeks to whet the entrepreneurial figures speak for themselves: the average export rate surveys have revealed a sea change in the French psyche, a government that is seen to be more pro-business, may appetite by highlighting the achievements of various for French firms stands at 29%, while 22% of all French with entrepreneurs becoming creators of the future. help explain the new levels of confidence and a “desire to business founders. These first-hand accounts span exports involve high-tech products, the second highest Three-quarters (75%) of French people believe that do business”. Since the end of 2016, the French economy various fields and feature people from all walks of life, share after Ireland; a quarter of French exporters brought “entrepreneurs who set up their business in France today has continued to grow robustly by 0.5-0.6% per quarter, showing just how diverse success can be. These success new products to market in 2012-2014; France is Europe’s are transforming the country by re-inventing the world with year-on-year growth in summer 2017 hitting 2.2%. stories offer valuable insight into profitable and innovative leading host country for foreign subsidiaries; and French and the way we’ll live tomorrow”. In 2017, growth was forecast to be 1.9%, the highest entrepreneurship, which can create jobs, spread success businesses have a greater international presence than any level since 2011, and 1.7% by the middle of 2018. French business leaders are unwaveringly optimistic. and open up international opportunities. Having an of their European counterparts. Manufacturing output rose 0.6% in the third quarter In November 2017, business confidence, which was international outlook should be at the heart of any Whether they are business founders, buyers or heirs, of 2017, driven in particular by a buoyant aerospace already set fair, improved yet further to achieve pre-crisis business’s strategy from the moment it is founded, even we can see that entrepreneurs innovate, make things sector, and was up sharply by 2.7% year-on-year. levels in several broad sectors, including industry and the if many entrepreneurs still generate most of their income happen, create jobs and contribute significantly to growth wholesale/retail trades, where it has been at its highest from the domestic market. and prosperity, not only in France but also beyond its since 2007, as well as construction, since 2008. With the number of firms created and the rate of enterprise borders. In these circumstances, SME growth continued on a creation among the highest in Europe, and the business France’s growing economy positive trend in 2016, with increases in revenues and failure rate among the lowest, France’s entrepreneurial value added of 3.0% and 3.6%, respectively. In 2017, momentum, as demonstrated through this Scoreboard, more than half of French SMEs (56%) saw an increase continues to go from strength to strength. in their order books, and 54% witnessed a rise in sales. The Scoreboard also reveals that businesses in France ANNUAL This resulted in a 5.1% increase in operating working enjoy greater access to finance, and can borrow large GROWTH capital requirements. Profit shares stayed at 22.0%, sums cheaply, from multiple sources, at very low interest +1.9% IN 2017 while economic and financial returns remained stable. rates thanks to the rise of venture capital and the Investment growth resumed, up 2.7%, after being in development of crowdfunding. Moreover, employee 12 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

- PART 1 -

Performance

BUSINESS FRANCE indicators

Entrepreneurship Scoreboard

Overview of the business landscape

Business demography

Business finance

Investment, innovation, R&D

International business development

Graph 1/ Breakdown by sector of enterprises in France (2015) Graph 3/ Breakdown by sector of enterprises in Europe (2015) % % 60 100 50 90 80 40 70 30 60 14 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS50 15 20 40 30 10 20 10 0 Industry Construction Wholesale, Transport, Market services 0 retail storage Graph 1/ Breakdown by sector of enterprises in France (2015) Graph 3/ Breakdown by sector of enterprises in Europe (2015) Italy Spain France United Poland Austria Ireland % Number of enterprises Employees (FTE) Pre-tax revenues Sweden Belgium Finland Graph 1/ Breakdown by sector of enterprises in France (2015) Graph% 3/ Breakdown by sectorGermany of enterprises in Europe (2015) 60 Fig. 2 Fig. 3, 4 & 5 Kingdom Netherlands % 100 % 6050 Breakdown90 by sector of enterprises Number of enterprises in Europe (2015) 100 Graph 1/ Breakdown by sector of enterprises in France (2015) Graph80 3/Graph Breakdown 4/ Breakdown by sector by of sector enterprises of employees in Europe (FTE) (2015) in Europe (2015) OVERVIEW OF THE 5040GraphGraph 2/ Number 1/ Breakdown of enterprises by sector in of Europe enterprises (2015) in France (2015) Graph90in Europe 3/ Breakdown (2015) by sector of enterprises in Europe (2015) 70 % % 80%60 % 604030 % 604,000,000 1007050 100 100 BUSINESS LANDSCAPE 503020 906040 3,500,000 50 9050 90 2,908,812 8030 46 10 80 80 40203,000,000 704020 40 70 70 3010 302,500,0000 60 10 6020 60 4 30 Industry Construction Transport, 50 0 2,000,000 Wholesale, Market services 50 50 200 retail storage 4010 25 20 400 40 1,500,000Industry Construction Wholesale, Transport, Market services 30 Italy storage 30 30 Spain In 2015, there were more than 3.8 million enterprises in non-agricultural market sectors 10 retail 17France United Poland Austria Ireland 10 Number of enterprises Employees (FTE) Pre-tax revenues 20 Sweden Belgium Finland 1,000,000 Germany Kingdom 20 Italy20 10 1 Spain Netherlands 0 France in France, including 1.1 million micro-entrepreneurs, according to data from the French 10 10 United Poland Austria Ireland 0 500,000Number of enterprises Employees (FTE) Pre-tax revenues 0 7 Sweden Belgium Finland Industry Construction Wholesale, Transport, Market services Germany Kingdom Industry Construction Wholesale, Transport,storage Market services 0 0 0 retail Netherlands National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE). These businesses had retail storage GraphItaly 4/ Breakdown by sector of employees (FTE) in Europe (2015) Graph 2/ Number of enterprises in Europe (2015) Spain Italy Italy France Spain SpainUnited Poland Austria Ireland Number of enterprises Employees (FTE) Pre-tax revenues Sweden Belgium Finland 12.7 million employees (full-time equivalent – FTE) and generated revenues of more Italy France France United PolandUnited Austria Ireland % Germany Poland AustriaFinlandIreland Number of enterprisesSpain Employees (FTE) Pre-tax revenues Graph 4/ Breakdown by sectorKingdom of employeesSweden (FTE) Belgiumin SwedenEuropeBelgium (2015) Finland Germany Graph 2/ Number of Franceenterprises in Europe Poland(2015) Austria Ireland KingdomGermany Kingdom 4,000,000 Sweden Belgium Finland Netherlands than €3.8 trillion, including €638 billion from exports. Germany 100% Netherlands Netherlands 3,500,000 Netherlands 4,000,000 90 100Breakdown by sector of employees (FTE) United Kingdom Source: Eurostat Graph80 4/ Breakdown by sector of employees (FTE) in Europe (2015) Graph3,000,000 2/ Number of enterprises in Europe (2015) Graph 4/ Breakdown by sector of employees (FTE) in Europe (2015) Graph3,500,000 2/ Number of enterprises in Europe (2015) 90in70 Europe (2015) 2,500,000 80% 3,000,000 %60 4,000,000 4,000,0002,000,000 1007050 2,500,000 100 3,500,000Manufacturing was most prominent in Poland (12%) and 906040 Fig. 1 3,500,0001,500,000 90 Graph 5/ Breakdown by sector of revenues in Europe (2015) Characteristics 2,000,000 5030 3,000,000 80 31 1,000,000Italy (11%), ahead of Germany (9%), France (7%), Spain (7%) 8040 3,000,0001,500,000 7020 of businesses in France 2,500,000and the United Kingdom (7%). 7030 % Breakdown by sector of enterprises 2,500,000500,000 6010 10 1,000,000 6020 in France (2015) 2,000,000 50 0 100 2,000,000Analysis0 of the breakdown by sector of full-time-equivalent 5010 23 Graph 1/ Breakdown by sector of enterprises in France (2015) Graph 3/ Breakdown by sector of enterprises500,000 in Europe (2015) 40 90 In 2015, there were 3.3 million enterprises in non- 1,500,000 400 1,500,000 30 Italy 1 % employees0 highlights the relative specialization of various 80 Spain Italy 30 11France United Austria agricultural, non-financial mainly market sectors % Spain Poland Ireland Finland 1,000,000 20 3 Sweden Belgium 60 1,000,000 France Poland Austria Ireland 70 Germany Kingdom countries in manufacturing. One-thirdSweden Belgium of all employeesFinland 20 Italy 100 Germany 10 Spain Netherlands in France, according to INSEE, with 11.9 million 500,000 Italy France23 United 10 60 Poland Austria Ireland Finland 500,000 Spain Netherlands Sweden Belgium 50 90 in Poland (34%)France worked inPoland manufacturing,Austria aheadIreland of Italy 0 Germany Kingdom employees (FTE) and pre-tax revenues of nearly Sweden Belgium Finland 0 50 0 Germany Netherlands 80 (33%)0 and GermanyUnited (31%). Kingdom In France, the corresponding 40 40 Netherlands €3.7 trillion, including €630 billion from exports. Italy 70 Spain Italy30 figure Italywas 23%, higherUnited Kingdom than in Spain (19%) and France Spain United Poland Austria Ireland 60 Spain Sweden Belgium Finland Italy France United Poland Austria Ireland 30 France Spain Poland Austria Ireland 20 Germany Kingdom Sweden Belgium Finland Sweden Belgium Finland France Poland Austria Ireland Germany Kingdom Industry accounted for only 8% of businesses, but 50 the United KingdomGermany (15%). Sweden Belgium Finland Netherlands Germany 10 Netherlands 20 40 Netherlands Graph 5/ Breakdown by sector of revenues in Europe (2015) 25% of employees (FTE) and 28% of pre-tax revenues. Netherlands 0 30 In terms of sales, 34%United Kingdom of revenues in Germany were United Kingdom Conversely, market sectors (excluding wholesale/retail) 10 20 GraphBreakdown 5/ Breakdown by by sector sector of of revenues revenues in Europe (2015) generated in manufacturing, slightly more than in Poland % Italy were home to more than half of all firms (52%), but only 10 in Europe (2015)Spain 0 France United Poland Austria Ireland Finland Sweden Belgium 0 (31%) and Italy (31%). Spain (26%) and France (24%) were 100 Germany 32% of employees (FTE), generating only 21% of pre-tax Industry Construction Wholesale, Transport, Market services % Kingdom storage Netherlands retail at a similar level, ahead of the United Kingdom (16%). Graph90 5/ Breakdown by sector of revenues in Europe (2015) revenues. Export sales presented a rather different 100Graph 5/ Breakdown by sector of revenues in Europe (2015) Italy 80 Spain France United Poland Austria Ireland 90 20 story, with industry generating 55% of revenues, ahead Number of enterprises Employees (FTE) Pre-tax revenues Sweden Belgium Finland 70 Germany The average size of businesses was also revealing: Kingdom 80%60 6Manufacturing Wholesale/retail Netherlands % of construction (22%) and market sectors (13%). 32.7 employees per enterprise in Germany, compared 70 10050 Industry (Other) Transport, storage Source: INSEE, Annual Business Statistics Program (ESANE). 100 with 18.1 in the United Kingdom, 12.3 in France, 906040 Construction Market services Scope: France, legal entities and profiled enterprises from mainly market 90 39 Graph 4/ Breakdown by sector of employees (FTE) in Europe (2015) 5030 Graphsectors, 2/ Number excluding of enterprises agriculture in Europe and finance, (2015) including micro-entrepreneurs 80 11.7 in Poland, 9.6 in Spain and 6.6 in Italy. 8040 and micro-enterprises categorized as such for tax purposes. 7020 % 70 8 603010 Comparing France 4,000,000 60 4 100 5020 0 50 24 3,500,000 90 4010 and Europe 40 80 0 Italy 3,000,000 30 Spain 30 France United Poland Austria Ireland Finland Back in 2015, services as a whole (market services, 70 Sweden Belgium 20 Germany 2,500,000 20 Kingdom 60 Italy In Europe, Italy was home to nearly 3.7 million active wholesale/retail, and transport/storage) made up 76% 10 Spain Netherlands 10 France United Poland Austria Ireland Finland Sweden Belgium 2 2,000,000 50 0 Germany enterprises in 2015, according to Eurostat, ahead of of all businesses in the countries compared by 0 Kingdom 40 Netherlands 1,500,000 France (2.9 million), Spain (2.5 million), Germany (2.4 this publication: 77.6% in the United Kingdom, 77.3% 30 Italy ItalyManufacturingSpain Wholesale/retail 1,000,000 France Spain United Poland Austria Ireland Finland 20 Sweden Belgium million), the United Kingdom (1.9 million) and Poland in Germany, 77% in Spain, 74.9% in Italy, 74.3% in France IndustryFrance (Other)Germany United Poland Transport, storageAustria Ireland Finland Kingdom Sweden Belgium Germany 500,000 10 Manufacturing Kingdom Wholesale/retail (1.6 million). and 72.3% in Poland. Construction NetherlandsMarket services 0 NetherlandsTransport, storage 0 Industry (Other) Construction Market services Source: Eurostat The services sector today accounts for more than In 2015, industry accounted for 9% of all businesses Italy Scope: Industry, construction and services, excluding Spain Manufacturing Wholesale/retail Italy France United Poland Austria Ireland finance and insurance. 70% of all jobs and value added in OECD economies. in the countriesSpain compared by this publication. Sweden Belgium Finland Manufacturing Wholesale/retail France Poland Austria Ireland Germany Kingdom Sweden Belgium Finland Industry (Other) Transport, storage Germany Industry (Other) Transport, storage Netherlands Construction Market services Netherlands Construction Market services 1 Excluding education, healthcare and social work, finance and insurance. United Kingdom 2 Eurostat figures only include industry, construction and services excluding finance and insurance.

Graph 5/ Breakdown by sector of revenues in Europe (2015)

% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Italy Spain France United Poland Austria Ireland Finland Sweden Belgium Germany Kingdom Netherlands

Manufacturing Wholesale/retail Industry (Other) Transport, storage Construction Market services Graph 6 / Productivity in France (1990-2017) US$ at 2016 PPP 110 Graph 9/ Gross profit shares in Europe (2014-2015 99.5 Graph 6 / Productivity in France (1990-2017) 100 95.8 % US$ at 2016 PPP 89 70 110 90 Graph 9/ Gross profit shares in Europe (2014-2015 60 80 78.4 100 99.5 50 95.8 % 70 70 68.3 40 90 89 64.1 60 30 60 80 78.4 58 50 20 50 70 68.3 40 47.1 10 64.1 30 0 40 60 58 20

Italy Spain 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 50 10 Ireland Poland United Austria 47.1 France Belgium Finland Sweden Germany Productivity per employee Kingdom 0 ('000s) Netherlands 40 2014 2015 Italy Spain Productivity per hour worked 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Ireland Poland United Austria France Belgium Finland Sweden Germany Graph 7/ Productivity per employee in Europe (2017) Graph 10/ Labor cost index (2010-2017) Productivity per employee Kingdom ('000s) Netherlands 2014 2015 Productivity per hour worked US$ at 2016 PPP Base 100 = Q4, 2012 Graph 7/ Productivity per employee in Europe (2017) Graph 10/ Labor cost index (2010-2017) 140,000 108 Responsibility Pact introduced 120,000 106 CICE 100,000 104 (first phase) US$ at 2016 PPP Base 100 = Q4, 2012 80,000 140,000 108 Responsibility Pact 102 introduced 60,000 120,000Responsibility Pact 106 16 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 100 ENTREPRENEURSHIP(second phase) SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS CICE 17 100,000 104 (first phase) 40,000 98 CICE 80,000 102 20,000 96 (second phase) Responsibility Pact 0 60,000 100 94 (second phase) 40,000 98 Italy 92 CICE Spain 20,000 Ireland France Austria United Poland 96 (second phase) Belgium Sweden Finland 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Germany Kingdom Euro zone (19 countries) France 0 Netherlands in manufacturing,94 23.7% in wholesale/retail, 25.7% Productivity in France Fig. 7 & 8 Corporate profit shares 92 Italy Spain in transport, and 20.5% in the accommodation and food Ireland France Austria United Poland Graph 11/ Breakdown by business size of enterprises in France (2015)Belgium Sweden Finland 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Germany and in Europe in France and Europe Kingdom services sector. Euro zone (19 countries) France % Netherlands ProductivityGraph 8/ Productivity per per hour hour worked worked in Europe in Europe (2017 (2017) 100 Profit share levels vary substantially across Europe, Productivity in France has been steadily on the rise since After three years in the doldrums, corporate profit Graph 11/ Breakdown by business size of enterprises in France (2015) US$ at 2016 PPP 90 ranging in 2015 from 65.7% in Ireland to 26.5% in France, the early 1990s, whether measured on a per-employee shares in France rose by 1.3 percentage points to 26.6% % 80 80 according to Eurostat. However, methodological variations or hourly basis, with the only dip being seen in 2008-2009 Graph 6 / Productivity in France (1990-2017) in 2015.Graph This 8/ Productivityupturn arose per hour mainly worked in from Europe a (2017 sharp increase US$70 at 2016 PPP 99,543 70 mean100 that caution should be applied when interpreting during the global economic and financial crisis. in gross operating surpluses (+8.3%), moderate growth 11060 60 US$ at 2016 PPP results90 in different countries.4 Graph 9/ Gross profit shares in Europe (2014-2015in salaries and income in kind (+1.7%), and virtually 50 80 80 10050 99.5 While the share of salaries and income in kind in 2015 95.8 % stable social security contributions (+0.5%) following the 70 40 40 70 was relatively stable (51.9% in France, 52.5% in Germany, 70 90 89 enhancement of the competitiveness and employment tax 60 Fig. 6 30 30 60 46.7% in the EU-28), the proportion of social security 60 credit (CICE)50 and the Responsibility and Solidarity Pact. 50 802078.4 20 contributions was higher in France than in other European 50 3 Productivity in France (1990-2017) Profit 40shares also improved due to falling oil prices. 40 10 10 countries, accounting for 21.6% of value added, compared 70 68.3 40 0 30 30 0 64.1 In France, the profit share in industry was 29% in with only 11.6% in Germany and 12.6% across the EU-28. 30 Enterprises Employees Pre-tax revenues Export revenues 20 60 20 Graph 6 / Productivity in France (1990-2017) 58 (FTE) 2015, on a par with the level in services. The only The introduction of the competitiveness and employment Italy 20 Spain 10 10 US$ at 2016 PPP Ireland France Austria United Poland Belgium Sweden Finland sector in decline was construction, with a profit share 50 Germany 10 tax credit (CICE) has begun to diminish this effect, Graph110 6 / Productivity in France (1990-2017) 47.1 Kingdom 0 Graph 9/ Gross profit shares in Europe (2014-2015 0 Netherlands 0-9 employees (FTE) of 15.8%. Drilling down, profit shares were 25.5% enablingEnterprises corporateEmployees profit sharesPre-tax revenuesto rise againExport fromrevenues 2015. US$ at 2016 PPP 0 99.5 40 (FTE) 100 Italy 110 95.8 % 10-249 employees (FTE) Spain Graph 9/ Gross profit shares in Europe (2014-2015 Ireland France Austria United Poland Italy Belgium Sweden Finland Source: The Conference Board, 2017 Spain 70 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Germany 89 Ireland Poland United Austria France Kingdom 90 99.5 250+ employees (FTE) Belgium Finland Sweden 100 Germany Netherlands 0-9 employees (FTE) 95.8 60% Productivity per employee Kingdom ('000s) Netherlands Fig. 9 Fig. 10 80 78.4 89 Graph70 9/ Gross profit shares by sector in France 90 50 2014 2015 Graph 6 / Productivity in France (1990-2017) 10-249 employees (FTE) 60 Productivity per hour worked 70 68.3 %40 US$ at 2016 PPP 250+ employees (FTE) 80 78.4 Productivity per employee in Europe (2017) Gross profit shares by sector in France (2015) Gross profit shares in Europe (2014-2015) 64.1 50 Graph 7/ Productivity per employee in Europe70.8% (2017) Graph 10/ Labor cost index (2010-2017) 110 40 30 (Gross operating surplus / Value added at factor cost) Graph(Gross 9/ operatingGross profit surplus shares / in Value Europe added (2014-2015 at factor cost) 60 70 58 68.3 40 Graph 9/ Gross profit shares by sector in France 35 20 100 99.5 64.1 95.8 % 30 30US$ at 2016 PPP Base 100 = Q4, 2012 % 50 10 60 47.1 58 89 70 25 140,000 90 70.8% 20 108 Responsibility40 Pact 40 0 introduced 60 50 20 120,000 47.1 10 106 3580 78.4 15 68.3 CICE 50 Italy 100,000 Spain (first phase) 30 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 0 104 26.6% 40 10 Ireland Poland United Austria France Belgium Finland Sweden 70 68.3 40 80,000 Germany 25 Productivity per employee 5 Kingdom 102 64.1 ItalyNetherlands 20 26.5% ('000s) Spain 30 25.3% 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 60,000 Responsibility Pact 0 Ireland Poland United Austria France 100 60 2014 2015 Belgium Finland Sweden 15 (second phase) 58 Germany 20 Productivity per houremployee worked 40,000 Kingdom ('000s) Netherlands 98 10 Total CICE 50 10 Graph 7/ Productivity per employee in Europe (2017) IndustryGraph20,000of 10/ which Labor cost indexretail (2010-2017) 47.1 2014 2015 Transport,storage 96 (second phase)5 Information, Real estate Productivity per hour worked ConstructionWholesale/ 0 manufacturing0 food services Other services 400 Accommodation,communication 94 Graph 7/ Productivity per employee in Europe (2017) Graph 10/ Labor cost index (2010-2017) US$ at 2016 PPP Base 100 = Q4, 2012 Italy 92 Total Spain Source: The Conference Board, 2017 Italy 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Spain Industry of which retail Ireland Poland United Austria France storage Belgium Finland Sweden 140,000 108 Ireland France Austria Responsibility PactUnited Poland 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Transport, Belgium Sweden Finland Information, Real estate Germany Germanyintroduced ProductivityConstruction Wholesale/per employee Kingdom US$ at 2016 PPP Base 100 = Q4, 2012 Kingdom Euro zone (19 countries) France manufacturing food services Other services Netherlands 120,000 106 Netherlands ('000s) Accommodation,communication CICE 140,000 100,000 108 (first phase) Responsibility Pact 2014 2015 104 introduced Productivity per hour worked 120,000 106 Source: INSEE, Annual Business Statistics Program (ESANE). Source: Eurostat 80,000 102 Graph 11/ Breakdown by business size of enterprises in France (2015) France stands out in Europe for having a particularly CICE Source: The Conference Board, 2017 Scope:Graph France, 7/ Productivity legal entities per employee and profiled in Europe enterprises (2017) from mainly Graph 10/ Labor cost index (2010-2017)Scope: Industry, construction and services, 100,000 (first phase) 60,000 104 Responsibility Pact market sectors, excluding agriculture and finance. excluding finance and insurance. productive workforce: productivity per employee 100 (second phase) % 80,000 Graph 8/ Productivity per hour worked in Europe (2017 40,000 102 98 100 US$ at 2016 PPP Base 100 = Q4, 2012 in 201760,000 was US$99,543 (2016 PPP), the fourth highest CICE Responsibility Pact 20,000 100 (second phase) (second phase) 96 US$ at 2016 PPP 90 140,000 108 Responsibility Pact among40,000 the countries compared by this publication. 0 98 introduced While this was lower than in Ireland (US$133,233), France94 80 was also ranked fourth inCICE Europe for productivity 80 120,000 106 20,000 96 (second phase) CICE 70 70 Italy 92 100,000 104 (first phase) Belgium0 (US$109,801) and Sweden (US$102,857),Spain it was per hour worked in 2017, with a figure of US$68.30 (2016 Ireland France Austria United Poland 942010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Belgium Sweden Finland 60 60 Germany 80,000 102 higher than in Germany (US$92,003), Italy (US$90,480),Kingdom PPP), aheadEuro of zone Germany (19 countries) (US$67.90),France the United Kingdom Netherlands 92 Responsibility Pact Italy 50 50 60,000 Spain 100 (second phase) Spain (US$89,774)Ireland andFrance the UnitedAustria Kingdom (US$88,600).United Poland (US$53.10), Spain (US$52.90) and Italy (US$52.20). Belgium Sweden Finland 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Germany 40 40 40,000 Kingdom Euro zone (19 countries) France 98 Netherlands Graph 11/ Breakdown by business size of enterprises in France (2015) CICE 30 30 20,000 96 (second phase) % 20 20 0 Graph 8/ Productivity per hour worked in Europe (2017 Graph 11/ Breakdown by business size of enterprises in France (2015) 94 100 10 10 % Italy 92 90 0 Spain GraphUS$ at 8/2016 Productivity PPP per hour worked in Europe (2017 0 Ireland France Austria United Poland Belgium Sweden Finland 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 100 Enterprises Employees Pre-tax revenues Export revenues Germany 80 80 Kingdom Euro zone (19 countries) France (FTE) Netherlands Italy US$ at 2016 PPP 90 Spain 70 70 Ireland France Austria United Poland Belgium Sweden Finland Germany 80 80 Kingdom 60 60 Graph 11/ Breakdown by business size of enterprises in France (2015) Netherlands 0-9 employees (FTE) 70 7050 50 3 French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE), “Les entreprises in France”% [“Enterprises in France”], 2017. 60 60 10-249 employees (FTE) 4 Graph 8/ Productivity per hour worked in Europe (2017 40 40 The publication “Coût du capital” [“The cost of capital”] (July 2015) by a working party at the French Council for Statistical Information (CNIS) highlights statistical 100 50 50 250+ employees (FTE) differences in categorizing the self-employed that affect the breakdown in various countries of gross operating surplus on salaries and, by extension, profit shares. 30 30 US$ at 2016 PPP 90 40 40 20 20 Graph 9/ Gross profit shares by sector in France 80 80 30 30 10 10 % 70 70 20 20 0 0 70.8% 60 60 10 4010 Enterprises Employees Pre-tax revenues Export revenues (FTE) 50 Italy 35 50 0 Spain 0 Ireland France Austria United Poland Belgium Sweden Finland 40 Germany 30 Enterprises Employees Pre-tax revenues Export revenues 40 Kingdom (FTE) Netherlands Italy 25 30 Spain 0-9 employees (FTE) 30 Ireland France Austria United Poland Belgium Sweden Finland 20 Germany 20 20 Kingdom 10-249 employees (FTE) Netherlands 15 0-9 employees (FTE) 10 10 10 250+ employees (FTE) 5 10-249 employees (FTE) 0 0 Enterprises Employees Pre-tax revenues Export revenues Graph 9/ Gross profit shares by sector in France 0 250+ employees (FTE) (FTE) Italy Spain Ireland France Austria United Poland % Belgium Sweden Finland Total Germany Graph 9/ Gross profit shares by sector in France 70.8% Industry of which retail Kingdom Transport,storage 40 Information, Real estate Netherlands ConstructionWholesale/ 0-9 employees (FTE) % manufacturing food services Other services 35 Accommodation,communication 70.8% 10-249 employees (FTE) 4030 3525 250+ employees (FTE) 3020 Graph 9/ Gross profit shares by sector in France 2515 2010 % 155 70.8% 40 100 35 5 Total 30 0Industry of which retail Transport,storage Information, Real estate 25 ConstructionWholesale/ manufacturing food services Other services Accommodation,communication Total 20 Industry of which retail Transport,storage 15 Information, Real estate ConstructionWholesale/ manufacturing food services Other services 10 Accommodation,communication 5 0

Total Industry of which retail Transport,storage Information, Real estate ConstructionWholesale/ manufacturing food services Other services Accommodation,communication

Graph 12/ Productivité du travail par personne en Europe en 2015

% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Italy Spain France Poland Austria Sweden Belgium Finland Germany Netherlands

United Kingdom Graph 12/ Productivité du travail par personne en Europe en 2015

% 100 90 % 80 100 Graph 6 / Productivity in FranceGraph (1990-2017) 6 / Productivity in France (1990-2017) 70 90 US$ at 2016 PPP US$ at 2016 PPP 60 Graph 6 / Productivity in France (1990-2017) 80 110 110 50 Graph 9/ Gross profit shares inGraph Europe 9/ Gross(2014-2015 profit shares in Europe (2014-2015 GraphUS$ at6 /2016 Productivity PPP in France (1990-2017) 40 70 100110 99.5 99.5 30 60 US$ at 2016 PPP 100 95.8 95.8 Graph% 9/ Gross profit shares in Europe (2014-2015 % 20 50 110 100 89 99.5 70Graph 9/ Gross profit shares 70in Europe (2014-2015 10 18 90 90 95.889ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP40 SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 19 % 0 60 100 99.5 70 60 30 8090 78.4 89 95.8 80 78.4 % Italy 50 Spain 50 France 20 60 Poland Finland 70 Belgium Austria* 90 89 Germany Sweden* 80 78.4 40 10 70 70 68.3 68.3 40 Netherlands 6050 64.1 64.1 United Kingdom 0 Graph 6 / Productivity in France (1990-2017) 80 78.4 30 30 6070 68.3 5040 0-9 employees Graph 6 / Productivity in France (1990-2017) 6058 58 US$ at 2016 PPP 64.1 20 30 20 10-249 employees Italy US$ at 2016 PPP 70 68.3 40 Spain 60 250+ employees France Poland Austria 110 50 5058 10 Sweden Belgium Finland 110 HourlyGraph47.1 9/ labor Gross profit costs shares in in EuropeFrance47.1 (2014-2015 have clearly64.1 dipped Other20 business sizes made10 up a much smaller share: Germany The breakdown by business size of enterprises was Graph 9/ Gross profit shares in Europe (2014-2015 30 Fig. 13 & 14 99.5 5060 58 0 0 Netherlands 100 95.8 since40 47.12013 compared 40with the euro zone following 2.1%2010 of firms employed 10-19 people, while 1.8% had similar throughout the European Union in 2015. 100 99.5 % United Kingdom 95.8 % the50 introduction of the CICE tax credit and the 20 to0 249 employees,Italy and only 0.1% had 250 or more. Graph 12/ Productivité du travail par personne en Europe en 2015 89 70 10 Spain Italy

40 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 90 47.1 Spain 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 However, businesses with 10 to 249 employees (FTE) 70 Ireland Poland United Austria France Breakdown by business size of enterprises 90 89 IrelandBelgium Poland United Finland Sweden Austria France Responsibility and Solidarity Pact. As such, between Germany Belgium Finland Sweden 60 0 Germany Productivity per employee Kingdom Italy 40 Productivity per employee There were nearly 12.5 millionSpain Kingdomemployees (FTE) in in Europe (2015) were represented in abundance in Germany, Austria 60 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Netherlands 80 78.4 Netherlands ('000s) Ireland Poland United Austria France the50 fourth quarter of 2012 and('000s) the second quarter of Belgium Finland Sweden % 80 78.4 Germany France in 2015, accordingItaly to INSEE. The structure of and the United Kingdom (17.1%, 12.5% and 10.3% of 50 Productivity per employee 2014 Kingdom2015 Spain % 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 Netherlands 100 2017, laborProductivity costs grew per hour less worked sharply in France than the Ireland Poland United Austria France 70 68.3 40 ('000s) Productivity per hour worked Belgium Finland Sweden 4.8% 70 68.3 40 employment in France by business sizeGermany was relatively 100 the total in each country, respectively). 64.1 Productivity per employee 2014 Kingdom2015 90 euro30 zone average,Graph 7/ Productivity not only per in employee industry, in Europe construction (2017) Graph 10/ Labor cost indexNetherlands (2010-2017) 64.1 Productivity('000s) per hour worked Graph 7/ Productivity per employee in Europe (2017) Graph 10/ Labor cost index (2010-2017) 90 60 58 30 homogenous, with 39.5% of employees working in firms 80 60 and services (+4.6% in France, versus +6.7% in the euro Conversely, firms with 250 or more employees (FTE) 58 20 Graph 7/ Productivity per employee in Europe (2017) Graph2014 10/ Labor2015 cost index (2010-2017) 80 20 Productivity per hour worked with 250 or more employees, 38.8% in those with 10 70 50 zone),10US$ at but 2016 also PPP in industry excluding construction Base 100 = Q4, 2012 Graph70 12/ Productivité du travail par personne en Europe en 2015 generated 52.5% of revenues in Germany, and 53.0% in 50 47.1 Graph 7/ ProductivityUS$ at per2016 employee PPP in Europe (2017) Graph 10/ Labor cost index (2010-2017)Base 100 = Q4, 2012 60 47.1 10 to 249 employees, and 21.3% in those with between zero 60 (+5.5%140,000 in France, versus +8.0% in the euro zone). 108 50 the United Kingdom, compared with an average of 44.9% 40 0 140,000 108 Responsibility Pact Responsibility Pact 0US$ at 2016 PPP andBase nine 100 =employees. Q4, 2012 introduced 50 40 120,000 introduced 40 120,000 106 106 95.1% across the countries compared by this publication. 140,000 Italy 108 CICE Responsibility Pact 40 US$ at 2016 PPP Spain Base 100 = Q4, 2012 CICE 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 30% 100,000 United Italy Austria France (first phase) introduced Ireland Poland Spain Finland Sweden The104 revenue split reflects the proportion of(first value phase) added 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 100,000Belgium 104 120,000 Germany 106 30 140,000Ireland Poland United Austria France 108 Kingdom Belgium Finland Sweden Responsibility Pact 10020 Productivity per employee Germany CICE 80,000 Netherlands 80,000 generated102 by each business size category.introduced In 2015, 20 ('000s)Productivity per employee 100,000 Kingdom 104 (first102 phase) 120,000Fig. 11 Netherlands 106 9010 ('000s) Responsibility Pact 60,0002014 2015 60,000 €3.776100 trillion in pre-taxCICE revenues were generated in Responsibility Pact 10 100,00080,000 102 (first100 phase) (second phase) (second phase) 800 Productivity per hour worked 2014 2015 104 0 Productivity per hour worked 40,000 40,000 France,98 with nearly a quarter of this sum comingResponsibility from Pact 70 Graph 7/ Productivity per employee in Europe (2017) Graph80,00060,000Labor 10/ Labor cost cost index index (2010-2017) (2010-2017) 100 98 102 CICE (second phase)CICE Italy Graph 7/ Productivity per employee in Europe (2017) Graph20,000 10/ Labor cost index (2010-2017) (second phase) 60 Spain 40,000(industry, construction, services)20,000 micro-enterprises96 (21.7%), followed by firmsResponsibility(second with Pact phase) Italy France Poland 60,000 98 96 Spain Belgium Austria* Finland 100 Sweden* (second phase) 50 France Germany Poland Austria 0 CICE Sweden Belgium Finland 0 25094 or more employees (43.8%) and those with 10 20,000 94 (second phase) Germany Netherlands US$ at 2016 PPP Base40,000 100 = Q4, 2012 9896 40 Netherlands US$ at 2016 PPP Base 100 = Q4, 2012 to 24992 employees (34.5%). CICE United Kingdom 0 Italy 92 140,000 10820,000 Spain Italy 94 (second phase) 30 Responsibility Pact Spain 96 United Kingdom France Austria 140,000 Ireland Finland France United AustriaPoland 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 0-9 employees 108 Belgium Sweden Ireland Responsibilityintroduced Pact Finland United Poland 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 BelgiumGermanySweden 20 120,000 0 Kingdom Germany 92 106 introducedItaly Kingdom94 Euro zone (19 countries) France NetherlandsCICE Spain Euro zone (19 countries) France 10-249 employees 120,000 106 Netherlands 10 Ireland France Austria United Poland 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 10 100,000 Belgium Sweden (firstCICE phase) Finland 104 Germany Italy Kingdom 92 250+ employees 100,000 104 (first phase) Spain Euro zone (19 countries) France 0 Netherlands Ireland France Austria United Poland Fig. 12 80,000 102 Belgium Sweden Finland 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 % 80,000 Germany Graph 11/ Breakdown by business size of enterprises in France (2015) Source: Eurostat; 102 ResponsibilityKingdom Pact Euro zone (19 countries)Graph 11/ BreakdownFrance by business size of enterprises in France (2015) 60,000 Netherlands 100 Italy Scope: All industry and market services; repair of computers, 100 Responsibility(second phase) Pact Spain % France 60,000 % France Poland Austria Finland 100 Graph 8/ Productivity per hour worked in Europe (2017(second phase) Graph 11/ Breakdown by business size of enterprises in France (2015) 90 personal and household goods; excludingSweden financeBelgium and insuranFinlandce. 40,000 98 Graph 8/ Productivity per hour worked in Europe (2017 Breakdown by business size Germany 40,000 CICE 100 80 Netherlands 98 Graphof% enterprises11/ Breakdown by in business France100 size (2015)of enterprises in France (2015) 20,000 96 Graph 8/ Productivity per hour(second workedCICE phase) in Europe (2017 70 United Kingdom 20,000 96 US$ at 2016 PPP (second phase) 90 United Kingdom 0 US$ at 2016 PPP 100% 90 94 60Breakdown by size of revenues 0 80Graph 8/ Productivity per hour worked in Europe (2017 80 94 80 90 80 92 US$ at 2016 PPP 100 50in Europe (2015) Italy 70 Spain 92 70 70 70 Ireland France Austria Italy United Poland 201080 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 80 40 Belgium Sweden Finland Spain US$ at 2016 PPP 90 % Ireland France Austria Germany United Poland 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 60 Belgium Sweden Finland Kingdom 60 Euro zone (19 countries) 60 France 60 Germany 70 70 30 Netherlands Kingdom 80 80 100 Euro zone (19 countries) France Netherlands 50 50 50 50 20 7060 6070 90 40 10 40 40 40 80 Graph 11/6050 Breakdown by business size of enterprises in France (2015) 5060 Graph 11/ Breakdown by businessSource: size Eurostat;of enterprises Business in France France (2015) calculations 0 44.7% 30 30 30 30 70 % 5040 4050 Graph 8/ Productivity per hour worked in Europe (2017 % 20 20 60 20 30 20 Italy Graph 8/ Productivity per hour worked in Europe (2017 100 4030 40 Spain 50 France Poland 10 10 Belgium Austria* Finland 100 10 20 10 Germany Sweden* 90 3020 30 40 US$ at 2016 PPP 0 Netherlands US$ at 2016 PPP 90 0 0 10 0 34.8% 80 2010 20 30 80 Enterprises Employees EnterprisesPre-tax revenuesEmployeesExport revenuesPre-tax revenues Export revenues United Kingdom 80 Size80 of businesses 0 (FTE) 20 0 Italy 10 (FTE) 0-9 employees 70 70 10 Spain Italy Spain France Austria United Enterprises Employees Pre-tax revenues Export revenues 20.5% 70 70 Ireland Finland France Poland Belgium SwedenIreland Austria Finland United Poland 10 Germany Belgium Sweden 0 10-249 employees 60 60 0 Germany (FTE) in France and EuropeKingdom Italy Spain Kingdom 0 60 60 Netherlands Enterprises Employees Pre-tax revenues Export revenues 0 Ireland France Austria NetherlandsUnited Poland 0-9 employees (FTE) 250+ employees 50 Belgium Sweden Finland 0-9 employees (FTE) 50 Germany (FTE) Kingdom Italy 50 50 Spain Netherlands Italy 40 Ireland France Austria United Poland 40 Since 2012, theBelgium number of SwedenenterprisesFinland in France has 0-910-249 employees employees (FTE) (FTE) Spain 10-249 employees (FTE) France 40 Germany Poland Finland 40 Kingdom Belgium Austria* Finland Germany Sweden* 30 30 Netherlands risen 6%, from 3,246,586 in 2012 to 3,890,237 in 2015. 0-910-249250+ employees employees employees (FTE) (FTE) (FTE) 250+ employees (FTE) 30 30 Netherlands 20 20 20 20 10-249250+ Source:employees employees INSEE, (FTE) (FTE) Annual Business Statistics Program (ESANE). United Kingdom BusinessesGraph 9/ Gross with profit shares between byGraph sector 9/ zeroGrossin France profit and shares nine by employees sector in France 10 10 Scope: France, legal entities and profiled enterprises 0-9 employees 10 0-9 employees 10 (FTE) were by far the most prevalent in France, 250+ employees (FTE) from market sectors, excluding agriculture. 0 Graph0 % 9/ Gross profit shares by sector% in France 10-249 employees 0 0 Enterprises Employees Pre-tax revenues Export70.8% revenues where more than 96% were micro-enterprises in 2015. 70.8% 250+ employees Graph40% 9/Enterprises Gross profit sharesEmployees(FTE) by40 sectorPre-tax in France revenues Export revenues Source: Eurostat; Italy Spain 35 (FTE) 70.8% *Data for 2014 Ireland France Austria United Italy Poland 35 Belgium Sweden Finland Spain 40% Ireland France Germany Austria United Poland Scope: All industry and market services; repair of computers, Belgium Sweden Finland Kingdom 30 Germany 30 Netherlands 70.8% personal and household goods; excluding finance and insurance. Kingdom 35 0-9 employees (FTE) Netherlands 4025 25 30 0-9 employees (FTE) 3520 20 25 10-249 employees (FTE) 3015 10-249 employees (FTE)15 20 250+ employees (FTE) 2510 250+ employees (FTE) 10 15 205 5 Graph 9/ Gross profit shares by sector in France 10 Graph 9/ Gross profit shares by sector in France 150 0 5 % 10 % 0 70.8% Total Total 5Industry of which retail 40 70.8% IndustryTransport,storageof which retail Real estateTransport,storage 40 0 Wholesale/ Information, Information, Real estate Construction ConstructionWholesale/ Total 35 manufacturing food services Other services Industry of which retail Accommodation,manufacturingcommunication food services Other services 35 Transport,storage Accommodation,communication 30 Information, Real estate ConstructionWholesale/ Total 30 Industrymanufacturingof which retail food services Other services 25 Transport,storageAccommodation,communication Information, Real estate 25 ConstructionWholesale/ 20 manufacturing food services Other services 20 Accommodation,communication 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0

Total Industry of which retail Total Transport,storage Industry of which retail Information, Real estate Wholesale/ Transport,storage Construction Real estate manufacturing food servicesInformation, Other services ConstructionWholesale/ Accommodation,communication manufacturing food services Other services Accommodation,communication

Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 % Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 % % % % 25 Transport, storage 8 % % % 25 % % 8 3.5 Transport, storage % % 8 3.5 100 16 8 20 Netherlands 3 90100 16 Netherlands6 20 14 6 Belgium 6 3 80 90 14 Belgium 6 2.5 15 80 4 United Kingdom 2.5 70 12 United Kingdom 15 70 12 4 4 2 Real estate 60 10 France 4 2 Real estate 50 60 2 France Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 10 1.5 50 2 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 40 8 1.5 40 8 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 % 2 BusinessIndustry support (exc. services manufacturing) 30

Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 0 2 1 30 6 % 5 Education,Business healthcare, support services social work 20 0 Germany Finland Austria 1 6 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Italy 5 20 Germany Finland Austria Information,Education, communication healthcare, social work 10 4 -40Germany -20 0 20 40 Change 60 2007-2016 80 0 Italy 0.5 Accommodation, 4 Germany -2 Change 2007-2016 0 0.5 Accommodation,food services Information,Finance, insurance communication 0 10 2 Italy -2 food services Finance, insurance 0 Italy 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 2 Ireland Poland France 0 -40 -20 Household 0 services20 40 60 80 100 120 140 -4 -2 Sweden Belgium Change 2014-2016 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 0 Ireland Poland France Manufacturing Household services -4 -2 Sweden Belgium -5 Change 2014-2016 0 Spain Italy Manufacturing All standard forms of enterprise Netherlands Spain Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Spain Spain -5 All standard forms of enterprise Netherlands Poland Italy Austria France Ireland Construction Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Standard companies Italy Spain -6 -4 Spain Belgium Sweden Finland Spain United Kingdom* Poland AustriaGermany France Ireland Construction Standard companies Italy -6 -4 Belgium Sweden Finland Standard sole proprietorships Poland France Ireland Austria -10 Spain Sweden Finland Belgium United Kingdom* Germany Netherlands Standard sole proprietorships Poland France Ireland Germany Austria -10 Micro-entrepreneurs Sweden Finland Belgium Netherlands Germany Micro-entrepreneurs Netherlands Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Netherlands Industry Construction Services United KingdomIndustry Construction Services United Kingdom* % Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* % Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 450,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 450,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 au premier semestre 2010 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 au premier semestre 2010 400,000 30 % 400,000 30 % 700,000Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 % % 700,000 350,000 25 Graph14 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 14 Graph4.5 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 350,000 25 4.5 600,000 % 700,000 300,000 20 12 4 600,000 700,000 % % % 25 300,000 20 12 4 Transport, storage 600,000 8 3.5 500,000 % % 250,000 15 810 3.5 3.5 500,000 600,000 Healthcare, social work 250,000 15 10 3 500,000100 16 20 Healthcare,Education social work Netherlands 8 3 3 400,000 90500,000 200,000 6 10 2.5 Arts, entertainment and recreationEducation 200,000 Belgium 10 6 8 400,000 400,00080 14 2.5 400,000 Arts, entertainment and Industryrecreation 150,000 5 6 2.52 4 United Kingdom 300,000 15 300,00070 Household servicesIndustry 12 150,000 5 6 2 300,000 1.52 Real estate 60300,000 HouseholdConstruction services 100,000 France 0 4 4 10 4 1.5 200,000 200,00050 Accommodation, foodConstruction services 100,000 2 0 1 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 1.5 200,000 40200,000 Accommodation, food services 8 50,000 -5 2 1 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 100,000 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles

Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 0.5 50,000 % -5 2 2 Business support services 30100,000 Wholesale/retail;Administrative repair of motor and vehicles/motorcycles support services 0 1 0.5 100,000 6 0 -10 0 0 5 Education, healthcare, social work 20 0 Administrative and supportReal estates services -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Germany Finland Austria 100,000 0 -10 0 Italy 0 0 Real estates 4 Germany Change 2007-2016 0 0.5 Accommodation, Information, communication 10 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Professional, scientific, technical occupations 0 food services Professional, scientific, technical occupations -2 Italy Finance, insurance 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Information, communication Italy Spain Italy Italy Spain Spain 0 2 France Italy Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies Information, communication Italy Austria Ireland Austria Finland 0 France Italy 2007-40 2008 -20 2009 0 2010 20 2011 40 2012 60 2013 802014 100 2015 1202016 140 Transport, storage France Poland Finland Ireland Sweden Spain Poland* Poland Austria Ireland 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years Spain Sweden Belgium Ireland Belgium Poland France Spain Sweden Belgium Finland Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies France Austria Germany 2007 2008 2009Household 2010 services 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 France PolandGermany Austria Ireland -2 Ireland Sweden BelgiumFinland Poland France Austria Ireland Germany Change 2014-2016 Micro-entrepreneurs FinanceTransport, and insurance storage % -4 Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Sweden Belgium Finland 0 Germany Manufacturing Germany Netherlands Germany Micro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % Netherlands Spain Netherlands -5 All standard forms of enterprise Netherlands Italy 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Netherlands Netherlands Spain Netherlands Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Spain United Kingdom Poland Austria France Industry Construction Services Standard companies 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 United Kingdom Ireland Sweden Finland Construction Italy -6 -4 United Kingdom* Belgium Industry Construction Services Spain United Kingdom2015 2013-2015 United Kingdom* United Kingdom Germany Standard sole proprietorships Poland France Ireland Austria United Kingdom* -10 Sweden Finland Belgium 2015 2013-2015 Netherlands Germany Micro-entrepreneurs

Netherlands Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* % Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées 450,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 au premier semestre 2010 % Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 au premier semestre 2010 au premier semestre 2010 % 400,000 30 100% % % 100 % % 700,000% Education, healthcare, social work 90 100 400,000 350,000 25 14 16 Business support services Education, healthcare,Finance, insurance social work 90 4.5 16 100 Business support services 400,000 80 600,00090 700,000 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 Finance, insurance 1280 14 Professional, scientific, 300,000 20 70 4 14 90 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 technicalProfessional, occupations scientific, 80 vehicles/motorcycles 70 3.512 500,00080 600,000 300,000 technicalTransport, occupations storage 6010 12 70 vehicles/motorcycles 300,000 250,000 15 Education, healthcare, social work Healthcare, social work Transport, storage 60 310 70 500,000 Industry 50 10 60 Education, healthcare, social work 250,000 Education 8 400,000 250,000 Industry 200,000 10 50 8 60 Construction Arts, entertainment and recreation Information, communication 40 2.5 50 400,000 Construction 200,000 40 8 Information, communication 306 6 50 Household services 200,000 Industry Administrative and support services 150,000 5 2 300,00040 Household services 20 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS30 21 6 40 300,000 150,000 Household services Administrative and support services 20 4 30 Transport, storage 150,000 Other services 4 1.5 Transport, storage Construction 100,000 0 20 4 30 200,000 100,000 Other services 10 1 2 200,00020 Accommodation, food services Accommodation, food services Accommodation, food services 10 Accommodation, food services 100,000 Accommodation, food services 50,000 -5 2 2 20 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 0 0.5 0 10 100,000 Information, communication 50,000 Real estate 0 100,00010 Information, communication 50,000 Administrative and support services Real estate 0 0 Manufacturing Construction 0 -10 0 0 0 0 Real estates Italy 0 Manufacturing Construction Spain Italy 0 Italy Spain Professional, scientific, technical occupations Wholesale/retail; Poland Ireland France Austria 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Real 2011estate 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Finland Belgium Spain Ireland Austria France Italy 0 France Italy Belgium Sweden Finland Spain Poland* Italy Real estate 2009 2010 Information, 2011 communication 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 repair of motor vehicles/motorcyclesWholesale/retail; % Italy PolandGermany Germany Ireland Austria Italy Finland Spain Belgium Ireland Austria France Germany Spain Spain BelgiumSpain Sweden Finland Poland* Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % GermanyFrance Germany ItalyFrance Ireland United Austria Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies France Austria Ireland Austria Finland Netherlands Poland France Germany 2007Poland 2008 2009Ireland 2010 2011Finland 2012 2013 2014 Spain 2015 2016 Transport, storage 0 20 40 60 80 Poland Sweden Finland Ireland Belgium Sweden Poland* Netherlands Austria Ireland Finland Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden Belgium France KingdomUnited Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Germany Germany Netherlands Poland Ireland Ireland Austria Netherlands Germany Finland Sweden Belgium Micro-entrepreneurs Industry (exc. manufacturing) Finance and insurance % 0 20 40 60 80 Kingdom Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands United Kingdom* Netherlands Industry (exc. manufacturing) United Kingdom* 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Fig. 17 Fig. 18 United Kingdom* Industry Construction Services Netherlands United Kingdom* Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services 2015 2013-2015 Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* Industry Construction Services Proportion of enterprises created Quarterly change in enterprise creation Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs BUSINESS (2007-2017)Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 by sector (2015) Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 les plus dynamiques, 2016 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graphles plus 23/ dynamiques, Taux de survie 2016 à 5 ans des entreprises créées Graph % 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Index 100 = 2007 % au% premier semestre 2010 % Index 100 = 2007 % % % % 2.5 48 30 % 20 48 DEMOGRAPHY 100 180 % %6 2.5 20 30 180 6 103 82 25 Education, healthcare, social work 90 100 15 400,000 103 82 16016 5 2 Business support services 25 Finance, insurance 80 160 5 2 15 14 90 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 20 Professional, scientific, 140 4 10 20 70 80 technical occupations 14012 4 1.5 vehicles/motorcycles 10 10 3 1.5 300,000 Transport, storage 60 77.4 120 70 10 12010 3 Education, healthcare, social work 5 50 5250,000 5 Industry 100 60 2 1 5 8 2 Construction Information, communication Enterprise creation reflects the health of the economy and the zeal of its entrepreneurs. 40 100 50 1 0 200,000 0 1 Household services 0 0 30 80 6 Italy Finland Germany Austria Administrative and support services 40 1 0.5 80 Italy Finland Germany Austria -5 150,000 In France, the number of new businesses being founded is at its highest level since 2010. 20 4 0 0.5 Transport, storage Other services 60 30 -5 services 16.3 0 Education 100,000 Healthcare, 60 Accommodation, food services social work servicesInformation, 10 2 20-1 Spain -10 Accommodation,Construction food services Education 0 Healthcare, France Poland social work food services Information, 6.3 40 -1 Sweden Belgium Spain -10 Wholesale/retail Construction 0 Ireland* 0 Real estate communication 40 10 France Poland Information, communication 50,000 support services Accommodation,foodOther services household 0 Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail Transport, storage Ireland* Administrative and communication -15 Accommodation,Other household Netherlands support services 0 Manufacturing Italy ConstructionAdministrative andTransport, storage Spain -15 0 Professional,technical scientific, occupations Netherlands Italy Among the countries compared by this publication, Poland Italy United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France Spain Italy SpainBelgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Professional,technical scientific, occupations Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 SpainQ1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Germany Wholesale/retail; Enterprise creation trends Poland Ireland France Austria United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland RealIreland estateFrance -20 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Finland Finland Belgium Ireland Austria France 2015 Average 2012-2014 Belgium Sweden 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 FinlandQ1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 (10.35%) had the highest percentage of businesses created Germany Germany Belgium Sweden Poland* Italy Germany -20 repair Companiesof motor vehicles/motorcyclesStandard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs % Germany 2015 Average 2012-2014Graph 17/ DynamiqueSpain sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Netherlands France United Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Netherlands Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Poland Ireland Ireland Austria Netherlands Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Netherlands Finland Sweden Belgium Industry Construction Services 0 20 40 60 80 in Europe in Graphindustry. 1/ Taux deThe création proportion d'entreprises, of 2015 new enterprises by sector Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises,Belgium 2015France GermanyGraph 13/ NombreItaly moyenNetherlands d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Kingdom Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom* IndustryGraph 21/ (exc. Taux manufacturing) de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestreIndustry 2010Construction Services %Netherlands United Kingdom* Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* % United Kingdom* appears similar among the different countries, albeit with Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* % % % Industry Construction Services 25 Industry Construction Services Transport, storage % The enterprise start-up rate (number of businesses 8 Source: Eurostat % slightly% higher rates in construction in Ireland (23.3%), 8 3.5 Source: OECD, 2017 *Data for 2014 100 created / total number of businesses) in France was 9.4% 16 Netherlands *corporations only 20 Belgium (18.8%) and Poland (18.7%), while Austria was Netherlands 6 3 90 Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs 14 Belgium 6 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 80 in 2015, putting France among the leading countries the country where the most firms were created in services 2.5 les plus dynamiques, 2016 United Kingdom 15 70 12 4 compared by this publication after the United Kingdom (84%). In France, 77.4% of all businesses created were in % Real estate 60 Index 100 = 2007 4 2 % 60 % 10 France % 2.5 48 50 Change H1 2016 - 2017 (14.8%), Poland (12.1%) and the Netherlands (9.7%). the services sector, with 16.3% in construction and 6.3% 2 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 20 30 180 6 1.5 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 40 8 82 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 The rate of enterprise creation in major OECD countries 103 in industry. Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 % 2 Fig. 19 Business support services 30 25 0 160 5 1 2 5 15 France has stood out in recent years for very high 6 5 Education, healthcare, social work 20 -40 -20 0 20 slowed 40 in 602008, before 80 flattening out (Belgium, Italy, Germany Finland Austria Italy Information, communication 20 4 Germany Change 2007-2016 0 4 0.5 Accommodation, Information, communication 10 levels of enterprise creation. In 2015, Eurostat recorded 140 food services 10 -2 Netherlands) or gradually picking up again (Sweden, United 1.5 Finance, insurance 0 2 Italy Comparing trends in 10 328,884 new businesses in industry and market services in 2 120 3 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years Ireland Poland France Household services 5 States) from late 2009. There was-2 a precipitous fall inSweden Spain, enterprise creation (2007-2017) Household services 0 -4 Sweden Belgium Manufacturing Change 2014-2016 5 France, which was 4.3% less than in the United Kingdom Fig. 16 2 -5 Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 100 Spain 1 -5 All standard forms of enterprise Netherlands Italy Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles where the number of new firms registered in the second Spain Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises,Wholesale/retail; 2015 repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles0 Spain Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 France Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprisesStandard crées companies par secteur, 2015 0 Poland Austria France Ireland Finland Construction Standard companies Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 and 17.8% more than in Italy. Italy -6 -4 1 Belgium Sweden Finland Germany % Spain quarter80 of 2009 amounted to only 53%United Kingdom* of the levels seen Italy Finland Germany Austria Standard sole proprietorships Poland France Ireland Austria -10 Enterprise creation (2015) Ireland Sweden Finland Belgium 0.5 Netherlands Sweden Belgium % % Netherlands -5% Micro-entrepreneurs 25 Germany 0 Transport, storage % In 2013-2015, the rate of enterprise creation rose 8.7% in in60 2007. services and trendsNetherlands (2013-2015) Industry Construction Services 8 United Kingdom Education % 3.5 Healthcare, 8 social work -1 IndustrySpain Construction Services 0 -10 Construction Information, 100 France, but fell 9.8% in Germany. The largest increases United Kingdom* 40 France Poland food services United Kingdom* 16 Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail 20 % Ireland*Netherlands 3 communication While enterprise creation in Germany rose slightly in 2010, 6 support services Accommodation,Other household 90 -15 Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés Administrative andTransport, storage during this time were seen in Ireland (+30.9%), Belgium 450,000 35 14 Netherlands Belgium 6 80 450,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ TypesItaly d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 it tailed off thereafter. The United Kingdom stood out as Spain Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 2.5 au premier semestre 2010 Professional,technical scientific, occupations United-3 Kingdom United Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France 15 70 4 Belgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 (+27.2%) and Spain (+10.8%). 12 Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 400,000 30 % 2015 Average 2012-2014 Germany -20 % business registrations levelled% off quickly, prior to a steady 700,000 4 2 Real estate 60 328,884 France Netherlands Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs 14 10 50

14 Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Change H1 2016 - 2017 350,000 25 4.5 2 Industry Construction Services 10 recovery starting in 2010 inspired4.5 by improving economic 1.5 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 40 8 Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* 600,000 United Kingdom* 700,000 300,000 20 12 4 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 % 2 Business support services 30 Fig. 15 conditions across the board. 0 Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 1 6 600,000 5 Education, healthcare, social work 20 3.5 500,000 Germany Finland Austria 10 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Italy Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 250,000Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-201715 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 Healthcare, social work Accommodation, Information, communication 10 4 Germany Change 2007-2016 0 500,000 0.5 France was an unusual case, in3 that 2009 marked the -2 % 500,000 Education food services Finance, insurance 0 Enterprise start-up rate (2015) 200,000 10 8 2 Italy 400,000 % % 2.5 % 25 400,000 0 Arts, entertainment and recreation -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years introduction of a simplified ‘auto-entrepreneur’ status Ireland Transport,Poland storageFrance Household services 8.7 -2 Sweden % Industry 8 6 -4 Belgium Industry Manufacturing Change 2014-2016 % 150,000 5 6 8 0 2 3.5 300,000 300,000Spain Household services -5 All standard forms of enterprise for sole proprietors, which led to a very sharp increase Netherlands 100 Italy Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 16 1.5 Spain 20 Spain Construction 100,000 Netherlands 0 4 3 Poland Austria France Ireland Construction Standard companies 100,000 6 0 Italy -6 -4 200,000 90 Belgium Sweden Finland in enterprise creationSpain (up 62 index1 points between Q4, 200,000 United Kingdom* Germany Accommodation, food services Standard sole proprietorships 14 Belgium 6 Poland France Ireland Austria 80 -10 2 Sweden2.5 Finland Belgium Wholesale/retail; repair of motorNetherlands vehicles/motorcycles 50,000 -5 Germany 15 100,000 Micro-entrepreneurs 4 United Kingdom 2008 and Q1, 2009). Since then,0.5 the number of businesses 70 Administrative and support services 12 Netherlands 100,000 100,000 Real estate Industry Construction Services 60 United Kingdom 0 -10 0 4 0 2 0 Real estates 10 France formed in France has remained very high. Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* Source: OECD, 2017 50 Professional, scientific, technical occupations 2 % Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1.5 0 40 Italy Italy Industry (exc. manufacturing) Information, communication 8 Italy Spain Italy Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés Spain 450,000 Spain 35 Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies 2 France Austria Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises,2007 2015 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Graph 2014 10/ 2015 Part dans 2016 l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 201530 Companies Transport, storage France Poland Austria Ireland % Ireland Austria Finland France can therefore be seen Polandas one of theFrance leading Austria Ireland Business support services Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Transport, storage Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Sweden Belgium Finland au premier semestre 2010 0 Belgium Germany 1 Sweden Belgium 6 Germany Germany Germany 5 Micro-entrepreneurs20 Finance and insurance % 9.4% Germany Finland Austria Education, healthcare, social work -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Netherlands 400,000 Italy 30 Netherlands Netherlands OECD countries for enterprise creation, with growth %Netherlands % 700,000 4 Germany Change 2007-2016 0 0.5 Accommodation, Information, communication 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Industry foodConstruction services Services United Kingdom -2 United Kingdom 14 Industry Construction ServicesFinance, insurance 0 of350,000 nearly 70% in business registrationsUnited Kingdom* between 2007 25 2 Italy United Kingdom* In France, this business failure rate was lower in industry 4.5 2015 2013-2015 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 600,000 3 years 4 years 5 years 700,000 Ireland Poland France -2 Sweden 12 Household services 4 0 -4 Source: Eurostat, 2017 Belgiumand300,000 2016, and a more recent uptick of 3.5% between 20 (4.2%) than in construction and servicesManufacturing (5.4%), a trend that Change 2014-2016 Spain -5 All standard forms of enterprise 600,000 Netherlands Italy 3.5 500,000 Spain the250,000 first quarter of 2016 and the first quarterSpain of 2017. 15 can10 also be seen in other countries, with some variations.Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Poland Austria France Ireland Construction Standard companies Healthcare, social work Italy Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur-6 des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph-4 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur,Belgium 2015 Sweden Finland 3 500,000 Spain United Kingdom* Germany Standard sole proprietorships Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées Education Poland France Ireland Austria 8 Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle-10 des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises,400,000 2009-2016 Sweden Finland Belgium 200,000 10 Netherlands 2.5 Micro-entrepreneurs au premier semestre 2010 Arts, entertainment and recreation Germany % In 2015, the enterprise death rate (number of businesses In Ireland and the Netherlands, the enterprise death rate 400,000 Industry Netherlands Industry Construction Services150,000 United Kingdom 5 6 2 Source: Eurostat 100 % ceasing to trade / total number of% businesses) in France (5.3%) was lower in construction than in industry, whereas in Italy 300,000 300,000 Household services Industry Construction Services Education, healthcare, social work United Kingdom* *Data for 2014 1.5 Construction % 90 16 was100,000 one of the lowest after Ireland100 (2%) and Belgium (3%). 0 4 Business support services 400,000 and Poland, it was considerably higher in construction. Finance, insurance 200,000 Accommodation, food services 450,000 35 80 1 Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur200,000 des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 14 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 90 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprisesWholesale/retail; crées, 2006-2016 repair of motor 350,000 Professional, scientific, 50,000 -5 2 au premier semestre 2010 100,000 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 70 80 0.5 technical occupations Administrative and support services 400,000 30 % 12 vehicles/motorcycles 300,000 100,000 Transport, storage 60 % 0 70 700,000 -10 0 0 0 Real estates Education, healthcare, social work 14 10 250,000 Industry Professional, scientific, technical occupations 350,000 25 50 4.5 60 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 8 600,000 Italy Construction Information, communication 8 Italy 700,000Spain Italy Information, communication 40 Spain 50 Spain 12 4 France 200,000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies 300,000 20 France Poland Austria Ireland Ireland Austria Finland Poland France Austria Ireland Transport, storage Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Household services Sweden Belgium Finland 30 6 Germany Administrative and support services 30 Germany 40 600,000 Germany Micro-entrepreneurs % 3.5 500,000 150,000 Finance and insurance 10 Netherlands Transport, storage 250,000 15 20 4 Netherlands30 Netherlands Healthcare, social work Other services 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3 500,000 100,000 Industry Construction Services 10 United Kingdom 20 United Kingdom Accommodation, food services 100,000 Education Accommodation, food services 8 2 20 400,000 United Kingdom* 200,000 10 Arts, entertainment and recreation 0 2.5 2015 2013-2015 400,000 0 0 10 Information, communication 50,000 Real estate 6 Industry 150,000 5 2 0 300,000 Construction 0 300,000 Manufacturing 0 Household services Italy Spain 1.5 Italy Construction 4 Spain 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Wholesale/retail; 100,000 0 Poland Ireland France Austria Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Finland Belgium Ireland Austria France Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 200,000 Belgium Belgium Sweden Finland Poland* Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Accommodation, food services repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % Germany Germany 1 Belgium 200,000Italy Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées Germany Spain Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 France United Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs 2 Netherlands Poland Ireland Ireland Austria Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 0 20 40 60 80 50,000 -5 Netherlands Finland Sweden Belgium 100,000 0 20 40 60 80 au premier semestre 2010 0.5 % Kingdom 100,000 Industry (exc. manufacturing) Administrative and support services Netherlands United Kingdom* Netherlands 0 United Kingdom* % 0 Real estates 0 -10 0Industry Construction Services 100 United Kingdom* % Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Professional, scientific, technical occupations Education, healthcare, social work 90 0 16 100 Business support services 400,000 Italy Information, communication Finance, insurance Italy Spain Italy Spain Spain France 80 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs)90 Companies France Poland Austria Ireland Ireland Austria Finland Poland France Austria Ireland 14 Transport, storage Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 Professional, scientific, Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Sweden Belgium Finland Germany Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises,Germany 2007-2017 70 Germany Micro-entrepreneurs 80 Finance and insurance % technical occupations Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises12 créées, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs vehicles/motorcycles Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands 300,000 Transport, storage 60 70 les plus dynamiques, 2016 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Industry Construction Services10 Education, healthcare, social work United Kingdom United Kingdom 50 250,000 Industry Index 100 = 2007 United Kingdom* % 60 2015 2013-2015 Index 100 = 2007 % % Construction % 40 8 48 Information, communication 2.5 20 48 50 30 200,000 180 20 Household services 6 30 6 40 Administrative and support services 103 82 25 150,000 160 5 20 2 4 15 30 Transport, storage Other services Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 5 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées 100,000 10 Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises2 crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations20 de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 20 Accommodation, food services Accommodation, food services 140 4 10 au premier semestre 2010 % 0 1.5 0 10 10 Information, communication 50,000 Real estate 120 3 100 120 % % 5 0 Construction 5 Manufacturing 0 Italy 5 Education, healthcare, social work 2 Spain Italy 90 100 1 400,000Spain Wholesale/retail; 100 16 100 Poland France Austria Business support services Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Finland Ireland Austria France Finance, insurance Belgium Ireland 0 Finland 0 Germany Germany Belgium Sweden Poland* Italy 0 repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % 80 1 90 Germany Spain 14 Austria Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 France United Professional, scientific, Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs 80 Italy Finland Germany Austria Netherlands Poland Ireland Ireland Austria Netherlands Finland Sweden Belgium 0 20 40 60 80 70 80 0.5 -5 Kingdom technical occupations 12 0 vehicles/motorcycles 300,000 Transport, storage Industry (exc. manufacturing) 60 60 United Kingdom* Netherlands services 70 United Kingdom* Education Healthcare, Industry Construction Services social work 10 -1 Spain Education, healthcare, social work Construction social work Information, 50 -1 Spain 0 -10 250,000 Industry Construction Services Construction Industry 40 60 France Poland Industry Construction Services food services 40 Ireland* Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail Ireland* communication 8 Construction support services Accommodation,Other household 40 Information, communicationTransport, storage 50 -15 200,000 Administrative and Netherlands HouseholdItaly services 30 6 40 Spain Professional,technical scientific, occupationsAdministrative and support services United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Belgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009150,000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Germany Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 20 4 30 2015 Average 2012-2014 Germany Transport, storage -20 Other services Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs les plus dynamiques, 2016 Netherlands 100,000 10 Belgium2 France Germany Italy Netherlands 20 Accommodation, food services Industry Construction Services Accommodation, food services Index 100 = 2007 Industry Construction Services % % % 0 Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom* Real estate 0 10 Information,% communication 50,000 48 2.5 20 30 180 Construction 0 Manufacturing6 0 Italy 103 82 Spain Italy 25 Spain Wholesale/retail; Poland France Austria 160 Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 15 Finland Ireland Austria France 5 2 Belgium Ireland Finland Germany Germany Belgium Sweden Poland* Italy repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % Germany Spain 20 France United Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Netherlands Poland Ireland Ireland Austria Netherlands Finland 140 Sweden Belgium 4 010 20 40 60 80 Kingdom Industry (exc. manufacturing) 1.5 10 United Kingdom* 120 Netherlands 3 Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* 5 Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services 5 100 2 1 0 0 1 80 Italy Finland Germany Austria Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 0.5 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles0 d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs -5 60 les plus dynamiques, 2016 services Education Healthcare, social work -1 Spain 0 -10 Construction Information, % France Poland food services Index 100 = 2007 40 % Sweden Belgium % Wholesale/retail Ireland* communication support services Accommodation,Other household % 2.5 48 Transport, storage 20 30 -15 Administrative and 180 Netherlands Italy 6 Spain Professional,technical scientific, occupations 103 82 United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France 25 Belgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 160 5 2 Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 15Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 2015 Average 2012-2014 Germany -20 Netherlands Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands 20 140 4 10 Industry Construction Services 1.5 Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* 10 United Kingdom* 3 120 5 5 100 2 1 0 0 1 80 Italy Finland Austria Germany 0.5 0 -5 60 services Education Healthcare, social work -1 Spain 0 -10 Construction Information, France Poland food services 40 Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail Ireland* communication support services Accommodation,Other household -15 Administrative andTransport, storage Netherlands Italy Spain Professional,technical scientific, occupations United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France Belgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 2015 Average 2012-2014 Germany -20 Netherlands Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Industry Construction Services Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom*

Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 % Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprisesGraph crées 9/ Croissancepar secteur, nette 2015 par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 % Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015% Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de% création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 25 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprisesGraph crées21/ Taux par desecteur, survie 2015 des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 % Transport, storage 8 % % % % 8% 3.5% 25 % % % Transport, storage 100% 25 16 8 20 Transport, storage % % Netherlands % 8 8 3.53 3.5 90 6 8 100 1614 Belgium 6 20 80 100 Netherlands 6 16 Netherlands 2.53 90 20 United Kingdom 6 15 3 70 90 1412 4 Belgium 6 80 14 2.5Belgium 6 Real estate 60 80 United Kingdom 4 2 15 2.5 70 1210 4 France 4 United Kingdom 50 15 70 2 12 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 2 Real estate 60 Real estate 60 France 4 1.5 4 Industry (exc. manufacturing)2 40 108 10 France 50 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 2 2 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 Business support services 30 50 % Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 2 1.51 40 86 0 5 Industry (exc. manufacturing)1.5 20 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 40 8 Germany Finland Austria Education, healthcare, social work -40Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 -20 0 20 40 60 80 2 Italy Business support services 30 % Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 2 Germany 0 1 % Accommodation, Information, communication 10 Business support services 30 64 Change 2007-2016 0 0 0.5 5 Education, healthcare, social1 work 20 5 -2 6 Germany Finland Austria food services Finance, insurance 20 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Italy Germany Finland Austria 0 Education, healthcare, social work Italy -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Italy 42 Germany Change 2007-2016 0 0.5 Accommodation, Information, communication 10 Information, communication 10 4 Germany 0 Change 2007-2016 0 -40food -20services 0 20 40 600.5 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4Accommodation, years 5 years -2 Ireland Poland France -2 HouseholdFinance, services insurance 0 food services Finance, insurance Italy -4 -2 Sweden Belgium Change 2014-2016 0 20 2 Italy 0 Manufacturing-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years Spain -5 0 All standard forms of enterprise -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years IrelandNetherlands Poland France Italy Household services -2 Sweden Belgium Spain Ireland Poland France Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcyclesChange 2014-2016 Household services 0 Spain -4 -2 Sweden Belgium Manufacturing Change 2014-2016 -4 Poland Austria France Ireland Construction Standard companies Manufacturing Italy -6 0 -4 Belgium Sweden Finland -5 Spain Italy All standard forms of enterprise Spain NetherlandsUnited Kingdom* Germany Spain -5 All standard forms of enterprise Spain Netherlands Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Italy Standard sole proprietorships Poland France Austria -10 Spain Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Ireland Finland Spain Poland Austria France Standard companies Sweden Belgium Spain Ireland Sweden FinlandNetherlands Construction Italy Germany -6 -4 Belgium Poland Austria France Ireland Micro-entrepreneurs Construction Standard companies Italy -6 Germany Belgium Sweden Finland Spain United Kingdom* -4 Standard sole proprietorships France Spain United Kingdom* Germany Poland Netherlands Ireland Austria Industry Construction Services United Kingdom -10 Standard sole proprietorships Sweden Finland Belgium Poland France Ireland Austria Netherlands -10 Germany Sweden Finland Belgium Micro-entrepreneursNetherlands Germany Industry Construction Services Micro-entrepreneurs United Kingdom* Netherlands Industry Construction Services United Kingdom % Netherlands Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Industry Construction Services Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 450,000United Kingdom* 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 Industry Construction Services % United Kingdom* Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations% d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 au premier semestre 2010 450,000 35 Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 400,000 30 Graph% 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015450,000 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations35 d'entreprises,Graph 2015 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises,Graph 2015 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 % 700,000 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises,au premier semestre2015 2010 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 au premier semestre 2010 350,000400,000 2530 14% 400,000 30 4.5% % 700,000 % 700,000 600,000 700,000 350,000 25 1214 4 14 300,000 20 350,000 4.5 25 4.5 600,000 600,000700,000 600,000 12 3.54 500,000 700,000 250,000300,000 1520 10 300,000 20 12 4 Healthcare, social work 600,000 3.53 500,000 500,000 Education 600,000 250,000 15 108 10 400,000 3.5 500,000 Healthcare, social work 200,000 10 250,000 2.5 15 Arts, entertainment and recreation Healthcare, social work 3 3 400,000500,000 Education 500,000 8 Industry Education 150,000200,000 510 6 2 8 400,000 400,000 200,000 2.5 10 300,000 2.5 300,000400,000 Arts, entertainmentHousehold and recreation services Arts, entertainment and recreation Industry 400,000 150,000 5 6 1.52 Construction Industry 100,000 0 4 150,000 5 6 300,000 2 300,000 Household services 200,000 200,000 300,000 Accommodation, food services 300,000 Household services 1.51 Construction 100,00050,000 -50 24 4 1.5 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Construction 100,000 0.5 0 200,000 100,000200,000 Accommodation, food services 200,000 1 1 200,000 Administrative and support services Accommodation, food services 2 100,000 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 50,0000 -10-5 0 50,000 0 -5 2 100,0000 Real estates Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 0.5 0.5 Administrative and support services 100,000 100,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Professional, scientific, technical occupations Administrative and support services 0 -10 0 0 0 0 100,000 Real estates 0 Italy -10 0 0 Information, communication 0 Real estates Italy Spain Italy Spain Spain Professional, scientific, technical occupations France 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2006Sole 2007 proprietorships 2008 2009 (exc. 2010 micro-entrepreneurs) 2011 2012 2013 2014Companies 2015 2016 Professional, scientific, technical occupations France Poland Austria Ireland Ireland Austria Finland Poland France Austria Ireland 0 Transport, storage 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Sweden Belgium Finland Germany Italy 0 Information, communication Italy Germany Spain Italy Germany Italy Micro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % Information, communication Spain Italy Spain Spain Italy Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies France Austria Spain 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Spain 2016 France Poland Austria Ireland Ireland Netherlands Finland Poland France Austria Ireland France Transport, storage Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies Netherlands Sweden Finland Belgium Sweden France Poland* Austria Sweden IrelandNetherlands Finland Austria Finland France 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Transport, storage Belgium Poland Finland Ireland Belgium Belgium Sweden Poland* Poland Austria Ireland 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Germany Germany Sweden Belgium Germany Sweden Belgium Micro-entrepreneursFinland Finance and insurance % Germany Germany Germany United Kingdom Industry Construction Services Micro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % United Kingdom Netherlands Netherlands United Kingdom* Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2015 2013-2015 Industry Construction Services 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 United Kingdom United Kingdom Industry Construction Services United Kingdom United Kingdom* United Kingdom 2015 2013-2015 2015 2013-2015 United Kingdom*

Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créationsau premier d'entreprises semestre en 2010France, 2014-2017 % Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par Graphsecteur, 3/ 2015 Proportion par secteur des créationsGraph d'entreprises, 11/ Créations 2015 d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprisesGraph par secteur, 17/ Dynamique 2015 sectorielle des créationsGraph d'entreprises 11/ Créations en France, d'emploi 2014-2017 par secteur, 2015 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de Graphla population 15/ Répartition des entreprises, sectorielle 2015 des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la populationGraph des 5/entreprises, Comparaison 2015 des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprisesau créespremier en 2016semestre 2010 GraphGraph 19/ 21/ Evolution Taux de du survie nombre des de entreprises créations crééesde micro-entreprises, au premier semestre 2009-2016 2010 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 100Graph% 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 % Graph% 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 au premier semestre 2010 % % % Education, healthcare, social work 90 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 400,000 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 100Graph 5/ Comparaison des% dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 16% % 100Graph% 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises% %crées par secteur, 2015 Business support% services Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre25 2010 % 100 % 25 % % Transport,Finance, storage insurance % 80 8 90 Transport, storage % Education, healthcare, social work Education, healthcare, social work % 90 8 % 1614 1003.5 BusinessWholesale/retail; support3.5 repairservices of motor 350,000400,000 Professional, scientific, % 8% 90 % 816 25 100 Business support servicesFinance, insurance 400,000 70 80 Transport, storage 100 technical occupations 100 Finance, insurance 80 16 12 80 Netherlands 90 20 vehicles/motorcycles 350,000% 20 16% Netherlands 8 14 6 3.53 14 Wholesale/retail;903 repair of motor 300,000 Wholesale/retail; repairProfessional, ofTransport, motor scientific, storage 350,00090 Professional, scientific, 7060 6 8 70 90 technical occupations Belgium 14 10 70 80Belgium 6 vehicles/motorcyclesEducation, healthcare,80 social work 100 80 technical occupations 1614 50 Netherlands 612 12 20 2.5 250,000300,00080 vehicles/motorcycles Transport, Industrystorage 60 6 2.570603 United Kingdom 90 15 300,00070 Transport, storage 12 United Kingdom 8 60 4 15 Education,Construction healthcare,70 social work 70 1412 40 4 Belgium 610 50 10 250,00080 Education, healthcare,Information, social communication work Industry 50 50 2.560 Real estate 2 200,00060 Real estate 250,00060 Industry 4 2 France 4 15 Household 60services 70 10 30 4 10 United KingdomFrance 86 40 Construction 50 ConstructionAdministrativeInformation, and support communication services 50 12 40 2 50 8 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 Information, communication 2 40 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 Real estate 50 150,000200,00060 200,000 20 4 4 1.52 HouseholdTransport,1.5 storage services 40 Industry (exc. manufacturing) Other services 40 108 2230 8 ENTREPRENEURSHIPFrance SCOREBOARD6 PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 4030 ENTREPRENEURSHIP6 SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCEIndustry (exc. manufacturing) INDICATORS 23 HouseholdAdministrative services and support services Administrative and support services 30 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 2 40 50 30 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 2 % Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 150,000 Business support services 10 2 % 20 Business supportTransport,Accommodation, services storage1 food services 100,00030 Accommodation, food services 150,000 20 0 6 42 20 0 1.5301 5 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 40 5 Transport, storage Other services 20 Other services 86 4 Germany Finland Austria 30 20 Education, healthcare, social work -40 Germany Finland -20 Austria 0 20 40 60 80 Education,Italy healthcare, social work 0-40Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 -20 0 20 40 60 80 2 Italy 100,000 Real estate 10 % 20 2010 Business supportAccommodation,Information, services communication food services 50,00030 Accommodation, Information, communicationAccommodation, food services 100,00010 4 Germany 0 4 Change 2007-2016 0 10 Germany 0.51 Change 2007-2016 0 2 Accommodation, Information, communication0.520 10 Accommodation, food services Accommodation, food services 6 -2 5 Education, healthcare, social work 20 food services Finance, insurance 0 -2 Germany Finland Austria 0 food services Finance, insuranceManufacturing Construction 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0 0 Italy Italy 10 Information, communication 50,0000 0 Real estate Real estate ItalyItaly 2 0 Accommodation, Information, communication10 10 -40 -20 0 20 40Information, 60 communication 80 100 120 140 50,000 42 Germany Change 2007-2016Spain 0 Italy 0.5 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 0 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years Spain 0 Ireland Poland France 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years Wholesale/retail; Poland -2 Ireland France Austria Ireland Poland France 0 food services Finance, insuranceManufacturingReal estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Household 2016 services Construction Finland Ireland Austria France -2 Sweden Belgium Household services 0 0 Change 2014-2016 Construction Belgium -2 Sweden Sweden BelgiumFinland Poland* -4 Change 2014-2016 0 Manufacturing Manufacturingrepair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % Germany ItalyItaly -4 Germany 0 Belgium Italy Manufacturing 0 20 Spain Germany Italy Italy Spain Spain 0 Spain-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5-5 years Wholesale/retail; All standard forms of enterprise France Spain France Spain United Italy-5 RealFinance, estate insurance Italy 2009AllStandard standard 2010 sole forms 2011 proprietorships of enterprise 2012 2013Micro-entrepreneurs 2014 2015 2016 Poland Ireland Austria Netherlands Ireland PolandFrance France Poland ItalyIreland Ireland Netherlands Austria Spain Spain Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 0 20 40 60 80 Wholesale/retail; Finland Belgium IrelandNetherlands Austria Netherlands Poland Ireland France Austria Spain Finland Sweden Belgium HouseholdWholesale/retail; services repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 -2 Belgium Sweden Sweden BelgiumFinland Spain Poland*Finland Italy Kingdom Ireland Austria France Change 2014-2016 repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % SpainGermany -4 Germany Belgium Sweden FinlandManufacturing Poland* Poland Austria France Ireland Construction Standard companies repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % 0 Italy Germany Germany -6 Germany Poland Austria France Ireland SpainBelgium Italy Belgium StandardSweden Finland companies Belgium -4 Sweden Finland Germany Construction Finance,Industry (exc.insurance manufacturing) StandardSpain sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Italy -6 Spain -4 Spain France Ireland United Austria -5 Germany All standard forms of enterprise Spain Netherlands Poland ItalyIreland FinlandGermany NetherlandsUnited Kingdom* France United Finance, insurance 0 20 40 Standard Standard 60 sole sole proprietorships80 proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs United Kingdom* France NetherlandsUnited Kingdom* Austria Netherlands Spain Netherlands Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcyclesPoland Ireland Ireland Standard soleAustria proprietorships -10 France Austria Poland Ireland Finland United Kingdom* Kingdom Netherlands -10 Finland Sweden Belgium 0 20 40 60 80 Poland Ireland Finland Spain SwedenIndustry ConstructionBelgium Services France Kingdom Standard companiesNetherlands Sweden Belgium Germany Poland Austria Ireland FinlandNetherlands Construction Industry (exc. manufacturing) Micro-entrepreneurs Italy Germany -6 -4 Belgium Sweden Micro-entrepreneurs Industry (exc. manufacturing) Industry Construction Services Industry Construction ServicesGermany Netherlands Spain United Kingdom* United Kingdom* StandardNetherlands sole proprietorships France Fig. 20 & 21 Netherlands Fig. 22 United Kingdom* United Kingdom* Fig.Industry 24 Construction Services UnitedFig. Kingdom 26 & 27 Poland Netherlands Ireland Austria IndustryIndustry ConstructionConstruction Services United Kingdom United-10 Kingdom* Sweden Finland Belgium Industry NetherlandsConstruction Services Micro-entrepreneurs Germany Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services IndustryIndustry ConstructionConstruction ServicesServices United Kingdom* Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* Netherlands Industry Construction % Services United Kingdom % Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Enterprise death rate (2015) GraphNet 8/ growth Croissance in nette active de la populationenterprises des entreprises, (2015) 2015 GraphIndustry 12/ Nombre Constructionmoyens d'employésServices des entreprisesShare créées, of 2015 enterprise creationGraph in job 16/ Evolutioncreation des (2015) créations sectorielles d'entreprises,Average 2008-2016 number of employeesGraph Graph 20/ 22/ Créations Survie à par5 ans type par d'entreprises secteur des autoentrepreneursdans les dix secteurs immatriculés Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 450,000United Kingdom* 35 450,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 % Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises,Graph 10/ 2015 Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises,Graph 18/ Types 2015 d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises,les plus dynamiques, 2015 2016 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 au premier semestre 2010 Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises,Graph 4/ Evolution 2015 trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises,at new 2008-2016 enterprises (2015) Graphau premier 20/ Créations semestre par 2010 type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprisesGraph créées, 8/ Croissance 2015 nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprisesGraph 22/ créées, Survie 2015 à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneursGraph 16/ Evolution immatriculés des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs 400,000450,000 3035 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015400,000 30 % % les plus dynamiques, 2016 Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Index% 100 = 2007 Graph% 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 700,000Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises,% 2015 % Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016700,000 au% premier semestre 2010 les plus dynamiques, 2016 % 2.5 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population 48des entreprises, 2015 400,000 30 Index14 100 = 2007 350,000Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 25 14Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de% création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 20% Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises30 % crées par secteur, 2015 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 350,000 25 180 % 4.5%6 Index 100 = 2007 700,000 4.5 % % % % % 600,0002.5 % 10348 82 600,000 700,000 14 4.7 12 % 4% 20 700,000 2.5% 2530 48 30 300,000350,000 2025 16018012 300,000 4.5456 20 180 2 15 20 25 600,000 6 Transport, storage % % 8 3.5 600,000700,000103 82 3.5500,000 25 600,000103 82 12 3.54 10 500,000 8 15 20 25 250,000300,000 1520 14016010 250,000 45 15 160 2 2 Healthcare, social work15 100 Healthcare, social work 16 35 10 500,000 20 3 Netherlands 1.5 500,000600,000 3 1020 Education 10 3.5 8 6 500,000 2.6 400,000 Education 20 90 200,000250,000 1015 120140 8 200,000 34 10 140 400,000Belgium 2.54 10 Healthcare, social work Arts, entertainment and recreation 14 2.53 1.5 6 5 400,000500,000 Arts, entertainment and recreation10 400,000 80 2.51.5 105 Education 10 Industry 120 8 5.3 150,000 23 5 6 400,000 United Kingdom 2 1.3 Industry 15 70 150,000200,000 510 100 6 12 2.52 120 4 1 3 5 300,000 Arts, entertainment and recreation 300,000 Household services 2.3 300,000 0 300,000400,000 5 Household services5 Real estate 60 1.54 2 0 Industry 5 100 6 100,00010 1.5212 0 4 1 France 2 Construction 50 Construction 150,000 5 80 4 Italy Finland Germany Austria 1 100,000 0 100 300,000 200,000Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 2 0 200,000300,000 200,000 0 Household services Accommodation, food services 1 200,0000.5 1 -5 1.5 Accommodation, food services0 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 0 40 8 1.501 Construction Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 80 4 2 Italy Finland Germany Austria 1 100,000 0 50,000 -5 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 2 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 50,000 -5 60 2 80 200,000 Italy Finland Germany Austria 100,000services Business support services 30 0.5 % 0.5 100,000 Education 0.5 200,000 -5 1 Accommodation,Healthcare, food services Administrative and support services 6 1 0 100,0000.5 Administrativesocial andwork support services 5 -10 Spain 100,000 -10 Construction -5 Information, Education, healthcare, social work 20 60 -400 -20 0 20 0 40 60 80 0 Germany Finland Austria Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 50,000 -5 40 02 0 France Poland-10 0 100,000 Italy Real estatesfood services 0services Real estates 0 -10 0 Ireland* Sweden Belgium 60 0 Wholesale/retail Education services 0.5 Healthcare, Accommodation,communication Information, communication 10 Education 4 Germany Change 2007-2016 0 0.5 Administrativesocial andwork support support services servicesAccommodation,Other household Information, Professional, scientific,Healthcare, technical occupations -1 Spain 100,000 -10 Construction Transport, storage 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 social work -2 0 -1 Spain 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Professional, scientific, technicalAdministrative and occupations-10 food services Finance, insurance Construction Information, 40 France Poland -15 0 0 food services 0 0 -10 0 0 Ireland* Netherlands Sweden Belgium 0 Italy Italy France 0 Wholesale/retail Real estates Information, communicationfood services Italy Italy 40 Italy SwedenItaly Poland Information, communication communication Italy 2 Italy Spain Spain Ireland* Belgium Professional,technical scientific, occupations Accommodation,Other household Wholesale/retail Spain Spain Spain 0 support services -40 -20Sole proprietorships 0 20 (exc. 40 micro-entrepreneurs) 60 80 100Companies 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years Other4 years household communication 5 years Spain -3 Spain France Austria Poland Ireland France 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Professional, 2014 2015 scientific, 2016 technicalAdministrative andTransport, occupations storage support services Accommodation, France France Poland United Kingdom Austria Ireland Ireland Austria Finland PolandIrelandSweden Finland PolandFrance France Austria Ireland2006Sole 2007 proprietorships 2008 2009 (exc. 2010 micro-entrepreneurs) 2011 2012 2013 2014Companies 2015 2016 Transport,Transport, storage France Austria Ireland Austria Finland PolandSweden FranceFinland Belgium Sweden 2007 2008 2009 2010Poland* Belgium 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 -15 2008 2009 2010 2011Finland 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Transport, storage Household services Administrative and Poland Ireland Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 BelgiumNetherlands Austria Ireland 0 -2 SwedenSweden Belgium Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Sweden Belgium Finland -4 Germany Germany Italy Belgium-20 -15 Change 2014-2016 Germany 0 Italy Germany 2015 Average 2012-2014 Spain Netherlands Germany Professional,technicalItaly scientific, occupations Information, communication ManufacturingMicro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % Italy Germany Spain Italy Germany Micro-entrepreneurs Spain Finance and insurance % Professional, scientific, Spain -3 Spain Austria France Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs-5 technical occupations France United Kingdom Netherlands Poland Ireland FinlandNetherlands Spain Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) CompaniesItaly All standard forms of enterprise Austria Ireland Austria Netherlands Finland Netherlands France 2007 2008 2009 2010 Belgium 2011 2012 2013United-3 Kingdom 2014NetherlandsSweden 2015 2016 2008 2009Netherlands 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Austria 2015 2016Poland Ireland France Transport, storage France Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Poland Finland Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Poland Netherlands Sweden Finland Ireland BelgiumBelgium FranceSweden Germany Italy Netherlands Poland* Austria IrelandNetherlands Finland Germany -20 Spain Belgium Sweden 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Belgium Sweden Belgium Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Germany 2015 Average 2012-2014 Source:Spain Eurostat, 2017 Germany France -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Standard companies Germany Germany Industry Micro-entrepreneursConstruction Services Poland Austria Ireland Finland Construction % Italy -6 United Kingdom -4 2015 Average 2012-2014 Industry ConstructionBelgium Services CompaniesSweden StandardFinance sole proprietorships and insurance Micro-entrepreneurs United Kingdom United Kingdom Industry Construction Services Netherlands Germany United Kingdom Sweden United States NetherlandsSpain* United Kingdom* Spain United Kingdom* United Kingdom*United Kingdom* Netherlands Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Netherlands United Kingdom* *AverageNetherlands for 2012-2015 Standard sole proprietorships Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands2015Poland 2013-2015France Ireland Austria Source: Eurostat -10 2015 2013-2015 Sweden Finland Belgium Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Industry Construction Services Netherlands 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Germany Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services Micro-entrepreneurs United Kingdom Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom*United Kingdom United Kingdom* *Data for 2014 United Kingdom* Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom* 2015 2013-2015 Netherlands Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* % Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par Graphsecteur, 3/ 2015 Proportion par secteur des créationsGraph d'entreprises, 11/ Créations 2015 d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises Graphcréées 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Graph 22/23/ SurvieTaux de à survie5 ans parà 5 secteurans des desentreprises autoentrepreneurs créées immatriculés 450,000 Fig. 23 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises,Graph 2015 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations deAverageGraph micro-entreprises, 15/ Répartition number 2009-2016 sectorielle of employees des entreprises at crées en 2016 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises,au premier 2015semestre 2010 GraphGraph 18/ 17/ Types Dynamique d'entreprises sectorielle crées, des 2006-2016 créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 au premier semestre 2010 Graph% 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 GraphEnterprise 7/ Taux de deathdisparition rate des entreprisesby sector par (2015)secteur,% 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées 400,000 30 % Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 new enterprises by sector (2015) 100 % 100Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015% Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 The %proportion% of jobs created by newlyGraph 17/ registered Dynamique sectorielle des créations700,000Graph d'entreprises 13/ Nombre en France, moyen 2014-2017 d'employés des entreprisesau premier crées semestre par secteur, 2010 2015 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 % Net enterprise growth by sector (2015) % Education, healthcare, social work 90 14 Education, healthcare, social work 400,000 Graph90 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph% 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création350,000 d'entreprise, 2007-2017 100Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur25 de la population16 des entreprises, 2015 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprisesbusinesses1004.5 crées par in secteur,industry 2015 that year was400,000 at its highest in Poland Business support services 100 16 % % Business support% services 600,000% Graph 21/ TauxFinance, de survie insurance des entreprises créées au premier semestre25 2010 Finance, insurance 80 80 90 % Education, healthcare, social work 700,000 Transport, storage % 90 14 300,000% 90 20 1214 8 Wholesale/retail;(13.8%4 repairof jobs of motor created by 10.4% of350,000400,000 all new firms) and Italy 3.5 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 Professional, scientific, 16 % 100 % Business support8 services Professional, scientific, 70 70 % 80 25 technicalFinance, occupations insurance 600,000 100 technical occupations 80 16 9080 12 vehicles/motorcycles3.5 500,000 Transport, storage vehicles/motorcycles% 300,000 20 % 1412 8 250,000 15 10 Netherlands 3.5 Wholesale/retail;(10.6%; repair 7.3%). of motor 300,000350,000 3 Professional,Transport, scientific, storage 90 Transport, storage 60 60 708 6 70 Healthcare, social work 70 80 10 Belgium 3 Education,100 healthcare,technical social work occupations 500,000 16 1210 5014 vehicles/motorcyclesEducation, healthcare,6 social work 300,000 20 Industry 250,000 80 Industry Education 50 Netherlands 200,000 60 10 8 3 60 250,000 400,0002.5 90 Transport, storage 60 6 70 8 United Kingdom 2.5 Construction 15 70 Arts, entertainment and recreation 108 Belgium4012 4 Education,ConstructionThe healthcare,50 average social size work of new enterprises in Europe in 2015 was Information, communication 400,000 Information, communication 4014 506 200,000250,000 80 Industry 200,000 Real estate 60 Industry 50 60 6 2.5 24 2 Household services 6 150,00030 United Kingdom 5 6 France Household services 15 300,000 70 Administrative and support services 3012 8 4 10 40 Constructionrelatively40 small, with 2.4 employees in the United Kingdom, AdministrativeInformation, and support communication services 300,000 50 Household services 40 50 2 200,000 150,000Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 20 4 1.5 150,000 Real estate 1.5 Transport,60 storage Other services Construction 20 4 100,000 4 0 4 2 HouseholdTransport, storage 30services .2 Other services Industry (exc. manufacturing) 40 3010 6 8 France 4030 1.7 in Germany and 1.3 in France. On average, those created Administrative and support services 200,000

50 1.6 1.3 1 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 2 200,000 100,000 30 Accommodation, food services Change H1 2016 - 2017 5.4 5.4 10 % 1 100,000150,000 10 Accommodation, food services Business support services Accommodation, food services 10 4.2 2 20 2 Transport,Accommodation, storage20 food services Accommodation, food services 20 42 50,0006 30 -5 2 0 1.5 in industry were larger than in other sectors, particularlyIndustry in (exc. manufacturing)1 40 Other services 5 Wholesale/retail;20 repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 8 Germany Finland Austria 100,000 Education, healthcare, social work 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.510 Italy Information, communication Real estate 0 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 2 0 Information, communication 100,000 Real estate 50,000 Administrative and support services 10 0 % 2010 Accommodation, food services 50,000 Business support services100,000 30Accommodation, food services Accommodation, Information, communication 10 2 0 4 Germany 1 Change 2007-2016 0 5 0.5 6 0 0.91 1.42 2.6 -10 0 the United0 Kingdom, Poland, Italy and Belgium. In Austria, 20 0food services Construction Real estates 0 Germany Finland Austria -2 Education, healthcare, social work Manufacturing Construction Finance, insurance 0 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Italy Information,Manufacturing communication Real estate 0 0 Italy 10 Italy 50,0000 Professional, scientific, technical occupations Italy 2 Spain Italy Accommodation, Information, communication 10 -40 2006 -20 2007 02008 2009 20 2010 40 2011 60 2012 80 2013 100 2014 2015 120 2016 140 4 Spain Germany Italy Change 2007-2016 0 0.5 Spain 0 0 1 year Wholesale/retail; 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years SpainPoland Ireland France Austria Germany,Ireland Sweden Polandand FranceFinland, new businesses created in Real estate Wholesale/retail; 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Poland Ireland France Austria -2 Finland 0 Belgium Ireland Austria France Italy Real estate food2009 services 2010 2011Finance, 2012 insurance 2013 2014 2015 2016 Construction Household services Information, communication Finland Austria France Italy Sweden Finland Spain Poland* Manufacturing-2 Italy Sweden Belgium 0 Change 2014-2016 repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % Belgium Ireland Finland Germany Spain Germany Belgium -4 Italy Spain 0 Germany Italy Germany Belgium Italy Sweden 0 Poland* Italy Germany Spain repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles ManufacturingSole proprietorships% (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies 2 Germany Italy Ireland Spain France Austria Finland France 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Transport, storage Spain France Poland Austria Finland Ireland Sweden 0 Poland France United Austria -40Ireland -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Finance, insurance Standard-5 sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Spain Sweden Belgium FranceNetherlands United Belgium Poland* Finance,the insurance constructionPoland sectorIreland Ireland wereSweden theBelgium largest.Spain Standard soleAustria Finlandproprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Italy 1 year Wholesale/retail; 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years All standard forms of enterprise Poland Ireland France Austria Netherlands PolandIreland PolandIreland FranceIreland Austria Netherlands Germany Real estate Netherlands Finland Sweden Belgium2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 0 20 40 60 80 Finland Austria France Germany Finland Sweden Belgium GermanyHousehold services Spain 0 20 40 Micro-entrepreneurs 60 Wholesale/retail; 80 repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % Belgium Ireland Netherlands Finland -2 Sweden Belgium Kingdom Change 2014-2016 Finance and insurance Germany Germany Belgium -4Sweden Poland* Italy Kingdom Spain Poland Austria repairFrance of motor vehicles/motorcycles % Standard companies 0 Germany Spain Manufacturing Industry (exc. manufacturing)Ireland Finland Construction ItalyNetherlands -6 Netherlands Industry (exc.-4 manufacturing) Netherlands Belgium Sweden France United Finance, insurance StandardNetherlands-5 sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Germany Netherlands Spain Poland United Kingdom* Ireland Ireland Spain Netherlands Austria Italy United Kingdom* All standard forms of enterprise 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 United Kingdom* Netherlands Finland Sweden Belgium United Kingdom* 0 20 40 60 80 Standard sole proprietorships Netherlands UnitedPoland Kingdom* France Ireland Austria Spain Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles -10 Spain Sweden Finland Belgium Kingdom Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Industry Construction Services Netherlands Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Poland Austria IndustryFrance (exc. manufacturing)Ireland Construction Standard companies Micro-entrepreneurs Italy -6 Industry Construction Services -4 Germany Belgium UnitedIndustrySweden Kingdom* Finland Construction Services Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services Netherlands Spain United Kingdom* 2015 2013-2015 United Kingdom* Germany Standard sole proprietorships France United Kingdom*Netherlands Industry Construction Services Poland Ireland Austria Industry Construction Services -10 United Kingdom Sweden Finland Belgium Netherlands Micro-entrepreneurs Industry Construction Services Germany Industry Construction Services Fig. 25 Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* Netherlands Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises,Industry 2007-2017Construction % Services United Kingdom Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la populationGraph des 16/ entreprises, Evolution 2015des créations sectorielles d'entreprises,Graph 12/ Nombre2008-2016 moyens d'employés des entreprisesGraph 20/ créées, Créations 2015 par type d'entreprises dansGraph les dix 16/ secteurs Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs 450,000Source: Eurostat, 2017 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés 35des entreprisesSource: créées, 2015Eurostat, 2017 Industry Construction Services Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés United Kingdom* Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 GraphGraph 7/ 6/ Taux Taux de de disparition disparition des des entreprises entreprises, par 2015 secteur, 2015 GraphGraph 11/ 10/ Créations Part dans d'emploi l'emploi pardes secteur,créations 2015 d'entreprises,les plus dynamiques, 2015 2016 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises,Source: 2015 Eurostat, 2017 lesGraph plus dynamiques,18/ Types d'entreprises 2016 crées, 2006-2016 Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 % *Data for 2014 *Data for 2014 Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Graphau premier 23/ Taux semestre de survie 2010 à 5 ans des entreprises créées Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises,Job creation 2008-2016 by sector (2015) Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs Graph 22/ Survie*Data à 5 for ans 2014 par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 450,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015400,000Index 100 = 2007 % 30 % % % au premier semestre 2010 Index 100 = 2007 % Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises,% 2015 %Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises,% 2015 lesGraph %plus dynamiques,18/ Types d'entreprises 2016 crées, 2006-2016700,000 au premier semestre 2010 % 2.5 48 % 2.5 % 48 20 30 400,000Index 100 = 2007 30 180100350,000 % 25 14 20% % 30 % 180 6 % % 6 700,000 4.5 Education, healthcare, social work % 90 2.5 10348 82 600,000 103 82 25400,000700,000 14 1612 20 1004 2530 15 Business support services 160180350,000 25 56 160300,000 4.52 20 5 15 2 Finance, insurance 80 90 14 600,000 103 82 3.5 25700,000 500,000 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 20350,000600,000 Professional, scientific, In 2015,12 net growth in active enterprises (births – deaths) 4 104 15 20 140160300,000 20 45 140250,00070 2 15 10 80 10 technical occupationsHealthcare, social work Jobs created through12 1.53 The United Kingdom was the vehicles/motorcyclesonly country where 300,000500,000 60 1.53.5 500,000 1020600,000 10 Transport, storage Education in France10 was 2.3%, lower than in the120 United Kingdom 38 70 400,000 120140250,000 15 34 200,000 10 10 10 2.5 more5 than half of new enterprisesEducation, (90.2%) healthcare, employed social work Healthcare, social work Arts, entertainment and recreation 50 1.53 5 76 500,000 250,0005400,000 Industry (+4.8%) but higher than in Germany, where the total business creation 60 105 Education Industry 120200,000 10 238 100150,000 1 5 826 400,000 12 Construction Information, communication 100 40 2.5 5 50 at least300,000 one person, while 7.5% employed moreArts, than entertainment and recreation 200,000300,000 Household services number of businesses was in decline (-0.8%). 0 05400,000 0 0 2 61 1.5 Household services Industry Administrative and support services Construction 16 8030 1 4 Italy Finland Austria 40 10080150,000 5 100,000Italy Finland Austria 2 0 Germany four people. In other countries, more than half of Germany 300,0000 0.5 300,000 200,000 Household services150,000200,000 Accommodation, food services 20 In 0.52015, enterprise creation accounted40 for 2.6% of new -5 301 0 -5 Transport, storage Other services 01 1.5 Construction Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 80100,000 0 In France,4 net growth in active enterprises6050,000Italy wasFinland higherGermany Austria -5 2 new businesses were sole proprietorships (51.2% services 60 200,000 services 100,000100,000 Education 10 0.5 2 200.5 Education Accommodation, food services Healthcare, Accommodation, food services jobs in France. This proportion was highest in Poland 200,000 Healthcare, Accommodation, food services social work Information, Administrative and support services 1 -1 -5 Spain social work -10 Construction -10 Spain -10 0 16.3 Construction 100,000 Information, in services (+2.6%) than in construction40 0 (+1.4%) and 0 France Poland in Poland, 74.8% in Germany, 85.6%Wholesale/retail; in France), repair while of motor vehicles/motorcycles food services 406050,000 -5 2 France Poland 0 -10 0 Ireland* Sweden Belgium 100 food services services Information, communication 50,000Wholesale/retail0 Real estate Real estates Ireland* Sweden Belgium 0 100,000Wholesale/retail Education communication (3.9%)0.5 and the United Kingdom (3.7%). Healthcare, communication support services Accommodation,Other household social work support services Accommodation,Other household Administrative and support services Transport, storage -1 Spain 7.7 Construction Information, Administrative and Professional, scientific, technical occupations -10100,000 0 Administrative andTransport, storage-15 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Construction industry (+0.9%). 0 Netherlands -15 the lowest0 rate of new firms hiringManufacturing employees was in 40 0 Netherlands France Poland Italy food services Real estates 0 0 -10 Ireland* Sweden Belgium Italy 0 Italy Italy Spain Wholesale/retail0 Professional,technical scientific, occupations Information, communication Italy Spain Spain Italy Professional,technical scientific, occupations Other household communication Spain Spain -3 Italy Austria Spain France support services Accommodation, -3 France United Kingdom France Spain Poland Ireland Finland Transport, storage Professional, scientific, technical occupations Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies Wholesale/retail; United Kingdom Poland Ireland France AustriaAustria AustriaPoland Ireland Ireland Finland Austria Finland France Belgium 2006Sweden 2007 2008 2009Administrative 2010 and 2011 201220082007 2013 2009 2008 2014 2010 2009 2015 201020162011 2011 2012Real 2012 estate 2013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 20162016 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Transport, storage

Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 FranceQ3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 the Netherlands (5.4%). Finland Poland Finland IrelandBelgium Ireland SwedenBelgium Austria FranceSweden -15 2008 2009 2010 2011Poland* 2012 2013 2014Poland 2015Germany 2016 Austria Ireland Finland Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Netherlands Sweden BelgiumGermany Belgium Finland 0 Sweden Belgium -20 Germany Germany Italy 2015Belgium Average 2012-2014Sweden -20 Germany Poland* Italy repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % This disparity2015 wasAverage even 2012-2014 greater in the United ItalyKingdom, GermanyIn France, 7.7% of jobsSpain createdItaly by businesses registered Germany Professional,technical scientific, occupationsSpain Germany Information, communication Micro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % Italy Spain Netherlands Finance, insurance Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Spain -3 Austria Spain Poland Ireland France Netherlands France United Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs United Kingdom France Netherlands Sweden Finland Netherlands Poland Ireland Ireland Sole proprietorshipsAustria (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies 0 20 40 60 80 France Austria Ireland Austria Finland NetherlandsPoland France Belgium Netherlands 20082007 2009 2008 2010 2009 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 20162016 Finland Sweden Belgium Netherlands Transport, storage Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 PolandQ1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 IrelandQ3-2016 Q1-2017 Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Austria Ireland Belgium France Germany ItalySweden BelgiumNetherlandsFinland Belgium Sweden Poland* Germany Sweden Belgium Finland -20 Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2015 Average 2012-2014 Germany Industry Construction Services Germany where net growth rates for the three sectors were 5%, in 2015 were in industry, although industrial enterprisesGermany Industry Construction Services Micro-entrepreneurs Industry (exc. manufacturing) Finance and insurance % United Kingdom United Kingdom* Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneursIndustry Construction Services UnitedSweden Kingdom United States Spain*United Kingdom* United Kingdom* Netherlands Netherlands Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* Netherlands United Kingdom* United Kingdom* Belgium France GermanyNetherlands Italy Netherlands 2.7% and 0.2%, respectively. In Ireland, Poland,2015 Sweden2013-2015 accounted for only 6.3% of new firms. IndustryNetherlands Construction Services Industry ConstructionUnited Kingdom* Services 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services UnitedSweden Kingdom United States Spain* United Kingdom* IndustryUnited KingdomConstruction ServicesUnited Kingdom* United Kingdom* 2015 2013-2015 and the Netherlands, the highest net growth rate was Source: Eurostat, 2017 seen in the construction sector. GraphGraph 4/ 3/ Evolution Proportion trimestrielle par secteur des des créations créations d'entreprises, d'entreprises, 2007-2017 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 les plus dynamiques, 2016 au premier semestre 2010 Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur,% 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées% en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées Index 100 = 2007 % % % 100 % % au premier semestre 2010 % 2.5 48 30 Education, healthcare, social work 180 90 20 400,000 100 % % 166 100 Business support services 82 Finance, insurance 80 90 103 Education, healthcare, social work 25 90 160 100 145 2 400,000 15 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 Professional, scientific, 16 Business support services Finance, insurance 70 80 20 technical occupations 80 90 12 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 vehicles/motorcycles 300,000 Transport, storage 14 140 60 4 70 10 Professional, scientific, 70 80 10 1.5 Education, healthcare,technical social work occupations 10 12 50 vehicles/motorcycles 300,000 250,000 Industry 60 120 3 60 Transport, storage 70 8 5 Construction Information, communication 10 40 Education, 50healthcare, social work 5200,000 50 60 2 250,000 Industry 100 6 1 Household services Administrative and support services 8 30 Construction40 0 Information, communication 40 50 200,000 0150,000 20 1 Transport, storage Other services 80 4 Italy Finland Germany Austria Household 30services 30 6 40 0.5 Administrative and support services 10 150,000 -5 Accommodation, food services 100,000 Accommodation, food services 02 Transport, storage20 Other services 20 4 60 30 services Education 0 10 Information, communication Healthcare, Real estate 0 100,000 50,000 social work Information, 10 2 20 -1 Spain Accommodation,0 food services -10 Accommodation, food services Construction France Poland food services 40 Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail Ireland* 0 Manufacturing communication Construction 0 10 Information, communication Real estate 0 support services Accommodation,Other household 0 Italy 50,000 Transport, storage Spain Italy -15 Administrative and Netherlands Spain Wholesale/retail; Poland Ireland France Austria Italy Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Finland 0 Ireland Austria France Manufacturing Spain Construction Professional,technical scientific, occupations Belgium Sweden Finland Poland* repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % Germany Germany -3 Belgium Italy France 0 Italy United Kingdom Germany Austria Poland Ireland Spain Finland Spain Italy Belgium Sweden 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Finance, 2013 insurance 2014 2015 2016 Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Spain Poland GermanyFrance Ireland United Austria -20 Wholesale/retail; Poland France Austria Netherlands Real estate Ireland Finland 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 0 20 40 60 80 Finland Ireland Austria France 2015 Average 2012-2014Netherlands Sweden Belgium Belgium Ireland Finland Kingdom Germany Germany Belgium Sweden Poland* Italy Netherlands repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Companies Standard% sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Germany Spain Industry (exc. manufacturing) Belgium France Germany Italy NetherlandsFrance United Finance, insurance StandardNetherlands sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Netherlands Poland United Kingdom* Ireland Ireland Austria Netherlands Finland Sweden Belgium United Kingdom* Industry Construction Services 0 20 40 60 80 Kingdom Industry Construction Services SwedenIndustry ConstructionUnited States ServicesSpain* United Kingdom* Industry United(exc. Kingdom* manufacturing)Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* Netherlands Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs les plus dynamiques, 2016 Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs Index 100 = 2007 % les plus dynamiques, 2016 % % % 48 2.5 20 30 Index 100 = 2007 180 % 6 % % % 48 103 82 2.5 20 30 25 180 6 160 5 2 15 103 82 25 20 160 5 140 2 4 15 10 1.5 20 10 3 140 4 120 10 5 1.5 10 5 3 100 2 1 120 5 5 0 0 2 1 100 80 1 Italy Finland Germany Austria 0 0.5 0 -5 1 0 80 60 Italy Finland Germany Austria services Education 0.5 Healthcare, -5 social work 0 -1 Spain 0 -10 Construction Information, France Poland food services 60 40 Sweden Belgium services Wholesale/retail Ireland* Education communication Healthcare, support services Accommodation,Other household social work -1 Spain 0 -10 Construction -15 Information, Administrative andTransport, storage France Poland Netherlands Italy food services 40 Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail Ireland* Spain communication Professional,technical scientific, occupations support services Accommodation,Other household United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France Belgium Sweden Finland Administrative andTransport, storage 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 -15 Germany Netherlands Italy 2015 Average 2012-2014 -20 Spain Professional,technical scientific, occupations Netherlands Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France Belgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands 2015 Average 2012-2014 Germany -20 Industry Construction Services Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* Netherlands United Kingdom* Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Industry Construction Services Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom*

Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017

Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 % Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 % % % 25 % Transport, storage % % % 2525 % 8 Transport,Transport, storagestorage % % 88 3.5 % % 8 8 3.53.5 8 100 20 100 100 16 1616 Netherlands 3 20 20 Netherlands 6 66 3 3 90 9090 1414 BelgiumBelgium 66 8080 2.52.5 14 Belgium 6 United Kingdom 1515 80 7070 1212 44 2.5 Real estate 60 United Kingdom 44 22 15 Real estate 70 60 12 4 1010 FranceFrance 5050

Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 22 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 1.51.5 Real estate 60 40 88 4 2 IndustryIndustry (exc.(exc. manufacturing)manufacturing) 40

Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 2 10 France Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 % 2 BusinessBusiness supportsupport servicesservices 3030 00 11 5 50 66 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 5 20 2 Germany Finland Austria Education,Education, healthcare,healthcare, socialsocial workwork 20 -40-40 -20-20 00 2020 4040 6060 8080 Germany Finland Austria Italy 1.5 Italy Industry (exc. manufacturing) Accommodation, Information, communication 40 10 8 44 Germany ChangeChange 2007-20162007-2016 00 0.50.5 Accommodation, Information, communication 10 -2-2 foodfood servicesservices Finance,Finance, insuranceinsurance 0 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 2 0 % 2 ItalyItaly Business support services 30 0 2 1 00 -40-40 -20-20 00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100100 120120 140140 11 yearyear 22 yearsyears 33 yearsyears 44 yearsyears 55 yearsyears 6 IrelandIreland PolandPoland FranceFrance 5 Household services -2-2 Sweden Belgium Household services 20 Change 2014-2016 0 Germany Finland Austria-4-4 Sweden Belgium Education, healthcare, social work Manufacturing Change 2014-2016 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0 Italy Spain -5-5 All standard forms of enterprise Netherlands Spain ItalyItaly All standard forms of enterprise Netherlands SpainSpainAccommodation, Information, communication Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles10 4 Germany Change 2007-2016 0 SpainSpain 0.5 Poland Austria France Standard companies Poland Austria France IrelandIreland Sweden Finland ConstructionConstruction Standard companies ItalyItaly -6-6 -4-4 foodBelgiumBelgium services Sweden Finland -2 Spain Germany Finance, insurance Spain UnitedUnited Kingdom* Kingdom* Germany 0 Standard sole proprietorships France Austria -10 Standard sole proprietorships PolandPoland France IrelandIreland Austria Finland -10 Italy SwedenSweden Finland BelgiumBelgium NetherlandsNetherlands 2 Germany Micro-entrepreneurs Germany 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years NetherlandsIreland Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Netherlands Poland France Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Household services -2 Sweden Belgium Change 2014-2016 0 -4 IndustryIndustryManufacturingConstruction ServicesServices UnitedUnited Kingdom* Kingdom* % -5 % Spain Italy All standard forms of enterprise Netherlands Spain Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés Spain 450,000450,000 3535 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 Poland Graph 10/ PartAustria dans l'emploi desFrance créationsIreland d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploiConstruction des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 Standard companiesauau premierpremier semestresemestre 20102010 Italy -6 -4 Belgium Sweden Finland Spain 400,000 30 Germany 400,000 United Kingdom* 30 % % 700,000 Standard sole proprietorships Poland France Ireland Austria % 700,000 -10 Sweden Finland Belgium Netherlands Germany 350,000 25 1414 Micro-entrepreneurs 350,000 25 4.54.5 600,000600,000 Netherlands Industry Construction Services 700,000700,000 300,000300,000 2020 1212 United Kingdom 44 600,000600,000 10 Industry Construction3.53.5 Services 500,000500,000 United Kingdom* 250,000250,000 1515 10 Healthcare, social work % 33 500,000500,000 Education 8 400,000 Education 200,000200,000 1010 8 400,000 Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur desArts, entertainment autoentrepreneurs and recreation immatriculés 450,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 2.52.5 400,000400,000 Arts, entertainment and recreation Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 IndustryIndustry 150,000150,000 55 66 22 au premier semestre 2010 300,000300,000 300,000300,000 Household services 1.51.5 Construction 400,000 30 % 100,000100,000 00 44 Construction % 700,000 200,000200,000 Accommodation, food services 11 200,000200,000 Accommodation, food services Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 14 50,00050,000 -5-5 22 100,000100,000 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 350,000 25 0.50.5 Administrative and support services 4.5 100,000100,000 Administrative and support services 0 00 -10-10 0 600,000 00 700,000 00 RealReal estatesestates 12 4 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Professional,Professional, scientific,scientific, technicaltechnical occupationsoccupations 300,000 20 00 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Italy Information, communication Italy Italy Italy Information, communication Italy SpainSpain Italy SpainSpain SpainSpain Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies Ireland FranceFrance Austria Finland 2007 2008600,000 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies Transport, storage FranceFrance Poland AustriaAustria Ireland Ireland Austria Finland Poland FranceFrance Austria Ireland 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Transport, storage 3.5 Poland Sweden Belgium FinlandFinland Ireland BelgiumBelgium SwedenSweden 500,000 Poland*Poland* Poland Sweden Belgium Austria Ireland Finland Sweden Belgium Germany Sweden Belgium Finland 10 GermanyGermany Germany Germany Micro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % 250,000 15 Germany Micro-entrepreneurs Healthcare, social workFinance and insurance % Netherlands 3 NetherlandsNetherlands Netherlands Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielleNetherlandsNetherlands des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017500,000 00 1010 2020 3030 4040 5050 6060 7070 United Kingdom Industry Construction Services Education UnitedUnited Kingdom Kingdom Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 United Kingdom Industry Construction Services 200,000 Graph 1/ Taux de création10 d'entreprises, 20158 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés400,000 des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015UnitedUnited Kingdom* Kingdom* Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 201520152.5 2013-20152013-2015 % 400,000 Arts, entertainment and recreation % % % 25 Industry Transport, storage 150,000 5 6 8 2 % % 8 3.5 300,000 300,000 Household services Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 100 16 1.5 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 201520 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées Netherlands 6 3 Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle90 des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Construction 100,000 0 4 auau premierpremier semestresemestre 20102010 14 Belgium % 6 200,000 80 2.5 200,000 Accommodation, food services United Kingdom 1 15 70 12 2 4 100100 % % Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 50,000 -5 2 Real estate 100,000 60 Education,Education, healthcare,healthcare, socialsocial workwork France9090 0.5 4 16 100100 Business support services 400,000400,000 10 16 50 Business support services Administrative and supportFinance,Finance, services insuranceinsurance 2 100,000 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 8080 1.5 90 0 8 -10 0 0 1414 90 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 0 40 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000350,000 Professional,Professional,Real estates scientific,scientific,

Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 7070 % 2 8080 Business support services 30 technicaltechnical occupationsoccupations 0 1212 1 5 vehicles/motorcyclesvehicles/motorcycles 300,000 6 Education, healthcare, social work 200620 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013300,000 2014 2015 2016 Professional, scientific, technical occupationsTransport,Transport, storagestorage -40 -20 0 20 40 60 60 60 80 Germany Finland Austria 7070 10 Italy 0 Information, communication 10 Education,Education, healthcare,healthcare, socialsocial workwork 4 Germany Italy Change 2007-201650 0 10 0.5 Accommodation, 250,000250,000 Information, communicationIndustryIndustry Italy Spain 50 Italy 6060 food services Spain -2 Spain Finance, insurance 0 Construction France Italy 40 88 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sole proprietorshipsConstruction (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies Information,Information, communicationcommunication France Poland Austria 2 Ireland Ireland Austria Finland 40 Poland France Austria Ireland 0 5050 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 200,000 Transport, storage Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Sweden Belgium Finland 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years200,000 Germany -2 Ireland Poland France 6 Household services Household services Administrative and support services Germany 0 -4 3030 Sweden Belgium 6 Germany 4040 Manufacturing Change 2014-2016 Micro-entrepreneurs AdministrativeFinance and and insurancesupport services % ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS150,000150,000 24 Spain -5 All standardTransport, forms storage of enterprise 25 Netherlands 2020 Netherlands 44 Italy 30 Transport, storage Other services Netherlands Spain Netherlands Spain 30 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Poland Austria France Ireland Construction Standard companies 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Italy -6 10 -4 Belgium Sweden Finland Accommodation, food services 100,000100,000 Accommodation, food services Spain 10 2 Germany 2020 Accommodation, food services Accommodation, food services United Kingdom United Kingdom* 2 Industry Construction Services Standard sole proprietorships United Kingdom Poland France Ireland Austria -10 Sweden Finland Belgium 00 United Kingdom* Netherlands1010 Micro-entrepreneursInformation,Information, communicationcommunication 50,000 RealReal estateestate 2015 2013-2015 Germany 00 50,000 Netherlands Industry Construction Services United Kingdom 0 Manufacturing Construction 0 Manufacturing 00 ItalyItaly SpainSpain Industry Construction ServicesItalyItaly United Kingdom* France SpainSpain Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Wholesale/retail; PolandPoland Ireland France AustriaAustria France Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 % FinlandFinland Ireland Belgium Ireland AustriaAustria France Belgium Ireland Belgium Sweden FinlandFinland Poland* Italy repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % GermanyGermany GermanyGermany Belgium Sweden Poland* Italy repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % GermanyGermany SpainSpain Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 450,000 35 France United Finance,Finance, insuranceinsurance StandardStandard solesole proprietorshipsproprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 Netherlands Poland France Ireland Ireland United AustriaAustria Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créationsNetherlands d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/Netherlands Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Poland IrelandGraphIreland 18/FinlandFinland Types d'entreprisesSweden Belgium crées, 2006-2016 00 2020 4040 6060 8080 Netherlands Kingdom Sweden Belgium au premier semestre 2010 Kingdom IndustryIndustry (exc.(exc. manufacturing)manufacturing) Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015400,000 30 Netherlands Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises% par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploiUnitedUnited Kingdom* Kingdom* par secteur, 2015 Netherlands % 700,000 UnitedUnited Kingdom* Kingdom* Fig. 32 Enterprise creation trendsIndustryIndustry Construction in ServicesServices Fig. 29 Fig. 30Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées 14 Industry Construction ServicesServices Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielleIndustryIndustry des entreprisesConstruction créesServicesServices en 2016 350,000 25 Industry Construction4.5 au premier semestre 2010 % 600,000 700,000 300,000 20 12 4 France highlight variations Breakdown by sector Trends in enterprise creation Trends in enterprise creation % Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 600,000 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs 100 10 % 3.5 Graph 8/ Croissance500,000 nette de la population ofdes enterprise entreprises, 2015 creation (2016) Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 Graphby sector 16/ Evolution (2008-2016) des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 in FranceGraph 20/ by Créations sector par (2014-2017) type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs 250,000 15 Healthcare, social work Graph 17/les Dynamiqueplus dynamiques, sectorielle 2016 des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 3 between different sectors 500,000 les plus dynamiques, 2016 Education, healthcare, social work 90 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 400,000 Education 200,000 16 10 8 Graph 1/Index Taux de100 création 100= 2007 d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des400,000 dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 0.5 % Business support services Graph 13/% Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 % Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 Index 100 = 2007 2.5 400,000 % Arts, entertainment and recreation % % Finance, insurance % 2.52.5 4848 Industry 80 150,000 5 6 90 2 % 2020 3030 14 180180 The introduction in 2009 of a simplified66 ‘auto-entrepreneur’300,000 % Wholesale/retail;300,000 repair of motor % 350,000 Household services 25 Professional, scientific, 3 82 Transport, storage % 70 % 1.5 8 3 3.5 103103 82 Construction 2525 100,000 0 4 160 80 status in France provided a massive 5boost for enterprise 8 2 1515 technical occupations 12 160 5 200,000 4 2 vehicles/motorcycles200,000 Accommodation, food services 100 16 1 Netherlands 300,000 20 20 Transport, storage 60 creation, which soared by 77% that year. Since6 2011, 5 22.5 3 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 20 90 50,000 -5 2 140140 70 44 100,000 10 10 14 0.5 Belgium 6 Education, healthcare, social work 10 Administrative and support services 80 the number of new businesses formed has stabilized100,000 1.51.5 2.5 250,000 7 1010 Industry 50 0 -10 0 120 60 0 33 United Kingdom 0 Real estates 15 70 12 120 4 5.5 55 8 at around 550,000 per year. Construction2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2 2014 2015 2016 Professional, scientific, technical occupations 55 Real estate 60 40 22 0 France 4 1 1.6 Information, communication Italy 10 100100 50 1 Information, communication 50 Italy Spain Italy 200,000 Spain Spain 2 0 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 France 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies0 00 France Poland Austria Ireland Ireland Austria Finland Poland France Austria Ireland 6 Household services 1.5 Transport, storage Industry (exc. manufacturing) 40 6 Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Sweden Belgium Finland1 30 Germany 8 In 2016, 553,739 enterprises were created1 in France, Austria Administrative and support services Germany 8080 40 Germany ItalyItaly FinlandFinland Germany Austria Micro-entrepreneurs Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 % %Germany 2 0.5 Finance and insurance Business support services 30 Netherlands 0.5 1 -5-5 150,000 -3.7 Netherlands 6 according to INSEE – upNetherlands 5.4% from 0the0 previous0 year, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 705 20 Transport, storage Germany Finland Austria Education, healthcare, social work Other services 20 4 6060 30 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Italy servicesservices Industry Construction Services Education United Kingdom United Kingdom 18 Information,Healthcare, communication Education 9 Accommodation, Healthcare,social work 10 4 United Kingdom* the largest annual rise since 2010Germany – which-1 corresponded Spain Change 2007-2016 0 0.5 -10 Construction social work Information,Information, 2015 2013-2015 -1 -2 Spain 0 -10 100,000 food services Construction FranceFrance Poland 0 Finance, insurance foodfood services services 0 10 4040 Sweden Poland Belgium Accommodation, food services Wholesale/retail Accommodation, food services 2 20 Ireland*Ireland* Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail communication Italy Accommodation,Other household communication 2 to 630,928 separate business establishments. This -40 -20 0 20 40 supportsupport 60services services 80Accommodation, 100Other household 120 140 0 Administrative andTransport,Transport, storage storage 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years Ireland Poland France -15 Administrative and Netherlands -15 Household services 0 Netherlands -2 Sweden Belgium ItalyItaly Change 2014-2016 10 -4 Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France,Information, Spain2014-2017 communication 50,000 Manufacturing Professional,technical scientific, occupations Real estate 0 0 upward trend has continued apace, with a 3.9% increase 11 Spain Professional,technical scientific, occupations -3 Austria Poland Ireland France -5 UnitedUnited-3 Kingdom Kingdom Austria Poland SpainIreland France Sweden Finland All standard forms of enterprise Netherlands BelgiumBelgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009Italy 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la populationQ1-2007 Q3-2007 desQ1-2008 entreprises,Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 2015Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 12.5 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Graph 17/ DynamiqueWholesale/retail; sectorielle des repair créations of motor d'entreprises vehicles/motorcycles en France, 2014-2017 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 3/ Proportion par secteurGraph 5/des Comparaison créations d'entreprises, des dynamiques 2015 de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 GraphQ3-2009 Q1-2010 11/Q3-2010 CréationsQ1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 d'emploiGraphQ3-2012 Q1-2013 13/parQ3-2013 Nombresecteur,Q1-2014 Q3-2014 2015moyenQ1-2015 Q3-2015 d'employésQ1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 des entreprisesSpain crées2015 par secteur,Average 2015 2012-2014 GermanyGermany Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises-20-20 créées Spainau premier semestre 2010 0 2015 Average 2012-2014 Poland AustriaGraph 23/ FranceTaux deIreland survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées ConstructionStandard companies in enterprise creation being seen between the first half Manufacturing Belgium Sweden Finland Construction Italy -6 Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises% crées en 2016-4Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteurGraph de19/ la Evolution population du desnombre entreprises, de créations 2015NetherlandsNetherlands de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Companies StandardStandard solesole proprietorshipsproprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises,Spain 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés0 Germany des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Italy Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands United Kingdom* au premier semestre 2010 Graph 21/Standard Taux de surviesole proprietorships des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 PolandBelgium France France GermanyIreland Italy Austria Netherlands Industry Construction Services -10 % Spain % % Italy Swedenof 2016% andFinland the Belgiumfirst half of 2017. 25 Industry Construction Services Netherlands Graph 17/ Dynamique% sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Spain Germany Transport, storage Wholesale/retail;Micro-entrepreneurs France Austria Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* UnitedUnited Kingdom* Kingdom* Real estate % 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Poland Finland Ireland 8 France % Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* % Graph% 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 % Source: INSEE, 2017 % 100 Belgium Ireland Austria Graph 1/ TauxNetherlands de création d'entreprises,% 2015 3.5 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Industry Construction Services Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées parSource: secteur, INSEE, 2015 2017 25 Belgium Sweden Finland 8 Poland* United Kingdom Transport,repair storage of motor vehicles/motorcyclesGraph% 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 % Germany Germany Italy 8 100 Education, healthcare, social work % 90 Germany % 100 Businesses were created most often in Spainbusiness support 20 400,000 3.5 Industry Construction Services 16 Netherlands 16 United Kingdom* France United Business support services 8 Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Netherlands 6 Poland 3Ireland Ireland % Austria% % 90 % Finance, insurance 25 100 0 20 40 60 80 80 Netherlands 16 90 Finland Sweden Belgium 20 Transport, storage % 14 Belgium 14 6 services (22.6% of theKingdom total), followed byNetherlands wholesale/retail68 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 80 3 Professional, scientific, 90Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 450,000% 2.5 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 8 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 3.5 70 United Kingdom 14 80 Belgium 15 Graph6 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 201570 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises,technical occupations 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 80au premier semestre 2010 12 4 12 (17.5%) and education/healthcare/socialNetherlands work (12.5%). vehicles/motorcycles 100 United Kingdom* 16 Netherlands 300,000 2.5 Transport, storage 1520 60 United Kingdom* 400,000 70 2 30 % 46 United Kingdom Real estate 60 3 9070 Industry Construction France10Services 4 12 Education, healthcare, social% work 700,000Fig. 31 – Enterprise creation 10 50 14 Construction (11.1%) and household services (9%) also Belgium 6 250,000 50 2 Industry The rise in businessesReal registered estate in 2016 was driven 8060 Industry Construction Services 2 Industry60 Construction Services 14 Change H1 2016 - 2017 France10 4 2.5 8 350,00010 1.5 25 United KingdomConstruction Industry (exc.4.5 manufacturing) 40 in France by sector (2015-2016) 15 7050 Information, communication Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 8 40 12 50 made up a large proportion of new firms. 24 200,000 600,000 by increases in the number of new companies (+9.8%) Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 % 2 Business support services 30 1.5 700,000 IndustryReal estate (exc. manufacturing) 6040 30 0 6 300,0008 1 20 12 Household services 44 2 Administrative and support services 6 10 40 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 France5 2 20 and standard soleBusiness proprietorships support services (+9.8%), while the 5030 Germany Finland Austria % Education, healthcare, social work 150,000 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Italy 02 1 600,000Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 20 4 6 30 A total of 84.5% of businesses created in 2016 were in Transport, storageInformation, communication3.5 10 500,0001.5 Sector 2015Other services2016 2015-2016 5 Education, healthcare, social work 20 4 Germany Change 2007-2016 0 250,000 0.5 15 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 Accommodation, 60 80 Germany Finland Austria Industry (exc. manufacturing) 40 8 food services Italy number of micro-enterprises formed declined slightly Healthcare, social work

Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 -2 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 Finance, insurance2 100,000 Information, communication 10 10 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population2 des entreprises, 2015 4 20 Germany GraphChangeAccommodation, 2007-2016 16/ %Evolution food services 3des0 créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 02008-2016 0.5 Graph 20/ CréationsAccommodation, par foodtype services d'entreprises dans les 500,000dixAccommodation, secteurs Business support services 30 2 Italy Graph 12/ Nombre moyensservice d'employéssectors, 11.1% des in constructionentreprises créées, and 4.4% 2015 in industry.-20 1 food services Finance, insurance Education 200,0006 0 10 8 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 400,000 3 years 4 years 5 years (-0.3%). In all,5 40.2%Education, of businesses healthcare, social work created in 2016 200 0 Ireland Poland France Italy Germany Finland Austria Real estate Arts, entertainment and recreation 0 -2 2 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 Information, Household80 communication services2.5 50,000 Italy Industry (exc.les manufacturing) plus dynamiques, 20163,000 3,095 +3.2 % 400,000-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 -4 Sweden Belgium Manufacturing Change 2014-2016 0 Accommodation, Information, communication 10 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 0 4 Germany Change 2007-2016 0 Ireland Poland France 0.5 were micro-enterprises,Household services while 25.7% were standard Industry 0 6 -5 2-2 Sweden Belgium Construction food services Change 2014-2016 150,0000Spain Italy 5 -4-2 Manufacturing All standard forms of enterprise Manufacturing Finance, insurance 0 Netherlands Spain Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 0 300,000 300,000 Household services Italy % Italy -5 Spain Spain Italy 2 France Spain Standard companies Italy All standard forms of enterprise Index 100 = 2007 Spain Poland Austria Ireland Finland Construction% Netherlands 0 Manufacturing % 21,144Wholesale/retail;21,446 +1.4 % sole-40 proprietorships -20 0 20 and 40 34.1% 60 were 80 companies. 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years Italy Poland France -6Austria -4 Fig. 28 Belgium Sweden Real estate 1.5 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Spain Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Construction Finland Ireland France Germany4 Ireland Poland France Spain Belgium Ireland Austria United Kingdom* 100,000 0 Spain Poland Austria France Household services Standard companies Belgium Sweden Finland Poland* Italy -2 Sweden Belgium Standard sole proprietorships repair of motor vehicles/motorcyclesIreland Sweden Finland 200,000Construction% Change 2014-2016 Poland France Ireland Austria Germany Germany % 0 Italy -6-4 -10 -4 Belgium Manufacturing Accommodation, food services Sweden Finland Belgium Germany 2.5 Spain Spain Netherlands 48 1 200,000 Germany France United Finance, insurance United Kingdom* Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs 30 -5 Standard sole proprietorships Germany Netherlands France Poland Ireland Ireland Austria Austria 20 Spain Micro-entrepreneurs Italy -10 All standard forms of enterprise Netherlands Poland Ireland Finland Finland Sweden Belgium Netherlands 0 20 40 60 80 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 180 50,000 Sweden KingdomBelgium -5 2 Spain Netherlands Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Germany Spain Construction 63,817 6,458 -3.7 % 100,000 Micro-entrepreneurs Netherlands 6 Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Industry (exc. manufacturing)0.5 Poland Austria France Ireland Construction Standard companies Italy Enterprise creation -6 -4 Belgium Sweden Finland Administrative and support services Netherlands Source: INSEE, 2017 100,000 United Kingdom* Netherlands Spain 103 82 IndustryUnited Kingdom* Construction Services United Kingdom Germany Standard sole proprietorships United Kingdom* France Industry Construction Services0 United Kingdom* Industry Construction Services 0 Poland Ireland Austria -10 0 25 0 -10 Real estates Sweden by sector (2007-2016)Finland Belgium Netherlands % Industry ConstructionGermany Services Industry Construction Services Micro-entrepreneurs 160 Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* 2 15 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor Professional, scientific, technical occupations 5 Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés Fig.2006 33 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Netherlands % Industry Construction Services United Kingdom0 97,70 0 96,961 -0.8 % 450,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 Italy Information, communication Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015Italy Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 SpainGraph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 Italy vehicles/motorcycles Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés Spain Spain au premier semestre 2010 20 450,000 35 Graph 6/ TauxFrance de disparition des entreprises, 2015 2007Industry 2008 Construction 2009 2010 2011Services 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies France Poland Austria Ireland Ireland Austria Finland GraphPoland 10/ Part dans Francel'emploi des créations d'entreprises,Austria Ireland 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 Transport, storage 140 4 United Kingdom* Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Sweden Belgium Finland au premier semestre 2010 400,000 Graph 4/ Evolution30 trimestrielle% des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Germany % Germany 10 Germany Micro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % Graph 8/ Croissance nette% de la population des entreprises, 2015400,000 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens700,000 d'employés des entreprises30 créées, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteursTransport, storage 21,418 33,592 +56.8 % Types of enterprises created (2006-2016) Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 450,000 1.5 Netherlands 35 Graph% 6/ Taux de disparitionNetherlands des entreprises, 2015 % Netherlands 700,000 10 350,000 25 14 Enterprise creation in services andGraph industry 10/ Part dans were l'emploi up des les créations plus dynamiques, d'entreprises, 2016 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 au premier semestre 2010 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3 4.5 United Kingdom Industry Construction Services 120 United350,000 Kingdom 600,000 25 14 400,000 % 30 700,000 4.5 United Kingdom* Index 100 = 2007 12 2015 2013-2015 % % 7% and 1.6%,5 respectively, while %there was a 3.7% fall % 600,000700,000 300,000 20 % 4 Accommodation,5 food services 28,505 30,799 +8.0 % 700,000 300,000 2.5 20 12 48 4 30 2 3.5 350,000 25 14 20 600,000 100 180 10 6 1 500,000 in construction. 4.5 600,000 250,000 15 103 82 3.5 Healthcare,500,000600,000 social work 700,000 3 250,000 15 10 500,0000 25 Information, communication0 25,636 27,626 +7.8 % Healthcare, social work 160 5 300,000 2 20 12 15 4 Education 200,000 10 8 1 Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises,400,000 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises parEnterprise secteur, 2015 creation rose in nearlyGraph3 11/all Créations sectors d'emploi 2016. par secteur, 2015 500,000 Education 2.5 Italy Austria 20 Arts, entertainment and recreation 600,000 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées 80 Finland Germany 200,000 10 108 400,000 3.5 400,000500,000Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 140 4 250,000 0.5 15 10 The largest increases were in the2.5 transport and storage Industry 400,000 au premier semestreArts, entertainment 2010Healthcare, and socialrecreation work 150,000 5 6 2 % 1.5 300,000 -5 3 Finance, insurance 15,436 15,882 +2.9 % 500,000 Industry 0 150,000 5 6 300,000 2 10 Household services Education 120 3 200,000 10 %8 300,000400,000 300,000 Household services 60 4 1.5 100 5 sector (up nearly 57%), followed2.5% by real estate (+10.5%), Construction services Arts, entertainment and recreation 100,000 0 1.5 400,000 Education Education, healthcare, social work 4 200,000 5 Accommodation, food services Healthcare, ConstructionIndustry 2 1 90100,000 200,000 0 6 100 Real estate 17,091 social18,890 work +10.5 % 400,000 Information, 100 -1 Spain 150,000 1 5 16 business -10support services (+8.1%),2 accommodation and 200,000300,000 BusinessConstruction support services 200,000 Finance,Accommodation, insurance food services 50,000 -5 2 0 0 1 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 300,000 Household services 40 France Poland 0.5 80 100,000 90 0 food services Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Ireland* Sweden 1 Belgium 50,000 -5 14 2 food services (+8%) and information/communication1.5 (+7.8%), Administrative and support services Wholesale/retail Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000100,000 Professional, scientific, Construction 80 Italy Finland100,000 Austria 100,000 0 4 0.5 communication 70 Germany 80 Business support services 115,669 125,009support services+8.1 % Accommodation,200,000Other household AdministrativetechnicalAccommodation, occupations and support food services 0 -10 0 0 0.5 0 1 100,000200,000Real estates Administrative andTransport, storage 0 12 0 -5 while the -15steepest fall was in construction (-3.7%). vehicles/motorcycles 300,0000 Transport, storage Real estates Netherlands 60 0 -10 2 0 Professional, scientific, technical occupations Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 60 50,000 -5 Italy 2006 2007 2008 2009 201070 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 services 100,000 0 0.5 Education Professional, scientific, technical occupations Spain 10 Healthcare, Professional,technical scientific, occupationsEducation, healthcare, social work 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Administrative and support services Italy social work Information, communication Industry Italy Spain -1 Spain Italy 50 Construction 100,000Information,0 250,000 Spain -3 Spain Austria France -10 60 United Kingdom 0 Poland Ireland Italy Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) CompaniesItaly Education, healthcare, social work 66,179 69,315 +4.7 % Information, communication 40 Ireland France Austria Finland France Poland France 0 Italy 2007 2008Belgium 2009 2010-10 2011 20120 2013Sweden 2014 Finland2015 2016 Spain 0 food services Transport, storage 0 Real estates France Poland Austria Finland Ireland Sweden Ireland* PolandSweden Belgium Austria Ireland Spain 8 In both the time2008 periods 2009 under 2010review (2014-2016; 2011Spain 2012 first Wholesale/retail 2013 2014 2015 2016 Construction Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 SwedenQ3-2013 BelgiumQ1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Belgium Poland* Sweden Belgium Finland communication Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies Information, communication Germany 40 Germany Ireland France Austria Finland France Accommodation,Other household 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Transport, storage Germany France Germany Poland Austria Finland Ireland Sweden -20 50 Poland Austria Ireland support services 200,000 Professional, scientific, technical occupations 2015 Average 2012-2014 Sweden Belgium Belgium Micro-entrepreneursPoland* Sweden Belgium Administrative andTransport,Finland storage Finance and insurance % 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Germany -15 Germany Netherlands half of 2016 to the first half of 2017), enterprise creation Germany 0 Household services Micro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % Netherlands Netherlands 30 Netherlands Italy 6 Netherlands Italy Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Administrative and support Information, services communication Italy Spain Spain 40 Italy Professional,technical scientific, occupations 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Spain Netherlands Netherlands Spain Netherlands Household services 49,686 49,666 +0.0 % 150,000 -3 Austria Poland Ireland France France Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies United Kingdom France IndustryAustria ConstructionSweden ServicesFinlandIreland Austria Finland Poland France 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Transport, storage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Belgium FranceUnited Kingdom Germany Italy Netherlands United Kingdom 20 Poland Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland 4 Belgium Sweden 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Poland* 2013 2014 2015 2016 Austria Ireland Finland Transport, storage Other services Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Belgium had particularly strong momentum30 in the transport/ Sweden Belgium United Kingdom* Germany -20 Germany Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services 2015 2013-2015 2015 Average 2012-2014 United Kingdom Germany United Kingdom Germany Micro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % 10 Netherlands United Kingdom* Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Accommodation, food services 100,000 Accommodation, food services 2015United2013-2015 Kingdom* Netherlands 2 Netherlands 20 Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom*Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Source: INSEE, 2017 storage sector, which alone was responsible for 41.6% Netherlands Total 525,281 553,739 +5.4 % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services Real estate United Kingdom 0 United Kingdom 10 Information, communication 50,000 Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom* of all new businesses in 2016. United Kingdom* 2015 2013-2015 Source: INSEE, 2017 Construction 0 Manufacturing 0 Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Italy Spain Italy Source: INSEE, 2017 Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur,Spain 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées Wholesale/retail; Poland France AustriaGraph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Finland Ireland Austria France Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées Belgium Ireland Finland Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Germany Germany Belgium Sweden Poland* Italy au premier semestre 2010 repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % % Germany Spain au premier semestre 2010 France United Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs % Netherlands Poland Ireland Ireland Austria Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition Netherlandsdes entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par Finlandsecteur, 2015Sweden Belgium 0 20 40 60 80 % Kingdom Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées 100 % Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprisesIndustry (exc. crées manufacturing) en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 100 % % Education, healthcare, social work United Kingdom* Netherlands au premier semestre 2010 90 16 100 % Business support services 400,000United Kingdom* Education, healthcare, social work 90 16Industry Construction Services 100 Finance, insurance Business support services 400,000 80 Industry Construction Services % Industry Construction Services Finance, insurance 14 90 10080 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 % Professional, scientific, 14 90 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 Education, healthcare,Professional, social scientific, work 70 80 90 100 technical occupations 400,000 12 70 vehicles/motorcycles16 300,000 80 Business support services technicalFinance, occupations insurance 12 Transport, storage vehicles/motorcycles 300,000 60 70 Graph80 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 90 Transport, storage 10 60 Education,Graph14 8/ Croissancehealthcare, socialnette work de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph70 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectoriellesWholesale/retail; d'entreprises, repair 2008-2016 of motor 350,000Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs Professional, scientific, 50 60 70 10 250,000 Industry Education, healthcare, social work 50 6080 250,000les plus dynamiques, 2016 technical occupationsIndustry 8 Construction12 Information, communication vehicles/motorcycles 300,000 Transport, storage 40 50 60 8 200,000 70 Construction Information, communication Index40 100 = 2007 50% % Education, healthcare, social work 200,000% 6 Household10 services Administrative and support services 250,000 Industry 30 40 3050 %6 2.560 48 Household services Administrative and support services 150,000 40 20 Construction 30 20 4 180 40 Transport,6 8 storage Other services 150,000 Information, communication 30 20 4 3050 Transport, storage 200,000 Other services 100,000 103 82 Household services 10 2 20 30 Accommodation,6 food services 40 Accommodation, food services 100,00025 Administrative and support services 160 10 5 2 202 15 Accommodation, food services 150,000 Accommodation, food services 0 20 Real estate Transport, storage Other services 0 10 0 Information,4 communication 50,000 1030 Information, communication 20 Real estate 140 4 0 50,000 0 10 20 Construction10 Accommodation, food services 100,000 Accommodation, food services Manufacturing2 0 1.50 Manufacturing 10 Construction Italy 0 Spain Italy 0 Italy 3 Spain 120 Spain Italy 10 Wholesale/retail; Information, communication 50,000 Real estate Poland Ireland France Austria Real 0estate Spain 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 5 Wholesale/retail; Finland Belgium Ireland Austria France Poland France Austria Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Belgium Sweden Finland Poland* Finland Ireland Austria France repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % 5 Germany Germany Italy Belgium Ireland Finland Germany Germany Spain Germany Belgium Sweden Poland* 0 Italy Manufacturing repair of motor vehicles/motorcyclesConstruction % Finance,2 insurance Germany Standard sole proprietorships1 Micro-entrepreneurs Spain 0 France 100United Austria Netherlands Poland Ireland Ireland Finland Italy France United 0 20 40 60 Finance, 80 insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Netherlands Sweden Belgium Netherlands Spain Italy Poland Ireland Ireland Austria Kingdom Netherlands Spain Finland Sweden Belgium 0 0 Wholesale/retail; 0 20 40 60 80 Poland Ireland France Austria Kingdom Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Finland Belgium Industry1 Ireland (exc. manufacturing)Austria France Belgium Sweden Finland Poland* Italy Industry (exc. manufacturing) repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % United Kingdom* 80 Germany Netherlands Germany Italy Finland Germany Austria United Kingdom* United Kingdom* Germany SpainNetherlands 0.5 France United Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Industry Construction Services Netherlands United Kingdom* Poland Ireland Ireland Austria -5 0 20 40 60 80 0 Industry Construction NetherlandsServices Finland Sweden Belgium Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services Industry Construction ServicesKingdom 60 Industry Construction Services Industry (exc. manufacturing) services Education Netherlands Healthcare, United Kingdom* social work -1 Spain Construction Information, Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* 0 -10 France Poland food services 40 Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail Industry Construction Services Ireland* Industry Construction Services communication support services Accommodation,Other household Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Transport, storage Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés desGraph entreprises 4/ Evolution créées, trimestrielle 2015 des créations d'entreprises,Graph 16/ 2007-2017 Evolution des créations sectoriellesGraph d'entreprises, 8/ Croissance 2008-2016 nette de la population des entreprises,Graph 20/2015 Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs -15 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprisesAdministrative and dans les dix secteurs Netherlands Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprisesItaly créées, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 les plus dynamiques, 2016 Spain les plusProfessional, dynamiques,technical scientific, occupations 2016 United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France Belgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 % GraphQ1-2007 Q3-2007 4/Q1-2008 EvolutionQ3-2008 Q1-2009 trimestrielleQ3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 desQ3-2011 créationsQ1-2012 Q3-2012 d'entreprises,Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 2007-2017Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Germany -20 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs Index 100 = 2007 Index 100 = 2007 % Graph2015 8/ CroissanceAverage nette 2012-2014 de la population des entreprises,% 2015 Graph% 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 Graph% 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 % % Netherlands les plusCompanies dynamiques, Standard2016 sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs 2.5 Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands48 % 48 20 30 2.5 20 Industry Construction Services 30 180 6 180 6 % SwedenIndex 100 = 2007United States Spain* United Kingdom*103 82 United Kingdom* % % % 25 103 82 25 160 5 2 160 15 2.5 15 48 30 180 5 2 20 6 20 103 82 20 140 4 140 10 4 25 160 5 2 1510 1.5 10 1.5 10 120 3 120 3 20 140 5 4 5 5 10 5 2 1 2 1.5 10 100 100 3 1 120 0 0 50 0 1 1 5 80 Italy Finland Austria Germany 80 2 Italy Finland Germany Austria 1 0.5 100 -5 0.5 0 0 -50 0 60 60 1 services services Austria Education 80 Italy Finland Germany Healthcare, Education social work Healthcare, -1 Spain -10 Construction 0.5 Information, social work Information, 0 -1 Spain 0 -10-5 Construction 40 France Poland 0 France Poland food services food services Ireland* Sweden Belgium 40 Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail Wholesale/retail Ireland* communication communication 60 Accommodation,Other household Accommodation,Other householdservices support services support services Education Administrative andTransport, storage Healthcare,Administrative andTransport, storage -15 social work Netherlands -1 Spain -10-15 Construction Information, Italy Netherlands 0 Italy Spain 40 France Poland Professional,technical scientific, occupations Spain Professional,technical scientific, occupations food services Ireland* Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France communication Belgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Belgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 support services Accommodation,Other household Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 2015 Average 2012-2014 Germany Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 -20Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 2015 Average 2012-2014 Germany -15-20 Administrative andTransport, storage Netherlands Italy Netherlands Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneursSpain Netherlands CompaniesProfessional,technical scientific, occupations Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France Belgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 IndustryQ1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 ConstructionQ3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Services Industry Construction Services 2015 Average 2012-2014 Germany -20 Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom* Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom* Netherlands Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Industry Construction Services Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom*

Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 % % % % 25 Transport, storage 8 % % 8 3.5 100 16 20 Netherlands 6 3 90 14 Belgium 6 80 2.5 United Kingdom 15 70 12 4 4 2 Real estate 60 10 France 50

2 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 1.5 8 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 40

Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 % 2 Business support services 30 6 0 1 5 20 Germany Finland Austria Education, healthcare, social work -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Italy 4 Germany Change 2007-2016 0 0.5 Accommodation, Information, communication 10 -2 food services Finance, insurance 0 Italy 2 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years -2 Ireland Poland France Household services 0 -4 Sweden Belgium Manufacturing Change 2014-2016 -5 Spain Italy All standard forms of enterprise Spain Netherlands Spain Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Poland Austria France Ireland Construction Standard companies Italy -6 -4 Belgium Sweden Finland Spain United Kingdom* Germany Standard sole proprietorships Poland France Ireland Austria -10 Sweden Finland Belgium Netherlands Germany Micro-entrepreneurs

Netherlands Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* % Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 450,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 au premier semestre 2010 400,000 30 % % 700,000 14 350,000 25 4.5 600,000 700,000 300,000 20 12 4 3.5 500,000 600,000 250,000 15 10 Healthcare, social work 3 500,000 Education 200,000 10 8 400,000 2.5 400,000 Arts, entertainment and recreation Industry 150,000 5 6 2 300,000 300,000 Household services 4 1.5 Construction 100,000 0 200,000 1 200,000 Accommodation, food services 50,000 -5 2 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 0.5 100,000 100,000 Administrative and support services 0 -10 0 0 0 Real estates Professional, scientific, technical occupations 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Italy Information, communication Italy Spain Italy Spain Spain France 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies France Poland Austria Ireland Ireland Austria Finland Poland France Austria Ireland Transport, storage Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Sweden Belgium Finland Germany Germany Germany Micro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

United Kingdom United Kingdom Industry Construction Services 2015 2013-2015 United Kingdom*

Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 au premier semestre 2010 % 100 % % 26 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 27 Education, healthcare, social work 90 100 400,000 16 Business support services Finance, insurance 80 14 90 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 Professional, scientific, 70 80 technical occupations 12 vehicles/motorcycles 300,000 Transport, storage 60 70 10 Education, healthcare, social work 50 60 250,000 Industry 8 Construction Information, communication 40 50 200,000 Household services 30 6 40 Administrative and support services 150,000 Transport, storage 20 4 30 Other services 100,000 10 2 20 Micro-entrepreneursAccommodation, food services in France Accommodation, food services 0 10 Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle desInformation, créations d'entreprises communication en France, 2014-2017 50,000 Real estate 0 Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph0 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Construction Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 Manufacturing Graph0 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ ComparaisonItaly des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 % Spain Italy Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 Spain Wholesale/retail; Poland Ireland France Austria % Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Finland % Ireland Austria France Belgium % Sweden Finland Poland* % 25 repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % Germany Germany Belgium Italy Transport, storage % % Germany % Spain 25 % 8 France United Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs % Netherlands 3.5 Poland Ireland Ireland Austria Transport, storage 0 20 40 60 80 8 Netherlands Finland Sweden Belgium % % 8 3.5 Kingdom 100 8 20 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 16 Netherlands Netherlands United Kingdom* 3 10090 16 6 United Kingdom* 20 – 37% of micro-entrepreneurs were women, compared Netherlands Industry Construction Services 3 90 14 Industry Construction6 Services Belgium 6 Industry Construction Services Demography of micro-entrepreneurs 80Fig. 35 Fig. 36 14 Belgium 6 2.5 15 80 4 United Kingdom 2.5 70 with 38% of those trading as a standard sole 12 United Kingdom 15 70 Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 12 4 2 Real estate 60 Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 France 4 Real estate Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la populationEnterprise60 des entreprises, creation 2015 by type (2016) proprietorship; on average, they were 38 years old, Survival rate of enterprises created 10 Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 4 GraphGraph 1/ 1/ Taux Taux de de création création d'entreprises, d'entreprises, 2015 2015 2 GraphGraph 5/ 5/ Comparaison Comparaison des des dynamiques dynamiques de de création créationIn 2009, d'entreprise, d'entreprise, micro-entrepreneurs 2007-2017 2007-2017 Graph (formerly 9/ Croissance known nette par as secteur de la population50 des entreprises, 2015 GraphGraph 13/ 13/ Nombre Nombre moyen moyen d'employés d'employés des des entreprises entreprises crées crées par par secteur, secteur, 2015 2015 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 2 France Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 16/Change H1 2016 - 2017 Evolution des10 créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 10 1.5Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 Top50 10 sectors %% in the first half of 2010 2 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 Industry (exc. manufacturing) les40 plus dynamiques, 2016 while owners of standard sole proprietorships were 8 1.5 % auto-entrepreneurs) were responsible% for 55% of all new 40 % Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 2 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 25 8 % % Business support services% 30 % 25 Transport, storage % Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 0 2 1 % 30 39 years old. Transport, storage 6 Index 100 = 2007 % % 8 businesses.% This5 proportionBusinessEducation, support healthcare, fell services gradually social work to 40% in 2016 20% 3.5 % -40 -20 0 0 20 40 60 80 % Germany Finland Austria 1 8 8 3.5 6 % Italy 5 Education, healthcare,8 social work 20 100 Germany Finland Austria 2.5 Accommodation,48 Information, communication 10 4 -40 Germany -20 0 20 40 60Change 2007-2016 80 0 16 Italy 0.5 20 30 20 100 180 -2 6 16 Netherlands (downAccommodation,food 5.4% services year-on-year).Information,Finance, insurance communication 10 3 20 90 4 Germany Change 2007-2016 0 0.5 Netherlands 66 0 3 90 2 Italy -2 14 Belgium food103 services82 Finance, insurance 6 25 0 80 Italy 14 0 Belgium15 -40 -20 0 20 40 6 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 80 2 160 5 Ireland Poland France 0 2 -40 -20 0Household 20 services 40 60 80 100 120 140 2.5 -4 -2 Sweden Belgium United Kingdom Change 2014-2016 1 year 2 years 3 years2.5 4 years 5 years Survival15 of micro-entrepreneurs 70 0 Ireland Poland France 12 4 InManufacturing 2016,United 222,800 KingdomHousehold micro-enterprises services were founded, 20 15 70 -4 -2 Sweden Belgium 12 4 -5 Change 2014-2016 0 4 Spain Italy Manufacturing All standard forms of enterprise 2 Real estate 60 140 Netherlands Spain 10 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor4 vehicles/motorcycles Real estate 60 Spain -5 France 4 All standard forms of enterprise 2 Spain Netherlands 10 Poland Italy Austria France down 0.3% from 2015. Standard companies 50 1.5 Spain Ireland Sweden Finland Construction FranceWholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 10 Italy -6 -4 10 Belgium Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 50 Spain Germany 2 France Standard companies Change H1 2016 - 2017 Spain 3 United Kingdom* Poland Austria Ireland Finland 2 Construction Standard sole proprietorships 1.5 10 France Italy 120 -6 -4 Belgium Sweden A more recent INSEEIndustry report, (exc. manufacturing) published in September 40 Poland Ireland Austria 8 Germany 5 -10 1.5 40 Spain Sweden Finland Belgium United Kingdom* Netherlands Standard sole proprietorships Industry (exc. manufacturing) France 8 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 2 5 Micro-entrepreneurs Poland Ireland Germany Austria -10 % Business support services 30 Sweden Finland Belgium 2 Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 Netherlands The three leading sectors for new2 micro-enterprises Business support services 30 Germany 100 1 0 % Micro-entrepreneurs 1 2017, shed light5 on the main characteristics of micro- Netherlands Industry Construction Services 6 United Kingdom 1 20 6 0 Germany Finland Austria 5 Education, healthcare, social work -40 -20 0 20 0 40 60 80 0 Italy Education, healthcare, social work 20 Netherlands Industry Construction Services United Kingdom -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Germany Finland Austria 1 Industry Construction Services Germany in 2016 were professional, technical and scientific Italy Accommodation, Information, communication 10 United Kingdom* 80 4 Italy Finland Austria Change 2007-2016 0 0.5 entrepreneursAccommodation, registeredInformation, communication in 2010. 10 % 4 Germany Industry Construction Services Germany -2 Change 2007-2016 0 0.5 food services Finance, insurance United Kingdom* 0.5 -2 food services Finance, insurance 0 % 0 2 Italy -5occupations (23%), wholesale/retail (11%) and Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 0 450,000 35 60 2 Italy 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Ireland Poland Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs0 services immatriculés -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 France au premier semestre 2010 Education Household services 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 450,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 -2 Ireland Poland France Sweden Belgium Healthcare, – In 2015, 23%Household of servicesmicro-entrepreneurs registeredChange 2014-2016 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises,0 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 -4 educationGraph 18/ Types (10%). d'entreprises By comparison, crées, 2006-2016-2 25% of all standardSweden social work Information, Manufacturing -1 0Spain 0 -4 -10 Belgium au premier semestreConstruction 2010 Manufacturing Change 2014-2016 400,000 30 France Poland Spain food services -5 All standard forms of enterprise 40 % Sweden Belgium Netherlands Wholesale/retail Italy -5 % Ireland* 700,000 Spain Spain communication Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles All standard forms of enterprise 400,000 30 Netherlands Accommodation,Other household Italy as such as of the first half of 2010 were still in % Spain sole proprietorships were founded in wholesale/retail, support services Spain France Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % 700,000 Administrative andTransport, storage Poland Austria Ireland Construction Standard companies Italy Spain -6 -4 Belgium France Sweden Finland Standard companies 14 -15 Poland Austria Ireland Finland Construction 350,000 25 4.5 Netherlands Spain Italy Italy -6 -4 United Kingdom* Belgium Germany Sweden Standard sole proprietorships 14 France Spain Austria Spain United Kingdom* Professional,technical scientific, occupations Germany business,-10 including 38% of those that had started 350,000 25 Poland Ireland600,000 Finland 17% in healthcare, and 13% in construction. Standard sole proprietorships 4.5United-3 Kingdom Poland France Ireland Sweden Austria Austria Poland Belgium Ireland France 700,000 Netherlands -10 Sweden Germany Finland Belgium Belgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Netherlands Micro-entrepreneurs Source: INSEE, 2017 12Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 4 600,000 Germany Micro-entrepreneurs 300,000 20 2015 Average 2012-2014 Germany -20 700,000 trading by the end of 2010. This was a lower rate 300,000 20 12 4 Netherlands Industry Construction Services Companies Standard sole proprietorshipsUnited Kingdom Micro-entrepreneurs 3.5 Netherlands 500,000 Netherlands 600,000 Industry Construction Services United Kingdom 250,000 15 10 Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands There600,000 were substantial gains in the number of micro- Industry Construction Services 3.5 United Kingdom* 500,000 Industry Construction Services Healthcare, social workIndustry Source:Construction INSEE, 2017Services than for standard sole proprietorships (50%). 10 United Kingdom* % 250,000 15 Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* 3 United Kingdom* % 500,000 Healthcare, socialEducation work 3 enterprises500,000 founded in various sectors in 2016, including Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 200,000 10 8 450,000 400,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 Education Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 8 2.5 450,000 400,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015400,000 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises,Key: In 2016, 2015 the Arts,wholesale/retail entertainment sector and recreation accountedGraph 14/ for Part 19% dans of new l'emploi companies, des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 au premier semestre 2010 200,000 10 2.5 transport/storage (+71.5%), healthcareGraph 10/ Part and dans social l'emploi work des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Arts, entertainment and recreationGraph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph– Thirty-eight 18/ Types d'entreprises of every crées, 2006-2016 100 registered micro- au premierFig. 37 semestre 2010 6 400,000 25% of standard sole proprietorships, andIndustry 11% of new micro-enterprises. 150,000 5 2 400,000 300,000 30 % Industry 150,000 5 6 2 400,000 30 % 300,000 % Household services700,000 entrepreneurs had remained dormant, while only 300,000 (+11.5%),300,000 as well as accommodation% and food services Household 700,000services 4 1.5 14 Construction 100,000 0 1.5 350,000 25 14 200,000 4.5 Construction 23 of the 62 that had started trading in 2010 were Five-year survival rate of micro-entrepreneurs 100,000 0 4 1 350,000 200,000 25 (+10.6%). 4.5 Accommodation, food services600,000 200,000 200,000 Accommodation, food 600,000services 700,000 registered in the first half of 2010 50,000 -5 2 1 300,000 20 12 100,000 4 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 700,000 2 0.5 300,000 20 12 4 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles still doing so in 2015. 50,000 -5 100,000 100,000 Administrative and support services 600,000 0.5 Regional differences in micro-enterprise3.5 creation were Administrative and support services500,000 600,000 0 -10 0 0 250,000 100,000 15 1010 0 3.5 Real500,000 estates Healthcare, social work 0 -10 0 0 250,000 15 0 Characteristics Real estates Healthcare, social work 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20113 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Professional, scientific, technical occupations 500,000500,000– The sectors with the highest proportion of micro- Education 0 also apparent: registrations increased3 by 13.8% in Ile Professional, scientific, technical occupations Education Italy 200,000 10 8 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Information, communication400,000 Italy Spain Italy 200,000 0 10 8 2.5 400,000 Arts, entertainment and recreation Spain Spain Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) of micro-entrepreneurs 400,000entrepreneurs still trading in 2015 were healthcare Arts, entertainment and recreation France Italy Italy 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2.5 Companies Information, communication France Italy Poland Austria Ireland Ireland Austria Finland Spain Poland France Austria Ireland de France (Paris region) in 2016, but declined 6.2% Transport, storage 400,000 Spain Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Spain Sweden Belgium Finland Industry France Germany 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20136 2014 2015 2016 Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs)2 Companies Industry France Poland Germany Austria Ireland Ireland Austria Finland Poland France 150,000Austria Ireland Germany 5 Micro-entrepreneurs FinanceTransport, and insurance storage % Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Sweden Belgium 150,000 Finland 5 6 2 300,000 300,000 Household services Germany 300,000 and social work (59%), education (46%), and arts, Germany Netherlands Germany elsewhereMicro-entrepreneurs in France. Finance and insurance % 300,000 Household services Netherlands Netherlands 1.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Construction Netherlands 4 1.5 Netherlands 100,000 Netherlands Industry Construction0 Services 4 A report by the French National Institute 0 10 for 20 Statistics 30 40 50 and60 70 200,000 Construction United Kingdom United Kingdom 100,000 0 200,000 200,000entertainment and recreation (44%). Age was also Accommodation, food services United Kingdom* Industry Construction Services 1 200,000 Accommodation, food services United Kingdom2015 2013-2015 United Kingdom 1 United Kingdom* 50,000 -5 2 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 2015 2013-2015 50,000 -5 2 0.5 Economic Studies (INSEE) published in September 2016 100,000100,000a factor: 16% of micro-entrepreneurs under the age Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 0.5 100,000 AdministrativeAdministrative and and support support services services 0 -10 0 Fig. 34 0 revealed the following main characteristics100,000 of micro- of0 thirty in 2010 were still trading five years later, Real estates 0 -10 0 0 0 Real estates 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Professional, scientific, technical occupations Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 entrepreneurs registered in 2014: 0 compared2006 2007 2008with 2009 21% 2010 of 30-2011 to 2012 39-year-olds, 2013 2014 2015 28% 2016 Professional, scientific, technical occupations Italy Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises0 créées Information, communication Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Italy Spain Italy Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Spain Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ EvolutionItaly du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises,Spain 2009-2016Italy Information, communication Italy France Spain Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises2007 créées 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies France Spain Poland Austria Ireland Austria Finland Change in number of micro-entreprisesPoland SpaincreatedFrance Austria auIreland premier semestre 2010 Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies Transport, storage Graph Sweden 15/ RépartitionFinland sectorielleIreland des entreprises crées enBelgium 2016 France Sweden Austria Graph 19/ Evolution du Poland*nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Finland 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 % France Poland Belgium Austria Ireland Ireland Finland Poland France Sweden Belgium Austria Ireland of 40- to 49-year-olds, and 31% of over 50s. Transport, storage Germany Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Germany Poland* Sweden Belgium au premier semestreGermany Finland2010 Micro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % % Germany Germany (2009-2016) – 60% of thoseGermany registered in the first half of the year Micro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % 100 % % Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 100 % % beganEducation, actively healthcare, tradingsocial work that year. Industry Construction Services 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 United Kingdom 400,000 United Kingdom 16 100 United Kingdom Business support services United Kingdom United Kingdom* Education, healthcare, social work Industry Construction Services 90 2015 2013-2015 400,000 United Kingdom* Finance, insurance 80 16 100 2015 2013-2015 Business support services 14 90 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 Professional,Finance, insurancescientific, Source: INSEE, 2017 80 90 – Start-up rates were at their highest in healthcare 70 14 80 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 Professional,technical occupations scientific, 70 12 80 vehicles/motorcycles 300,000 and socialtechnicalTransport, work occupations (77%),storage education (74%) and 60 12 70 vehicles/motorcycles 300,000 Transport, storage 60 10 70 Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Education,Graph healthcare, 7/ Taux social de disparitionwork des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Industry 50 60 Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Education,Graph healthcare, 7/ Taux social de disparition work des entreprises par250,000 secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées 10 industry (67%). Industry Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 GraphGraph 19/ 19/ Evolution Evolution du du nombre nombre de de créations créations de de micro-entreprises, micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 2009-2016 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées 50 8 60 Construction 250,000 Information, communication Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 au premier semestre 2010 40 50 % Construction 200,000 au premier semestre 2010 40 8 % Information, communication 30 6 50 Household services 200,000 Administrative and support services 40 100 Household% %services % – 54% of micro-entrepreneurs starting up were doing 30 6 40 100 150,000 % Administrative and support services Education, healthcare, social work 20 4 30 Transport, storage 150,000 Other services Micro-entrepreneur status in France Education, healthcare, social work 90 Transport,16 storage 100 Business support services 400,000 20 4 30 90 16 100,000 100 so as their mainOther occupation, services while sector-wise those Business support services 400,000 Finance, insurance 10 2 20 80 Accommodation, food services Accommodation, food services Finance, insurance 80 14 100,000 90 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000 10 2 20 Accommodation,14 food services 90 in thisAccommodation, situation food were services mainly found to be operating Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000A special set of tax and social security rules were introduced in JanuaryProfessional,Professional, 2009, under scientific, scientific, the name of auto-entrepreneur 0 0 10 70 Information, communication 50,000 80 Real estate technical occupations 0 10 70 Information,12 communication 50,000 80 Real estate vehicles/motorcycles technical occupations 0 0 12 in wholesale/retailConstruction (19%), professional occupations vehicles/motorcycles 300,000300,000status, to encourage the creation of sole proprietorships. These rules simplifiedTransport, storagethe formalities of starting up, taking 6060 Manufacturing 0 70 Transport, storage Italy 0 Manufacturing10 70 Construction Education, healthcare, social work Spain Italy Industry Spain 50 10 0 Wholesale/retail; Education, healthcare, social work 250,000 Poland Italy France Austria Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 60 2013 2014 2015 2016 a break from or winding up any gainful occupation as a sole trader, subject to revenueIndustry limits (€82,800 for commercial Finland Ireland Spain Austria France Italy 50 (17%) and construction (16%). Those who set up a 250,000 Belgium Ireland Finland Spain 60 Wholesale/retail; Poland Germany Germany France Austria Belgium Sweden Poland* Italy Real estate8 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % Construction Finland Ireland Austria France Germany 40 Spain Construction Information, communication Belgium Ireland Finland 8 50 Information, communication Belgium Sweden Poland* Italy France United 40 Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % 200,000occupations, and €33,200 for service providers and activités libérales, or liberal professions). Germany Germany Netherlands Poland Ireland Ireland Austria 50 micro-enterprise as a sideline were mainly working in 200,000 Netherlands Germany Finland Sweden Belgium Spain 0 20 40 60 80 Household services France UnitedKingdom Finance, insurance6 Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Administrative and support services Netherlands Poland Ireland Ireland 30 Austria 40 Household services Netherlands Finland Sweden30 Belgium Industry (exc.6 manufacturing) 0 20 40 60 80 Administrative and support services Kingdom 40 150,000 Netherlands New businesses can be created online, while all social security contributions, taxes and charges are combined into a United Kingdom* 20 Industry (exc.4 manufacturing) professional occupations (22%), wholesale/retail (13%), Transport, storage 150,000 Other services United Kingdom* 30 Source: INSEE, 2017 Transport, storage Other services United Kingdom* Industry Construction Services 20 Netherlands 4 30 United Kingdom* 100,000 Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services 10 2 20 construction (9%), and education (9%). Accommodation, food services 100,000single payment, in proportion with declared revenues. Business profitsAccommodation, are calculated food services using flat rates and entrepreneurs Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services 10 2 20 Accommodation, food services Accommodation, food services 0 0 10 Information, communication 50,000are not required to pay VAT. Real estate 0 0 10 Information, communication 50,000 Real estate 0 Construction Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans0 les dix secteurs ManufacturingManufacturing 0 Construction Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015Italy Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 In0 December 2014, auto-entrepreneur status was replaced by micro-entrepreneur status. Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 Italy Spain Italy Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 GraphSpain 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs Wholesale/retail; Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 FranceGraphAustria 16/ Evolution des créationsSpain sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 les plus dynamiques,Italy 2016 Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Poland Finland Ireland France Spain Wholesale/retail; Poland France Austria Belgium Ireland Austria Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Finland Ireland Belgium Austria France Sweden Finland les plus dynamiques, 2016Poland* Italy repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % Germany Germany Belgium Ireland Finland Germany Germany Belgium Sweden Germany Poland* Italy Spain repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % % Germany United Spain Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Index 100 = 2007 % % Poland France Ireland Ireland Austria Netherlands France Finland United Sweden Finance, insurance Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs 0 20 40 60 80 % Netherlands Netherlands Poland Ireland Ireland Belgium Austria 0 20 40 60 80 Index 100 = 2007 % 2.5 % 48 Netherlands % Finland KingdomSweden Belgium % 20 30 Kingdom IndustryIndustry (exc. (exc. manufacturing) manufacturing) 180 6 2.5 United Kingdom*48 30 Netherlands 20 United Kingdom* United Kingdom* Netherlands 180 6 103 82 Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services 25 Industry Construction Services 160 5 2 Industry Construction Services 15 103 82 25 Industry Construction Services 15 160 5 2 20 140 4 10 20 140 4 1.5 10 GraphGraph 4/ 4/ Evolution Evolution trimestrielle trimestrielle des des créations créations d'entreprises, d'entreprises, 2007-2017 2007-2017 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des10 entreprises, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs 120 3 1.5 Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des 10entreprises, 2015 GraphGraph 12/ 12/ Nombre Nombre moyens moyens d'employés d'employés des des entreprises entreprises créées, créées, 2015 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs 3 5 lesles plus plus dynamiques, dynamiques, 2016 2016 120 5 5 100 2 1 5 % 2 Index 100 = 2007 % % % 100 1 Index 100 = 2007 0 % 0 % % 1 0 % 0 2.5 48 30 80 Italy Finland Austria 2.5 20 48 1 Germany 180 6 20 30 80 Italy Finland Austria 0.5 180 6 0 Germany -5 103 82 0.5 -5 103 82 25 60 160 services 15 25 0 5 2 Education 160 5 Healthcare, 2 15 60 social work services Information, -1 Spain -10 Construction Education 0 Healthcare, 20 France Poland social work food services Information, 20 40 -1 Sweden Belgium Spain 140 -10 4 Wholesale/retail Construction Ireland* 0 communication 10 40 France Poland 140 4 support services Accommodation,food servicesOther household 10 Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail Transport, storage Ireland* Administrative and 1.5 communication 10 -15 Accommodation,Other household Netherlands support services 1.5 10 120 Italy 3 Administrative andTransport, storage Spain -15 3 Professional,technical scientific, occupations Netherlands 120 Italy 5 United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France 5 Spain Belgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Professional,technical scientific, occupations 5 Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 5 United-3 Kingdom Austria Germany Poland Ireland France -20 2 1 2015 Average 2012-2014 Belgium 100 Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20132 2014 2015 2016 Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Germany 100 -20 1 2015 Average 2012-2014 Netherlands Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs 0 0 Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs 0 0 Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Netherlands Industry Construction Services 1 Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands 80 1 Italy Finland Germany Austria United Kingdom* 80 Industry Construction Services Italy Finland Germany Austria 0.5 Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* 0.5 -5 Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom* 0 -5 60 0 services 60 services Education Healthcare, social work Education -1 Spain -10 Construction Healthcare, Information, 0 social work Information, -1 France Poland Spain -10 Construction food services 40 Sweden Belgium 0 Wholesale/retail 40 Ireland* France Poland food services communication Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail Accommodation,Other household Ireland* support services communication Administrativesupport services andTransport, storageAccommodation,Other household -15 Administrative andTransport, storage Netherlands Italy -15 Netherlands Spain Italy Professional,technical scientific, occupations -3 Spain France Professional,technical scientific, occupations United Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland Finland -3 Austria Poland Belgium Ireland France Sweden 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 United Kingdom Germany Belgium Sweden Finland -20 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 2015 Average 2012-2014 2015 Average 2012-2014 Germany -20 Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Netherlands Companies Standard sole proprietorships Micro-entrepreneurs Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Netherlands Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands IndustryIndustry ConstructionConstruction ServicesServices Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom* Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom*

Graph 17/ Dynamique sectorielle des créations d'entreprises en France, 2014-2017 Graph 9/ Croissance nette par secteur de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 1/ Taux de création d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 5/ Comparaison des dynamiques de création d'entreprise, 2007-2017 Graph 13/ Nombre moyen d'employés des entreprises crées par secteur, 2015 Graph 21/ Taux de survie des entreprises créées au premier semestre 2010 % % % % 25 Transport, storage 8 % % 8 3.5 100 16 20 Netherlands 6 3 90 14 Belgium 6 80 2.5 United Kingdom 15 70 12 4 4 2 Real estate 60 10 France 50

2 Change H1 2016 - 2017 10 1.5 8 Industry (exc. manufacturing) 40

Change Q1, 2016 - 2017 % 2 Business support services 30 6 0 1 5 20 Germany Finland Austria Education, healthcare, social work -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Italy 4 Germany Change 2007-2016 0 0.5 Accommodation, Information, communication 10 -2 food services Finance, insurance 0 Italy 2 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years -2 Ireland Poland France Household services 0 -4 Sweden Belgium Manufacturing Change 2014-2016 -5 Spain Italy All standard forms of enterprise Spain Netherlands Spain Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles Poland Austria France Ireland Construction Standard companies Italy -6 -4 Belgium Sweden Finland Spain United Kingdom* Germany Standard sole proprietorships Poland France Ireland Austria -10 Sweden Finland Belgium Netherlands Germany Micro-entrepreneurs

Netherlands Industry Construction Services United Kingdom Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* % Graph 22/ Survie à 5 ans par secteur des autoentrepreneurs immatriculés 450,000 35 Graph 6/ Taux de disparition des entreprises, 2015 Graph 10/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 14/ Part dans l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 18/ Types d'entreprises crées, 2006-2016 au premier semestre 2010 400,000 30 % % 700,000 14 350,000 25 4.5 600,000 700,000 300,000 20 12 4 3.5 500,000 600,000 250,000 15 10 Healthcare, social work 3 500,000 Education 200,000 10 8 400,000 2.5 400,000 Arts, entertainment and recreation Industry 150,000 5 6 2 300,000 300,000 Household services 4 1.5 Construction 100,000 0 200,000 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 1 200,000 28 Accommodation, food services 29 50,000 -5 2 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles 0.5 100,000 100,000 Administrative and support services 0 -10 0 0 0 Real estates Professional, scientific, technical occupations 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Italy Information, communication Italy Spain Italy Spain Spain France 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sole proprietorships (exc. micro-entrepreneurs) Companies France Poland Austria Ireland Ireland Austria Finland Poland France Austria Ireland Transport, storage Sweden Belgium Finland Belgium Sweden Poland* Sweden Belgium Finland Germany Germany Germany Micro-entrepreneurs Finance and insurance % Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

United Kingdom United Kingdom Industry Construction Services 2015 2013-2015 United Kingdom* Longevity of French businesses Fig. 38

highly dependent on legal Five-year survival rate of enterprises Graph 3/ Proportion par secteur des créations d'entreprises, 2015 Graph 7/ Taux de disparition des entreprises par secteur, 2015 Graph 11/ Créations d'emploi par secteur, 2015 Graph 15/ Répartition sectorielle des entreprises crées en 2016 Graph 19/ Evolution du nombre de créations de micro-entreprises, 2009-2016 Graph 23/ Taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises créées BUSINESS FINANCE created in the first half of 2010 au premier semestre 2010 % status and business sector 100 % % Education, healthcare, social work 90 100 400,000The five-year survival rate of enterprises (excluding micro- 16 Business support services Finance, insurance 80 14 90 Wholesale/retail; repair of motor 350,000entrepreneurs) founded in the first half of 2010 was 60%, Professional, scientific, 70 80 technical occupations 12 vehicles/motorcycles 300,000according to INSEE. Ninety-one percent of them were still Transport, storage 60 70 10 Education, healthcare, social work Ensuring that businesses can obtain funding is key to the success of any growing economy; 50 60 250,000trading after one year, a figure that subsequently fell by a Industry 8 Construction Information, communication 40 50 200,000further 11% by year two, and by the same proportion again whether they are startups, SMEs, mid-size companies or multinationals, greater access Household services 30 6 40 1 Administrative and support services 150,000in years three and four, before a 7% decline by year five. 20 4 30 Transport, storage Other services to finance helps them achieve stable and sustainable growth. 100,000 10 2 20 Accommodation, food services Companies enjoyed longevity in greater proportions Accommodation, food services 0 0 10 Information, communication 50,000 Real estate The main types of finance are: self-funding through savings; bank credit; share or bond issues. than standard sole proprietorships (67% and 50%, Construction 0 Manufacturing 0 Italy Spain Italy Spain respectively). Consequently, 74% of companies Wholesale/retail; Poland Ireland France Austria Real estate 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Finland Belgium Ireland Austria France Belgium Sweden Finland Poland* repair of motor vehicles/motorcycles % In France, companies – and SMEs in particular – are mainly financed by bank loans, and can Germany Germany Italy Germany Spain France United Finance, insurance registeredStandard as a sociétésole proprietorships à actions simplifiéeMicro-entrepreneurs (SAS) and 66% Netherlands Poland Ireland Ireland Austria Netherlands Finland Sweden Belgium 0 20 40 60 80 Kingdom Industry (exc. manufacturing) of those registered as a société à responsabilité limitée borrow large sums cheaply at very low interest rates. Furthermore, an increasing number United Kingdom* Netherlands Industry Construction Services United Kingdom* Industry Construction Services Industry Construction Services (SARL) in 2010 were still trading in 2015, compared with Source: INSEE, 2017 of French startups are being funded by venture and growth capital, making France one 68% of businesses registered as professions libérales, of the world’s leading startup nations. Graph 4/ Evolution trimestrielle des créations d'entreprises, 2007-2017 47% as artisans and 42% as commerçants. Graph 8/ Croissance nette de la population des entreprises, 2015 Graph 12/ Nombre moyens d'employés des entreprises créées, 2015 Graph 16/ Evolution des créations sectorielles d'entreprises, 2008-2016 Graph 20/ Créations par type d'entreprises dans les dix secteurs les plus dynamiques, 2016 The sectors with the highest proportion of enterprises Index 100 = 2007 % % % responsabilité limitée (SARL) (66.3%). Conversely, % 48 2.5 20 30still trading after five years were education, healthcare 180 6 the least durable forms of enterprise in France were 103 82 25and social work (75%), finance and insurance (71%), and 160 5 2 15 entrepreneurs registered as agents commerciaux, 20professional, technical and scientific occupations (70%). 140 4 10 with a 30.1% survival rate after five years. Fig. 39 1.5 10 Steady increase in lending 3 The longevity of businesses after five years is also 120 5 Graph 5/ Prêts aux entreprises en 2015 (en % du PIB) 5 Graph 5/ Prêts aux entreprises en 2015 (en % du PIB) 100 2 1 correlated with financial investment when they were to companies and SMEs Lending to companies and SMEs % 0 0 % 1 founded (54% of enterprises created with less than Bankruptcies in France Grainph France 1/ Lending (2007-2015) to companies and SMEs in France 80 Italy Finland Germany Austria 6 0.5 Graph 1/ Lending to companies and SMEs in France 6 0 -5 In 2015, corporate lending amounted to €1,077.3 billion €4,000, versus 72% for those founded with more than € billion 60 services down in 2016 5 Education Healthcare, € billion social work Information, in France, up 24% since 2007. There has also been 5 -1 Spain 0 -10 €80,000) as wellConstruction as chief executive experience (56% 1,200 France Poland food services 40 Sweden Belgium Wholesale/retail Ireland* communication 1,200 4 support services Accommodation,Other household a significant increase in lending to SMEs in recent years, for enterprises created by foundersTransport, storage with no experience -15 Administrative and 4 Netherlands Italy According to the Banque de France, 58,057 businesses 1,000 Spain Professional,technical scientific, occupations from €180.6 billion in 2007 to €224.1 billion in 2015, a rise 3 United-3 Kingdom Austria Poland Ireland France in their field, versus 65% for those founded by owners 1,000 Belgium Sweden Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Q1-2007 Q3-2007 Q1-2008 Q3-2008 Q1-2009 Q3-2009 Q1-2010 Q3-2010 Q1-2011 Q3-2011 Q1-2012 Q3-2012 Q1-2013 Q3-2013 Q1-2014 Q3-2014 Q1-2015 Q3-2015 Q1-2016 Q3-2016 Q1-2017 Germany -20 filed for bankruptcy in 2016, down 8% from 2015. In the 3 2015 Average 2012-2014 of 24.1%. As a share of national wealth, lending to SMEs 800 Netherlands withCompanies more thanStandard 10 years’ sole proprietorships relevant experience).Micro-entrepreneurs first half of 2017, this figure was 27,780, down 7.5% from 800 2 Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Industry Construction Services rose from 9.3% of GDP in 2007 to 10.2% of GDP in 2015. 2 Sweden United States Spain* United Kingdom* United Kingdom* the first half of 2016. The largest falls in bankruptcies 600 1 Companies registered as a société à actions simplifiée 600 over the previous 12 months were seen in construction France is now among the leading countries in the world 1 (SAS) enjoyed longevity in greater proportions after 400 0 five years, with a survival rate of 73.5%, followed by (-13.5%) and industry (-11.2%). for corporate lending, which amounted to 49.1% of GDP 400 0 200

in 2015, ranking France after Italy (58.4%), but ahead of 200 Italy Israel Spain

sole proprietors registered under professions libérales China Italy France Ireland Austria Finland Israel Canada Spain China Sweden Belgium

1 Spain (48.2%), the United Kingdom (22.9%), 0 Portugal France Ireland Denmark Austria

INSEE Première #1639, March 2017. Finland (67.5%) and companies registered as a société à Canada Sweden Belgium

0 Portugal Denmark

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Switzerland Netherlands South Korea and the United States (15.0%). Luxembourg United States 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Switzerland Netherlands South Korea Luxembourg

Companies SMEs United States Companies SMEs United Kingdom Data from the Banque de France shows that lending Source: OECD Companies United Kingdom Companies SMEs to non-financial corporations has risen sharply since SMEs December 2007, with a slight decline in 2009 preceding Graph 6/ Change in access to corporate bond markets and bank lending (2000-2017) Graph 2/ Corporate lending (2015) Graph 6/ Change in access to corporate bond markets and bank lending (2000-2017) Graph 2/ Corporate lending (2015) a revival from late 2014 onwards. % albeit smaller in magnitude. Conversely, in other euro % 6 These figures confirm the availability of bank credit zone countries, such as Italy and Spain, corporate 6 % of GDP % of GDP 5 in France, with corporate lending remaining buoyant lending has remained in decline since the 2008 global 5 overall. A similar trend can also be seen in Germany, financial80 crisis. 4 80 4 60 3 60 49.1% 3 49.1% 40 2 40 2 1 20 1 20 0 0 0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Italy Japan Spain Israel China* Italy France Austria Ireland Spain Norway Belgium Canada Finland Bank lending rates > €1m (France) Japan Portugal Israel China* Sweden* France Austria Ireland Norway Belgium Canada Finland Bank lending rates > €1m (France) Sweden* Portugal Switzerland South Korea Netherlands United States Bank lending rates > €1m (Euro zone) Switzerland South Korea Netherlands United Kingdom United States Bank lending rates > €1m (Euro zone) United Kingdom Market-based finance Market-based finance

Graph 3/ Change in lending to non-financial corporations in the euro zone) Graph 7/ Venture capital in France Graph 3/ Change in lending to non-financial corporations in the euro zone) Graph 7/ Venture capital in France Index = 100 in December 2007 Index = 100 in December 2007 140 € million 140 € million 130 3,000 130 3,000 120 120 2,500 €2.206 billion 110 2,500 €2.206(574 deals) billion 110 100 2,000 €1.809 billion (574 deals) 100 2,000 €1.809(484 deals) billion 90 (484 deals) 90 1,500 €1.216 billion 80 1,500 1,200 €1.216(301 deals) billion €897 million 1,200 80 €897(372 milliondeals) 1,050 (301 deals) 70 1,000 (372 deals) 70 1,000 1,050 60 +21% 60 500 452 +21% 1,216 1,006 50 500 452 759 1,216 1,006 50 445 759 0 445 0 2014 2015 2016 2017

Jul. 2008 Jul. 2009 Jul. 2010 Jul. 2011 Jul. 2012 Jul. 2013 Jul. 2014 Jul. 2015 Jul. 2016 Jul. 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014 Jan. 2015 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2017 Jul. 2008 Jul. 2009 Jul. 2010 Jul. 2011 Jul. 2012 Jul. 2013 Jul. 2014 Jul. 2015 Jul. 2016 Jul. 2017

Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014 Jan. 2015 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2017 Half-year 1 Half-year 2 France Germany Spain Italy Half-year 1 Half-year 2 France Germany Spain Italy Euro zone excluding France Euro zone excluding France

Graph 4/ Interest rates on loans to companies and SMEs in France Graph 8/ Venture capital in France (2007-2016) Graph 4/ Interest rates on loans to companies and SMEs in France Graph 8/ Venture capital in France (2007-2016) % € million % € million 6 1,000 6 1,000 5 5 800 800 4 4 600 600 3 3 400 2 400 2 200 1 200 1 0 0 0 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Sums invested Companies supported Sums invested Companies supported Graph 5/ Prêts aux entreprises en 2015 (en % du PIB)

% Graph 1/ Lending to companies and SMEs in France 6

€ billion 5 1,200 4 1,000 3 800 2

600 1

400 0

200 Italy Israel Spain China France Ireland Austria Finland Canada Sweden Belgium

0 Portugal Denmark

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Switzerland Netherlands South Korea Luxembourg United States Companies SMEs United Kingdom Companies SMEs

Graph 6/ Change in access to corporate bond markets and bank lending (2000-2017) Graph 2/ Corporate lending (2015)

% Graph 5/ Prêts aux entreprises en 2015 (en % du PIB) 6 % % of GDP Graph 1/ Lending to companies and SMEs in France 6 5 € billion 5 80 4 Graph 5/ Prêts aux entreprises en 2015 (en % du PIB) 1,200 Graph4 5/ Prêts aux entreprises en 2015 (en % du PIB) 60 3 % 1,000 % 49.1% 3 Graph 1/ Lending to companies and SMEs in France 6 2 Graph 1/ Lending to companies and SMEs in France 6 40 800 2 € billion 5 1 € billion 5 20 600 1,200 1,200 1 4 0 4 0 Graph 5/ Prêts aux entreprises en 2015 (en % du PIB) 400 0 1,000 Graph 5/ Prêts aux entreprises en 2015 (en % du PIB) 1,000 3 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 3 % Italy 200 % Japan Spain Israel 800 800 France Italy China* Austria Canada Ireland

Finland 2 Israel Spain Graph 1/ Lending to companies and SMEs in France 2 Norway Belgium Bank lending rates > €1m (France) China 6 Sweden* Portugal France Ireland Austria

Graph 1/ Lending to companies and SMEs in France Finland 6 Canada Sweden Belgium Switzerland 0 Portugal 600 South Korea Netherlands 600 Denmark € billion 51 United States Bank lending rates > €1m (Euro zone) 1 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Switzerland Netherlands € billion South Korea 5 United Kingdom Luxembourg 1,200 United States 1,200400 Market-based finance 400 Companies SMEs 0

40 United Kingdom 4 Companies 301,000 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 31 1,000200 200 3 SMEs Italy Italy Israel Spain 3 China Israel Spain China France Ireland Austria Finland

Graph 3/ Change in lending to non-financial corporations in the euro zone) Canada France Ireland Sweden

Austria Graph 7/ Venture capital in France

800 Belgium Finland Canada 0 Portugal Sweden Denmark

Belgium Graph 6/ Change in access to corporate bond markets and bank lending (2000-2017)

8000 2 Portugal 2 Denmark Graph 2/ Corporate lending (2015)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Switzerland Netherlands South Korea Luxembourg 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Index = 100 inSwitzerland December 2007 Netherlands South Korea United States 600 Luxembourg % 1 United States € million 600 140 1 Companies SMEs Companies SMEs United Kingdom United Kingdom 6 Companies 400 Companies 400 130 0 3,000 0 % of GDP SMEs 120 SMEs 5 200 2,500 €2.206 billion

200 2.0% in Spain, 2.1% in Italy, 2.1% in theItaly United Kingdom, Figures from the Banque de France and the European equityGraph 6/and Change crowdfunding in access to corporate can bond serve markets as andan bankalternative lending (2000-2017)

110 Israel Spain

China (574 deals) Fig. 40 Graph 6/ Change in access to corporate bondItaly markets and bank lending (2000-2017) Graph 2/ Corporate lending (2015) France Ireland Israel 80 4 Spain Austria China Finland Canada

Graph 2/ Corporate lending (2015) Sweden

Belgium €1.809 billion France Ireland Portugal

0 Austria 100 Finland 2,000

and 2.4% in Ireland. Denmark Central Bank (ECB) confirm that this trend has been or even supplementary source of finance to bank credit, Canada Sweden Belgium % 0 Portugal % Denmark (484 deals) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Switzerland Netherlands

South Korea 3

90 Luxembourg 60

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Switzerland occurring for quite some time: interest rates on loans of as 6the sums they raise may also help the process of

United States €1.216 billion Netherlands South Korea Corporate lending (2015) 6 Luxembourg 1,500 49.1% Companies SMEs Rates80 for SMEs had fallen to 1.8%United States in France by the end 1,200

United Kingdom (301 deals) Companies SMEs €897 million over% of GDP €1 million to non-financial corporations in France obtaining2 a bank loan. % of GDP of 2015, wellCompanies below the cost of borrowingUnited Kingdom in Spain (3.0%), (372 deals) 1,050 40 5 70 5 Companies 1,000 are at their lowest level since the creation of the euro. SMEs +21% 1 the60 UnitedSMEs States (3.3%), the United Kingdom (3.3%), 2080 Furthermore,4 bank credit is ill-suited to financing 500 452 Graph 5/ Prêts aux1,216 entreprises en 2015 (en % du PIB) 80 Graph4 6/ Change in access to corporate bond markets and bank lending (2000-2017) After1,006 experiencing peaks in November 2000 (5.0%) and and50 ItalyGraph 6/(3.8%). Change in access to corporate bond markets and bank lending (2000-2017) 759 innovation and startups. Venture capital plays a key Graph 2/ Corporate lending (2015) 445 30 Graph 2/ Corporate lending (2015) 0 September600% 2008 (5.8%), France has seen a long-term 60 %3 49.1% role in the innovation process and encouraging its 49.1% % Graph 1/ Lending to companies and SMEs in France 2014 2015 20166 2017 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 6 downward trend in lending rates, which had fallen to 2 Jul. 2008 Jul. 2009 Jul. 2010 Jul. 2011 Jul. 2012 Jul. 2013 Jul. 2014 Jul. 2015 Jul. 2016 Jul. 2017 40 Italy Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014 Jan. 2015 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2017 use in France is a major strategic challenge. 62 Japan Spain Israel 40 France € billion Half-year 1 Half-year 2 1.38%China* in September 2017. RatesAustria in theCanada euro zone haveIreland % of GDP 5 Norway Belgium Finland Bank lending rates > €1m (France) Fig.France 42 & 43Germany Spain Italy Sweden* Portugal 1 % of GDP 5 20 51 1,200 followedSwitzerland a similarSouth pattern. Korea Netherlands 20 Euro zone excluding France 4 United States Bank lending rates > €1m (Euro zone) 0 80 Graph4 5/ Prêts aux entreprises en 2015 (en % du PIB) United Kingdom 80 40 1,000 0 Market-based finance 0 Interest rates on loans to companies Furthermore,3 market-based finance costs are also at an % 3 Fig.2000 2001 452002 &2003 462004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 60 and 2000SMEs2001 2002in France2003 2004 2005 (2007-2015)2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 60 49.1% 3 800 exceptionally lowItaly level for non-financial corporations, Japan Spain Israel Graph 1/ Lending to companies and SMEs in France 2China* France Italy 49.1% Gra6ph 4/ Interest rates on loans to companies and SMEs in France Graph 8/ Venture capital in France (2007-2016) Austria Canada Finland Ireland Spain Norway Belgium Bank lending rates > €1m (France) Japan Israel 2 Sweden* Portugal 40China* France Austria Ireland with interest rates on corporate bonds falling to a record Norway Belgium Canada Finland 2 Bank lending rates > €1m (France) Graph 3/ Change in lending to non-financial corporations in the euro zone) Graph 7/ Venture capital in France 40 Sweden* Portugal 600 Switzerland South Korea Netherlands Venture capital in France (2014-2017) € billion %5 € million 1 United States Bank lending rates > €1m (Euro zone) Switzerland South Korea Netherlands 1 low in August 2016 (0.6%) before stabilizing in 2017 at 1,200 20 United States 1 Bank lending rates > €1m (Euro zone) Index = 100 in December 2007 United Kingdom 20 6 400 1,000 Market-based finance United Kingdom 4 0.8%.0 € million 0 Market-based finance 140 1,000 0 Source: OECD; Business France calculations; 5 0 0 3 200 800 130 3,000 *Data and GDP for 2014 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Italy Israel Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 China France 120 Ireland Austria Finland

Italy Canada

800 Graph 3/ ChangeSweden in lending to non-financial corporations in the euro zone) Spain Belgium Graph 7/ Venture capital in France €2.206 billion Japan Israel 4 0 Portugal 2,500 Italy 2 Denmark China* France Spain Austria Ireland Graph 3/ ChangeJapan in lending to non-financialNorway corporationsBelgium Israel Canada in Finlandthe euro zone) Bank lending rates > €1m (France) 600 110 (574 deals) China* Sweden* France Portugal Austria Ireland Graph 7/ Venture capital in France Norway Belgium Canada Finland Bank lending rates > €1m (France) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Switzerland Netherlands South Korea Sweden* Portugal Index = 100 in DecemberLuxembourg 2007 €1.809 billion

600 United States Switzerland South Korea Netherlands 31 100 Fig. 44 2,000 United States Bank lending rates > €1m (Euro zone) € million Index = 100Switzerland in December 2007South Korea Netherlands Companies SMEs 140 (484 deals) United States Bank lending rates > €1m (Euro zone) United Kingdom United Kingdom 400 Fig. 41 € million 90 Companies €1.216 billion 400140 United Kingdom 20 Market-based finance 130 3,0001,500 Market-based finance 80 1,200 (301 deals) 130 3,000 ChangeSMEs in access to corporate bond markets €897 million 200 120 (372 deals) 1,050 200 Change in lending to non-financial 1 70 2,5001,000 €2.206 billion 120 Italy 110Graphand 6/ bank Change lending in access to (2000-2017) corporate bond markets and bank lending (2000-2017) Israel Spain (574 deals) 2,500 Graph€2.206 2/ billion Corporate lending (2015)China 60 +21% France Ireland Austria Finland Graphcorporations 3/ Change in lendingin the to euro non-financial zone corporations (2007-2017) in the euro zone) Canada Sweden 452 €1.809 billion 110 Graph 7/ Venture capital inBelgium France 500 0 (574 deals) Portugal 100 2,000 1,216 Graph 3/ Change in lending to non-financial corporations in the euro zone) 0 Graph 7/ Venture capitalDenmark in France 0 % 1,006 €1.809 billion 50 (484 759deals) 100 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2,000Switzerland 90 445 Netherlands South Korea Index = 100 in December 2007 2007 2008Luxembourg 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20126 2013 2014 2015 2016 €1.216 billion (484 deals)United States 1,5000 Index = 100 in December 2007 € million 1,200 90140 Companies SMEs 80 €897 million (301 deals) € million United Kingdom €1.216 billion 2014 2015 2016 2017 140 1,500 % of GDP (372 deals) 1,050

Companies 1,200 5 Jul. 2008 Jul. 2009 Jul. 2010 Jul. 2011 Jul. 2012 Jul. 2013 Jul. 2014 Jul. 2015 Jul. 2016 Jul. 2017 80130 3,000 €897 million (301 deals) Sums invested Companies supported70 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014 Jan. 2015 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2017 1,000 130 3,000 (372 deals) Half-year 1 Half-year 2 70 1,000SMEs 1,050 60 +21% 120 80 4 France Germany Spain Italy 120 2,500 €2.206 billion Source: OECD 500 452 1,216 60 Graph2,500 6/ Change in access to corporate bond markets€2.206 billion and bank+21% lending (2000-2017) 50 1,006 110 452 (574 deals) Euro zone excluding France 759 Graph110 2/ Corporate lending (2015) 500 (574 deals) 1,216 445 50 €1.809 billion 60 1,006 3 0 Source: EY, Venture Capital in France survey (H1, 2017) 100 2,000 €1.809759 billion 100 % 2,000 445 (484 deals) 49.1% 2014 2015 2016 2017 90 0 (484 deals)

€1.216 billion 2 Jul. 2008 Jul. 2009 Jul. 2010 Jul. 2011 Jul. 2012 Jul. 2013 Jul. 2014 Jul. 2015 Jul. 2016 Jul. 2017 90 6 1,500 40 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014 Jan. 2015 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2017 Interest1,500 rates2014 on loans2015 to 1,2002016 €1.2162017 billion 80 €897 million 1,200 (301 deals) Graph 4/ Interest rates on loans to companies and SMEs in France Graph 8/Half-year Venture 1capital inHalf-year France (2007-2016)2 80 Jul. 2008 Jul. 2009 Jul. 2010 Jul. 2011 Jul. 2012 Jul. 2013 Jul. 2014 Jul. 2015 Jul. 2016 Jul. 2017 % of GDPJan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014 Jan. 2015 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2017 €897(372 milliondeals) 1,050 (301 deals) 1 France Germany Spain Italy 70 5companies1,000 Half-year(372 deals)and 1 SMEsHalf-year1,050 (2015) 2 20 70 France Germany Spain Italy Graph1,000 5/ Prêts aux entreprises en 2015 (en % du PIB) % Euro zone excluding France € million 60 Graph 5/ Prêts aux entreprises en 2015 (en % du PIB) +21% 452 +21% 0 80 60 Euro zone excluding France 4 500 0 1,216 6 1,000 50 % 500 452 1,006 1,216 % 759 1,006 50 445 759 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Gra60ph 1/ Lending to companies and SMEs in France 36 0 445 5 Venture capital in France (2007-2016) Graph 1/ Lending to companies and SMEs in France 6 0 Italy 49.1% 2014 2015 Japan 2017 Spain Israel Graph 4/ Interest rates on loans to companies and SMEs in France Gra800ph 8/ Venture capital in France (2007-2016) 2016China* France Austria Ireland Norway Belgium Canada Finland Bank lending rates > €1m (France) 2014 2015 2016 2017 Portugal € billion Jul. 2008 Jul. 2009 Jul. 2010 Jul. 2011 Jul. 2012 Jul. 2013 Jul. 2014 Jul. 2015 Jul. 2016 Jul. 2017 Sweden* 40 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014 Jan. 2015 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2017 25 € billionGraph 4/ Jul. 2008 InterestJul. 2009 rates onJul. 2010 loans Jul. 2011 to companiesJul. 2012 andJul. 2013 SMEsJul. 2014 in FranceJul. 2015 Jul. 2016 Jul. 2017 5 Graph 8/ Venture capital in France (2007-2016) 4 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014 Jan. 2015 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2017 Jan. 2008 Half-year 1 Half-year 2 Switzerland South Korea Netherlands % € million 1,200 France Germany Spain Italy Half-year 1 Half-year 2 United States Bank lending rates > €1m (Euro zone) 600 1,200 14 % France Germany Spain Italy € million United Kingdom 6 1,000 20 Euro zone excluding France 4 3 1,000 Market-based finance 6 Euro zone excluding France 1,000 031,000 5 400 0 3 2 800

800 Source: Banque de France; Business France calculations 1.8% Source: Banque de France; European Central Bank 800 5 2 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2 800 4 200 Italy Graph 3/ Change in lending to non-financial corporations in the euro zone) Graph1 7/ Venture capital in France

Graph 4/ Interest rates on loans to companies and SMEs in France Graph 8/1.2% Venture capital in France (2007-2016) Japan Spain Israel 600 600 China*Graph 4/ Interest ratesFrance on loans to companiesAustria and SMEs in France Ireland Graph 8/ Venture capital in France (2007-2016) 600 4 Norway Belgium Canada Finland 1 Bank lending rates > €1m (France) Sweden* Portugal 1 Index = 100 in December 2007 3 % € million600 0 0 400 Switzerland% South Korea Netherlands € million € million 400 United States 0 Bank lending rates > €1m (Euro zone) 140 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 400 3 6 01,000 2 6 United Kingdom 1,000 400Market-based finance 130 3,000 200France enjoys record low Funding for startups 200 200 2 5 Italy 120 1 Sums invested Companies supported Israel Spain China 5 800 Italy 2,500 €2.206 billion Israel France Ireland Spain Austria China Finland

800 Canada Sweden Belgium France Ireland

110 Portugal 0 Austria Finland (574 deals) Denmark 200 Canada Sweden Belgium

interest0 1 4 rates on business Portugal and innovative companies up Denmark 0 €1.809 billion 0 Graph 3/20074 Change2008 in lending2009 to 2010non-financial2011 corporations2012 2013 in the2014 euro zone)2015 Switzerland 100 2,000 Netherlands 600 South Korea

Graph 7/ Venture capitalLuxembourg in France

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Switzerland United States Netherlands South Korea 2007 2008 2009(4842010 deals) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

600 Luxembourg loans0Companies3 andSMEs corporate bonds 0 United States 90 sharply since 2014 Index = 100Companies3 in December SMEs2007 United Kingdom 1,500 €1.216 billion 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 400 Companies2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 802012United Kingdom 2013 2014 2015 2016 1,200 € million Companies €897 million (301 deals) Sums invested Companies supported 140 2 400 (372 deals) 1,050 2 SMEs 70 1,000 130Interest rates on business loans in France are at historically 3,000 SMEs Not all sources of finance can be accessed by mid-size 200 Sums invested Companies supported +21% 1 Graph 6/ Change in access to corporate bond markets60 and bank lending (2000-2017) 120 Graph200 6/ Change in access to corporate bond markets and bank lending (2000-2017) 500 452 1,216 Graphlow 2/levels.1 Corporate Interest lending (2015) rates offered to companies were €2.206 billion companies and SMEs, which lack1,006 the ability to issue Graph 2/ Corporate lending (2015) 2,500 50 759 110 Source: OECD 445 among0 the lowest in the world in 2015, standing at only % 0 (574 deals) securities in capital markets, and are therefore more Source: AFIC (French private equity association) / Grant Thornton 0 % 0 €1.809 billion 0 100 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2,0006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 2017 1.2% in France,2007 2008 compared2009 2010 with2011 1.9% 2012in the2013 United2014 States,2015 6 2007 2008 2009(484 deals)2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 dependent on bank loans. The various forms of private Jul. 2008 Jul. 2009 Jul. 2010 Jul. 2011 Jul. 2012 Jul. 2013 Jul. 2014 Jul. 2015 Jul. 2016 Jul. 2017 90% of GDP Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 €1.216Jan. 2010 billion Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014 Jan. 2015 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2017 % of GDP 1,5005 Half-year 1 Half-year 2 80 5 Sums invested Companies supported1,200 (301 deals) €897Sums million invested Companies supportedFrance Germany Spain Italy (372 deals) 1,050 7080 1,0004 Euro zone excluding France 80 4 60 +21% 5003 452 1,216 60 1,006 5060 3 759 49.1% 445 49.1% 0 40 2 Graph 4/ Interest rates on loans to companies and SMEs in France Graph 8/ Venture capital in France (2007-2016) 40 2 2014 2015 2016 2017 Jul. 2008 Jul. 2009 Jul. 2010 Jul. 2011 Jul. 2012 Jul. 2013 Jul. 2014 Jul. 2015 Jul. 2016 Jul. 2017

Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014 Jan. 2015 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2017 1 % € million 20 1 Half-year 1 Half-year 2 20 France Germany Spain Italy 6 1,000 0 0 Euro zone excluding France 0 0 5 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 800 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Italy Spain Japan Italy Israel China* France Spain Austria Ireland 4 Japan Norway Belgium Israel Canada Finland Bank lending rates > €1m (France) China* Sweden* France Portugal Austria Ireland Norway Belgium Canada Finland Bank lending rates > €1m (France) 600 Graph 4/ InterestSweden* rates on loans to Portugalcompanies and SMEs in France Graph 8/ Venture capital in France (2007-2016) Switzerland South Korea Netherlands United States 3 Switzerland South Korea Netherlands Bank lending rates > €1m (Euro zone) United States Bank lending rates > €1m (Euro zone) % United Kingdom € million United Kingdom 400 Market-based finance 2 6 1,000 Market-based finance 200 1 5 800 Graph 3/ Change in lending to non-financial corporations in the euro zone) Graph 7/ Venture capital in France Graph 3/ Change in lending to non-financial corporations in the euro zone) Graph 7/ Venture capital in France 0 0 4 Index = 100 in December 2007 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Index = 100 in December 2007 600 140 € million 140 3 € million 130 3,000400 Sums invested Companies supported 130 3,000 120 2 120 2,500 €2.206 billion 110 2,500200 €2.206 billion 110 1 (574 deals) €1.809 billion (574 deals) 100 2,000 €1.809 billion 100 2,000 (484 deals) 90 0 0 (484 deals) 90 €1.216 billion 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1,500 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014€1.2162015 billion 2016 80 1,500 1,200 (301 deals) 80 €897 million 1,200 €897(372 milliondeals) 1,050 (301 deals) 70 1,000 (372 deals) 1,050 70 1,000 Sums invested Companies supported 60 +21% 60 500 452 +21% 1,216 50 500 452 1,006 1,216 759 1,006 50 445 759 0 445 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 Jul. 2008 Jul. 2009 Jul. 2010 Jul. 2011 Jul. 2012 Jul. 2013 Jul. 2014 Jul. 2015 Jul. 2016 Jul. 2017 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014 Jan. 2015 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2017 Jul. 2008 Jul. 2009 Jul. 2010 Jul. 2011 Jul. 2012 Jul. 2013 Jul. 2014 Jul. 2015 Jul. 2016 Jul. 2017 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014 Jan. 2015 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2017 Half-year 1 Half-year 2 France Germany Spain Italy Half-year 1 Half-year 2 France Germany Spain Italy Euro zone excluding France Euro zone excluding France

Graph 4/ Interest rates on loans to companies and SMEs in France Graph 8/ Venture capital in France (2007-2016) Graph 4/ Interest rates on loans to companies and SMEs in France Graph 8/ Venture capital in France (2007-2016) % € million % € million 6 1,000 6 1,000 5 5 800 800 4 4 600 600 3 3 400 2 400 2 200 1 200 1 0 0 0 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Sums invested Companies supported Sums invested Companies supported Graph 9/ Venture and growth capital (2015) Graph 9/ Venture and growth capital (2015) Compound annual growth 2007-2015 Growth 2014-2015 Compound50 annual growth 2007-2015 Growth 2014-2015100 5040 10080 4030 8060 3020 6040 2010 4020 100 200 -100 0-20 -10-20 -20-40 -20-30 -40-60 -30-40 -60-80 -40-50 -80-100 -50 -100 Italy Israel Japan Spain* Ireland France Austria Finland Canada China** Norway Sweden Belgium Portugal Italy Denmark Israel Japan Spain* Ireland France Switzerland Austria Finland Canada Netherlands China** South Korea Norway Sweden Luxembourg Belgium Portugal United States Denmark Switzerland United Kingdom Netherlands South Korea Luxembourg United States

Compound annual growth 2007-2015 United Kingdom Growth 2014-2015 (left axis) (right axis) Compound annual growth 2007-2015 Growth 2014-2015 Graph 10/(left Breakdownaxis) by fund nationality of European(right VC fundraisingaxis)

Graph€ billion 10/ Breakdown by fund nationality of European VC fundraising 6€ billion 6 Graph 9/ Venture and growth capital (2015) 5 Graph 9/ Venture and growth capital (2015) 5 4 Compound annual growth 2007-2015 Growth 2014-2015 4 50 Compound annual growth 2007-2015 Growth 2014-2015100 3 40 50 80 100 3 2 30 40 60 80 2 20 30 40 60 1 10 20 20 40 1 0 0 10 0 20 32 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIPFrance United SCOREBOARD Kingdom Germany PARTRest 1of -Europe* PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 33 Gra-10 ph0 9/ Venture and growth capital (2015) -20 0 0 -10 -20 France United Kingdom Germany Rest of Europe* Gra-20 ph 9/ Venture and growth capital (2015) -40 2014 2015 2016 2017 (January - August) -20 Growth 2014-2015-40 -30Compound annual growth 2007-2015 -60 2014 2015 2016 2017 (January - August) 50-30 100-60 -40Compound annual growth 2007-2015 Growth 2014-2015-80 40-40 80 -80 -5050 -100100 30-50 60 -100 40 80

20 Italy 40 Israel Japan

30 Spain* 60 Graph 11/Le financement participatif en France Ireland France Austria Finland Italy Canada China** Norway Sweden Belgium Israel 10 Portugal 20 In September 2017, a Dealroom publication (“Fundraising In terms of innovative funding sources, France is Japan Denmark Spain* Ireland

20 France 40 Fig. 47 Fig. 48 Austria Finland Canada China**

Norway Graph 11/Le financement participatif en France Sweden Belgium Switzerland Portugal Netherlands South Korea 0 Denmark 0 Luxembourg by European Venture Capital Funds”) announced that experiencing a sharp increase in crowdfunding: 10 United States 20 € million Switzerland Netherlands South Korea

-10 Luxembourg -20 United Kingdom Graph 9/ Venture and growth capital (2015) 0 United States 0 France had become Europe’s leading country for up 40% in 2016 to €233.8 million. This rise has continued Venture and growth capital (2015) -20Breakdown by fund nationality of European -40 €250 million Graph 9/ Venture and growth capital (2015) United Kingdom -10 Compound annual growth 2007-2015 Growth 2014-2015 -20 Compound annual growth -30VC fundraising (2014-2017) -60 venture250 capital fundraising in the year to date, moving into 2017, with figures for the first half of the year Compound annual growth 2007-2015 Growth 2014-2015 -20 (leftCompound axis) annual growth 2007-2015 (rightGrowth axis) 2014-2015 -40 200 Growth 2014-2015 -40 -80 ahead of the United Kingdom and Germany. In the first showing growth of 48% compared with the same Compound annual growth 2007-2015 -30 (left axis) (right axis) -60 50 100 200 50 100 Graph-50 10/ Breakdown by fund nationality of European VC fundraising -100 +48% 1 40 80 -40 -80 eight150 months of 2017, French venture capital funds period in 2016. Graph 10/ Breakdown by fund nationality of European VC fundraising 40 80 +48% 30 60 -50€ billion -100 raised150 €2.7 billion, a ninefold increase on all of 2014 Italy Israel

30 60 € billion Japan 100 Business Angels play an important role in funding Spain* Ireland

6 France 20 40 Austria 42.6% Finland

Canada +80% China** Norway

Sweden (€0.3 billion). This sum exceeds the funds raised by both Belgium Portugal Italy 20 40 6 Denmark 10 20 Israel 100 innovation – bridging the gap between crowdfunding Japan Spain* Switzerland Ireland

France +31%

Austria +80% Finland Netherlands South Korea British (€2.3 billion) and German funds (€1.1 billion) Canada China** Luxembourg 5 Norway 50 Sweden

10 20 Belgium Portugal United States 0 0 Denmark +14% when the company is formed and venture capital 5 +31% United Kingdom 0 0 Switzerland during50 this time. In 2014-2016, France, the United Netherlands South Korea -10 11% -20 Luxembourg 4 United States +14% -10 -20 0 that supports its development – and usually intervene

-20 -40 4 Compound annual growth 2007-2015 United Kingdom Growth 2014-2015 Kingdom2015 2016 and2017 Germany2015 2016 accounted2017 2015 2016 for2017 64%2015 of all2016 capital2017 -20 -40 0 -30 -60 3 (left axis) (right axis) raised. H1 H1 H1 H1 during this post-creation phase. France Angels defines -30 -60 Compound annual growth 2007-2015 Growth 2014-2015 2015Donation2016 2017 2015 Lending2016 2017 2015 Equity2016 2017 2015 Total2016 2017 -40 -80 3 H1 H1 H1 H1 Graph 10/(left Breakdownaxis) by fund nationality of European(right VC fundraisingaxis) them as “people who invest their own money in innovative -40 -80 2 Donation Lending Equity Total -100 Whole year Half-year 1 Half-year 2 -50 2 startups and provide guidance to such companies over -50 -100 Graph 10/ Breakdown2.7 by fund nationality of European VC fundraising 1€ billion 1.6 Fig.Whole 50 year Half-year 1 Half-year 2 2 Italy 6 1.1 time.”

Israel 1

Japan € billion Spain* Italy Ireland France Austria

Finland 0.3 Canada Israel China** Norway

Sweden 0 Belgium Japan Portugal Spain* Denmark Ireland France Austria Finland 6 Canada China** Norway Sweden Belgium 5 Portugal 0 Graph 12/ Business Angels in France Since 2005, Business Angels have been increasingly Switzerland Denmark France United Kingdom Germany Rest of Europe* Netherlands South Korea Business Angels in France (2005-2016) Luxembourg United States Switzerland Netherlands South Korea France United Kingdom Germany Rest of Europe* Luxembourg 5 Graph 12/ Business Angels in France United States % involved in funding parts of the French economy. United Kingdom 4 2014 2015 2016 2017 (January - August) United Kingdom 2014 2015 2016 2017 (January - August) 500% 5,000 From a total of only 1,600 in 2005, the number of active Compound annual growth 2007-2015 Growth 2014-2015 34 (leftCompound axis) annual growth 2007-2015 (rightGrowth axis) 2014-2015 500450 5,0004,500 Business Angels in France had risen to 4,500 by 2016. (left axis) (right axis) 400 4,000 23 450 4,500 Graph 10/ Breakdown by fund nationality of European VC fundraising Source: Dealroom.co In the same year, 415 deals were financed in France Source: OECD; Business France calculations 400350 4,0003,500 Graph 10/ Breakdown by fund nationality*Compound of European annual VC fundraising growth 2008-2015; 2 *NB: Notable VC fundraisings also occurred in Sweden, 1 350300 3,5003,000 through investments worth a total of €42.7 million. € billion **Compound annual growth 2007-2014 and growth in 2013-2014 the Netherlands and Spain in 2016. € billion Graph 11/Le financement participatif en France 300250 3,0002,500 6 01 6 Graph 11/Le financement participatif en France 250200 2,5002,000 France United Kingdom Germany Rest of Europe* 1,500 5 0 200150 2,000 5 € million 100 1,5001,000 € million2014France 2015 United2016 Kingdom2017 (JanuaryGermany - August) Rest of Europe* 150 4 250 500 10050 1,000 4 250 French venture capital is growing rapidly, with France 2014 2015 2016 2017 (January - August) 0 0 3 Fig. 49 50 500 200 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 ranking3 second in Europe for the number and value 0 0 200 2 +48% 2005Number2006 of 2007deals 2008 2009Sums2010 invested2011 2012(€ million)2013 2014 2015 2016 of venture2 capital deals in 2017. According to the most 150 Crowdfunding in France (2015-2017) +48% NumberNumber of ofdeals active BusinessSums Angels invested (€ million) recent1 EY Venture Capital in France survey, half-yearly 150 Graph 11/Le financement participatif en France Number of active Business Angels 1 100 sums invested in venture capital in France reached an +80% 0 Graph100 11/Le financement participatif en France 0 +80% Source: France Angels; all-time Francepeak of €1.216United Kingdombillion inGermany the first halfRest ofof Europe* 2017. €50 million +31% France United Kingdom Germany Rest of Europe* +31% +14% * Number of active Business Angels unavailable 1 KPMG, Crowdfunding in France in 2016. 250 50 According2014 to 2015the OECD,2016 venture2017 (January and -growth August) capital in € million +14% 234 2 France Angels (French National Business Angels Federation). 2014 2015 2016 2017 (January - August) 0 250 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 France amounted to €4.6 billion in 2015, up 42.6% from 200 0 2015 2016H1 2017 2015 2016H1 2017 2015 2016H12017 2015 2016H1 2017 2014, and 132% since 2007. As a share of national wealth, Donation H1 Lending H1 Equity H1 Total H1 200 +48% funding of this kind increased from 0.10% of GDP in 2007 150 Donation Lending Equity Total Whole year Half-year 1 Half-year 2 +48% to 0.21% of GDP in 2015. 150 Whole year Half-year97 1 Half-year 2 100 Graph 11/Le financement participatif en France +80% 167 154 Graph 11/Le financement participatif en France 69 69 100 France saw compound annual growth of 11.1% in its +31% 104 50 +80%79 € million Graph 12/ Business Angels in France +14% venture and growth capital between 2007 and 2015, 50 66 44 50 € million 50Graph 12/32 Business+31%42 Angels in France 28 32 250 0 +14% amounting250 to a total increase of 132%, and a year-on-year % 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 500 % 5,000 rise200 of 42.6% in 2015. France is one of several countries 0 H1 H1 H1 H1 200 4505002015Donation2016 2017 2015 Lending2016 2017 2015 Equity2016 2017 2015 Total2016 2017 4,5005,000 to have recorded a significant increase over this period, H1 H1 H1 H1 450 4,500 +48% 400 Donation Lending Equity Total 4,000 with150 others including Ireland (compound annual growth+48% Whole year Half-year 1 Half-year 2 150 350400 3,5004,000 rate of 11.0%) and the United States (+8.1%). 350 Whole year Half-year 1 Half-year 2 3,500 100 300 3,000 100 +80% 250300 2,5003,000 +80% However, a number of other countries saw a decline in 2,500 50 +31% 200Gra250ph 12/ Business Angels in France 2,000 +31% +14% venture50 and growth capital during this time, including 150200 1,5002,000 +14% Graph 12/ Business AngelsSource: in France Financement Participatif France & KMPG, % 1,500 the0 United Kingdom (-1.4%), Japan (-4.8%), Italy (-6.7%), 100150 Surveys of Crowdfunding in France (2016; H1, 2017).1,000 500 5,000 and0 Spain2015 2016 (-9.7%).2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 50100% 5001,000 2015 2016 2017H1 2015 2016 2017H1 2015 2016 2017H1 2015 2016 2017H1 450 4,500 Donation H1 Lending H1 Equity H1 Total H1 5000 50 05,000500 400 4,000 Donation Lending Equity Total 450 20050 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 4,5000 Whole year Half-year 1 Half-year 2 350 3,500 400 Number2005 2006of deals2007 2008 2009Sums 2010invested2011 (€ million)2012 2013 2014 2015 20164,000 Whole year Half-year 1 Half-year 2 300 3,000 350 NumberNumber of of active deals Business AngelsSums invested (€ million) 3,500 250 2,500 300 Number of active Business Angels 3,000 2,000 200 2,500 Graph 12/ Business Angels in France 250 150 1,500 Graph 12/ Business Angels in France 200 2,000 100 1,000 % 150 1,500 % 50 500 500 5,000 100 1,000 500 5,000 0 0 450 4,500 50 500 450 4,500 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 400 4,000 0 0 400 4,000 350 3,500 2005Number2006 of 2007deals 2008 2009Sums2010 invested2011 2012(€ million)2013 2014 2015 2016 350 3,500 300 3,000 NumberNumber of ofdeals active BusinessSums Angels invested (€ million) 300 3,000 250 2,500 Number of active Business Angels 250 2,500 200 2,000 200 2,000 150 1,500 150 1,500 100 1,000 100 1,000 50 500 50 500 0 0 0 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Number of deals Sums invested (€ million) Number of deals Sums invested (€ million) Number of active Business Angels Number of active Business Angels Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) % % 80 80 70 70 % 60 60 50 2.5 50 40 40 2 30 30 20 1.5 20 10 10 1 0 0

Italy Spain Italy 0.5 EU-28 Spain Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Germany Belgium Sweden Germany Netherlands 0 Netherlands

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Italy Spain France EU-28 Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies Germany Denmark

Netherlands

United Kingdom Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014

Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 % 70,000 350 100 60,000 300 90 80 50,000 250 70 40,000 200 60 50 30,000 150 % 40 80 20,000 100 30 10,000 50 60 20 40 10 0 0 20 0 Italy Spain Japan EU-28 France Austria Finland Poland Ireland 0 Sweden Belgium Italy Germany Spain EU-28 United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Belgium Sweden Netherlands Italy Germany United States Spain Kingdom Japan EU-28 Austria Finland France Poland United Kingdom Belgium Ireland* Sweden Netherlands Germany

Netherlands SMEs United States Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) United Kingdom Large companies Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 GraphGraph 5/5/ EntreprisesEntreprises innovantes,innovantes, 20142014 GraphGraph 8/8/ EntreprisesEntreprises engagéesengagées dansdans uneune actionaction dede coopération,coopération, 20142014 Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&DGraph des entreprises1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) % Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume % %% 80 80 Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage80 du total national % 80 7070 20 32 7070 % 60 % 60 % 60 SMEs 60 15 % 50 80 2.52.5 50 50 100 50 4040 10 60 4040 22 30 80 30 3030 40 5 20 1.5 20 2020 1.5 60 1010 20 10 0 10 1 00 0 1 40 0 0 -5 Italy 0.5 Italy Spain Italy Italy 0.5 20 Spain EU-28 Spain Italy Ireland Austria France Japan Finland Poland EU-28 Spain EU-28 Spain EU-28 Belgium Ireland Austria France Sweden Finland France Poland Ireland AustriaPoland Finland France Ireland Poland EU-28 Belgium Sweden Austria Finland Belgium Austria Finland France Sweden Ireland Poland Germany Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden -10 Germany Germany Germany Germany Netherlands 0 0 Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands 0 United States Netherlands Italy United Kingdom United UnitedKingdom Kingdom Spain United Kingdom United Kingdom Japan EU-28 Italy Poland Austria France Italy Spain Sweden Belgium Finland Italy EU-28 Ireland* Spain Ireland France Poland Germany France Spain AustriaEU-28 Finland Finland France IrelandBelgium Poland EU-28 Sweden Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Total Sweden Finland Belgium GermanyIreland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Total SMEs Large companies Netherlands Sweden Germany Denmark Belgium SMEs Large companies United States Germany Denmark Netherlands Netherlands United Kingdom Netherlands United Kingdom United Kingdom 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 United Kingdom GraphGraph 10/10/ NombreNombre dede demandesdemandes dede brevetsbrevets déposéesdéposées auau titretitre dudu PCTPCT % Large companies GraphGraph 6/6/ TauxTaux d'innovationd'innovation desdes entreprisesentreprises parpar taille,taille, 20142014 100 % GraphGraph 2/2/ DIRDE/DIRD,DIRDE/DIRD, 20152015 % 70,00070,000 350350 Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises 100100 Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, 80 60,00060,000 300300 % 9090 60 8080 50,00050,000 250250 60 7070 50 40,00040,000 200200 60 % 40 60 40 50 30,00030,000 150150 5050 %% 30 20 4040 40 20,000 100 8080 20,000 100 3030 30 20 60 10,00010,000 5050 60 0 2020 20 0 0 10 4040 10 0 0 Italy 10 Spain 0 EU-28 10 20 Ireland France Finland 0 United Poland 0 20 Belgium Sweden Germany Italy Germany Italy Spain Kingdom Japan Spain EU-28 0 Japan France Poland Ireland EU-28 * Netherlands France Austria Finland Poland Ireland ** 0 Sweden Austria FinlandBelgium 0 Italy Germany Sweden Belgium Italy Spain EU-28 Germany Ireland Spain Poland Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) United Austria France Finland EU-28 Italy Belgium United Ireland Austria France Finland Sweden Poland Italy Netherlands Italy Germany Belgium Sweden United States Netherlands Austria* France Ireland* United StatesSpain Italy Spain Germany Kingdom EU-28 Germany Belgium* Finland** Japan Poland** Sweden* Technological andSpain non-technologicalEU-28 innovations Ireland France Austria Poland Japan France Poland Kingdom Finland Austria Finland France Poland EU-28 NetherlandsSweden Belgium United Kingdom Belgium Ireland* Austria Sweden Finland Netherlands Germany United Kingdom Belgium Ireland* SwedenGermany Germany Technological innovations only (products or processes) Netherlands** Netherlands United States** Netherlands SMEs United States Netherlands SMEs Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) United States United Kingdom Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) United Kingdom** United Kingdom United Kingdom Large companies Pharmaceuticals Services Large companies Computers, Aerospace GraphGraph 7/7/ StratégiesStratégies d'innovationd'innovation parpar tailletaille d'entreprises,d'entreprises, 20142014 electronic/optical products Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, GraphGraph 3/3/ EvolutionEvolution desdes dépensesdépenses intérieuresintérieures dede R&DR&D desdes entreprisesentreprises Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe,Taux de 2014croissance annuel moyen en volume 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants GraphGraph 11/11/ ChercheursChercheurs desdes entreprisesentreprises enen pourcentagepourcentage dudu totaltotal nationalnational %% United States 32 2020 32 Netherlands United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with other firms % SMEs Germany % within the same corporate group %% SMEs 80 1515 Belgium 80 Belgium Enterprises cooperating with competitors100100 or other firms in the same sector United Kingdom 60 1010 60 Austria Japan Enterprises cooperating with private-sector8080 clients or consumers South Korea 40 5 40 Netherlands 5 Enterprises cooperating with public-sector60 Canada 60 20 clients or consumers Italy 20 Finland 00 Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, 4040 China 0 hardware, components or software 0 France -5-5 France Italy Enterprises cooperating with universities20 Brazil Italy 20 Japan Spain EU-28 Japan France Ireland Spain Poland EU-28 Sweden or higher education institutions Austria France Finland Ireland Poland -10 Sweden Austria Finland Belgium -10 Spain Sweden Germany Belgium Enterprises cooperating with government0 Germany 0 Netherlands India United States Netherlands Spain or public/private research organizations United States Italy United Kingdom Spain Italy United Kingdom Spain Japan EU-28 0 Italy 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Poland Austria France Japan EU-28 Italy Spain Sweden Poland Belgium Austria France Finland Ireland* Spain EU-28 Ireland Sweden Germany Belgium Finland Ireland* Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 Germany Belgium Ireland Austria France Finland Sweden Poland Germany Belgium Sweden Netherlands Germany United States Netherlands United States Netherlands Netherlands Poland United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom 2011-20132011-2013 2013-20152013-2015 20152015 United Kingdom Germany %% LargeLarge companiescompanies Italy 100100 Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises GraphGraph 12/12/ PartPart dansdans l'emploil'emploi desdes secteurssecteurs d'activitéd'activité àà hauthaut niveauniveau dede savoir,savoir, 8080 %% 6060 6060 50 50 %% 4040 50 4040 50

40 3030 2020 40

30 2020 Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises30 en France 00 2020 Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 1010 Italy Italy Spain 10 Spain United EU-28 10 0 Ireland France Finland United Poland EU-28 % 0 Belgium Ireland France Sweden Finland Poland Germany Germany Belgium Sweden Germany Germany Kingdom Kingdom 0 * Netherlands 0 * ** Netherlands 4 **

Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing250,000 or organizational) Spain Italy Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) Italy Italy Italy Austria* France Ireland* Spain Germany Austria* Belgium* France Ireland* Poland** Spain EU-28 Germany Finland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland EU-28 3 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Sweden Belgium Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium Germany Technological innovations only (products or processes) Germany Netherlands** Technological innovations only (products200,000 or processes) United States** Netherlands** Netherlands 2 United States** Netherlands United Kingdom** United Kingdom United Kingdom** United Kingdom PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals ServicesServices 150,000 1 Computers,Computers, AerospaceAerospace electronic/opticalelectronic/optical productsproducts GraphGraph 13/13/ CoûtCoût moyenmoyen desdes chercheurschercheurs aprèsaprès incitations,incitations, 0 100,000 Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 100100 == CostCost inin FranceFrance withoutwithout thethe researchresearch taxtax creditcredit oror grantsgrants Italy 50,000 United States Japan United States Spain* France Austria United Finland Ireland Belgium Netherlands Sweden* Kingdom Germany Netherlands United Kingdom EnterprisesEnterprises cooperatingcooperating withwith otherother firmsfirms Netherlands United Kingdom 0 GermanyGermany United States withinwithin thethe samesame corporatecorporate groupgroup Belgium Belgium Enterprises cooperating with competitors Belgium Belgium Enterprises cooperating with2000 competitors2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 United2009 2010 Kingdom2011 2012 2013 2014 Software Computers and IT equipment oror otherother firmsfirms inin thethe samesame sectorsector United Kingdom Austria Japan Austria EnterprisesEnterprises cooperatingcooperating withwith private-sectorprivate-sector Japan clientsclients oror consumersconsumers SouthSouth KoreaKorea NetherlandsNetherlands Canada Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, EnterprisesEnterprises cooperatingcooperatingGraph withwith 21/ public-sectorpublic-sector Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&DCanada des entreprises clients or consumers clients or consumers ItalyItaly FinlandFinland Number of robots per 10,000 employees EnterprisesEnterprises cooperatingcooperatingPer thousand withwith supplierssuppliers jobs ofof equipment,equipment, ChinaChina hardware,hardware, componentscomponents oror softwaresoftware 350 FranceFrance 16 FranceFrance EnterprisesEnterprises cooperatingcooperating withwith universitiesuniversities Brazil or higher education14 institutions Brazil Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 300 SwedenSweden or higher education institutions SpainSpain Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) Enterprises cooperating12 with government % 250 Enterprises cooperating with government IndiaIndia % SpainSpain oror public/privatepublic/private researchresearch organizationsorganizations 80 80 10 00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100100 120 120 140140 200 70 IrelandIreland 70 8 % 60 150 60 PolandPoland 6 50 100 2.5 50 Germany 4 40 Germany 40 50 2 2 30 ItalyItaly 30 0 Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 0 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) 20 20 1.5 % 10 % Italy 80 10 Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 UnitedStates United 80 Austria France Finland Sweden Belgium 1 0 Germany Kingdom 70 0 70 Netherlands Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry % 60 Italy Spain 60 Italy 0.5 EU-28 Spain Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 2.5 50 Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Germany 50 Belgium Sweden jobs in industry Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Germany Netherlands Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) 0 40 Netherlands % 40 2 % GraphGraph 20/20/ EvolutionEvolution dudu nombrenombre dede chercheurschercheurs enen entreprisesentreprises enen FranceFrance 30 United Kingdom United Kingdom 80 30 Italy 80 Spain France EU-28 20 Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 70 Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France Sweden Belgium 20 Total SMEs Large companies 1.5 Germany Denmark 70 % % 60 10 % Netherlands 60 10

% 150 United Kingdom 0 % 44 2.5 50 Graph0 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT 250,000 Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 40 250,000 40 40 Italy % Spain Italy 35 3 2 0.5Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 EU-28 70,000 Spain 350 3 Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 30 Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland 0.1 30100 Sweden 30 200,000 Germany Belgium 200,000 60,000 Germany 300 20 90 Netherlands 25 22 1.5 0 20 Netherlands 10 80 United Kingdom 50,000 250 20 82.9 150,000 7.8 9.3 10 United Kingdom 150,000 Italy 1 0 Spain 70 15 1 1 France EU-28 40,000 200 Finland Ireland Poland 0 Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies 10 Germany Denmark 60 100,000 30,000 150 0 100,000 Netherlands Italy 50 0 Spain Italy 5 0.5 EU-28 Spain % Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 Belgium United KingdomSweden 40 Austria Finland France Ireland Poland 0 Germany Belgium Sweden 20,000Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT 100 34 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS80 35 Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014Germany Italy 50,000 Italy 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 7050,00080 90 100 Netherlands 30 Japan 0 Netherlands Japan United Spain* Ireland 10,000 50 France Austria United Spain* Finland 60 % Italy France Austria Belgium Finland Ireland Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 20 70,000 350 Sweden* Belgium Kingdom Germany United Kingdom Spain Sweden* Kingdom United Kingdom United Germany Poland France Austria Finland Ireland 100 Belgium Sweden Netherlands 0 Italy 40 10 0 0 Kingdom Germany United States Netherlands BERD financed by industry BERD financed by 0other national sources Spain 60,000 300 United States France EU-28 Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers 90 Total Sweden Belgium 0 SMEs Large companies Netherlands Germany Denmark 20 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Italy BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 80 50,000 Spain 250 Netherlands Japan EU-28 All industry and market services Software Computers and IT equipment France Austria Finland Poland Ireland Software Computers and IT equipment 0 Sweden Belgium 70 Italy Germany Spain United Kingdom Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT EU-28 40,000 200 Manufacturing United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 60 Belgium Sweden Netherlands Italy Germany United States Spain Kingdom Japan EU-28 30,000 150 % Austria Finland France Poland 50 United Kingdom GraphGraph 2/21/ DIRDE/DIRD, Evolution des 2015 chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises Belgium Ireland* Sweden 70,000 Netherlands 350 GraphGraph 15/15/ UtilisationUtilisation dede robotsrobots dansdans l'industriel'industrie manufacturière,manufacturière, Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises % Germany Fig. 53 100Fig. 55 & 56 40 20,000 100 80 Netherlands SMEs United States 60,000 300 Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) 90 30 NumberNumber ofof robotsrobots perper 10,00010,000 employeesemployees PerPer thousandthousand jobsjobs United Kingdom Large companies 10,000 50 60 20 16 80 50,000 250 350350 Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE 16Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) / Trends in business expenditure Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels 40 70 10 0 0 INVESTMENT, Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) (2015) on R&D (2011-2015) 40,000 200 300 14 300 14 20 60 0 € million GraphReal compound 3/ Evolution annual des dépenses rate of growth intérieures de R&D des entreprises Italy 30,000 150 Spain 12 50 Japan EU-28 250 % 12 Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume France Austria Finland Poland Ireland 250 0 Sweden Belgium 250,000 % Italy Germany Spain Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national 20 7 40 20,000 100EU-28 1080 United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland 200 18 10 % Belgium Sweden Netherlands INNOVATION,200 R&D 6 Italy Germany United States 65% 30 32 Spain 16 20 Japan Kingdom 5 France Poland EU-28 10,000 50 200,000 608 Austria Finland Netherlands United Kingdom 8 20 Belgium Ireland* Sweden 150150 14 4 Germany % 12 3 SMEs 4066 10 Netherlands %0 SMEs 0 80 10 15 United States Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) 150,000 100100 2 8 204 1 0 United Kingdom 100 Large companies 4 Italy 6 Spain 60 50 0 10 Japan EU-28 50 Graph 7/ StratégiesFrance d'innovation par taille d'entreprises,Austria Finland Poland 2014Ireland 4 20 Sweden Belgium 2 -1 Italy 80 Germany 100,000 Spain 2 EU-28 0 -2 United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland 40 0 5 Belgium Sweden Netherlands France has stood out as one of the leading countries in recent reports estimating growth 0 00 -3 Italy GraphGermany 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises United States Spain Kingdom Japan EU-28 France Poland 2 60 50,000 Austria Finland Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volumeNetherlands United Kingdom Belgium Ireland* Sweden 1 1 20 Italy Germany Italy Spain Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national Japan States Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0 and trends in innovative companies.Japan UnitedBusinessesStates areAustria FranceresponsibleUnited for nearly two-thirds 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sweden United Austria France Finland United Netherlands % SMEs Sweden Belgium Finland Germany Belgium Kingdom Chemicals United States 40 Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) Germany Kingdom Aerospace 0 Information appliances 32 0 Automotive technology equipment United Kingdom 20 Netherlands Large companies Netherlands Prof./scientific/ Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry -5 of all R&D expenditure in France. Pharmaceuticals Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry % Italy optical productsOther machinery & 20 technical activities Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 SMEs Spain Italy Other manufacturing Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand % Japan EU-28 Spain Total business enterpriseSource: R&D OECD, personnel 2017; per Business thousand France calculations 15 80 Austria France Finland Ireland Poland Measuring instruments/ Sweden Belgium France Poland Austria Finland Computers, electronic/jobs in industry -10 Germany Belgium Sweden jobs inPublishing, industry broadcasting 100 Germany % of all BERD (left axis) *Data for 2014 Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises 0 Netherlands 60 United States Netherlands 10 In 2015, businesses were responsible for nearly two-thirds Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume Italy Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Spain United Kingdom Japan EU-28 80 Italy BusinessUnited Kingdom enterprise France Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national Poland Austria Spain Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 40 of all R&D expenditure in France (65.1%), while the highest % Germany Ireland Austria France Finland Poland 5 Belgium Sweden Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France Germany Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/32 Financement de la DIRDE en France Netherlands 20 United States 60 R&D expenditure rates were seen in Japan (78.5%), Belgium (71.9%) and Netherlands 20 Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France 0 United Kingdom % SMEs United Kingdom % the United States (71.5%). Three15% sectors alone accounted for 35% of business %2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 80 % % 40 0 On average, business enterprise R&D expenditure 100 % Large companies Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels,4040 2015 % enterprise R&D in France in 2015: the automotive -5 60 (BERD) in the European Union amounted35 to 1.3% The sharpest increases in business expenditure on R&D 10 10020 Italy 35 industry (13.8%), aerospace (11.3%) and pharmaceuticals Japan Spain EU-28 60 0.1 Graph80 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Austria France Finland Ireland Poland 30 Technological Non-technological 0.1 -10 Source: OECD; Business France calculations Graph 12/ PartSweden dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activitéBelgium à haut niveau de savoir, of GDP in 2015. This figure was slightly30 higher in France in 2015 were in Sweden (+12.8%) and Poland (+10.8%). 40 Germany innovations (9.7%).5 Moreinnovations broadly, manufacturing accounted *Data for 2010-2012 and 2012-2013 80 € million 25 % 0 Netherlands (1.5%), which was ranked after Germany25 (2%) but ahead Since 2011, particularly large rises in BERD have been 60 United States 50 Italy 20 for 73.6% of BERD, services82.9 22%, and the primary7.8 9.3 60 Spain 20 United Kingdom 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 Japan EU-28 60 Italy 60,000 0 Poland Austria France Spain of the United Kingdom (1.1%). Among the countries seen in Sweden, Germany and the United States. Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 15 Germany Ireland Austria France Finland Poland 15 sector plus energy and construction 4.7%. 50 40 Belgium Sweden 0 Germany 40 Netherlands % compared50,000 by this publication, Nordic10 nations (Sweden, United States 40 10 -5 Netherlands 50 40 United Kingdom 5 The pharmaceutical industry accounted for 10.14% of Italy 5 Among the 10 leading sectors for business enterprise 20 United Kingdom Finland,40,000 Denmark) stood out with higher rates. 30 Japan Spain EU-28 40 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 20 Austria France Finland Ireland Poland 0 business expenditure on R&D in France in 2015, while -10 30 Sweden Belgium 0 R&D in 2015, growth was highest in professional/ % Germany Large companies 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Breakdown0 by sector of business expenditure 30 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Netherlands Business enterprise R&D expenditure in France computers, electronic/optical products made up 13.4% 20 100United States Italy 20 scientific/technical activities (+6.6%), publishing/ 0 Spain Italy Italy on R&D (2015) United Kingdom Spain Spain Japan 20 Poland France Austria United Ireland EU-28 Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprisesItaly Poland Sweden France Austria Finland United Ireland Poland Austria France 10 Spain Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, amounted20,000 to €31.8 billion in 2015. After increasingBelgium Sweden by Finlandand aerospace 11.4%. In all the countries compared Sweden Belgium Finland EU-28 Belgium Kingdom Germany broadcastingBERD financed (+4.2%), by industry and theBERD manufacture financed by other national ofIreland* sources Ireland Poland Kingdom Germany BERD financedGermany by industry BERD financed by other national sources Austria France Finland Italy Belgium Sweden 80 Spain 10 % Germany EU-28 10 Netherlands Ireland France United Poland more than 2% annually from 2009 to 2012, its growth Netherlands Netherlands 0 Finland by this publication except Japan, the highest rates of United States Belgium Sweden 10,000 measuring instruments/appliances (+3.5%). Germany Germany BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad 60 Netherlands Kingdom BERD financedUnited by Kingdomgovernment BERD financed from abroad 0 All industry and market services * 60 Netherlands tailed off from 2013 to only +0.6% in 2015.All Since industry 2007, and market services ** BERD were in services (57.4% of the total in Ireland, 50% 0 United Kingdom 0 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 50 ManufacturingManufacturing Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) % BERD has risen from 1.3% to 1.5% of French GDP, % Large companiesItaly Italy in Poland, 49.8% in Spain). In France, the rate was 21.4%. Austria* France Ireland* 40 Spain Germany 50 EU-28 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland 40 Sweden Belgium Italy 100 Germany and by 28.2% in nominalSpain terms. Technological innovations only (products or processes) Ireland Poland France Austria Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Netherlands** 40 Sweden Finland United States** 20 Netherlands Belgium All types Products Fig. 54 30 Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, Germany Processes Both types Both types Marketing 80 % United Kingdom** 30 United Kingdom Netherlands 20 Organizational Pharmaceuticals Services 0 United Kingdom 60 GraphBreakdownGraph 23/23/ RépartitionRépartition by sector sectoriellesectorielle of dede lala DIRDEDIRDE 60 Computers, 10 13 11 Aerospace 21 20 Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels 10 Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels electronic/optical products Italy Fig. 51 Fig. 52 50 Spain 10 business enterprise R&D (2015) % United EU-28 Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de0 coopération, 2014 Ireland France Finland Poland € million 40 Belgium Sweden € million France’s 10 leading sectors 50 Germany Germany Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) 40 % Kingdom 0 % % Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises* en Europe, 2014 Netherlands % ** 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants 250,000250,000 20 40 GraphTrends 19/ Evolutionin business des dépenses enterprise intérieures R&D de R&D expenditure des entreprises Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) (2015) Graph80 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation 3020 77 20 Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) United States 1818 80 6 Italy Italy % of GDP 6 Austria* France Ireland* Spain in France (2007-2015) Germany 30 EU-28 70 16 5 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland 200,000 2016 70 5 NetherlandsSweden Belgium 200,000 14 0 Germany % 14 44 United Kingdom Technological innovationsEnterprises only cooperating (products or withprocesses) other firms 60 Netherlands** 20 Germany 12 60 3 United States** within the same corporate group Netherlands % % 1012 3 10 2 Italy Belgium 50 France’s research tax credit 10 2 SpainUnited Kingdom** United Kingdom 150,000150,000 2.5 Belgium EU-28 10 Enterprises cooperating with competitors 1.5 6.5 08 50 1 Ireland France Finland United Poland or other forms of tax relief 8 1 Belgium ServicesSweden United Kingdom GermanyPharmaceuticalsGermany or other firms in the same sector 40 6 0 Kingdom 6 40 0 0 4 * Computers, Aerospace Netherlands Japan 1.45 100,000 5.5 2 4 ** -1-1 Austria Enterprises cooperating with private-sector 100,000 30 Loan or grant from 2 -2 electronic/optical products 2 Spain 30 Japan -2 Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) clients or consumers GraphSouth 13/Korea Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, 1.4 4.5 0 Italy Italy the European Union 0 Austria* France Ireland* -3 Spain 1.5 20 Germany -3 Netherlands EU-28 Belgium* Finland** 20 Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations IrelandEnterprisesFrance cooperatingFinland withAustria public-sector Poland Canada 50,000 1.5 Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe,Source: 2014 OECD, 2017 Sweden Belgium 1.35 50,000 Germany 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants 3.5 10 Technological innovations only (products or processes) clients or consumers Italy 10 Netherlands** *Data for 2013; **Data for 2014 Loan or grant from domestic bodies United States** Finland Netherlands Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, United States 1.3 2.5 Aerospace Chemicals China 1 0 Information Chemicals United Kingdom Automotive Aerospace appliances United Kingdom** 0 Informationtechnology 0 appliances equipment hardware, components or software 0 Automotive technology equipment Netherlands Prof./scientific/ Services France France 1.25 1.5 PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticalsProf./scientific/ Pharmaceuticals United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with other firms optical productsOther machinery & Enterprises cooperating with universities Germany Computers,Italy technical activities optical products Brazil Italy Loan or grant from local authorities Spain technical activities Aerospace Other machinery & Italy within the same corporate group Italy 0.5 Other manufacturing EU-28 Spain Ireland Other manufacturing Poland Spain or higher education institutions 1.2 0.5 Spain Austria France Finland electronic/optical products Measuring instruments/ EU-28 Sweden France Poland Austria Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Belgium France Poland Austria Finland Measuring instruments/Computers, electronic/ Sweden Spain Belgium Sweden Finland Germany BelgiumComputers, electronic/ Publishing, broadcasting Belgium Graph 13/ Coût moyenEnterprises des chercheurs cooperating après incitations,with competitors Germany Belgium Sweden Publishing, broadcasting Germany %% ofof allall BERDBERD (left(left axis)axis) Germany Enterprises cooperating with government United Kingdom 1.15 -0.5 Netherlands or other firms in the same sector India Netherlands0 Netherlands Spain or public/private research organizations Netherlands At least one form of state aid GraphReal 9/ changeType de 2014-2015 coopération (right des axis) entreprises en Europe, 2014 Austria 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants Japan 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) United Kingdom Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Enterprises cooperating with private-sector 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom clients or consumers South Korea Italy Ireland United States Spain France EU-28 % Netherlands Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Canada Sweden Belgium Source: French Ministry for EducationTotal and Research;SMEs INSEELarge, 2017 companies Netherlands Enterprises cooperating with public-sector % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices Germany Denmark 0 10 Graph20 24/ Types30 d'innovationUnited40 Kingdom des entreprises en France EnterprisesPoland cooperating with other firms clients or consumers Italy Netherlands Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France Germany (p): provisional data withinFinland the same corporate group Belgium Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China United Kingdom Belgium Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT EnterprisesGermany cooperating with competitors hardware, components or software GraphGraph 18/18/ InvestissementsInvestissements netsnets enen biensbiens corporels,corporels, 20152015 Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille,% 2014 France France Source: French Ministry for Education and Research; INSEE, 2017 Source: OECD, 2017 % or other firms in the same sector United Kingdom % Italy Enterprises cooperating with universities Brazil Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 60 Austria 70,000 Enterprises350 cooperating with private-sector Japan 60 Technological Non-technological Sweden or higher education institutions 100 Technological Non-technological clients or consumers South Korea Spain innovations innovations € million Netherlandsinnovations 60,000 innovations 300 Enterprises cooperating with government India € million 90 EnterprisesSpain cooperating with public-sector Canada or public/private research organizations 5050 80 50,000 clients250 or consumers Italy 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 60,00060,000 Finland 70 EnterprisesIreland cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China 4040 40,000 200 50,00050,000 hardware, components or software 60 France Poland France 50 30,000 Enterprises150 cooperating with universities Brazil 40,00040,000 % 3030 Sweden or higher education institutions 40 20,000 100Germany Spain 80 Enterprises cooperating with government 30,000 30 India 30,000 20 Spain or public/private research organizations Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France 60 20 10,000 50 Italy 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 20,000 Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 20,000 40 10 Ireland 0 0 1010 10,000 20 0 % 10,000 Poland Italy Spain Japan 4 EU-28 0 France Austria Finland Poland Ireland 0 0 Sweden Belgium 0 Italy Germany 0 Spain 250,000 EU-28Germany United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Belgium Sweden Netherlands Italy Germany United States 3 Spain Kingdom Japan Italy EU-28 Spain Austria Italy Finland France Poland Italy United Kingdom Spain Belgium Ireland* Sweden Netherlands Ireland Poland France Austria 200,000 Ireland Poland France Sweden Austria Finland Germany Belgium Finland All types Products Germany Belgium Sweden All types Germany Products Processes Marketing 2 Netherlands SMEs Both types Processes Both types Marketing United States Both types Both types Netherlands Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) Netherlands Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France United Kingdom Organizational Large companies Organizational 150,000 United Kingdom United Kingdom 1 Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 0% 100,000 Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume 4 GraphGraph 19/19/ EvolutionEvolution desdes dépensesdépenses intérieuresintérieures dede R&DR&D desdes entreprisesentreprises Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national Italy 250,00050,000 Japan % Spain* France Austria United Finland Ireland Belgium 3 Sweden* Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France 20 32 Kingdom Germany Netherlands 200,0000 % % % United States % % % SMEs Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 2 15 France’sFrance’s researchresearch taxtax creditcredit 80 1.5 6.5 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1.5 6.5 100 % oror otherother formsforms ofof taxtax reliefrelief Software Computers and IT equipment 150,000 60 1 1.451.45 10 5.55.5 4 80 LoanLoan oror grantgrant fromfrom 250,000 1.4 4.5 the European Union 40 100,000 1.4 5 4.5 the European Union 0 3 Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises 1.35 3.5 60 1.35 3.5 20 200,000 Loan or grant from domestic bodies 0 Loan or grant from domestic bodies Italy 50,000 1.3 2.5 2 NumberJapan of robots per 10,000 employees Per thousand jobs 1.3 2.5 Spain* 40 France Austria United Finland Ireland 0 Belgium 350 Sweden* Kingdom Germany 16 1.251.25 -5 1.51.5 150,000 Netherlands 0 Loan1 or grant from local authorities United States 20 Loan or grant from local authorities Italy 14 1.2 0.5 Japan 300 Spain EU-28 1.2 0.5 Austria France Finland Ireland Poland -10 Sweden Belgium 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0 Germany 100,000 12 1.151.15 -0.5-0.5 0 250 Software Computers and IT equipment At least one form of state aid Netherlands 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) At least one form of state aid United States 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Italy 10 Spain United Kingdom Japan EU-28 Italy 200 Austria France Italy 50,000 Poland Finland Spain Sweden Belgium Ireland* Japan EU-28 Germany Ireland Austria France Finland Poland % Spain* Belgium Sweden France Austria % United Finland Ireland 8 Belgium Germany Sweden* Graph150 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises %% ofof GDPGDP CompoundedCompounded annualannual growthgrowth ratesrates atat constantconstant pricesprices Netherlands Kingdom Germany United States Netherlands 0 10 20 30 40 Netherlands0 10 20 30 40 0 6 (p):(p): provisionalprovisional datadata United Kingdom United States 100 United Kingdom Number of robots per 10,000 employees Per thousand jobs 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 4 % Large companies 35050 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 16 Software Computers and IT equipment 2 100 3000 14 Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, 0 80 250 12 % Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Italy Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 UnitedStates United Austria France Finland 10 60 200 Sweden Belgium 60 Germany Kingdom Number of robots per 10,000 employees Per thousand jobs Netherlands 8 50 % 150 Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry 40 350 16 40 50 6 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand 100 300 14 jobs in industry 30 20 40 4 50 250 12 20 30 2 0 0 10 200 20 Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 0Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France 10 Italy 8 Spain 150 EU-28 10 Italy Ireland France Finland United Poland 0 Sweden Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Belgium UnitedStates United Germany Germany Austria France Finland Kingdom Sweden Belgium 6 % 0 % Kingdom * Netherlands100 Germany ** 40 Netherlands 4 Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) Italy 50 Italy Austria* France Ireland* 35 Spain Germany EU-28 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland 2 Sweden Belgium 0.1 Germany 30 jobs in industry Technological innovations only (products or processes)0 Netherlands** 0 United States** Netherlands 25

United Kingdom** United Kingdom Italy 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Pharmaceuticals Services UnitedStates United Austria France Finland Sweden Belgium 15 Computers, Aerospace Germany Kingdom Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France electronic/optical products 10 Graph 13/ Coût moyenNetherlands des chercheurs après incitations, Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry 5 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand % % Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit0 or grants jobs in industry 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 United States 35 Italy Spain United Netherlands Poland France Austria Finland Ireland 0.1 30 Belgium Sweden United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with other firms Kingdom Germany BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Germany Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France within the same corporate group 25 Netherlands Belgium BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad Belgium Enterprises cooperating with competitors 20 All industry and market services 82.9 7.8 9.3 or other firms in the same sector United Kingdom % 15 % Austria Japan Manufacturing Enterprises cooperating with40 private-sector 10 clients or consumers South Korea Netherlands 35 5 Enterprises cooperating with public-sector Canada 0.1 clients or consumers 30 0 Italy 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Finland 25 Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China Italy hardware, components or software20 Spain United 82.9 7.8 9.3 Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE France France Poland France Austria Finland Ireland Graph 17/Belgium InvestissementsSweden bruts en biens corporels 15 Kingdom Germany BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources Enterprises cooperating with universities Brazil Sweden or higher education institutions10 € million Netherlands Spain BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad All industry and market services % Enterprises cooperating with 5government India Spain or public/private research organizations 250,000 20 0 Manufacturing 7 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 18 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 16 Ireland 200,000 5 Italy 14 Spain 4 United Poland France Austria Finland Ireland 12 3 Poland Belgium Sweden Kingdom Germany BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources 10 150,000 2 Netherlands 8 1 Germany BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad 6 0 All industry and market services Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE 100,000Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels 4 -1 Italy Manufacturing 2 -2 € million 0 -3 50,000 % 250,000 20 7 18 Aerospace Chemicals 6 Information appliances 0 16 Automotive technology equipment 5 200,000 Prof./scientific/ 14 Pharmaceuticals 4 Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE optical productsOther machinery & 12 technical activities 3 Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels Italy Other manufacturing Spain 10 France Poland Austria Measuring instruments/ 2 150,000 Sweden Finland Computers, electronic/ Belgium 8 Publishing, broadcasting € million Germany % of all BERD (left axis) 1 6 0 Netherlands % Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) 250,000 Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en100,000 entreprises en France 4 -1 United Kingdom 20 7 2 -2 18 6 0 -3 Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 16 5 200,000 50,000 14 4 Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France % 12 3

10 Aerospace Chemicals 2 Information 4 150,000 0 Automotive technology appliances Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 8 1 equipment 250,000 % Prof./scientific/ 6 0 Pharmaceuticals technical activities optical productsOther machinery & Italy 4 -1 Other manufacturing 3 100,000 Spain 60 France Poland Austria 2 Technological Measuring instruments/ Non-technological Sweden Finland -2 Computers, electronic/ 200,000 Belgium Publishing, broadcasting € million Germany 0 -3 % of all BERD (left axis)innovations innovations 2 Netherlands 50,000 50 Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) 60,000 150,000 United Kingdom

1 Aerospace Chemicals Information appliances 40 0 50,000 Automotive technology equipment Prof./scientific/ 100,000 Pharmaceuticals Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France 0 technical activities optical productsOther machinery & Italy 40,000 Other manufacturing Spain 30 France Poland Austria Measuring instruments/ Sweden Finland Computers, electronic/ Belgium Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 Publishing, broadcasting Germany % of all BERD (left axis) % Italy 50,000 30,000 Japan Netherlands 20 Spain* France Austria United Finland Ireland Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Belgium 60 Sweden* Kingdom Germany United Kingdom 20,000 Technological Non-technological Netherlands 0 innovations innovations United States € million 10 10,000 50 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 60,0002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France Software Computers and IT equipment 0 0 40 Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 50,000 %

Italy Spain Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels40,000 de R&D des entreprisesIreland Poland France Austria 60 30 Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Sweden Finland Belgium Technological Non-technological All types Products Germany Processes innovations innovations Both types Both types Marketing € million 30,000 Netherlands Number of robots per 10,000 employees Per thousand jobs 50 20 Organizational United Kingdom 350 60,000 16 20,000 10 14 40 300 50,000 10,000 12 250 0 40,000 Graph0 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises 30 Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation 10 200 30,000 Italy 20 8 Spain 150 Ireland Poland France Austria Sweden Finland 20,000 % Belgium % All types Products Germany Processes 6 France’s researchBoth types tax credit Both types Marketing 100 Netherlands 10 1.5 6.5 or other forms of tax relief 10,000 4 Organizational United Kingdom 50 1.45 5.5 0 0 2 Loan or grant from 0 1.4 4.5 the European Union 0 Italy Spain 1.35 3.5 Italy Ireland Poland France Austria Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Sweden Finland LoanGraph or grant25/ Soutien from domestic public à bodiesl'innovation Japan Spain Belgium2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 All types Products UnitedStates United Germany Austria France Finland 1.3 2.5 Processes Marketing Sweden Belgium Both types Both types Germany Kingdom Netherlands

Netherlands 1.25 1.5 Organizational United Kingdom Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry % % Loan or grant from local authorities Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand1.2 0.5 France’s research tax credit jobs in industry 1.5 6.5 1.15 -0.5 or other forms of tax relief At least one form of state aid 1.45 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) 5.5 Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation Loan or grant from 1.4 4.5 the European Union% Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices 1.35 3.5 0 10 20 30 40 % % (p): provisional data Loan or grant from domestic bodies 1.3 2.5 % % France’s research tax credit 1.5 6.5 40 1.25 1.5 or other forms of tax relief 1.45 5.5 Loan or grant from local authorities 35 1.2 0.5 0.1 Loan or grant from 30 1.4 4.5 1.15 -0.5 the European Union 25 At least one form of state aid 1.35 3.5 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 Loan or grant from domestic bodies 15 1.3 2.5 % % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices 10 1.25 1.5 0 10 20 30 40 5 (p): provisional data Loan or grant from local authorities 1.2 0.5 0 1.15 0 10 20 30 40-0.5 50 60 70 80 90 100 At least one form of state aid Italy 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Spain United Poland France Austria Finland Ireland Belgium Sweden Kingdom Germany BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources %

Netherlands % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad 0 10 20 30 40 All industry and market services (p): provisional data Manufacturing

Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels

€ million % 250,000 20 7 18 6 16 200,000 5 14 4 12 3 10 150,000 2 8 1 6 0 100,000 4 -1 2 -2 0 -3 50,000

Aerospace Chemicals Information appliances 0 Automotive technology equipment Prof./scientific/ Pharmaceuticals

technical activities optical productsOther machinery & Italy Other manufacturing Spain Measuring instruments/ France Poland Austria Finland Computers, electronic/ Belgium Sweden Publishing, broadcasting Germany % of all BERD (left axis) Netherlands Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) United Kingdom

Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France

Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 %

60 Technological Non-technological € million innovations innovations 50 60,000 40 50,000

40,000 30

30,000 20 20,000 10 10,000 0 0

Italy Spain Ireland Poland France Austria Sweden Finland Belgium All types Products Germany Processes Both types Both types Marketing Netherlands Organizational United Kingdom

Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation

% % France’s research tax credit 1.5 6.5 or other forms of tax relief 1.45 5.5 Loan or grant from 1.4 4.5 the European Union 1.35 3.5 Loan or grant from domestic bodies 1.3 2.5 1.25 1.5 Loan or grant from local authorities 1.2 0.5 1.15 -0.5 At least one form of state aid 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p)

% % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices 0 10 20 30 40 (p): provisional data Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) % % 80 80 70 70 % 60 60 50 2.5 50 40 40 2 30 30 20 1.5 20 10 10 1 0 0

Italy Spain Italy 0.5 EU-28 Spain Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Germany Belgium Sweden Germany Netherlands 0 Netherlands

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Italy Spain France EU-28 Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies Germany Denmark

Netherlands

United Kingdom Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014

Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 % 70,000 350 100 60,000 300 90 80 50,000 250 70 40,000 200 60 50 30,000 150 % 40 80 20,000 100 30 10,000 50 60 20 40 10 0 0 20 0 Italy Spain Japan EU-28 France Austria Finland Poland Ireland 0 Sweden Belgium Italy Germany Spain EU-28 United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Belgium Sweden Netherlands Italy Germany United States Spain Kingdom Japan EU-28 Austria Finland France Poland United Kingdom Belgium Ireland* Sweden Netherlands Germany

Netherlands SMEs United States Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) United Kingdom Large companies Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014

Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national % 20 32 % SMEs 15 % 80 100 10 60 80 40 5 60 20 0 40 0 -5 20 Italy Japan Spain EU-28 Austria France Finland Ireland Poland Sweden Belgium -10 Germany

0 Netherlands United States Italy Spain United Kingdom Japan EU-28 Italy Poland Austria France Spain Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 Germany Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Belgium Sweden Germany Netherlands United States Netherlands United Kingdom 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 United Kingdom % Large companies 100 Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, 80 % 60 60 50 % 40 40 50

30 20 40

20 30 0 20 10 Italy Spain EU-28 10 0 Ireland France Finland United Poland Belgium Sweden Germany Germany Kingdom 0 * Netherlands **

Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) Italy Italy Austria* France Ireland* Spain Germany EU-28 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium Germany Technological innovations only (products or processes) Netherlands** United States** Netherlands

United Kingdom** United Kingdom Pharmaceuticals Services Computers, Aerospace electronic/optical products Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations,

Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants United States Netherlands United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with other firms Germany within the same corporate group Belgium Belgium Enterprises cooperating with competitors or other firms in the same sector United Kingdom Austria Enterprises cooperating with private-sector Japan clients or consumers South Korea Netherlands Enterprises cooperating with public-sector Canada clients or consumers Italy Finland Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 hardware, components or software Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) France France % % Enterprises cooperating with universities Brazil 80 Sweden or higher education institutions 80 Spain 70 Enterprises cooperating with government 70 Spain India % 60 or public/private research organizations 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 50 Ireland 2.5 50 40 40 Poland 2 30 30 Germany 20 1.5 20 10 Italy 10 1 0 0

Italy Spain Italy 0.5 EU-28 Spain Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Germany Belgium Sweden Germany Netherlands 0 Netherlands

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Italy Spain France EU-28 Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies Germany Denmark Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France Netherlands

Graph 5/ EntreprisesUnited innovantes, Kingdom 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) % % % % Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD,80 2015 70,000 350 4 100 80 250,000 70 60,000 300 90 70 % 60 3 80 60 50,000 250 200,000 50 70 2.5 50 40,000 200 2 40 60 40 30,000 150 2 150,000 50 % 30 1 40 30 80 20,000 100 20 20 1.5 100,000 30 0 60 10,000 50 10 20 10 1 40 0 10 0 0 0 Italy 50,000 Japan Spain* 0 France Austria United Finland Ireland 20 Belgium Italy Italy Sweden* Kingdom Germany Spain 0.5 Spain Italy Japan EU-28 EU-28 Spain France Poland Ireland Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 Austria Finland 0 Sweden Austria France Ireland Poland Sweden Belgium Netherlands 0 Belgium Finland Italy Germany United States Germany Belgium Sweden Spain EU-28 United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Germany Netherlands Belgium Sweden Netherlands 0 Italy Germany Netherlands United States 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Spain Kingdom Japan EU-28 Austria Finland France Poland United Kingdom Software Computers and IT equipment Belgium Ireland* SwedenUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Netherlands Germany Italy Spain Netherlands France EU-28 SMEs Finland Ireland Poland United States Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) Germany Denmark United Kingdom Large companies Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheursNetherlands et personnels de R&D des entreprises Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 United Kingdom Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT Number of robots per 10,000 employees Per thousand jobs Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises % 350 Graph16 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume 70,000 350 100 Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national 300 14 60,000 300 % 90 20 32 250 12 80 50,000 250 % 10 70 SMEs 200 15 % 40,000 20080 60 100 8 30,000 150 150 10 50 60 % 6 40 80 20,000 100 100 80 40 4 5 30 10,000 50 50 60 20 60 2 20 0 0 0 0 40 10 0 40 20 0 0 Italy -5 Spain Italy Japan EU-28 France Austria Poland Ireland Japan Spain 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sweden Finland Italy UnitedStates United Italy 20 Belgium Austria France Finland Germany Japan Spain EU-28 Sweden Belgium Spain France Ireland Poland Kingdom EU-28 Austria Finland Germany United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Sweden Belgium -10 Belgium Sweden Netherlands Germany Italy Germany United States Netherlands Spain Kingdom Japan Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry EU-28 0 Netherlands Austria Finland France Poland United Kingdom United States Belgium Ireland* Sweden Netherlands Germany Italy Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand Spain United Kingdom Japan EU-28 Italy Austria France Netherlands Poland SMEs Finland Spain Unitedjobs States in industry Sweden Belgium Ireland* EU-28 Germany Ireland NumberAustria France (left axis) FinlandPer million inhabitantsPoland (right axis) Belgium Sweden United Kingdom Germany Large companiesNetherlands United States Netherlands UnitedGraph Kingdom 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 United Kingdom Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises % Large companies Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 100 % Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) % Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, % % 40 % 32 80 80 20 % 35 Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 80Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) 60 % 70 0.1 % SMEs 60 30 % 70% 15 80 % 8060 50 100 25 8060 % 40 60 50 2.5 20 7050 10 82.9 7.8 409.3 7050 80 15 40 % 6040 30 20 40 6040 5 2 10 2.5 5030 20 60 30 36 5 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 5030 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 0 37 20 4020 0 20 0 4020 1.5 10 2 40 0 Italy 3010 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Spain 10 3010 United EU-28 0 Ireland France Finland Poland -5 Belgium Sweden Italy Germany Germany 200 Spain Kingdom Italy 1 United 200 20 0 1.5 Poland France Austria Finland Ireland * Netherlands Spain Belgium Sweden ** Japan EU-28 Kingdom Germany BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources Austria France Finland Ireland Poland 10 Sweden Belgium -10 Germany 10 Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) Netherlands Italy Italy Italy Spain Italy 0 0.5 EU-28 Spain Austria* France Ireland* Netherlands Spain 0 Ireland Austria France Poland Germany United States EU-28 1 Finland Ireland PolandBERD financed byEU-28 government BERD financed from abroad Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Belgium Sweden 0 Austria Finland France Sweden All industry and market services Germany Belgium Sweden Italy Belgium Spain United Kingdom Germany Germany Japan Italy France EU-28 Technological innovations only (products or processes) Netherlands Poland Austria Netherlands** Spain Italy Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* United States** EU-28 Netherlands 0 Manufacturing Netherlands Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Spain Germany Italy Sweden 0.5 EU-28 Spain 10 or more employees had innovated between 2012 and Belgium Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 Germany United Kingdom Fig.Belgium 58United Kingdom Sweden United Kingdom Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Netherlands Fig. 62 United Kingdom** Innovation trends Germany Belgium Sweden United States Italy Germany Pharmaceuticals Services Netherlands Spain 2014. Thirty-oneUnited Kingdom percent had introduced technological France EU-28 Netherlands 0 Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Netherlands United Kingdom Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies Computers, Aerospace Germany Denmark innovations2011-2013 (21%2013-2015 in processes,2015 and 19% in products),electronic/optical products InnovationUnited Kingdom rate of enterprises by business size (2014) United Kingdom %Type of cooperationLarge undertaken companies by enterprises In France, more than halfNetherlands (56.4%) of all enterprises Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, Italy Spain Proportion of enterprises in innovative fields France EU-28 while 38% had introduced non-technological innovations in Europe (2014) Finland United Kingdom Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Total SMEs Large companies 100 in innovativeSweden fieldsBelgium reported innovations in 2014, Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposéesGraph au titre 23/ du Répartition PCT sectorielle de la DIRDE Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 Germany Denmark Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens Graphcorporels 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants Graph(30% 4/ Répartitionthrough sectorielle organizational des dépenses changes,de R&D des entreprises and 23% in % of enterprises engaged in any type of co-operation Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, with a slightly higher rate Netherlands(58.9%) among manufacturers. 80 United States Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 € million % 70,000 % 350 United Kingdom Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposéesmarketing). au titre du PCTOn a like-for-like basis, the propensity for The highest proportion of innovation-active firms was 100Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 % Netherlands 60,000 60 Enterprises cooperating with other firms 250,000 French20 firms to innovate300 rose by four percentage points7 60United Kingdom Germany 90% within the same corporate group inGraph Germany 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, (67% 2015 in total, and 72.6% in manufacturing), 70,000 50 18 350 6 80 50,000 250 % Belgium 100 between16 2010-2012 and 2012-2014. 5 Belgium Enterprises cooperating with competitors 200,000 40 50 followed by Belgium and the United Kingdom. 70 60,000 40 14 300 4 or other firms in the same sector United Kingdom 90 40,000 12 200 3 Austria 40 Japan

60 55 84 The average innovation rate for businesses across Europe 80 50,000 3035.8%10 of French250 firms reporting product or process 20 Enterprises cooperating with private-sector 150,000 2 clients or consumers 50 30,000 8 150 South Korea 70 1 30 was% 49.1%. 40,000 20innovations6 were200 cooperating with other entities in Netherlands Canada 40 20,000 100 0 0 Enterprises cooperating with public-sector 80 60 4 -1 20 clients or consumers 100,000 102014 (33.5% of SMEs, and 62.8% of large companies). Italy 30 30,000 2 150 -2 Finland 50 10,000 50 Italy 60 Spain Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China % 20 0 -3 EU-28 10 0British firms cooperated the most (61.4%), while the rate Ireland France Finland United Poland 40 20,000 100 Belgium 19 7 11 4 20Sweden12 8 hardware, components or software Germany GermanyFrance France 80 50,000 0 0 Kingdom 40 10 0 30 for German businesses was* 11 percentage points below Netherlands Enterprises cooperating with universities 10,000 50 ** Brazil 6020 Fig. 57 0 or higher education institutions 20 Chemicals Sweden Italy Spain Aerospace Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) the EU average (21.8%). Information Italy appliances Italy Spain 0 Spain Automotive technology Japan EU-28 equipment Spain 0 France Austria Austria*Poland Ireland 0 France Ireland* EU-28 40 10 GermanyFinland Belgium* Prof./scientific/ Poland** Sweden* Enterprises cooperating with government 0 Sweden Belgium PharmaceuticalsFinland** Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Italy Germany Sweden Belgium India Spain Spain EU-28 optical productsOther machinery & or public/private research organizationsGermany 0 Poland technical activities 20 Innovative enterprises (2014) Italy United Ireland Austria France Finland Technological innovations only (products or processes) Belgium Sweden Netherlands Other manufacturing Netherlands** 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Italy Spain Germany United States Italy United States** Netherlands France Poland Austria Spain Measuring instruments/ Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Spain Graph 8/ EntreprisesKingdomSweden engagées dansFinland une action de coopération, 2014 Japan EU-28 Computers, electronic/ Japan EU-28 Belgium France Austria Poland Ireland Publishing, broadcasting Ireland Austria Finland France GermanyPoland United Kingdom Finland United Kingdom 0 Ireland* Sweden Netherlands Sweden Belgium % of all BERD (left axis) United Kingdom** Belgium Italy Germany Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) Germany Spain % Netherlands EU-28 Services % United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland PharmaceuticalsFig. 61 Netherlands SMEsBelgium Sweden Netherlands Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Poland United States Italy Germany United States 80 United KingdomSpain Number (left axis) Per million inhabitantsComputers, (right axis) Aerospace Japan Kingdom United Kingdom EU-28 80 Austria Finland France Poland United Kingdom electronic/optical products Belgium Ireland* Sweden Large companies Netherlands 70 Germany Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, 70 Types of business enterprise innovation Germany Netherlands Graph SMEs7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises,Source: 2014 Eurostat, 2017 % United States 60 56 60 Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) 60 Graph inGraph9/ TypeFrance 24/ de Types coopération (2012-2014) d'innovation des entreprises des entreprises en Europe, en France 2014 United Kingdom Large companies Italy 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants 50 2.5 Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises 50 United States Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels,Graph 7/ Stratégies2015 d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 40 % 40 Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national Netherlands Enterprises cooperating with other firms 2 Graph30% 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Fig. 59 & 60 60 United Kingdom Germany 32 30 Technological Non-technological within the same corporate group Taux20 de croissance annuel moyen en volume Belgium 20 Belgiuminnovations innovations Enterprises cooperating with competitors 1.5 € million 20 Graph% 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total48 national % SMEs 50 or other firms in the same sector United Kingdom 10 Innovation% strategies by business size (2014) 80 15 32 60,000 10 Japan 20 100 Austria Enterprises cooperating with private-sector 1 0 0 clients or consumers 60% 40 38 South Korea 10 50,000 SMEs Netherlands 15 % 80 Enterprises cooperating with public-sector Canada Italy 80 31 Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France 0.5 Spain Italy 30 EU-28 100 Spain 40 clients or consumers Italy Ireland Austria France Finland40,000 Poland EU-28 30 5 Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Finland Sweden 60 10 Germany Belgium Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC,Enterprises 2013 cooperating with suppliers of equipment, 60 Germany 23 China Netherlands 20 21 hardware, components or software 0 30,000 80 Netherlands 0 40 20 France 19 % France 5 United Kingdom United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with universities 40 0 Brazil Italy 20,000 60 4 or higher education institutions Spain Sweden France EU-28 -5 20 Spain Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers 250,000 Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies 10 Germany Denmark 0 Enterprises cooperating with government 10,000 20 Italy India 40 26 Japan Spain EU-28 Spain 3 or public/private research organizations Netherlands 0 Austria France Finland Ireland Poland -10 Sweden Belgium -5 Source: Eurostat, 2017 Germany 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 200,000140 United Kingdom 0 0 Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de16 brevets déposées au titre du PCT Netherlands Ireland Source: Eurostat, 2017 Graph 6/ Taux d'innovationScope: Only des enterprises entreprises inpar innovative taille, 2014 sectors are included. 20 United States Italy 2 Japan Spain Italy United Kingdom EU-28 Spain Austria France Finland Ireland Poland Japan EU-28 Italy Sweden Belgium -10 % Austria France 14 Poland Finland Italy Spain Germany Poland Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 Sweden Belgium Ireland* Spain 70,000 350EU-28 150,000 Germany Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Ireland Poland France 0 Belgium Austria Finland Sweden Netherlands 1 100 BelgiumGermany Sweden United States All types Netherlands Germany Products Processes Marketing United States Italy 60,000 300 United Kingdom Both types Both types Spain Netherlands Germany 90 Japan EU-28 Netherlands Italy Poland United Kingdom Austria France Spain 100,000 Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 0 Germany United Kingdom Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Organizational 80 United Kingdom 50,000 Belgium Sweden 250 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 Germany Italy Netherlands % Large companies Innovation70 Unitedrates States for large companies were markedly 40,000 Netherlands 200 Source: INSEE, 2017 United Kingdom Italy 50,000 60 100 Japan United Kingdom Spain* higher. In France, 84.1% were innovation-active, versus France Austria United Finland Ireland Graph2011-2013 4/ Répartition sectorielle2013-2015 des dépenses2015 de R&D des entreprises 30,000 150 Belgium 50 % Large companies Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, Sweden* Kingdom Germany % 55.1% of SMEs. Only the United KingdomGraph 19/ stood Evolution out des dépenses intérieures80 de R&D des entreprises Netherlands 0 40 Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation United States 80 % 20,000100 100 with60Graph30 a 4/smaller Répartition gap sectorielle between des dépenses innovation-active de R&D des entreprises large 60 10,00060 50 Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20 80 Software Computers and IT equipment companies50% (69%; lower than the EU average of 78.1%) The United Kingdom stood out once again for having 40 10 % 0 % 0 % 60 40 50 France’s research tax credit and40 SMEs (60%). 60 similar rates of cooperation regardless of business size. 20 0 1.5 6.5 or other forms of tax relief Italy 56 Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France 50 Spain 40 Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises 20 Japan EU-28 Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, 30 1.45 France Austria Finland Poland Ireland % 0 5.5Sweden Belgium Across Europe, growing numbers of SMEsItaly and large 40 Germany In France, the most common type of cooperation was Spain 50 40 EU-28 30 Graph 14/ InvestissementsLoan dans or grant les TIC,from 2013 20 United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Belgium Sweden1.4 Netherlands 4.5 the European Union Number of robots per 10,000 employees Per thousand jobs Italy companiesGermany alike are undertaking non-technological United0 States with suppliers (20.2%), while French enterprises also Spain 11 40 Japan Kingdom 20 20 % France Poland EU-28 30 Austria Finland 10 Netherlands United Kingdom 350 16 Belgium Ireland* Sweden 1.35 3.5 Germany innovations (marketing or organizational). In France, Italy 17 30 frequently cooperated with other firms within the same Spain 4 20 EU-28 10 Loan or grant from domestic bodies Netherlands 0 SMEs 0 Ireland France Finland United Poland 14 United States 1.3 NumberBelgium (left axis) Per2.5 millionSweden inhabitants (right axis) 300 250,000 26% of SMEs in 2014 only reported non-technological Germany Germany 20 corporate group (18.7%) and universities or higher United Kingdom Kingdom 0 10 Large companies * Netherlands 12 ** 1.25 Italy 1.5 3 250 innovations, while 13.5% reported technological Spain 10 education institutions (12.2%). In the United Kingdom, United EU-28 0 Graph 7/ StratégiesSpain d'innovation par taille d'entreprises,Japan 2014 Non-technologicalIreland innovationsFrance only (marketingFinland or organizational) Poland Loan or grant from local authorities Italy Belgium Sweden Italy 200,000 10 Austria* France Ireland* 1.2 Germany Germany 0.5 Spain innovationsGermany only (products or processes) and 15.7% Kingdom 40% of businessesEU-28 cooperated with private-sector200 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations 0 Ireland France Finland 2Austria Poland * Netherlands Sweden Belgium Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises ** Germany 8 1.15 Technological innovations only-0.5 (products or processes) reported both Spaintypes of innovation. TheNetherlands** rates for large clients, and the same proportion again with suppliers.150 Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume United States** Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) Netherlands At least one form of state aid 150,000 Italy 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Italy Austria* France Ireland* 1 Spain 6 Germany Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national United Kingdom EU-28 companiesBelgium* were 56.4%,Finland** 16.8% and 10.9%, respectively.Poland**United Kingdom** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium In Germany, cooperation was most often undertaken100 % Germany Pharmaceuticals Services Technological innovations only (products or processes) % 4 32 Netherlands** 100,000 20 Computers, United States** Aerospace % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices Netherlands 0with universities (14.1%). 50 The 2014 EU Community Innovation Survey highlighted 0 10 20 30 40 electronic/optical products United Kingdom** % Source: Eurostat, 2017 United Kingdom 2 % SMEs (p): provisional data Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, 15 Pharmaceuticals Services 80 0 50,000 that 48% of French market-sector enterprises with Italy 0 Japan 100 Computers, Aerospace Spain* Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 France Austria United Finland Ireland 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants Belgium electronic/optical products 60 Sweden* Kingdom Germany 10 Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, Italy Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 United States Netherlands UnitedStates United 0 United States Austria France Finland 80 Sweden Belgium Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 40 Netherlands Germany Kingdom 5 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with other firms Germany Netherlands 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry 60 within the same corporate group United States Software Computers and IT equipment 20 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand 0 Belgium Belgium Enterprises cooperating with competitors Netherlands jobs in industry 40 United Kingdom United Kingdom 0 Enterprisesor other firms cooperating in the same with sector other firms Germany within the same corporate group Japan -5 Austria Enterprises cooperating with private-sector Belgium Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises 20 Belgium Enterprisesclients or consumers cooperating with competitorsItaly South Korea Japan Spain EU-28 United Kingdom Austria orFrance other firms inFinland the sameIreland sector Poland -10 Netherlands Sweden Belgium Canada Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France EnterprisesGermany cooperating with public-sector Japan Number of robots per 10,000 employees Per thousand jobs 0 Austria Enterprises cooperating with private-sector clients orNetherlands consumers Italy Finland United States clients or consumers South Korea 350 16 Italy Spain Enterprises cooperating with suppliersUnited Kingdom of equipment, China Japan EU-28 Netherlands Italy % Poland Austria France Spain Enterprises cooperating with public-sector Canada % 14 Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 hardware, components or software 300 Germany Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Belgium France Sweden clients or consumers France Germany Italy 40 Netherlands Finland Enterprises cooperating with universities Brazil 12 United States Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, 250 Sweden Netherlands or higher education institutions China 35 United Kingdom hardware, components or software Spain 0.1 United Kingdom France France 30 10 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 Enterprises cooperating with government 200 Enterprises cooperating with universities India % SpainLarge companies or public/private research organizations Brazil 25 8 Sweden or higher education institutions 0 20 40 60 15080 100 120 140 100 Spain 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 Ireland 6 Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Enterprises cooperating with government India Spain Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploior public/private des secteurs research d'activité organizations à haut niveau de savoir, 100 15 80 4 % Poland 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 10 Ireland 50 60 5 2 60 Germany 0 0 Poland 0 50 % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Italy 40 50 40 Italy Italy Germany Spain Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Japan States United Ireland United Austria France United Poland France Austria Finland Sweden Finland Belgium Sweden 40 Belgium Kingdom BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources 30 20 Germany Kingdom Germany Italy Netherlands Netherlands Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry 20 30 BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad 0 All industry and market services Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand 20 jobs in industry 10 Manufacturing Italy Spain EU-28 10 0 Ireland France Finland United Poland Belgium Sweden Germany Germany Kingdom 0 * Netherlands ** Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France Italy Italy Austria* France Ireland* Spain Germany EU-28 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 Germany Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE Technological innovations only (products or processes) Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels % Netherlands** % United States** Netherlands Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France % 40 United Kingdom** United Kingdom € million Pharmaceuticals Services Graph4 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 35 % 250,000 250,000 0.1 Computers, Aerospace % 30 20 7 electronic/optical products 18 6 3 Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, 25 16 4 200,000 5 250,000200,000 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 14 4 Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 2 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants 15 12 3 3 10 United States 150,000 2 200,000150,000 10 8 1 1 Netherlands 6 2 5 0 United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with other firms Germany 4 -1 within the same corporate group 0 100,000 150,000100,000 2 -2 0 Belgium 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 Belgium 1 Enterprises cooperating with competitors -3 United Kingdom Italy or other firms in the same sector Spain 50,000 United 50,000 Poland France Austria Finland Ireland Austria Italy Japan 100,000 Belgium Sweden 0 Japan Enterprises cooperating with private-sector Kingdom Germany BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources Spain* France Austria United Finland Ireland Belgium Aerospace Chemicals Sweden* clients or consumers South Korea Netherlands Information appliances Kingdom Germany 0 Automotive technology equipment Netherlands BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad Prof./scientific/ Netherlands Canada 0 Pharmaceuticals United States Enterprises cooperating with public-sectorItaly 50,000 All industry and market services Japan technical activities optical productsOther machinery & clients or consumers Spain* Italy France Austria United Finland Ireland Italy Other manufacturing Belgium Spain Finland Sweden* Kingdom Germany Manufacturing Measuring instruments/ 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 France Poland Austria Finland Computers, electronic/ Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, Belgium Sweden Publishing, broadcasting China Germany Software ComputersNetherlands and IT equipment 0 % of all BERD (left axis) United States hardware, components or software France France Netherlands Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Enterprises cooperating with universities Brazil 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 United Kingdom Sweden Software Computersor higher education and IT equipment institutions Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Spain Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises Enterprises cooperating with government India Spain or public/private research organizations Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France Number of robots per 10,000 employees 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Per thousand jobs Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises Ireland 16 350 € million Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 % % Poland Number of robots per 10,000 employees 14Per thousand jobs 300 250,000 20 60 7 Technological Non-technological 350 1612 18 6 Germany 250 16 innovations innovations 200,000 € million 5 300 1410 14 504 Italy 200 60,000 12 3 12 10 250 8 150,000 2 150 8 40 10 50,000 1 200 6 6 0 100 4 -1 8 100,000 40,000 30 150 4 2 -2 50 6 0 -3 2 30,000 100 50,000 20 0 40 50 20,000 Aerospace Chemicals Information 2 0 Automotive technology appliances Italy equipment 10 Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Prof./scientific/ 0 Japan States Pharmaceuticals United Austria France United 10,000 Sweden Finland Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France Belgium 0 optical products Germany Kingdom technical activities Other machinery & Italy Other manufacturing Spain 0 Netherlands France Poland Austria Measuring instruments/ Italy Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry Finland 0 Computers, electronic/ Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 Belgium Sweden Publishing, broadcasting Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Germany2013 2014 2015 UnitedStates United % of all BERD (left axis) Austria France Finland Sweden Belgium Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand % Germany Kingdom Netherlands jobs in industry Italy Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Netherlands Spain Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobsUnited Kingdomin industry Ireland Poland France Austria Sweden Finland 4 Belgium All types Products Germany Processes 250,000 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand Both types Both types Marketing jobs in industry Netherlands 3 Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France Organizational Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France United Kingdom 200,000 2 Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 % Graph% 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph% 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France 150,000 60 1 40 Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Technological Non-technological Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation innovations innovations 35 % € million % 100,000 50 0 30 0.1 40 60,000 25 % % 35 Italy 50,000 40 France’s research tax credit Japan 20 82.9 50,000 7.8 9.30.1 Spain* 30 1.5 6.5 France Austria United Finland Ireland or other forms of tax relief Belgium Sweden* Kingdom Germany 15 25 40,000 1.45 5.5 30 Netherlands 10 0 United States 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 Loan or grant from 5 1.4 4.5 the European Union 15 30,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20 0 Software Computers and IT equipment 10 1.35 3.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 6020,00070 80 90 100 Loan or grant from domestic bodies 5 1.3 Italy 2.5 10 Spain United 0 Poland France Austria Finland Ireland 10,000 Belgium Sweden 1.25 1.5 Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Kingdom Germany Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises 0 BERD10 financed20 by 30industry40 50 BERD60 financed70 by other80 national90 sources100 Loan or grant from local authorities Netherlands 0 Italy 0 1.2 0.5 Spain United BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad Number of robots per 10,000 employees Poland France Austria Finland Ireland Per thousand jobs AllBelgium industrySweden and market services Kingdom Germany BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources 1.15 -0.5 350 16 Italy Manufacturing Netherlands Spain At least one form of state aid Ireland Poland France Austria 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Sweden Finland BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad Belgium All types Products 14 Germany Processes 300 All industry and market services Both types Both types Marketing Netherlands % Manufacturing 12 % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices Organizational 250 United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 10 (p): provisional data 200 8 Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE 150 Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels 6 Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises € million Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation 100 Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels 4 % 250,000 50 20 7 18 € million 2 % 6 % 0 16% 5 200,000 0 14 France’s research tax credit 250,000 20 1.5 74 6.5 12 or other forms of tax relief 18 63 Italy 10 Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 16 1.45 2 5.5 UnitedStates United 150,000 5 Austria France Finland 200,000 8 Sweden Belgium 14 41 Loan or grant from Germany Kingdom 6 12 1.4 30 4.5 the European Union Netherlands 4 100,000 Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry 10 -12 150,000 2 1.35 -2 3.5 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand 8 1 60 -3 Loan or grant from domestic bodies jobs in industry 1.3 0 2.5 100,00050,000 4 -1 2 1.25 -2 1.5 0 -3 Aerospace Chemicals Loan or grant from local authorities Information 0 Automotive technology appliances 50,000 1.2 equipment 0.5 Prof./scientific/ Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France Pharmaceuticals technical activities 1.15 optical productsOther machinery & -0.5 Italy Other manufacturing Spain Aerospace Chemicals Information At least one form of state aid 0 Poland Automotive technology Measuring instruments/appliances France Austria Finland Computers,2007 electronic/ 2008equipment 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Belgium Sweden Publishing, broadcasting Germany Prof./scientific/ % % % of all BERD (leftPharmaceuticals axis) Netherlands technical activities optical productsOther machinery & % 40 Italy Other manufacturing Spain Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Measuring instruments/ % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices United Kingdom France Poland Austria Sweden Finland Computers, electronic/ 35 Belgium Publishing, broadcasting 0 10 20 30 40 Germany % of all BERD (left axis) 0.1 (p): provisional data 30 Netherlands Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) 25 United Kingdom Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 15 Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 % Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France 10 60 5 Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 Technological Non-technological % innovations innovations 0 € million 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 6050 60,000 Technological Non-technological Italy Spain innovations innovations United € million Poland France Austria Finland Ireland 40 Belgium Sweden Kingdom Germany 50,000 BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources 50

Netherlands 60,000 40,000 BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad 4030 All industry and market services 50,000 Manufacturing 30,000 40,000 3020 20,000 30,000 2010 10,000 20,000 0 0 Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE 10 Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels 10,000

€ million Italy 0 0 Spain Ireland Poland France Austria Finland Belgium Sweden % All types Germany Products 250,000 Processes Marketing 20 7 Both types Both types Netherlands Italy Spain 18 6 Organizational IrelandUnited Kingdom Poland France Austria Sweden Finland 16 Belgium 5 All types Products 200,000 Germany Processes 14 4 Both types Both types Marketing Netherlands 12 3 10 Organizational 150,000 United Kingdom 2 8 1 Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises 6 0 Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation 100,000 4 -1 2 -2 0 -3 Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation 50,000 % % France’s research tax credit 1.5 6.5 Aerospace Chemicals or other forms of tax relief Information 0 Automotive technology appliances % % equipment 1.45 5.5 Prof./scientific/ Pharmaceuticals France’s Loanresearch or grant tax credit from 1.5 6.5 technical activities optical productsOther machinery & Italy Other manufacturing or other forms of tax relief Spain 1.4 4.5 the European Union France Poland Austria Measuring instruments/ Sweden Finland Computers, electronic/ Belgium 1.45 Publishing, broadcasting Germany 1.35 5.53.5 % of all BERD (left axis) Loan or grant from Netherlands Loan or grant from domestic bodies 1.41.3 4.52.5 Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) the European Union United Kingdom 1.351.25 3.51.5 LoanLoan or or grant grant from from domestic local authorities bodies 1.3 2.5 1.2 0.5 Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France 1.251.15 -0.51.5 Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 Loan orAt grantleast onefrom form local of authorities state aid 1.2 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) 0.5 % 60 1.15 -0.5 Technological Non-technological % % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices At least one form of state aid € million 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) innovations innovations 0 10 20 30 40 (p): provisional data 50 60,000 % % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices 40 0 10 20 30 40 50,000 (p): provisional data

40,000 30

30,000 20 20,000 10 10,000 0 0

Italy Spain Ireland Poland France Austria Sweden Finland Belgium All types Products Germany Processes Both types Both types Marketing Netherlands Organizational United Kingdom

Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation

% % France’s research tax credit 1.5 6.5 or other forms of tax relief 1.45 5.5 Loan or grant from 1.4 4.5 the European Union 1.35 3.5 Loan or grant from domestic bodies 1.3 2.5 1.25 1.5 Loan or grant from local authorities 1.2 0.5 1.15 -0.5 At least one form of state aid 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p)

% % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices 0 10 20 30 40 (p): provisional data Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) % % 80 80 70 70 % 60 60 50 2.5 50 40 40 2 30 30 20 1.5 20 10 10 1 0 0

Italy Spain Italy 0.5 EU-28 Spain Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Germany Belgium Sweden Germany Netherlands 0 Netherlands

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Italy Spain France EU-28 Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies Germany Denmark

Netherlands

United Kingdom Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014

Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 % 70,000 350 100 60,000 300 90 80 50,000 250 70 40,000 200 60 50 30,000 150 % 40 80 20,000 100 30 10,000 50 60 20 40 10 0 0 20 0 Italy Spain Japan EU-28 France Austria Finland Poland Ireland 0 Sweden Belgium Italy Germany Spain EU-28 United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Belgium Sweden Netherlands Italy Germany United States Spain Kingdom Japan EU-28 Austria Finland France Poland United Kingdom Belgium Ireland* Sweden Netherlands Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes,Germany 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) Netherlands SMEs Graph% United 5/ StatesEntreprises innovantes, 2014 %Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) 80 United Kingdom Large companies % 80% 7080 Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 7080 % 6070 Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises 6070 50 2.5% Taux60 de croissance annuel moyen en volume 50 60 Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national 4050 2.5 % 4050 2 32 203040 3040 2 % 2030 20 SMEs 1.5 15 30 % 80 1020 10100 1.5 20 10 0 60 1 10 100 80 1 0 40 Italy 0 5 Spain Italy 0.5 EU-28 Spain Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 Belgium Sweden 60 Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Germany Italy Belgium Sweden 20 Spain Germany Italy 0.5 EU-28 Spain 0 Ireland Austria FranceNetherlands Finland Poland EU-28 0 Belgium Sweden AustriaNetherlands Finland France Ireland Poland Germany 40 Belgium Sweden Germany 0 United Kingdom Netherlands United Kingdom 0 -5 Netherlands 38 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARDItaly PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 39 Spain France EU-28 United Kingdom Italy Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers United20 Kingdom Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies Japan Spain EU-28 Germany Denmark Italy Austria France Finland Ireland Poland Spain -10 Sweden Belgium France EU-28 Germany Finland Netherlands Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies Germany Denmark 0 Netherlands United States United Kingdom Netherlands Italy Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprisesSpain par taille, 2014 United Kingdom Japan EU-28 Italy Poland Austria France Spain United Kingdom Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 Germany Graph 10/ Nombre deIreland demandesAustria France de brevetsFinland déposées au titre du PCTPoland % Belgium Sweden Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 70,000Germany 350 Netherlands 100 United States % Netherlands Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 United Kingdom 60,00070,000 300350 90 1002011-2013 2013-2015 2015 United Kingdom stabilized at 5-6%, with France providing three of Knowledge-intensive50,00060,000 sectors accounted for more than250300 the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Canada, Fig. 63 8090 % Large companies 70 the five establishments on the list in 802016. France’s one-third40,00050,000100 of researcher employment in most of 200250 and Japan, with France’s research tax credit lowering ambitious innovation policy, backed Graphby60 70its 4/ researchRépartition sectorielle tax des dépenses de R&D des entreprises the countries compared by this publication, apart whatGraph companies 12/ Part dans l'emploi spend des on secteurs research d'activité personnel. à haut niveau de savoir, Cooperation rate of enterprises (2014) 50 30,00040,00080 150200 % 60 % of all product and process innovative enterprises% credit, go some way to explain its excellent position from Italy, Spain and Poland. The highest proportions 4050 20,00030,000 100150 Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de80 coopération, 2014 60 These estimates, based on the companies examined, % in the standings. 30 were60 seen in Sweden (44.8%) and the United Kingdom Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) 40 20,000 100 % 6080 50 10,000 50 suggest that the research tax credit and associated % 2030 % 80 (43.7%).40 France’s figure of 39.4% was higher than 4060 The Deloitte Technology Fast 500 EMEA40 10 ranks the fastest- 10,0000 050 grants50 reduce the cost of employing a researcher by 29%, 80 20 70 in Germany (37.2%). 2040 0 20 0 0 40 70 growing technology companies in 30Europe,10 the Middle Italy while the component of the research tax credit Spain % 60 Japan EU-28 0 France Austria Finland Poland Ireland 30 60 200 Sweden Belgium East, and Africa, all of which are judged20 solely on Italy According toGermany the French National Research and incentivizing the employment of junior final-year doctoral Spain Italy EU-28 0 Spain 50 Japan EU-28 2.5 United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland France 50 Belgium Sweden Netherlands Austria Finland Poland Ireland 20 0 Italy United States Sweden Belgium the increase in their revenue over the10 lastGermany four years. Italy Technology AssociationGermany (ANRT), it costs less to employ and post-doctoral research personnel (“jeunes docteurs”) Spain Kingdom Spain 40 Japan EU-28 EU-28 France Poland Ireland Poland Italy 40 Austria Finland United Austria FranceNetherlands Finland United Kingdom Spain Belgium Ireland* Sweden Belgium Sweden Netherlands EU-28 10 2 Germany Italy 0 Germany a researcherUnited States in FranceIreland thanFrance in theFinland United States,United Poland leads to 1,300 new hires every year. Spain Kingdom Belgium Sweden 30 Japan Germany France Poland EU-28 Germany 30Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Austria FranceFinland Graph outstripped8/Netherlands Entreprises engagées its European dans une action counterparts de coopération,SMEs 2014 in 2017, Netherlands United Kingdom Kingdom BelgiumUnited States Ireland* Sweden 0 Germany * Number (left axis) Per million inhabitantsNetherlands (right axis) Graph20 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) ** 20 United Kingdom Large companies 1.5 % with 97 companies,Netherlands followed by the UnitedSMEs Kingdom United States % Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) 10 Italy Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) Italy 1080 United Kingdom Austria* France Ireland* Spain GermanyGraph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 EU-28 (9280 companies), Sweden (48) and the NetherlandsLargeBelgium* companies (45).Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium 1 0 Germany 070 Fig.Technological 65 innovations only (products or processes) Fig. 67 70 Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises,Netherlands** 2014 Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieuresThe topde R&D 10 des French entreprises companies in the standings were:United States** Netherlands % 60 Italy Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume60 United Kingdom** United Kingdom Spain Italy Ubitransports, Adikteev, Adomik, Actility, Interactiv Group, 0.5 EU-28 Spain Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Ireland Austria France Finland Poland 50 EU-28 Services Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national 2.5 Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Pharmaceuticals Business enterprise researchers (2015) Average cost of employing a researcher after Germany Belgium Sweden Taux% de croissance annuel moyen en volume50 32Germany Delair, Quantmetry, Beam, Voip TélécomComputers, and Biosynex. Aerospace Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national Netherlands 40 incentives (2017) 0 Netherlands 20 40 electronic/optical products 2 % Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, United Kingdom United30 Kingdom 32 % 20 Also30 of note, nearly 8,000 patent applications% were filed SMEs Italy 15 80 Spain 20 Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 France EU-28 % 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Total SMEs Large companies 20 100 Sweden Belgium 1.5 by French institutions in 2015, equivalent to 120 applications SMEs 60 Germany Denmark 15 % 80 10 10 10 60 United States Netherlands per million inhabitants, compared with100 212 in Germany 80 Netherlands 1 0 60 United Kingdom 10 0 Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposéesSource: au titre Eurostat, du PCT 2017 and 97 in the United Kingdom. Japan filed the Unitedhighest Kingdom 40 Enterprises cooperating with other firms Germany Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 5 80 within the same corporate group Italy 60 40 Belgium 0.5 % Spain Italy 5 EU-28 number of applications per millionSpain inhabitants (328). Belgium 20 Enterprises cooperating with competitors Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 70,000 Ireland Austria France Finland Poland 350 EU-28 Belgium Sweden 0 Austria Finland France Ireland Poland United Kingdom 100 Germany Belgium Sweden 60 or other firms in the same sector 40 Germany 20 60,000 Netherlands 300 Austria 0 Japan 0 90 0 Netherlands Enterprises cooperating with private-sector -5 clients or consumers United Kingdom 40 South Korea 80 50,000 250 United Kingdom 0 20 Netherlands Italy Italy Buoyant levels of business Spain Japan Enterprises cooperating with public-sector EU-28 Canada Spain -5 Fig. 64 Austria France Finland Ireland Poland 70 France EU-28 Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland Poland 40,000 Innovation-active firms Innovation-active-10 manufacturers 200 Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies 20 clientsGermany or consumers Italy Italy 60 Germany Denmark Finland Japan Spain EU-28 0 Austria France Netherlands Finland Ireland Poland innovation United States Sweden Enterprises cooperating withBelgium suppliers of equipment, China Netherlands 30,000 -10 150 Germany 50 Italy Spain hardware, components or softwareUnited Kingdom Patent applicationsJapan via the PCT procedure0 (2015) Italy 71 % France EU-28 France Netherlands France United Kingdom Poland Austria Spain United States 40 Sweden Belgium Graph 10/ Nombre deFinland demandesIreland* de brevets déposées au titre du PCT EU-28 20,000Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 100 Ireland Austria France Poland 80 Germany Italy Finland Enterprises cooperating with universitiesUnited Kingdom Spain Belgium Sweden Source: OECD, 2017 Brazil Japan EU-28 Germany Italy 30 France has stood out as one of the leadingPoland countries Austria Netherlands France Sweden Spain or higher education institutions % Sweden United States Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 10,000 Germany 50 Ireland Austria FranceNetherlands Finland Poland Spain 60 Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 70,000 Belgium 350 Sweden 20 United Kingdom Germany Enterprises cooperating with government in recent100 reports estimating growth and trends in Netherlands India United States United Kingdom Spain 40 10 0 2011-2013 0 2013-2015 60,0002015 300 Netherlands or public/private research organizations innovative90 companies. United Kingdom % Large companies 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 20 0 United Kingdom 80 Italy 2011-2013 2013-2015 50,0002015 250 Ireland Spain 100 Japan EU-28 % Large companies France Austria Finland Poland Ireland 0 70 Sweden GraphBelgium 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Fig. 6366 Italy Germany 40,000 Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, Spain In 2016, France was the third most innovative country 200 EU-28 100 Poland United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland 60 Source: French National Research and Belgium Sweden Netherlands 80 Italy Germany United States Graph% 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Spain Kingdom in the world, for the sixth year in a row, and the leading 30,000 150 Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, Technology Association (ANRT), 2017 Japan EU-28 50 Austria Finland France Poland United Kingdom Germany Employment in knowledge-intensive occupations (2016) Belgium Ireland* Sweden % Netherlands 60 80 Germany 40 % 60 80 country in Europe in the Clarivate Analytics “Top 100 20,000 100 % of total employment Netherlands SMEs 5060 120 Italy United States 30 Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) 60 % United Kingdom Global Innovators”, with 10 French organizations making 10,000 50 60 Large companies 40 50 20 4050 7,961 % 40 Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 the list10 of innovative companies and institutions around 0 40 0 3040 20 4050

20 the globe0 whose active patenting policies put them at 39 Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Italy 3040 2030 Spain 20 There were nearly 224,000 researchers working Japan EU-28 France Austria Finland 0 Poland Ireland Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume 0 Sweden Belgium the heart of innovation. The other EuropeanItaly countries Germany 2030 Spain Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage1020 du total national EU-28 for a business in 2014, up 1.6% from 2013, after an United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland 0 Belgium Sweden Netherlands Italy % United States Spain Italy representedGermany in the rankings were Germany (four EU-28 1020 Spain United Japan Kingdom Ireland France Finland Poland 8.2% increase in 2012. Between 2004 and 2014, the 32 EU-28 100 Belgium Sweden 20 Austria Finland France Poland United Kingdom Belgium Ireland* Sweden Netherlands Germany Germany Italy Germany Spain Kingdom companies), Switzerland (3), the Netherlands (2), EU-28 100 % * Ireland France Netherlands United Poland 0 ** Finland number of researchers nearly doubled, rising by 95%. SMEs Netherlands Belgium Sweden Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France % SMEs Germany Germany 15 United States 80 Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) Kingdom Finland (1), Ireland (1), and Sweden (1). Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) 0 United Kingdom * Italy Netherlands Italy ** For every thousand jobs in industry in 2015, 8.8 were 100 Large companies Austria* France Ireland* Spain Germany Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 EU-28 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland 60 Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) Sweden Belgium 10 Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 Italy Source: OECD, 2017 Germany Italy researchers and 13.3 were R&D personnel. These Austria* France Ireland* Technological innovations only (products or processes) Spain The 10 French organizations among theGermany 100 leading % EU-28 80 Belgium* Finland** Netherlands** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland FranceNetherlands Finland Austria Poland United States** Sweden Belgium 40 Germany proportions have been steadily increasing over 5 Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises global innovators in 2016 included three R&D centers United Kingdom** 4 Technological innovations only (products or processes) United Kingdom Netherlands** Netherlands Taux60 de croissance annuel moyen en volume PharmaceuticalsUnited States** Services the250,000 last decade. While growth slowed somewhat in (CNRS,20 CEA, and IFP Energies Nouvelles)Computers, and seven Graph 11/ ChercheursUnited desKingdom** entreprises en pourcentage du total national United Kingdom 0 Aerospace 3 % electronic/opticalPharmaceuticals products Services Source: Eurostat, 2017 2014, the number of business enterprise researchers 40 Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, 20 32 companies0 (Alstom, Arkema, Safran, Saint-Gobain,Computers, Aerospace 200,000 -5 electronic/optical products 2 rose by 2.5% in 2015 (Fig. 68 & 69, overleaf). Thales, Total and Valeo), with six of theseGraph having 9/ Type featured de coopération des entreprises% en Europe, 2014 Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, 20 % SMEs Italy Share of business 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants 15 Japan Spain EU-28 80 Austria France Finland Ireland Poland 150,000 in the Top 100Sweden for six years in a row. TheBelgiumGraph report’s 9/ Type authors de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 United States -10 100 Germany 1 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants 0 Netherlands enterprise60 researchers Netherlands 10 highlightUnited Statesthe positive correlation between government United States Italy United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with other firms 100,000 Spain 80 United Kingdom 0 Germany Japan EU-28 Italy within the same corporate group Netherlands Poland Austria France Spain 40 Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 commitment to innovation and the number of innovative Germany 5 Ireland Austria France Finland Poland United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with other firms Belgium Belgium Sweden Belgium Germany Germany 59.7% of active researchers in France worked Enterpriseswithin the samecooperating corporate with group competitors Netherlands 60 United Kingdom 50,000 United States organizations in a country. 20 or other firms in the same sector Italy Belgium Netherlands Japan Spain* United Kingdom 0 Belgium for a business in 2015, a similar level to GermanyFrance EnterprisesAustria cooperatingUnited with competitors Finland Ireland Japan Austria Enterprises cooperatingBelgium with private-sector United Kingdom Sweden* or other firms in the Kingdomsame sector Germany United Kingdom 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 40 0 clients or consumers South Korea Since 2013, the number of representatives in the Top 100 (59.5%). In Japan, the United States and Sweden, this Netherlands Japan 0 % Large companies Austria United States Enterprises cooperating with private-sector -5 Netherlands Canada Enterprisesclients or consumers cooperating with public-sector South Korea 20 Italy 100 from the institution and government research sector has was the case for more than two-thirds of researchers.Spain clients or consumers Netherlands Japan EU-28 Italy 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Finland Austria France Finland Ireland Poland Canada Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises -10 Sweden Belgium Software ComputersEnterprises and cooperating IT equipment with public-sector Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, Germany Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China 80 0 clients or consumers Italy Finland Netherlands hardware, components or software % France United States France Italy Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China Spain United Kingdom 60 Japan EU-28 Italy Enterpriseshardware, componentscooperating orwith software universities Brazil 60 Poland Austria France Spain Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 France or higher education institutions France Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises Germany Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Sweden Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Belgium Sweden Spain 50 Germany Enterprises cooperating with universities Brazil Netherlands % Enterprises cooperating with government United States Sweden or higher education institutions India 40 50 Netherlands Spain Number of robots per 10,000 employees Spain Per thousand jobs 40 United Kingdom or public/private research organizations United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with government 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 40 Spain 350 India 16 30 20 % Large companies Ireland or public/private research organizations 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 300 14 20 30100 Ireland 0 Poland Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises 20 Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité250 à haut niveau de savoir, 12 10 Poland Italy 80 Germany % Spain EU-28 10 10 0 Ireland France Finland United Poland 200 Belgium Sweden 60 Germany Germany Germany Kingdom 0 60 Italy 8 * Netherlands 150 ** 50 Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) Italy % 6 Italy 40 Italy Austria* France Ireland* Spain 50 100 Germany EU-28 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* 40 Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium 4 Germany Technological innovations only (products or processes) 40 50 Netherlands** 30 20 United States** Netherlands 2 30 United Kingdom** 20 United Kingdom 0 Pharmaceuticals Services 0 0 20 Computers, 10 Aerospace Italy Italy Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 electronic/optical products Spain 10 UnitedStates United United EU-28 Austria France Finland 0 Graph 13/ Coût moyen Irelanddes chercheursFrance après incitations,Finland Poland Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden Germany Kingdom Germany Germany Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France Kingdom 0 * Netherlands Netherlands Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 ** 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing Graphor organizational) 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand Italy United States Italy Austria* France Ireland* Spain Germany EU-28 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland jobs in industry Graph% 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013Sweden Belgium Netherlands Germany Enterprises cooperating with other firms Technological innovations only (products or processes) United Kingdom Netherlands** Germany Netherlands Unitedwithin States** the same corporate group 4 % 250,000 United Kingdom** Belgium United Kingdom 4 Belgium PharmaceuticalsEnterprises cooperatingServices with competitors Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 or other firms in the same sector United Kingdom 3 250,000 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France Computers, Aerospace Austria electronic/opticalEnterprises products cooperating with private-sector Japan 3 200,000 clients or consumers 2 Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, South Korea % 200,000 % Netherlands Graph 9/ Type de coopérationEnterprises des cooperating entreprises withen Europe, public-sector 2014 Canada 2 40 150,000 clients or consumers 1 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants Italy 35 Finland United States 150,000 Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China 1 30 0.1 hardware, components or software 0 Netherlands 100,000 France France 25 United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with other firms Germany Enterprises cooperating with universities Brazil within the same corporate group0 100,000 or higher education institutions 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 Sweden Belgium Italy 50,000 Belgium Spain Enterprises cooperating with competitorsJapan Spain* 15 France Austria UnitedUnited Kingdom Finland Ireland Enterprises cooperating with government or other firms in the same sector Belgium Spain India Sweden* Kingdom Italy Germany 10 50,000 or public/private research organizations Japan Austria JapanSpain* Enterprises cooperating with private-sector France AustriaNetherlands United Finland Ireland 0 United States Belgium 0 20 40 60 80 100Sweden* 120 140 5 clients or consumers SouthKingdom Korea Germany Ireland Netherlands Netherlands 0 0 Enterprises cooperating with public-sectorUnited States Canada 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Software Computers and IT equipment 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Poland clients or consumers Italy 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Finland Italy Spain Enterprises cooperating with suppliersSoftware of equipment,Computers and IT equipmentChina United Poland France Austria Finland Ireland Belgium Sweden Germany hardware, components or software Kingdom BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources France France Germany Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises Enterprises cooperating withGraph universities 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Netherlands Italy Brazil BERD financed by government Sweden or higher education institutions BERD financed from abroad Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière,Spain All industry and market services Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises Number of robots per 10,000 employees Per thousand jobs Enterprises cooperating with government India Manufacturing Spain or public/private research organizations 350Number of robots per 10,000 employees 16Per thousand jobs 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Ireland 300350 1416 1214 Poland 250300 1012 200250 Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE Germany Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels 108 150200 Italy Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France € million 68 100150 % Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 250,000 46 20 7 18 % 10050 6 16 200,000 24 5 4 500 14 4 250,000 02 12 3 10 0 150,000 2 3 Italy 0 8 1 Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 UnitedStates United Austria France Finland 6 200,000 Sweden Belgium 0 Germany Italy Kingdom 4 Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 -1 UnitedStates United 100,000 2 Austria France FinlandNetherlands Sweden Belgium Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry 2 -2 Graph 20/ Evolution du nombreKingdom de chercheurs en entreprises en France Germany 0 -3 150,000 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand Netherlands Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry 1 Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 50,000 jobs in industry Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand

% 100,000 jobs in industry Aerospace Chemicals 0 Information appliances 0 Automotive technology equipment Prof./scientific/ 4 Pharmaceuticals Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 250,000 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France technical activities optical productsOther machinery & 50,000 Italy Other manufacturing Italy Spain Japan France Poland Austria Measuring instruments/ France Austria United Spain* Ireland Finland Computers, electronic/ Finland 3 Belgium Sweden Publishing, broadcasting Belgium Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Germany Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France Sweden* Kingdom Germany % of all BERD (left axis) 200,000 Netherlands % Netherlands 0 % United States 2 Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) 40 United Kingdom % % 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 352009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 150,000 Software Computers and IT equipment 1 40 30 0.1 35 Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France 25 0.1 0 30 100,000 Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels2025 de R&D des entreprises Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 82.9 7.8 9.3 % 15 Italy 20 50,000 82.9 7.8 9.3 Japan 60 Spain* Per thousand jobs 10 Number of robots per 10,000 employees France Austria United Finland Ireland Technological Non-technological Belgium 15 Sweden* Kingdom Germany innovations innovations 350 16 105 € million Netherlands 0 United States 0 50 14 5 300 60,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Software Computers and IT equipment 12 Italy 40 250 Spain 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 United 50,000 Poland France Austria Finland Ireland Belgium Sweden 10 Kingdom Germany Italy BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources Spain 200 United Poland France Austria Finland Netherlands Ireland 40,000 30 Belgium Sweden Kingdom BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources 8 Graph 21/ EvolutionGermany des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad 150 Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, All industry and market services Netherlands 30,000 6 20 Manufacturing BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad 100 Number of robots per 10,000 employees All industry and market services Per thousand jobs 4 20,000 Manufacturing 50 350 16 10 2 14 10,000 0 300 0 0 250 12 0 Italy Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Graph2010 2011 17/ 2012Investissements2013 2014 2015 bruts en biens corporels UnitedStates United 10 Austria France Finland Italy Sweden Belgium 200 Germany Kingdom Spain Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels Ireland Poland France Austria Finland € million 8 Belgium Sweden All types Netherlands Germany Products 150 Processes Marketing Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry % Both types Both types Netherlands Total business enterprise R&D personnel per250,000 thousand€ million 6 20 7 100 % Organizational jobs in industry United Kingdom 18 250,000 4 6 1620 57 50 200,000 18 2 14 46 1216 200,000 35 0 1014 150,000 0 24 Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises 128 13 Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation 106 2 Italy 150,000 0 Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 UnitedStates United 48 1 Austria France Finland -1 Sweden Belgium 100,000 % Germany Kingdom % 26 -20 04 -3-1 40 Netherlands 100,000 Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs% in industry % 50,000 2 -2 France’s research tax credit 35 0 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per 1.5thousand 6.5 -3 or other forms of tax relief 30 50,000 0.1 jobs in industry Aerospace Chemicals 1.45 5.5 Information appliances 0 Automotive technology equipment 25 Prof./scientific/ Loan or grant from Pharmaceuticals Aerospace Chemicals 1.4 4.5 Information appliances the European Union 20 82.9 0 7.8 9.3 Automotive technical activities technology optical productsOther machineryequipment & Italy Other manufacturing Prof./scientific/ Spain Pharmaceuticals Poland Measuring instruments/ 15 Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 France Graph 22/ FinancementAustria de laFinland DIRDE en France 1.35 3.5 Computers, electronic/ Belgium Sweden technical activities optical productsOther machineryPublishing, & broadcasting Germany Italy % Otherof manufacturingall BERD (left axis) Loan or grant from domestic bodies 10 Spain France Poland Austria 1.3 2.5 Measuring instruments/ Netherlands Sweden Finland Computers, electronic/ Belgium Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Publishing, broadcasting 5 Germany % % of all BERD (left axis) % United Kingdom 1.25 1.5 0 Netherlands 40 Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Loan or grant from local authorities 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 United 80Kingdom 90 100 1.2 0.5 35 Italy Spain Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France United 1.15 0.1 Poland France Austria Finland Ireland 30 -0.5 Belgium Sweden BERD financed by industry At least one form of state aid Kingdom Germany BERD financed by other national sources Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France 25 Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Netherlands % 20 BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad 82.9 7.8 9.3 Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 % All industry and market services 60 % 15 % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices Technological Non-technological Manufacturing 0 10 20 30 40 10 60 innovations innovations € million (p): provisional data Technological Non-technological 5 50 60,000€ million innovations innovations 0 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 40 50,00060,000 Italy Spain United 40 Poland France Austria Finland Ireland Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE 50,000 Belgium Sweden 40,000 Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels Kingdom Germany BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources 30 Netherlands 40,000 30 € million 30,000 BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad All industry and market services % 20 250,000 30,000 Manufacturing 20 20,000 7 20 18 6 10 16 20,000 200,000 10,000 5 14 4 10 12 10,000 3 0 10 0 150,000 2 8 0 0 1 6 0 Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielleItaly de la DIRDE Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels Spain 4 Ireland -1 Poland France Austria Finland 100,000 Belgium Sweden All types Germany Products 2 -2 Italy Processes Marketing € million Spain Both types Both types 0 Ireland -3 Poland France Netherlands Austria Finland Belgium Sweden All types Germany Products % Processes Organizational Marketing 50,000 250,000 United Kingdom Both types Both types 20Netherlands 7 18 Organizational United Kingdom 6 Aerospace Chemicals Information 16 0 Automotive technology appliances 5 200,000 equipment Prof./scientific/ 14 Pharmaceuticals 4

technical activities optical productsOther machinery & 12 3 Italy Other manufacturing Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Spain 10 2 Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation 150,000 Measuring instruments/ France Poland Austria Finland Computers, electronic/ Belgium Sweden Publishing, broadcasting 8 1 Germany % of all BERD (left axis) Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises 6 0 Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation Netherlands 100,000 Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) 4 -1 United Kingdom % 2 % -2 0 -3 France’s research tax credit 1.5 % %6.5 50,000 or other forms of tax relief France’s research tax credit Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en 1.45France1.5 5.56.5 or other forms of tax relief Aerospace Chemicals Loan or grant from Information 0 Automotive technology appliances 1.451.4 4.55.5 equipment the European Union Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 Prof./scientific/ % Pharmaceuticals Loan or grant from 1.351.4 technical activities3.54.5 optical productsOther machinery & Italy Other manufacturing the European Union Spain 60 France Poland Austria Measuring instruments/ Loan or grant from domestic bodies Sweden Finland Technological Non-technological Computers, electronic/ Belgium 1.351.3 2.53.5 Publishing, broadcasting Germany % of all BERD (left axis) € million innovations innovations Loan or grant from domestic bodies Netherlands 50 1.251.3 Real change 2014-2015 (right1.5 2.5axis) 60,000 United Kingdom Loan or grant from local authorities 1.251.2 0.51.5 40 Loan or grant from local authorities 50,000 1.151.2 -0.50.5 Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France At least one form of state aid 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) 40,000 30 1.15 -0.5 At least one form of state aid Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 %2012 2013 2014 2015(p) % 30,000 % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices 20 60 %0 10 20 30 40 (p): provisional data Technological Non-technological 20,000 % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices innovations innovations 0 10 20 30 40 € million 10 (p): provisional data 50 10,000 60,000 0 0 40 50,000

Italy Spain 40,000 30 Ireland Poland France Austria Sweden Finland Belgium All types Products Germany Processes 30,000 Both types Both types Marketing Netherlands 20 Organizational United Kingdom 20,000 10 10,000 0 Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises 0 Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation

Italy Spain Ireland Poland France Austria Finland Belgium Sweden All types Germany Products % % Processes Marketing France’s research tax credit Both types Both types 1.5 Netherlands 6.5 or other forms of tax relief Organizational United Kingdom 1.45 5.5 Loan or grant from 1.4 4.5 the European Union 1.35 3.5 Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation Loan or grant from domestic bodies 1.3 2.5 1.25 1.5 % % Loan or grant from local authorities 1.2 0.5 France’s research tax credit 1.5 6.5 or other forms of tax relief 1.15 -0.5 1.45 5.5 At least one form of state aid 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Loan or grant from 1.4 4.5 % the European Union % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices 1.35 3.5 0 10 20 30 40 Loan or grant from domestic bodies (p): provisional data 1.3 2.5 1.25 1.5 Loan or grant from local authorities 1.2 0.5 1.15 -0.5 At least one form of state aid 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p)

% % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices 0 10 20 30 40 (p): provisional data Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) % Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph% 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) 80 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) 80 % % 70 % 80 70 80 % 60 70 60 70 50 2.5% 60 50 60 40 2.5 50 40 2.5 50 2 30 40 30 40 2 2 3020 20 1.5 30 30 10 20 2010 1.5 20 1 100 0 10 10 0 1 0 Italy 0 Spain 0 Italy 0.5 EU-28 Spain Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Sweden Germany Italy Belgium Italy Spain Germany Italy 0.5 Spain EU-28 Italy 0.5 Ireland France Poland EU-28 Spain Ireland Austria FranceNetherlands Finland Poland EU-28 0 Belgium Sweden Finland AustriaNetherlands Finland France Ireland Poland EU-28 Belgium Sweden Belgium Austria Finland France Sweden Germany Belgium Sweden Germany United Kingdom United Kingdom Germany Netherlands 0 Netherlands Netherlands 0 Italy Netherlands Spain France EU-28 United Kingdom Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-activeUnited Kingdom firms Innovation-active manufacturers United Kingdom Sweden Belgium United KingdomTotal SMEs Large companies Germany Denmark Italy Italy Spain Spain EU-28 FranceNetherlands Ireland Poland EU-28 Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Total SMEs Large companies Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies Germany Denmark United Kingdom Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT Netherlands Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014

United Kingdom % Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 70,000 350 100 Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 % 70,00060,000 350300 Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 90 70,000 350 100 80 60,00050,000 300250 90 70 80 50,00040,000 250200 60 70 50 40,00030,000 200150 % 60 40 30,00020,000 150100 80 50 30,000 150 % 30 40 20,00010,000 10050 8060 20 20,000 100 30 6040 10 10,0000 500 60 20 0 4020 0 0 40 10 0 Italy 0 Spain Japan EU-28 France Austria Finland Poland Ireland 0 0 Sweden Belgium 20 Italy Germany Spain Italy EU-28 Spain United Ireland Austria France Poland Japan Spain EU-28 Finland Japan France EU-28 Belgium Sweden France Netherlands Austria Finland Poland Ireland 0 Italy Germany United States Sweden Austria Finland Belgium 0 Italy Germany Sweden Belgium Spain Kingdom Italy Spain Germany Japan EU-28 Spain EU-28 Austria France Poland EU-28 Finland United Ireland Austria FranceNetherlands Finland Poland United Kingdom Belgium Ireland* Sweden Belgium United Austria France Finland Sweden Netherlands Germany Italy Belgium Sweden United States Netherlands Italy Germany United States Spain Kingdom Japan Spain EU-28 Kingdom Japan Austria FranceNetherlands Poland EU-28 SMEs United Kingdom United States Ireland* Austria Finland France Poland Netherlands United Kingdom Belgium Ireland* Sweden Netherlands Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) Germany United Kingdom Large companies Netherlands SMEs United States Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) United Kingdom Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 United Kingdom Large companies Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national Taux% de croissance annuel moyen en volume 20Graph 325/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) % % 32 % 20 32 % % SMEs 1580 80 80100 % Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans uneSMEs action de coopération, 2014 1570 % 80 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) 1015 70 6080 % 100 % 60 %10080 80 60 60 10 80 40 2.5 550 70 50 80 60 40 540 70 2040 % 0560 40 2 60 60 30 4060 20 50 30 200 2.5 0 -520 50 1.5 40 20 40 0 40 20 0 Italy 10 Japan Spain EU-28 2 -5 Austria France Finland Ireland Poland -530 10 Sweden Belgium -10 Germany 30 20 Italy 0 20 Japan Spain 1 0 0 Japan Spain EU-28 Austria France Netherlands Finland Ireland Poland 20 United States Sweden Austria Finland Belgium -10 20 Sweden Germany Belgium 1.5 -10 Italy Germany Spain United Kingdom Japan EU-28 0 Italy 10 Poland Austria France Italy 0 Netherlands Sweden FinlandSpain 10 Spain Italy United States Netherlands 0.5 Belgium Ireland* EU-28 EU-28 United States Germany Ireland Poland Ireland Austria France SpainFinland Poland Austria France Finland Italy Belgium Sweden EU-28 Belgium Spain Sweden Italy Austria Finland France Ireland Poland United Kingdom 1 0Germany Spain Japan EU-28 GermanyBelgium Sweden Italy Austria Netherlands France Japan EU-28 0 Italy Poland Austria France Finland Germany Spain Sweden United States Belgium Finland Ireland* Spain EU-28 Belgium Ireland* Ireland Austria FranceNetherlands Finland Poland EU-28 Germany Netherlands Ireland Austria France Finland Sweden Poland 0 United Kingdom Belgium Netherlands Sweden Germany Netherlands Italy United Kingdom UnitedUnited Kingdom States Spain Italy 0.5 2011-2013United States 2013-2015 2015 EU-28 United Kingdom NetherlandsSpain Ireland Austria France Poland Netherlands EU-28 Finland Austria France Ireland Poland Belgium United Kingdom Sweden % Finland Large companies Italy Germany Belgium Sweden Spain United Kingdom France EU-28 United Kingdom Germany Finland Ireland Poland 2011-2013Innovation-active 2013-2015firms Innovation-active2015 manufacturers Total SMEs Large companies Sweden Belgium 2011-2013 2013-2015 Netherlands2015 100 0 Germany Denmark % Netherlands Large companies Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Netherlands United Kingdom United Kingdom Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, 100 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Italy 80 Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 United Kingdom Spain % France EU-28 Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) Sweden Belgium Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 Total SMEs Large companies Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, % % Germany Denmark 60 80 % % 60 80 Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 Netherlands 70,000 350 80 6050 United Kingdom 100 Graph60 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT % 70 Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 60,0004060 300 70 40 90 50 50 % 60 % % 60 Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 80 50,00070,00040 250350 40 30 20 50 Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 40 2.5 50 10070 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) 50 40,000 200 30 20 60,00020 300 40 40% 30 6090 20 40% 0 80 20 2 5080 30,00050,000 150250 30 30 80 2010 30 % 0 Italy 70 70 Spain 40 20,000 100EU-28 2010 20 70 80 0 40,000 Ireland France Finland United Poland 200 20 20 10 Belgium Sweden 1.5 60 Germany Germany % 60 30 Italy Kingdom Italy Spain 60 Spain EU-28 100 10 * 10,00030,000 Ireland Netherlands United Poland 50150EU-28 10 10 60 0 ** Ireland France Finland United Poland 0 2050 Belgium Sweden Finland 50 Germany Germany Belgium Sweden 2.5 % Germany Germany Kingdom 0 50 Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational)Kingdom 0 1 40 * Italy 0 Italy 0 40 10 * 20,0000 Netherlands 0100 80 Austria* France Ireland* ** Spain 40 Germany EU-28 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland 40 30 Sweden Belgium 0 Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) 20 Spain Italy Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) Germany Italy 2 Italy Italy 10,000 Italy 50 Italy 30 Spain Italy 60 Austria* France Ireland* Technological innovations only (products or processes) Spain 0.5 EU-28 Germany20 Austria* France Ireland* Netherlands** Spain Spain EU-28 Ireland France Poland 30 Spain Germany Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* TechnologicalJapan and non-technological innovations EU-28 Ireland FranceNetherlands Austria Poland EU-28 Austria Finland EU-28 Belgium* United States** Finland** Poland** Sweden* TechnologicalFrance and non-technological innovations Poland Ireland Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Austria Finland Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden 0 Sweden Belgium Belgium Germany 20 Germany Italy 0 Germany 0 Germany 40 10 UnitedSpain Kingdom** United Kingdom 20 Germany EU-28 Technological innovations only (products or processes) 1.5 Ireland France Netherlands** Poland Technological innovations only (products or processes) Netherlands United United States** Austria Finland Netherlands** Netherlands 0 Netherlands PharmaceuticalsBelgium United States** Services Sweden Netherlands 10 20 Italy 0Germany United States 10 Spain Kingdom United Kingdom Japan EU-28 United Kingdom** Italy United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom France Poland Computers, Aerospace Spain Austria Finland Netherlands Japan United Kingdom EU-28 Belgium Ireland* Sweden France 0 Germany Pharmaceuticalselectronic/optical products Services Austria Finland Poland Ireland 1 Italy 0 0 Pharmaceuticals Services Sweden Belgium Spain Italy Germany Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, France EU-28 Computers, Spain Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Netherlands Computers,SMEs Aerospace EU-28 Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies United States United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Belgium Sweden Number (left axis)Netherlands Per million inhabitants (right axis) Germany Denmark electronic/optical products United States Italy United Kingdom Italy Germanyelectronic/optical products Italy Spain 0.5 Spain Japan Graph 9/Large Type decompanies Kingdomcoopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, Netherlands EU-28 Spain France Poland EU-28 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 Austria Finland Netherlands United Kingdom Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Belgium Ireland* Sweden Germany Belgium Sweden Germany Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 United States United Kingdom Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titreGermany du PCT Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprisesNetherlands par taille, 2014 Netherlands SMEs 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants 0 Netherlands United States Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) Netherlands United Kingdom United States United Kingdom Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Large companies Enterprises cooperating with other firms United States Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 % United70,000 Kingdom 350 United Kingdom Germany Italy Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume within the same corporate group Netherlands Spain 100 Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 Netherlands France EU-28 Belgium Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Total Graph 11/ Chercheurs Enterprisesdes entreprises cooperating en pourcentage with other du firms total national Sweden Belgium 60,000 SMEs Large companies 300 United KingdomBelgium Enterprises cooperating with othercompetitors firms Germany Germany Denmark % within the same corporate group Germany 90 withinor other the firms same in corporatethe same sectorgroup United Kingdom Netherlands Graph 3/32 Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Belgium 80 50,000 250 20 Belgium Enterprises cooperating with competitors Belgium Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume BelgiumAustria Enterprises cooperating with private-sectorcompetitors Japan United Kingdom United Kingdom 70 Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT % clientsor other or firms consumers in the same sector Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 40,000 200 % SMEs Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national South Korea 15% NetherlandsAustria 80 Enterprises cooperating with private-sector Japan 60 Enterprises cooperating with public-sectorprivate-sector Canada Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 % 70,00030,000 350150 20 32 100 clients or consumers South Korea 50 clients or consumers Italy NetherlandsFinland 60 % 100 10 % Enterprises cooperating with public-sector Canada 40 60,00020,000 300100 80% SMEs clientsEnterprises or consumers cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China 80 90 15 80 hardware,clients or consumers components or software Italy 30 FinlandFrance 40 France 80 50,00010,000 25050 5 100 Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China 60 Enterprises cooperating with universitiessuppliers of equipment, China 20 60 60 hardware, components or software Brazil 70 10 SwedenFrance 20 or higher education institutions France 40 10 40,0000 2000 0 80 Spain 60 Enterprises cooperating with universities Brazil 40 40 orEnterprises higher education cooperating institutions with government Brazil 20 0 30,000 150 5 SwedenSpain 0 or higher education institutions India 50 Italy or public/private research organizations Spain Spain % Japan EU-28 -5 60 Enterprises cooperating with government 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 France Austria Finland Poland Ireland 20 Enterprises cooperating with government 0 40 Sweden Belgium India Italy 20,000 Germany 100 20 Spain or public/private research organizationsItaly 80 Spain IrelandSpain or public/private research organizations Spain EU-28 0 Japan EU-28 30 United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Austria France Finland Ireland Poland 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Belgium Sweden Netherlands -10 40 Sweden Belgium 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Italy Germany 10,000United States 50 0 Germany 60 Spain Japan Kingdom Ireland France Poland EU-28 20 0 IrelandPoland Austria Finland Netherlands United Kingdom Netherlands Belgium Ireland* Sweden -5 United States Germany 40 10 0 0 Italy Italy Spain 20 United Kingdom Japan Poland Italy Japan Spain EU-28 Netherlands SMEs France EU-28 GermanyPoland United States Poland Austria Spain Austria France Finland Ireland Poland 0 Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 Sweden Belgium 20 -10 Germany Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Germany United Kingdom Italy Belgium Sweden Large companies Spain Germany Japan EU-28 0 France NetherlandsGraph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Germany Netherlands Austria Finland Poland Ireland Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 United States GermanyItaly 0 Sweden Belgium United States Italy Germany Netherlands Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014Spain Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) Italy United Kingdom EU-28 United Kingdom Spain United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland % Japan EU-28 Italy Belgium Sweden Netherlands Poland Austria % France United Kingdom Italy Spain United States Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* Italy EU-28 Italy Germany 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 Ireland Austria France Poland Spain Kingdom 80 Germany Finland GraphJapan 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises EU-28 % Belgium Large companies Sweden Austria Finland France Poland United Kingdom 80 Germany Belgium Ireland* Sweden Netherlands Netherlands Taux de croissance annuel moyenGermany en volume 70 United States 70 100 Netherlands Netherlands SMEs Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national United Kingdom % United States Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) % 60 Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises United Kingdom United Kingdom 2011-2013 2013-2015 602015 Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, 32 Large companies % Large companies 20 50 80 2.5 % 50 Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 % 100 40 60 % SMEs 40 60 15 80 Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises 2 100 30 50 80 % 30 % Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume 60 40 10 Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national 20 50 1.5 4060 20 Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France % 80 Graph60 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France 40 10 40 205 32 3050 10 20 Graph% 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 % 60 1 0 0 40 30 20 % 20 50 SMEs 40 4 0 150 % 80 % 20 250,000 Italy 40 10040 10 Spain 20 Italy 0 0.5 30 EU-28 Spain 4 Ireland Austria France Finland Poland 4 EU-28 Italy Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland3 Poland Spain 60 Belgium Sweden EU-28 10 250,000 10-5 Germany 0 Ireland France Finland United Poland 30 250,000 20 Germany Belgium Sweden Germany Germany 8020 Italy Netherlands 0 Kingdom 200,000 Japan Spain 0 Netherlands 3 0 EU-28 * 3 Netherlands 40 Austria France Finland Ireland Poland 20 Sweden Belgium 10 ** 2 -105 Germany United Kingdom United Kingdom Italy 200,000 Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational)Spain 600 Italy Italy EU-28 10 Italy Netherlands Ireland France United Poland 150,000 20 United States Spain 0 Austria* France Ireland* 2 Finland Spain France EU-28 Germany Belgium* Poland** 2 Belgium Sweden EU-28 Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Finland** Sweden* 1 GermanyTechnologicalGermany and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland 0 Italy United Kingdom Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies Kingdom Sweden Belgium Spain Japan Germany Denmark 0 Germany EU-28 Italy * Poland Austria France Spain Netherlands 150,000 Sweden Belgium Finland 40 EU-28 ** Technological innovations only (products or processes) 150,000 Ireland* Poland 0 Netherlands** Germany Ireland Austria France Finland Netherlands United States** 1 Netherlands Belgium Sweden 1 100,000 Germany Spain Japan 0 Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) -5 Netherlands Italy Italy United Kingdom** United Kingdom United States United Kingdom Austria* France Ireland*Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT Spain Italy Germany EU-28 20 Netherlands Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Spain Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014 Services Sweden 100,000 United Kingdom Japan EU-28 Pharmaceuticals 0 Belgium 100,000 Austria France Finland Ireland Poland 0 Germany United Kingdom Sweden -10 Belgium Technological innovations only (products or processes)Italy 50,000 Germany % Computers, Aerospace Netherlands** 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 United States** Japan Netherlands Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 70,000 350 Spain* 0% Large companies electronic/optical products France Austria United Finland Ireland Netherlands Belgium United States 100 United Kingdom** Sweden* Kingdom Germany GraphUnited 13/ Kingdom Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, 50,000 Italy 50,000 Italy United Kingdom 60,000 Japan 300 Spain 100 Services Japan United Spain* Japan EU-28 Italy Pharmaceuticals France AustriaNetherlands United Spain* Finland Ireland 0 Austria France 90 United States France Austria Belgium Finland Poland Finland Spain Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 Sweden* Belgium GraphSweden 4/ Répartition sectorielleBelgium des dépenses de R&D des entreprisesIreland* EU-28 Sweden* Kingdom Germany Germany Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, Computers, Aerospace Germany 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants Belgium Sweden 80 50,000 250 Germany electronic/optical products Netherlands 0 Netherlands 80 United States Netherlands 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 % United States United States UnitedGraph States13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, Netherlands 70 Software Computers and IT equipment United Kingdom 40,000 200 Netherlands 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 60 United Kingdom 60 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 60 Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 Enterprises cooperating with other firms 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 United Kingdom 30,000 Software Computers150 and IT equipment 100Germany = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants 50 % Large companies 50 within the same corporate group % % UnitedBelgium States 40 40 Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises 100 50 80 Belgium 20,000 Enterprises100 cooperating with competitors 40 or other firms in the same sector UnitedNetherlands Kingdom Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, 30 Enterprises cooperating with other firms 40 United Kingdom 10,000 Graph 15/ Utilisation de50 robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Germany Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises 30 20 60 Austria GraphNumber 15/ of Utilisation robots per de 10,000Enterpriseswithin robots employeesthe dans same cooperating l'industrie corporate withmanufacturière, group private-sector Japan Per thousand jobs 80 20 % clients or consumers SouthBelgium Korea 30 0 350 16 20 40 10 Belgium Number of robots per 10,0000Enterprises employees cooperating with competitors Per thousand jobs 60 0 Netherlands Number of robots per 10,000 employees United KingdomCanada Per thousand jobs 60 0 Enterprisesor other firms cooperating in the same with sector public-sector 20 20 300350 1614 10 Austria Italy 350 clients or consumers JapanItaly 16 50 Spain Enterprises cooperating with private-sector Italy % Finland Japan EU-28 Spain France Austria Finland Poland Ireland 40 EU-28 10 0 Sweden Belgium Enterprisesclients or consumers cooperating with suppliers of equipment, South ChinaKorea 1412 Ireland France United Poland 50 Italy Germany 250300 14 0 Finland Spain 300 40 Belgium Sweden EU-28 hardware, components or software Germany Germany Ireland France Poland Netherlands Kingdom United Austria Finland France CanadaFrance 0 Belgium Sweden Netherlands Enterprises cooperating with public-sector 10 * Netherlands 40 Italy Germany United States 12 ** Spain 200250 clients or consumers 30 20 Japan Kingdom 250 Enterprises cooperating with universities Italy France Poland EU-28 Brazil Austria Finland Netherlands Finland United Kingdom Spain Belgium Ireland* Sweden or higher education institutions Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) Germany Sweden 108 Italy 30 Italy Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, SpainChina 10 20 Austria* France Ireland* Spain 200150 Germany EU-28 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* 0 Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Netherlands SMEs Enterpriseshardware, components cooperating orwith software government Sweden Belgium United States France Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) FranceIndia 6 20 Germany Spain 8 10 Technological innovations only (products or processes) United Kingdom 100150 or public/private research organizations Netherlands** Large companies 150 Enterprises cooperating with universities Brazil United States** Italy Netherlands 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Spain 10 or higher education institutions 64 United EU-28 Sweden 6 0 Ireland France Finland Poland United Kingdom Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014 Spain United Kingdom** Belgium Sweden Ireland 10050 Germany Germany 100 Pharmaceuticals Services Kingdom 0 Enterprises cooperating with government 42 * Netherlands India 4 ** Spain or public/private research organizations Computers, Aerospace Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Poland 500 Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 20 electronic/optical products Italy Italy Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume 2 Austria* France Ireland* Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, Spain Ireland Germany EU-28 0 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Germany Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage0 du total national Sweden Belgium Italy 0 Germany Japan Spain 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 % UnitedStates United Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 Technological innovations only (products or processes) Austria France Finland Netherlands** 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants 32 Poland Sweden Belgium United States** Netherlands 20 Germany Kingdom Italy Italy Japan States Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 United Kingdom Japan UnitedStates France Netherlands United 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 United Kingdom** United States % United Austria France Finland United Sweden Belgium Finland Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry SMEs Germany Germany Belgium Kingdom Pharmaceuticals Services Netherlands 15 % 80 Germany Kingdom Netherlands Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand Computers, United Kingdom Aerospace Enterprises cooperating with other firms 100 Netherlands Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry electronic/optical products Germany Italy jobs in industry within the same corporate group 60 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand GraphBelgium 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, 10 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand Belgium Enterprises cooperating with competitors 80 jobs in industry Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 or other firms in the same sector United Kingdom 40 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants 5 Austria Japan Enterprises cooperating with private-sector United States 60 Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France clients or consumers South Korea 20 Netherlands Netherlands 0 Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France Enterprises cooperating with otherpublic-sector firms Canada Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France United Kingdom Germany 40 0 Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France % withinclients theor consumers same corporate group Italy % Finland Belgium -5 Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China 40 % Belgium Enterprises cooperating with competitors 20 Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 %Italy % hardware, components or software United Kingdom Japan Spain EU-28 or other firms in the same sector Austria France Finland Ireland 35 Poland France France -10 Sweden Belgium40 Japan % Germany 40 Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France 0.1 Austria Enterprises cooperating with private-sectoruniversities Brazil 30 0 Netherlands 35 clientsor higher or consumerseducation institutions United States 35 Sweden South Korea 4 25 0.1 Spain Italy Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 United Kingdom 0.1 Netherlands Spain 30 Canada Japan EU-28 Italy 250,000 Enterprises cooperating with public-sectorgovernment Poland Austria France Spain 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 India Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 Spain clientsor public/private or consumers research organizations Germany Ireland Austria France Finland % Poland 25 Italy Belgium Sweden3 Finland Germany 15 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Netherlands 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China United States 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 Ireland Netherlands 4 10 200,000 hardware, components or software United Kingdom 15 250,000 France France United Kingdom 2 5 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 10 Poland Enterprises cooperating with universities Brazil % Large companies 3 10 or higher education institutions 0 150,000 Sweden 1 5 Spain 100 200,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Germany Enterprises cooperating with government 40 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS0 41 India Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises 2 0 Italy Spain or public/private research organizations Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, Spain United 100,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 Poland France Austria Finland Ireland 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 80 Belgium Sweden Italy 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Kingdom Germany 150,000 BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources % Italy 1 Spain Ireland United Spain Poland France Austria Finland United Netherlands Ireland Belgium Sweden France Austria Finland 60 Belgium Sweden Kingdom BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources 60 Italy Kingdom Germany 50,000 BERD financed by governmentindustry BERD financed fromby other abroad national sources Japan Spain* All industry and market services 100,000 Poland France Austria United Finland Ireland Netherlands 50 0 Belgium Netherlands Sweden* Kingdom% Germany Manufacturing BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad 40 50 All industry and market services Germany 40 Netherlands 0 United States Italy Manufacturing 50,000 Japan Manufacturing 40 Spain* 30 20 France Austria United Finland Ireland 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Italy Belgium SoftwareSweden* Computers and IT equipmentKingdom Germany in computers/IT equipment; conversely, in Germany and 30 Fig. 68 & 69 20 Fig. 71 Netherlands Fig. 73 & 74 0 0 United States Ireland, a higher share of GDP was invested in hardware 20 10 Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE Italy Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels than in software. SoftwareSpain Computers and IT equipment10 Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises GraphUse 15/of UtilisationindustrialUnited de robotsEU-28 robots dans (2015)l'industrie manufacturière, Changing numbers of business enterprise 0 Ireland France Finland Poland Gross investment in tangible goods (2015) Belgium Sweden Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 Germany Germany Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE Kingdom 0 Graph€ million 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels researchers in France (2000-2014) * Netherlands Japan and Germany were the two **leading countries Number of robots per 10,000 employees Per thousand jobs % % 250,000 Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) € million 20 Italy 350Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Italy 16Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises 7 among thoseAustria* compared byFrance thisIreland* publication for the use Spain % 4 Germany EU-28 18% 6 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium 250,000 250,000 300 Germany 14 2016 75 of industrial robots, with 305 and 301 robots per 10,000 Technological innovations only (products or processes)Number of robots per 10,000 employees 200,000 Per thousand jobs Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France Netherlands** 1814 64 United States** Netherlands 18 6 3 12 1612 53 employees, respectively, in 2015. In France, there were 250350 United Kingdom 16 5 United Kingdom** 200,000 1410 Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 200,000 150,000 180,826 14 42 Pharmaceuticals Services 10 128 2 127 robots per 10,000 employees, while the figure in 200300 14 12 31 Computers, Aerospace 106 % 150,000 10 20 electronic/optical products 150,000 128 84 -11 150,000 the United Kingdom was 71. 150250 Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations,100,000 8 1 41 127 62 -20 250,000 106 40 -1-3 Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 100200 100,000 4 -1 The business investment rate of French firms was 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit100,000 or grants 2 -2 100,000 50,000 4 2 -2 30 8 0 -3 19.7% in 2015, and 14.7% in the manufacturing sector. 15050 United States 0 -3 200,000 50,000 2 50,000 6 Aerospace Chemicals Netherlands Information appliances 2 0 Automotive technology equipment Italy 50,000 1000 This was higher Unitedthan Kingdom in the United Kingdom (16.5% Enterprises cooperating with other firms Prof./scientific/ Japan Germany 0 Pharmaceuticals France Austria United Spain* Ireland 4 Aerospace Chemicals Finland within the same corporate group Aerospace Information Chemicals Belgium 150,000 0 Automotive technical activities Informationtechnology appliances optical productsOther machinery & Sweden* Kingdom Germany 0 Automotive technology appliances equipment of the overall rate) and Germany (13.1%). Poland had 50 Italy Other manufacturing equipment Belgium Prof./scientific/ 1 Italy Spain Prof./scientific/ Belgium Enterprises cooperating with competitors Pharmaceuticals Measuring instruments/ Netherlands Spain France Poland Austria 2 Pharmaceuticals 0 Japan States Sweden Finland 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Computers, electronic/ United States United United KingdomAustria France United Belgium technical activities optical productsOther machineryPublishing, & broadcasting the highest business investment rate, but also one of or other firms in the same sector Sweden Finland Germany technical activities optical productsOther machinery & 0 Belgium Italy %Other of manufacturing all BERD (left axis) Germany Kingdom Spain Other manufacturing 100,000 Spain Measuring instruments/ Japan France Netherlands Poland Austria 0 Measuring instruments/ 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Austria Enterprises cooperating with private-sector France Poland Austria Finland Computers, electronic/ Belgium Sweden Finland Computers, electronic/ Publishing, broadcasting Netherlands Belgium Sweden Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Publishing, broadcasting the lowest rates in manufacturing (12.8%). Germany Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry % of all BERD (left axis) Software Computers and IT equipment clients or consumers South Korea United Kingdom % of all BERD (left axis) Italy Netherlands Japan Spain Netherlands 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Netherlands UnitedSource:States International Federation of Robotics,United 2017 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Italy 50,000 The Netherlands stood out for having a very high business CanadaAustria France Finland Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Enterprises cooperating with public-sector Sweden Belgium Japan Germany Kingdom United Kingdom Spain* United Kingdom jobs in industry France Austria United Finland Ireland clients or consumers Italy Belgium investment rate (33.8%) in the manufacturing sector. Sweden* Kingdom Germany Finland Netherlands Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&DSource: des entreprises OECD, 2017 Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China Netherlands 0 United States hardware, components or software Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand Gross investment in tangibleFrance goods in 2015 amounted France GraphNet 18/investment Investissements in nets tangible en biens corporels,goods 2015 Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France Per thousand jobs jobs in industry % Number of robots per 10,000 employees 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Enterprises cooperating withGraph universitiesFig. 16/ 72 Taux d'investissement, 2015 Brazil Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France Software Computers and IT equipment or higher education institutions in manufacturing (2015) 350 16 to €180.8 billion in France,Sweden preceded by the United Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 60% Changing numbers of business enterprise researchers Spain % Technological Non-technological Kingdom (€232.7 billion) and Germany (€205.2 billion), Enterprises cooperating with government India 300 14 Spain or public/private research organizations% € million % 60 innovations innovations and R&D personnel in industry (2000-2015) Business investment rate (2015) 60 Technological Non-technological Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France 50 Technological Non-technological Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, 12Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises while in the manufacturing sector, net investment in 40Gross investment / Value added at factor cost innovations innovations 250 Ireland €60,000 million innovations innovations 35 50 10 tangible goods came to €11.3 billion. Germany stood 50 200 Per thousand jobs % 60,000 % 0.1 40 Number of robots per 10,000 employees out for its very high netPoland investment in tangible goods 30 50,00060,000 350 168 2540 40 150 50,000 40 Germany 35 40,00050,000 30 6 in manufacturing (€58.8 billion), which was nearly twice 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 300 14 0.1 100 1530 40,000 30 4 as high as in Ireland (€29.7Italy billion), the next in line 30,00040,000 30 250 12 1025 20 50 among the countries compared by this publication. 20 102 205 20,00030,000 82.9 7.8 9.3 200 15 20 0 150 11,394 10 80 20,000 10,00020,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 10 10 Italy 10 6 Italy Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 5 10,000 0 UnitedStates United Spain 10,0000 100 Austria France Finland Poland United Ireland Sweden Belgium France Austria Finland Kingdom Belgium Sweden Germany 0 Kingdom BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources 4 Germany 0 Netherlands Fig. 70 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 50 Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry Netherlands 0 Italy 2 Spain Italy Ireland Poland France Austria BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad Sweden Finland Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand All industry and market services Spain Belgium All types Products 0 Poland France United Ireland Germany Processes Austria Finland Italy Marketing Belgium Sweden Spain Both types Both types 0 jobs in industry KingdomGraph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France Spain BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources ICT investment (2013) Germany Ireland Poland France Netherlands Austria Manufacturing Ireland Poland France Sweden Austria Finland Belgium Sweden Finland All types Products Germany Belgium All types Products Organizational Netherlands Germany Processes Marketing Italy % of GDP United Kingdom Both types Both types Marketing Spain Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 Japan States 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Netherlands BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad United Austria France United Sweden Finland All industry and market services Belgium Organizational Germany Kingdom % United Kingdom Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France Manufacturing United Kingdom Netherlands Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry Source: Eurostat, 2017 Source: Eurostat, 2017 4 Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand 250,000 Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation % jobs in industry Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE % 3 Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels 40 0.4 Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation € million 200,000 35 Source: OECD, 2017 2 % % % 0.1 2.6 Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE 30Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France 250,000Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels 20 7 France’s research tax credit 150,000 1.5% %6.5 25 1 % % 18 6 or other forms of tax relief € million 16 5 France’s research tax credit 20 82.9 7.8 9.3 200,000 1.451.5 6.55.5 % % % 14 4 or otherLoan forms or of grant tax relieffrom 15 0 250,000 100,000 1220 Business investment 1.451.4 5.54.5 37 the European Union 40 1.45 5.5 1018 26 10 150,000 Loan or grant from 35 168 1 200,000 1.351.4 4.53.5 5 the European Union 5 0.1 Italy 50,000 146 04 the European Union Japan Loan or grant from domestic bodies 30 In 2013, ICT investment amounted to 3% of GDP Spain* France Austria United Finland Ireland 1.3 2.5 124 -1 0 Belgium 100,000 1.35 3.5 3 25 Sweden* Kingdom Germany 102 in France0 10 – 2.6%20 in30 software40 50 and60 0.4%70 in 80computers/90 100 150,000 -22 Loan or grant from domestic bodies Netherlands 0 1.25 1.5 08 -3 20 United States 1.3 2.5 1 Italy 82.9 7.8 9.3 Spain 50,000 6 0 Loan or grant from local authorities United IT equipment – which was higher than in the United 15 Poland France Austria Finland Ireland 1.2 0.5 Belgium Sweden Source: OECD 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1.252009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1.5 4 -1 Kingdom Germany BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources 100,000 10 Kingdom (2.1%) and Germany (1.7%). France stood Software Computers and IT equipment *Data for 2012 2 -2 Loan or grant from local authorities Netherlands 1.15 -0.5 Aerospace Chemicals 1.2 0.5 Information 0 1.2 0.5 0Automotive technology appliances -3 5 BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad equipment At least one form of state aid out for having a lower proportion of investment 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Prof./scientific/ All industry and market services 50,000 1.15 -0.5 Pharmaceuticals 0 1.15 -0.5 optical productsOther machinery & technical activities At least one form of state aid Italy Other manufacturing At least one form of state aid Manufacturing 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Spain Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D2007 des entreprises2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) % Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Poland 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Measuring instruments/ France Austria Finland Aerospace Chemicals Computers, electronic/ Belgium Sweden % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices Information 0 Automotive technology appliances Publishing, broadcasting Italy Germany % of all BERD (left axis) equipment Spain Prof./scientific/ % 0 10 20 30 40 United % Poland France Austria Finland Ireland Netherlands Pharmaceuticals Belgium Sweden Number of robots per 10,000 employees Per thousand jobs (p): provisional data Kingdom Germany BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices Real change 2014-2015 (righttechnical activities axis) optical productsOther machinery & Italy Other manufacturing 0 10 20 30 40 350 United Kingdom Spain 16 0 10 20 30 40 Netherlands Poland Measuring instruments/ France Austria Finland (p): provisional data Computers, electronic/ Belgium Sweden (p): provisional data Publishing, broadcasting BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad Germany % of all BERD (left axis) All industry and market services 300 14 Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE Netherlands Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Graph Manufacturing17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France 250 United Kingdom 12 € million Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels,10 2015 % 200 % 250,000 Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France 20 7 8 60 18 6 150 Technological Non-technological 16 6 5 €Graph million 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 % innovations innovations 200,000 Graph14 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE 100 Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels 4 50 12 4 3 60,000 60 10 50 Technological Non-technological 150,000€ million 2 8 1 2 40 innovations innovations 6% 0 50,000€ million 250,000 0 50 204 7 0 100,000 -1 60,000 182 -26 40,000 30 Italy 160 5 Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 -3 UnitedStates United 40 200,000 Austria France Finland 14 4 Sweden Belgium 50,000 50,000 Germany Kingdom 30,000 12 3 20 10 Netherlands Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry 150,000 2 40,000 30 8 Aerospace Chemicals 20,000 Information appliances 1 0 Automotive technology equipment Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand 6 Prof./scientific/ 0 10 Pharmaceuticals 30,000 jobs in industry 4 -1 10,000 20 100,000 technical activities optical productsOther machinery & Italy 2 Other manufacturing Spain -2 France Poland Austria Measuring instruments/ 0 Finland 0 Computers, electronic/ -3 20,000 Belgium Sweden Publishing, broadcasting 0 Germany % of all BERD (left axis) 50,000 10 Netherlands Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 10,000 Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France Italy United Kingdom Spain Aerospace Chemicals Ireland Poland France Austria 0 Information appliances Sweden Finland 0 Automotive technology equipment 0 Belgium All types Products Germany Processes Prof./scientific/ Both types Both types Marketing Pharmaceuticals % % Netherlands technical activities optical productsOther machinery & Italy GraphOther 24/ manufacturing Types d'innovation des entreprises en France 40 Italy Organizational Spain United Kingdom Spain France Poland Austria Measuring instruments/ Sweden Finland Computers, electronic/ Ireland Poland France Austria Belgium Publishing, broadcasting Sweden Finland Germany 35 Belgium All types Products % of all BERD (left axis) Germany Processes Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 0.1 Both types Both types Marketing Netherlands % 30 Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) Netherlands Organizational United Kingdom 60 25 United Kingdom Technological Non-technological 20 Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises 82.9 7.8 9.3 Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation € million innovations innovations 50Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France 15 60,000 10 Graph% 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises % Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 40 5 50,000 % France’s research tax credit 0 1.5 6.5 or other forms of tax relief 60 Technological Non-technological 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 40,000 30 1.45 5.5 innovations innovations Italy % % € million Spain Loan or grant from United Poland France Austria Finland Ireland France’s research tax credit 50 Belgium Sweden 1.4 4.5 30,000 Kingdom Germany 1.5 BERD financed by industry 6.5 BERD financed by other national sources the European Union 60,000 20 or other forms of tax relief Netherlands 1.35 3.5 20,000 1.45 BERD financed by government5.5 BERD financed from abroad 40 All industry and market services Loan or grant fromLoan domestic or grant bodies from 50,000 10 1.3 2.5 1.4 4.5 the European Union 10,000 Manufacturing 40,000 30 1.251.35 1.5 0 3.5 0 LoanLoan oror grantgrant fromfrom domesticlocal authorities bodies 30,000 1.21.3 0.52.5 20 Italy 1.151.25 -0.51.5 Spain At least one form of state aid 20,000 Ireland Poland France Austria Sweden Finland 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Loan or grant from local authorities Belgium All types Products Germany 10 Processes Both types Both types Marketing 1.2 Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle 0.5de la DIRDE 10,000 Netherlands Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels % Organizational 1.15 % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices-0.5 United Kingdom 0 At least one form of state aid 0 € million 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) 0 10 20 30 40 (p): provisional data % 250,000 20 7 % Italy Spain % of GDP Compounded annual18 growth rates at constant prices 6 Ireland Poland France Austria Sweden Finland 0 10 20 30 40 Belgium All types Products 16 5 Graph 19/Germany Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovationProcesses 200,000 Both types Both types Marketing (p): provisional data 14 4 Netherlands 12 3 Organizational United Kingdom 10 150,000 2 8 1 % % 6 0 France’s research tax credit 4 1.5 6.5 100,000 -1 or other forms of tax relief 2 -2 1.45Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises 5.5 Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation 0 -3 Loan or grant from 50,000 1.4 4.5 the European Union

Aerospace Chemicals 1.35 3.5 Information appliances % % 0 Automotive technology equipment Loan or grant from domestic bodies Prof./scientific/ 1.3 2.5 France’s research tax credit Pharmaceuticals 1.5 6.5 technical activities optical productsOther machinery & or other forms of tax relief Italy Other manufacturing Spain France Poland Austria Measuring instruments/ 1.25 1.5 Sweden Finland Computers, electronic/ 1.45 5.5 Belgium Publishing, broadcasting Loan or grant fromLoan local or grantauthorities from Germany % of all BERD (left axis) 1.2 0.5 Netherlands 1.4 4.5 the European Union Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) United Kingdom 1.351.15 -0.5 3.5 At least one form of state aid 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Loan or grant from domestic bodies 1.3 2.5 % Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France 1.25 % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices1.5 Loan or grant from local authorities 0 10 20 30 40 Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 1.2 (p): provisional data 0.5 % 1.15 -0.5 60 At least one form of state aid Technological Non-technological 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) € million innovations innovations 50 % % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices 60,000 0 10 20 30 40 40 (p): provisional data 50,000

40,000 30

30,000 20 20,000 10 10,000 0 0

Italy Spain Ireland Poland France Austria Sweden Finland Belgium All types Products Germany Processes Both types Both types Marketing Netherlands Organizational United Kingdom

Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation

% % France’s research tax credit 1.5 6.5 or other forms of tax relief 1.45 5.5 Loan or grant from 1.4 4.5 the European Union 1.35 3.5 Loan or grant from domestic bodies 1.3 2.5 1.25 1.5 Loan or grant from local authorities 1.2 0.5 1.15 -0.5 At least one form of state aid 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p)

% % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices 0 10 20 30 40 (p): provisional data Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) % % 80 80 70 70 % 60 60 50 2.5 50 40 40 2 30 30 20 1.5 20 10 10 1 0 0

Italy Spain Italy 0.5 EU-28 Spain Ireland Austria France Finland Poland EU-28 Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Germany Belgium Sweden Germany Netherlands 0 Netherlands

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Italy Spain France EU-28 Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies Germany Denmark

Netherlands

United Kingdom Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT Graph 6/ Taux d'innovation des entreprises par taille, 2014

Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 % 70,000 350 100 60,000 300 90 80 50,000 250 70 40,000 200 60 50 30,000 150 % 40 80 20,000 100 30 10,000 50 60 20 40 10 0 0 20 0 Italy Spain Japan EU-28 France Austria Finland Poland Ireland 0 Sweden Belgium Italy Germany Spain EU-28 United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Belgium Sweden Netherlands Italy Germany United States Spain Kingdom Japan EU-28 Austria Finland France Poland United Kingdom Belgium Ireland* Sweden Netherlands Germany

Netherlands SMEs United States Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) United Kingdom Large companies Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014

Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national % 20 32 % SMEs 15 % 80 100 10 60 80 40 5 60 20 0 40 0 -5 20 Italy Japan Spain EU-28 Austria France Finland Ireland Poland Sweden Belgium -10 Germany

0 Netherlands United States Italy Spain United Kingdom Japan EU-28 Italy Poland Austria France Spain Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 Germany Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Belgium Sweden Germany Netherlands United States Netherlands United Kingdom 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 United Kingdom % Large companies 100 Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, 80 % 60 60 Graph 5/ Entreprises innovantes, 2014 Graph 8/ Entreprises engagées dans une action de coopération, 2014 50 % Graph 1/ Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) 40 40 % % 50 80 30 80 20 40 70 70 20 30 % 60 0 60 20 10 2.5 50 50 Italy Spain EU-28 10 0 Ireland France Finland United Poland 40 Belgium Sweden 40 Germany Germany 2 Kingdom 0 30 * Netherlands ** 30

Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) 20 Italy Italy Austria* France Ireland* 20 Spain 1.5 Germany EU-28 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland 10 Sweden Belgium 10 Germany Technological innovations only (products or processes) Netherlands** Netherlands 1 0 United States** 0 United Kingdom** United Kingdom

Pharmaceuticals Services Italy Spain Italy 0.5 EU-28 Spain Computers, Ireland Austria France Aerospace Finland Poland EU-28 Belgium Sweden Austria Finland France Ireland Poland Germanyelectronic/optical products Belgium Sweden Germany Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, Netherlands 0 Netherlands

Graph 9/ TypeUnited de Kingdom coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 United Kingdom 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants Italy Spain France EU-28 United States Finland Ireland Poland Innovation-active firms Innovation-active manufacturers Sweden Belgium Total SMEs Large companies Germany Denmark Netherlands Netherlands United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with other firms Germany within the same corporate group United Kingdom Graph 10/ Nombre de demandes de brevets déposées au titre du PCT Belgium Graph 6/ Taux d'innovationBelgium des entreprises par taille, 2014 Enterprises cooperating with competitors or other firms in the same sector United Kingdom Graph 2/ DIRDE/DIRD, 2015 % 70,000 350 Japan 100 Austria Enterprises cooperating with private-sector 60,000 clients or consumers 300 South Korea 90 Netherlands Canada 80 50,000 Enterprises cooperating with public-sector 250 clients or consumers Italy 70 Finland 40,000 Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment,200 China 60 hardware, components or software France France 50 30,000 150 % Enterprises cooperating with universities Brazil 40 Sweden 20,000 or higher education institutions 100 80 Spain 30 Enterprises cooperating with government 10,000 50 India 60 20 Spain or public/private research organizations 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 40 10 0 0 Ireland 20 0 Italy Spain Poland Japan EU-28 France Austria Finland Poland Ireland 0 Sweden Belgium Italy Germany Spain EU-28 United Ireland Austria France Finland Poland Belgium Germany Sweden Netherlands Italy Germany United States Spain Kingdom Japan EU-28 Austria Finland France Poland United Kingdom Belgium Ireland* Sweden Netherlands Germany Italy

Netherlands SMEs United States Number (left axis) Per million inhabitants (right axis) United Kingdom Large companies Graph 7/ Stratégies d'innovation par taille d'entreprises, 2014

Graph 3/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Taux de croissance annuel moyen en volume Graph 11/ Chercheurs des entreprises en pourcentage du total national % 32 20 Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France % SMEs 15 Graph% 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 80 100 % 10 60 4 80 40 250,000 5 3 60 20 0 200,000 2 40 0 -5 150,000 1 20 Italy Japan Spain EU-28 Austria France Finland Ireland Poland Sweden Belgium -10 Germany 100,000 0 0 Netherlands United States Italy Spain United Kingdom Japan EU-28 Italy Poland Austria France Spain Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland* EU-28 Germany Ireland Austria France Finland Italy Poland 50,000 Belgium Sweden Japan Germany Spain* Netherlands France Austria United Finland Ireland Belgium United States Sweden* NetherlandsKingdom Germany United Kingdom Netherlands 0 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015 UnitedUnited States Kingdom % Large companies 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 100 Software Computers and IT equipment Graph 4/ Répartition sectorielle des dépenses de R&D des entreprises Graph 12/ Part dans l'emploi des secteurs d'activité à haut niveau de savoir, 80 % Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises 60 60 50 Number of robots per 10,000 employees % Per thousand jobs 40 40 350 50 16

30 300 20 40 14

30 20 250 12 0 20 10 10 200 Italy Spain 10 United EU-28 8 0 Ireland France Finland Poland Belgium Sweden 150 Germany Germany Kingdom 0 * Netherlands 6 ** 100 Spain Japan Non-technological innovations only (marketing or organizational) Italy Italy 4 Austria* France Ireland* Spain Germany EU-28 Belgium* Finland** Poland** Sweden* 50 Technological and non-technological innovations Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium Germany 2 Technological innovations only (products or processes) Netherlands** 0 Netherlands United States** 0 United Kingdom** United Kingdom

Pharmaceuticals Services Italy Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 UnitedStates United Computers, Aerospace Austria France Finland Sweden Belgium electronic/optical products Germany Kingdom Graph 13/ Coût moyen des chercheurs après incitations, Netherlands Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry Graph 9/ Type de coopération des entreprises en Europe, 2014 100 = Cost in France without the research tax credit or grants Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand jobs in industry United States Netherlands United Kingdom Enterprises cooperating with other firms Germany within the same corporate group Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Belgium Graph 22/ Financement de la DIRDE en France Belgium Enterprises cooperating with competitors or other firms in the same sector United Kingdom Austria % Enterprises cooperating with private-sector Japan % 40 clients or consumers South Korea Netherlands 35 Enterprises cooperating with public-sector Canada clients or consumers Italy 0.1 Finland 30 25 Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, China hardware, components or software France 20 France 82.9 7.8 9.3 Enterprises cooperating with universities 15 Brazil Sweden or higher education institutions 10 Spain Enterprises cooperating with government India Spain 5 or public/private research organizations 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Ireland 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Italy Spain Poland United Poland France Austria Finland Ireland Belgium Sweden Kingdom Germany BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources

Germany Netherlands BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad All industry and market services Italy Manufacturing

Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels

€ million Graph 20/ Evolution du nombre de chercheurs en entreprises en France % 250,000 20 7 Graph 14/ Investissements dans les TIC, 2013 18 6 16 200,000 5 % 14 4 12 3 4 10 150,000 2 250,000 8 1 3 6 0 100,000 4 -1 200,000 2 -2 2 0 -3 50,000 150,000 1

Aerospace Chemicals Information appliances 0 Automotive technology equipment 100,000 Prof./scientific/ 0 Pharmaceuticals technical activities optical productsOther machinery & Italy Other manufacturing Spain France Poland Austria Measuring instruments/ Sweden Finland Computers, electronic/ Belgium 50,000 Publishing, broadcasting Italy Germany % of all BERD (left axis) Japan Spain* France Austria United Finland Ireland Belgium Netherlands Sweden* Kingdom Germany Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) United Kingdom Netherlands 0 United States 42 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 43 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Software Computers and IT equipment Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France

Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 % Graph 15/ Utilisation de robots dans l'industrie manufacturière, Graph 21/ Evolution des chercheurs et personnels de R&D des entreprises 60 Technological Non-technological Number of robots per 10,000 employees € million Per thousand jobs innovations innovations 50 350 16 60,000 Thirty-seven percent of innovative enterprises in 300 Financing14 R&D expenditure 40 50,000 France received some form of state aid in 2012-2014. 250 12 40,000 30 in10 France 200 Support of this kind took various forms: 29% of firms INTERNATIONAL 30,000 8 benefited20 from France’s research tax credit or other 150 In 2014, French firms financed 83% of their R&D 20,000 6 100 operations, with 8% receiving government funding, forms of tax relief, while 13% received a loan or 4 10 10,000 grant from domestic bodies, 10% a loan or grant BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT 50 0.1% being financed by other domestic sources, 2 from0 local authorities, and 5% a loan or grant from 0 0 and 9% from abroad. These proportions have 0 remained relatively stable in the last 15 years. the European Union. Italy Italy Spain Japan Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 UnitedStates United Ireland Poland France Austria Austria France Finland Sweden Finland Sweden Belgium Belgium All types Products Germany Kingdom Germany Processes Both types Both types Marketing Netherlands Netherlands Business enterprise researchers per thousand jobs in industry Organizational France has been quick to embrace globalization. For many French businesses, expanding United Kingdom Total business enterprise R&D personnel per thousand Fig.jobs 75 in industry Fig. 76 into foreign markets plays a vital role in their development.

Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Breakdown of business enterprise R&D (BERD) GraphState 25/ aid Soutien for publicbusiness à l'innovation enterprise innovation Graph 16/ Taux d'investissement, 2015 Graphfunding 22/ Financement in France de (2014) la DIRDE en France (2012-2014)

% % % % Fig. 77 France’s research tax credit French exports dominated 40 1.5 6.5 or other forms of tax relief Graph 1/ Répartition de la valeur des exportations par taille des entreprises 35 by large firms Breakdown of export value by business size (2015) 1.45 5.5 0.1 30 Loan or grant from 25 1.4 4.5 the European Union As in most advanced countries, a small number of Germany 20 1.35 3.5 82.9 7.8 9.3 15 Loan or grant from domestic bodies businesses are responsible for the bulk of French goods France 3 5 9 68 15 1.3 2.5 10 Finland 1.25 sold overseas, with a thousand exporters generating 5 1.5 Loan or grant from local authorities 70% of French exports (INSEE figures). 0 1.2 0.5 Poland 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1.15 -0.5 Luxembourg Italy In 2016, the French export industry was dominated Spain At least one form of state aid United 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Poland France Austria Finland Ireland Belgium Sweden Italy Kingdom Germany BERD financed by industry BERD financed by other national sources by SMEs in company numbers (95%) and by large % Netherlands Denmark % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices BERD financed by government BERD financed from abroad and mid-size companies in export value (86%). All industry and market services 0 10 20 30 40 (p): provisional data Despite constituting the vast majority of exporters, Netherlands Manufacturing Source: OECD, 2017 Source: INSEE, 2017 SMEs and micro-enterprises contributed only 14% Ireland

of export value. The proportions were reversed for Portugal large firms, which accounted for only 0.4% of exporters Spain Graph 23/ Répartition sectorielle de la DIRDE but generated 54% of export value. Mid-size companies Graph 17/ Investissements bruts en biens corporels Norway (entreprises de taille intermédiaire – ETI) made up 4% of € million Sweden % exporters, while accounting for one-third of export value. 250,000 20 7 United Kingdom 18 6 Analysis of French exporters by business category reveals 16 Austria 200,000 5 14 4 different trends depending on the size of the exporters. 12 3 Belgium 10 150,000 2 The number of mid-size companies in 2016 edged up 0.3% 8 1 % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 6 0 (0.1% increase in export value), while the number of large 100,000 4 -1 0-9 employees 10-49 employees 50-249 employees 2 -2 firms slipped 0.6% (1.6% decrease in export value). The SME 0 -3 category proved the most dynamic, with export value up 250+ employees Unknown 50,000 2.1% despite a slight fall in the number of exporters (-0.7%). SOURCE: OECD, 2017

Aerospace Chemicals Information appliances 0 Automotive technology equipment Prof./scientific/ Pharmaceuticals Over the long term, the French exports industry has been technical activities optical productsOther machinery & Italy Other manufacturing Spain Measuring instruments/ structured relatively similarly to other leading European France Poland Austria Finland Computers, electronic/ Belgium Sweden Publishing, broadcasting Germany % of all BERD (left axis) countries and should not be seen to be atypical. In revenue terms, 45.2% of French exports in 2014 were Netherlands Real change 2014-2015 (right axis) United Kingdom According to the OECD, the proportion of SMEs generated by SMEs, a higher proportion than in Germany (defined here are businesses with between 0 and 250 (25%) and the United Kingdom (35.5%), but lower than Graph 24/ Types d'innovation des entreprises en France employees) among exporters is reasonably consistent in in Spain (47.9%) and Italy (53.9%). The growing share of European Union Member States, while as regards business the aerospace sector in 2015 reduced the contribution Graph 18/ Investissements nets en biens corporels, 2015 % Graph 2/ Caractéristiques sectorielles des entreprises exportatrices françaises numbers, 97.3% of French exporters in 2015 were SMEs, of SMEs to French exports, with 32% of French exports 60 Technological Non-technological a similar proportion to Germany (97%), the United generated by SMEs, in line with the figure for Germany € million innovations innovations 50 Kingdom (97.4%), Spain (97.8%) and Italy (99%). (33%).% 60,000 50 40 50,000 40

40,000 30 30

30,000 20 20 20,000 10 10 0 10,000 Industry Wholesale, Transport, Business Other 0 retail storage services sectors 0

Share of all exporting companies Italy Spain Ireland Poland France Austria Sweden Finland Belgium All types Products Proportion of exporters in this sector Average export rate Germany Processes Both types Both types Marketing Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes (2014) Netherlands Organizational United Kingdom 8,000,000 40,000 Graph 3/ Exportations de produits de haute technologie

% % 7,000,000 35,000 Graph 19/ Evolution des dépenses intérieures de R&D des entreprises Graph 25/ Soutien public à l'innovation 30 14 6,000,000 30,000

25 12 5,000,000 25,000 % % 10 France’s research tax credit 20 4,000,000 20,000 1.5 6.5 or other forms of tax relief 8 1.45 5.5 15 3,000,000 15,000 Loan or grant from 6 1.4 4.5 the European Union 10 2,000,000 10,000 4 1.35 3.5 5 1,000,000 5,000 Loan or grant from domestic bodies 2 1.3 2.5 0 0 0 1.25 1.5 0 Loan or grant from local authorities 1.2 0.5 Italy Italy Spain EU-28 Spain Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden 1.15 -0.5 Germany Germany At least one form of state aid 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(p) Netherlands

% United Kingdom United Kingdom Revenues (€ million) % of GDP Compounded annual growth rates at constant prices 2015 (left axis) Compound annual growth 2013-2015 (right axis) 0 10 20 30 40 Employees (left axis) (p): provisional data Enterprises (right axis)

Graph 4/ Exportation de services à forte intensité de savoir, 2015

% 100 30,000 2,000 80 1,800 25,000 60 1,600 1,400 20,000 40 1,200 20 15,000 1,000 800 0 10,000 600

Italy 400 Spain EU-28 5,000 Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium 200 Germany

Netherlands 0 0

United Kingdom *

Italy Spain France Austria Poland Ireland Finland* Belgium Germany Sweden*

Netherlands

United Kingdom

Companies Revenues (€ billion)

Graph 5/ Parts de marché sectorielles à l'export % 33.5 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Italy Japan Spain France Ireland Austria Poland Finland Belgium Sweden Germany

Netherlands United States

United Kingdom

Pharmaceuticals Aerospace Computers, electronic/optical products

% Graph 6/ Innovation des entreprises en France

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 Total Exporting Non-exporting companies companies

Innovation of any type Non-technological innovation Technological innovation Product innovation New products to market

Graph 7/ Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes, 2014

7,000,000 45,000

6,000,000 40,000 35,000 5,000,000 30,000 4,000,000 25,000 3,000,000 20,000 15,000 2,000,000 10,000 1,000,000 5,000 0 0

Italy Spain United Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Belgium Sweden Germany Kingdom

Revenues (€ million) Employees Enterprises (left axis) (right axis)

Graph 8/ Principaux pays d'implantation des firmes multinationales françaises

% 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Italy Spain China Brazil UnitedStates United Belgium Kingdom Germany Switzerland Netherlands

Subsidiaries Employees Revenues

Graph 9/ Part des groupes dans l'appareil productif français %

50

40

30

20

10

0 Productive Employees Gross Exporting entities (FTE) value added entities

Domestic corporate groups in France French multinationals Foreign multinationals

Graph 1/ Répartition de la valeur des exportations par taille des entreprises

Germany

France

Finland

Poland

Luxembourg

Italy

Denmark

Netherlands

Ireland

Portugal

Spain

Norway

Sweden

United Kingdom

Austria

Belgium

% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0-9 employees 10-49 employees 50-249 employees

250+ employees Unknown

Graph 1/ Répartition de la valeur des exportations par taille des entreprises

Germany

France

Finland Graph 2/ Caractéristiques sectorielles des entreprises exportatrices françaises Poland

Luxembourg % Italy 50 Denmark 40 Netherlands 30 Ireland 20 Portugal 10 Graph 1/ Répartition de la valeur des exportations par taille des entreprises Spain 0 Norway Industry Wholesale, Transport, Business Other retail storage services sectors Germany Sweden

France United Kingdom Share of all exporting companies

Finland Austria Proportion of exporters in this sector Average export rate Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes (2014) Poland Belgium 8,000,000 40,000 Luxembourg % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Graph 3/ Exportations de produits de haute technologie Italy 7,000,000 35,000 0-9 employees 10-49 employees 50-249 employees % %

Denmark 250+ employees Unknown 30 14 6,000,000 30,000 Netherlands 25 12 5,000,000 25,000 Ireland 10 20 4,000,000 20,000 Graph 1/ Répartition de la valeur des exportations par taille des entreprises Portugal 8 15 3,000,000 15,000 Spain 6 Germany 10 2,000,000 10,000 Graph 1/ Répartition de la valeur des exportations par taille des entreprises Norway 4 France 5 1,000,000 5,000 Sweden 2 Germany Finland United Kingdom 0 0 0 0 France Poland Austria Graph 2/ Caractéristiques sectorielles des entreprises exportatrices françaises Italy Italy Spain EU-28 Spain Luxembourg Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Finland Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden Belgium Germany Germany Italy Netherlands Poland % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % United Kingdom United Kingdom Luxembourg Denmark Revenues (€ million) 0-9 employees 10-49 employees 50-249 employees 50 2015 (left axis) Compound annual growth 2013-2015 (right axis) Italy Netherlands Employees (left axis) 250+ employees Unknown 40 Enterprises (right axis) Denmark Ireland 30 Graph 4/ Exportation de services à forte intensité de savoir, 2015 Netherlands Portugal 20 Ireland Spain 10 Portugal Norway 0 % Sweden Spain Industry Wholesale, Transport, Business Other 100 retail storage services sectors 30,000 2,000 United Kingdom Norway 80 1,800 25,000 Sweden Austria Share of all exporting companies 60 1,600 1,400 Proportion of exporters in this sector Average export rate United Kingdom Belgium 40 20,000 Graph 2/ Caractéristiques sectorielles des entreprises exportatrices françaises Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes (2014) 1,200 % Austria 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20 15,000 1,000 8,000,000 40,000 800 Belgium 0-9 employees 10-49 employees 50-249 employees Graph 3/ Exportations de produits de haute technologie 0 10,000 600 % 7,000,000 35,000 % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 250+ employees Unknown % % Italy 400 50 Spain EU-28 5,000 Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium 200 30 14 6,000,000 Germany 30,000 0-9 employees 10-49 employees 50-249 employees 40 Netherlands 0 0 12 250+ employees Unknown 25 5,000,000 25,000 * 30 United Kingdom Italy 44 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE10 INDICATORS 45 Spain 20 4,000,000 20,000 France Austria Poland Ireland Finland* Belgium 20 Germany Sweden* 8 15 3,000,000 15,000 Netherlands 10 6 United Kingdom 10 2,000,000 10,000 0 4 Revenues (€ billion) Industry Wholesale, Transport, Business Other Companies 5 1,000,000 5,000 retail storage services sectors 2 0 0 0 Graph Share2/ Caractéristiques of all exporting sectorielles companies des entreprises exportatrices françaises In Europe, the highest share of high-tech product exports0 Fig. 78 Fig. 79 French exporters prove Proportion of exporters in this sector Average export rate in 2015 was in Ireland (24%), followed by France,Italy where Italy Spain EU-28 Spain Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes (2014) Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden more than one-fifth Germanyof exports involved high-tech products moreGraph 5/ Parts innovative Germanyde marché sectorielles à l'export than GraphSector-by-sector 2/ Caractéristiques characteristics sectorielles des entreprises exportatrices françaises High-tech% product exports (2015) Netherlands % % of all exports 8,000,000 (21.6%), the Netherlands40,000 (20%), the United Kingdom of French exporters (2015) 50 United Kingdom 33.5 United Kingdom Graph 3/ Exportations de produits de haute technologie non-exporting18 companies Revenues (€ million) (16.7%), and2015 (left Germany axis) Compound (14.8%). annual Between growth 2013-2015 2013 and (right 2015,axis) 16 40% % 7,000,000 35,000 % this proportion in France rose by an annual average of 2.9%, 14 Employees (left axis) A firm’s12 exportEnterprises capacity (right axis) is also a key driver of innovation, 50 30 14 6,000,000 while the largest gains30,000 seen during this time were in Poland, regardless10 of the business sector in which it operates. 40 2520 12 5,000,000 BelgiumGraph 4/and Exportation Ireland,25,000 de services with aà forteparticularly intensité de savoir, large 2015 increase in 8 21.6 Between6 2012 and 2014, 66% of French exporters 10 30 2010 4,000,000 Poland (+12.6%). 20,000 4 reported2 innovations, compared with only 48% of all 0 8 20 15 3,000,000 In 2015, 67% of French15,000 services exports were in knowledge- businesses0 and 40% of non-exporting companies. Industry Wholesale, Transport, Business Other 6 % 10 retail storage services sectors Italy 10 2,000,000 intensive100 services.10,000 The highest proportions in Europe Japan Spain France Ireland Austria Poland Finland Belgium Sweden 2,000 4 30,000Germany 0 Share of all exporting companies were seen in Ireland (94%), the United Kingdom (82.9%) 80 Netherlands 1,800 5 1,000,000 5,000 United States Industry Wholesale, Transport, Business Other 2.9 2 and the Netherlands (76.9%). 25,000 retail storage services sectors Proportion of exporters in this sector Average export rate 60 United Kingdom 1,600 0 0 0 Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes (2014) 0 Fig. 82 1,400 40 20,000 Share of all exporting companies France stood out in 2015 with a market share of 16% in Pharmaceuticals 1,200 Italy 8,000,000 Italy 40,000 Spain EU-28 Spain global20 aerospace exports, ahead of every other country 15,000 1,000 Proportion of exporters in this sector Average export rate Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Ireland France Austria Poland Finland BusinessAerospace enterprise innovation in France (2012-2014) Graph 3/ Exportations de produitsSweden deBelgium haute technologie Belgium Sweden Filiales étrangèresGermany des entreprises européennes (2014) Germany 800 7,000,000 in Europe.0 It was also35,000 well placed for pharmaceutical % of allComputers, companies electronic/optical products % Netherlands % 10,000 600 Source: INSEE, 2017 United Kingdom exports, withUnited Kingdom a global market share of 5.9%, despite 308,000,000 40,00014 6,000,000 30,000 Italy % 400 Graph 6/ Innovation des entreprises en France Graph 3/ Exportations de produits de haute technologie Revenues (€ million) Spain EU-28 5,000 Ireland France Finland Austria Poland 2015 (left axis) Compound annual growth 2013-2015 (right axis) Sweden Belgium 200 trailing Germany (14.6%)Germany and the United Kingdom (7%). 257,000,000 35,00012 5,000,000 Employees (left axis) 25,000 70 Key:% In 2015, industry accounted for 17.1% of French exporting companies.% Netherlands 0 0 Source: Eurostat, 2017 Enterprises (right axis) Meanwhile, Belgium (8.6%) and Ireland (6.4%) also 19% of industrial businesses exported, with an average export rate of 40.8%. 10 United Kingdom * 30 14 206,000,000 30,000 4,000,000 20,000 60 displayed their specialization in exporting pharmaceutical Italy Spain Graph 4/ Exportation de services à forte intensité de savoir, 2015 8 France Austria Poland Ireland 25 12 Finland* Belgium 155,000,000 25,000 3,000,000 products. 15,000 50 Germany Sweden* 10 6 Netherlands 20 4,000,000 20,000 10 2,000,000 10,000 40 United Kingdom There were 220,000 exporting companies in France 8 more quickly than all other sectors, which in turn benefit4 15 3,000,000 15,000 5 % 1,000,000 5,000 30 Companies Revenues (€ billion) in 2015, hailing primarily from the wholesale/retail 6 from positive spillover effects from the thriving 2 100 Fig. 81 10 2,000,0000 10,000 30,0000 0 2,000 (34.9%), business services (19.8%) and industry (17.1%)4 performances of the former. High-tech industries can 0 20 80 1,800 sectors,5 while transport and storage businesses made also1,000,000 be viewed as strategic in nature due to the intensity5,000 25,000 2 Italy Italy Global export market1,600 shares (2015) 10 60 Spain EU-28 Spain up 4.4% of the total. The highest proportion of exporters Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Ireland France Austria Poland Finland of their R&D investments. Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden 1,400 0 0 0 Germany 0 20,000 Germany 40 0 was in the industry sector (19%), followed by wholesale/ Netherlands Graph 5/ Parts de marché1,200 sectorielles à l'export Total Exporting Non-exporting retail (14.9%) and transport/storage (10.5%).Italy 20 United Kingdom Italy 15,000 % United Kingdom 1,000 Spain EU-28 Spain companies companies Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden Revenues (€ million) 33.5 800 Germany 0 2015 (leftGermany axis) Compound annual growth 2013-2015 (right axis) 18

10,000 16 More than Netherlands40% of revenues earned by exporting firms Employees (left axis) 16 600 Fig. 80 Innovation of any type Non-technological innovation Italy Enterprises (right axis) 14 400 in industry wereUnited Kingdom export-generated, while export rates United Kingdom Spain EU-28 5,000 Ireland France Finland Austria Poland 12 Technological innovation Product innovation RevenuesSweden (€ million)Belgium 200 were over2015 one-third (left axis) in Compound the transport annual growth (35.6%) 2013-2015 and (right business axis) Germany 10 Graph 4/ ExportationEmployees de (left services axis) à forte intensité de savoir, 2015 New products to market Exports inNetherlands knowledge-intensive services (2015) 0 8 0

services (31.4%) sectors. In all, 9.3% of French companies 5.9 Enterprises (right axis) * % of allUnited services Kingdom exports 6 Italy 4 Source: INSEE, 2017 sold goods in foreign markets, and the average export Spain France Austria Poland Ireland 1.4 Graph 4/ Exportation de services à forte intensité de savoir, 2015 2 Finland* Belgium Germany Sweden* rate for French exporters was 29.1%. % 0 Graph 7/ Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes, 2014 Netherlands 100 United Kingdom Italy 30,000 2,000 Japan Spain 7,000,000 45,000 France Ireland Austria Poland Finland Belgium Sweden 80 Germany 1,800 40,000 67 Revenues (€ billion) 6,000,000 % 25,000 Companies Netherlands One-quarter of French exporters brought new products United States 1,600 35,000 100 60 United Kingdom 5,000,000 30,000 2,000 1,400 to market during this time, versus only six percent of30,000 non- Large share of high-tech 40 20,000 80 1,800 1,200 exporters,4,000,000 and the same was true for all technological25,000 and Pharmaceuticals 2025,000 1,600 15,000 1,000 exports60 in France non-technological3,000,000 innovation types. Exporters seeking20,000 1,400 Aerospace 800 15,000 40 020,000 10,000 to thrive in international markets are obliged to innovate Graph 5/ Parts de marché sectorielles à l'export 1,200 Computers, electronic/optical600 products 2,000,000 10,000 Technology is a key factor in enhancing economic growth %15,000 Italy 1,000 400 more often to remain competitive with their foreign rivals. 20 Spain 5,000 1,000,000 EU-28 Graph 6/ Innovation des entreprises en France 5,000 33.5Ireland France Finland Austria Poland % and the competitiveness of firms in a globalized economy. 18 Sweden Belgium 800 200 0 Germany Source: OECD, 2017 For companies0 of the same size and sector, exporters 0 1610,000 0 0 High-tech firms innovate more than their counterparts, Netherlands 600 70 innovate 2.5 times as much as non-exporters. 14 * Italy United Kingdom 400 Italy Spain EU-28 5,000 Spain break Irelandinto new markets, useFrance available resourcesAustria Poland more 12 Italy United Finland 60 Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Sweden Belgium 200 Spain Belgium Sweden Germany Kingdom 10 France Austria Poland Ireland Germany Finland* Belgium productively,Netherlands and generally offer their employees better 8 0 Source: Eurostat, 20170 Germany Sweden* Netherlands 50 6 * pay. TheUnited trade Kingdom shares of high-tech industries are growing Revenues (€ million) Employees Enterprises 4 Italy United Kingdom Spain France Austria Poland Ireland 40 2 Finland* Belgium (left axis) (right axis) Germany Sweden* 0 Companies Revenues (€ billion) Netherlands 30

United Kingdom Italy Japan Spain France Ireland Austria Poland Finland Graph 8/ Principaux pays d'implantation des firmes multinationales françaises Belgium Sweden 20 Germany Revenues (€ billion) Companies Netherlands % United States 10 United Kingdom 18 Graph 5/ Parts de marché sectorielles à l'export 0 16 Pharmaceuticals % Total Exporting Non-exporting 14 33.5Aerospace companies companies 18 12 16 Graph 5/ Parts de marché sectorielles à l'export Computers, electronic/optical products 10 14 Innovation of any type Non-technological innovation % 8 33.5 12% Graph 6/ Innovation des entreprises en France 18 Technological innovation Product innovation 10 6 16 8 New products to market 70 4 14 6 12 4 2 10 60 2 0 8 0 Graph 7/ Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes, 2014 6 50 Italy Spain Brazil 4 Italy States China Spain United United Japan 7,000,000 45,000 Belgium France Ireland Austria Poland Finland Kingdom Germany 2 40 Belgium Sweden Germany Switzerland 0 40,000 Netherlands Netherlands 6,000,000 30United States 35,000 Italy United Kingdom 5,000,000 Subsidiaries Employees Revenues Japan Spain France Ireland Austria Poland Finland 30,000 Belgium Sweden Germany 20 4,000,000 25,000 Netherlands Pharmaceuticals United States 3,000,000 20,000 Graph 9/ Part des groupes dans l'appareil productif français United Kingdom 10 Aerospace 15,000 % Computers, electronic/optical products 2,000,000 Pharmaceuticals 0 10,000 Exporting 1,000,000 50 % Total Non-exporting Graph 6/ Innovation des entreprises en France 5,000 Aerospace companies companies 0 0 Computers, electronic/optical products 70 40 Innovation of any type Non-technological innovation Italy Spain % Graph 6/ Innovation des entreprises en France United 60 Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Technological innovation Product innovation Belgium Sweden Germany Kingdom 30 70 New products to market 50

60 Revenues (€ million) Employees Enterprises 20 40 (left axis) (right axis) 50 30Graph 7/ Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes, 2014 10

40 7,000,000 45,000 Graph 8/ Principaux pays d'implantation des firmes multinationales françaises 20 0 40,000 30 6,000,000 % 10 Productive Employees Gross Exporting 35,000 entities 5,000,000 18 entities (FTE) value added 20 30,000 0 16 4,000,000 25,000 Exporting 14 10 Total Non-exporting companies companies 20,000 3,000,000 12 Domestic corporate groups in France 15,000 0 2,000,000 10 French multinationals Innovation of any type Non-technological innovation 10,000 Total Exporting Non-exporting 8 Foreign multinationals 1,000,000 companies companies Technological innovation Product innovation 5,000 6 New0 products to market 0 Innovation of any type Non-technological innovation 4

Italy 2 Technological innovation Product innovation Spain United Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Belgium Sweden 0 New products to market Germany Kingdom Graph 7/ Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes, 2014 Italy Spain China Brazil UnitedStates United Revenues (€ million) Employees Enterprises Belgium 7,000,000 45,000 Kingdom Germany Switzerland (left axis) (right axis) 40,000 Netherlands Graph 7/ Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes, 2014 6,000,000 35,000 Subsidiaries Employees Revenues 5,000,000 7,000,000 45,000 30,000 Graph 8/ Principaux pays d'implantation des firmes multinationales françaises 6,000,000 40,000 4,000,000 25,000 Graph 9/ Part des groupes dans l'appareil productif français 35,000 % 20,000 5,000,000 3,000,000 % 30,000 18 15,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 25,000 16 10,000 50 1,000,000 3,000,000 20,000 14 5,000 15,000 2,000,000 12 0 0 40 10,000 10 1,000,000 Italy 5,000 Spain 8 United Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Belgium Sweden 30 Kingdom 0 0 6 Germany 4 Italy 20 Spain United Revenues (€ million) Employees Enterprises Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Belgium Sweden 2 Germany Kingdom (left axis) (right axis) 0 10

Revenues (€ million) Employees Enterprises Italy Spain China Brazil UnitedStates United Graph 8/ Principaux pays d'implantation desBelgium firmes multinationales françaises 0 (left axis) (right axis) Kingdom Germany Switzerland % Netherlands Productive Employees Gross Exporting entities (FTE) value added entities 18 Subsidiaries Employees Revenues Graph 8/ Principaux pays d'implantation des firmes multinationales françaises 16 % 14 Graph 9/ Part des groupes dans l'appareil productif français Domestic corporate groups in France 18 12 % French multinationals 16 10 Foreign multinationals 14 508 12 6 10 404 8 2 6 300 4

Italy 2 Spain China Brazil 20UnitedStates United Belgium 0 Kingdom Germany Switzerland Netherlands

Italy 10 Spain China Brazil UnitedStates United Subsidiaries Employees Revenues Belgium Kingdom Germany Switzerland Netherlands 0

Subsidiaries Employees Revenues Graph 9/Productive Part des groupes dansEmployees l'appareil productifGross français Exporting % entities (FTE) value added entities

50 Graph 9/ Part des groupes dans l'appareil productif français % Domestic corporate groups in France 40 French multinationals 50 Foreign multinationals 30 40

20 30

10 20

0 10 Productive Employees Gross Exporting entities (FTE) value added entities 0 Productive Employees Gross Exporting entities (FTE) value added entities Domestic corporate groups in France French multinationals Foreign multinationals Domestic corporate groups in France French multinationals Foreign multinationals

Graph 1/ Répartition de la valeur des exportations par taille des entreprises

Germany

France

Finland

Poland

Luxembourg

Italy Graph 1/ Répartition de la valeur des exportations par taille des entreprises

Denmark

Netherlands Germany

Ireland France

Portugal Finland

Spain Poland

Norway Luxembourg

Sweden Italy

United Kingdom Denmark

Austria Netherlands

Belgium Ireland

% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Portugal Spain 0-9 employees 10-49 employees 50-249 employees Norway 250+ employees Unknown Sweden

United Kingdom

Austria

Belgium

% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0-9 employees 10-49 employees 50-249 employees

250+ employees Unknown

Graph 2/ Caractéristiques sectorielles des entreprises exportatrices françaises

% 50

40

30

20 Graph 2/ Caractéristiques sectorielles des entreprises exportatrices françaises 10

0 Industry Wholesale, Transport, Business Other % retail storage services sectors 50 Share of all exporting companies 40 Proportion of exporters in this sector Average export rate 30 Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes (2014) 20 8,000,000 40,000 Graph 3/ Exportations de produits de haute technologie 10 % % 7,000,000 35,000 0 30 14 6,000,000Industry Wholesale, Transport, Business Other30,000 retail storage services sectors 25 12 5,000,000 25,000 Share of all exporting companies 10 20 4,000,000 20,000 Proportion of exporters in this sector Average export rate 8 Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes (2014) 15 3,000,000 15,000 6 10 2,000,000 10,000 8,000,000 40,000 4 Graph 3/ Exportations de produits de haute technologie 5 1,000,000 5,000 7,000,000 35,000 2 % % 30 6,000,000 30,000 0 0 0 0 14

25 12 5,000,000 25,000 Italy Italy Spain EU-28 Spain Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden 10 Germany 20 Germany 4,000,000 20,000 Netherlands 8

United Kingdom 15 United Kingdom 3,000,000 15,000 Revenues (€ million) 6 2015 (left axis) Compound annual growth 2013-2015 (right axis) 10 2,000,000 10,000 Employees (left axis) 4 Enterprises (right axis) 5 1,000,000 5,000 2 Graph 4/ Exportation de services à forte intensité de savoir, 2015 0 0 0 0

Italy Italy Spain EU-28 Spain Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden Germany Germany

% Netherlands

Graph100 1/ Répartition de la valeur des exportations par taille des entreprises United Kingdom United Kingdom 2,000 30,000 Revenues (€ million) 80 2015 (left axis) Compound annual growth 2013-2015 (right axis) 1,800 Employees (left axis) 25,000 1,600 60Germany Enterprises (right axis) 1,400 40 France 20,000 Graph 4/ Exportation de services à forte intensité de savoir, 2015 1,200 20Finland 15,000 1,000 800 0 Poland 10,000 600

Luxembourg Italy % 400 Spain EU-28 5,000 Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium 200 Italy Germany 100 30,000 2,000 Netherlands 0 0 80 1,800 Denmark * United Kingdom 25,000 Italy 1,600 Netherlands 60 Spain France Austria Poland Ireland Finland* Belgium 1,400 Germany Sweden* 20,000 Ireland 40 Netherlands 1,200 20 15,000 1,000 Portugal United Kingdom 800 0 Spain Companies Revenues (€ billion) 10,000 600

Norway Italy 400 Spain EU-28 5,000 Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium 200 Sweden Germany Netherlands 0 0

United Kingdom United Kingdom *

Italy Spain GraphAustria 5/ Parts de marché sectorielles à l'export France Austria Poland Ireland Finland* Belgium Sweden* % Germany Belgium Netherlands 33.5 18 United Kingdom 16 % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 14 Companies Revenues (€ billion) 12 0-9 employees 10-49 employees 50-249 employees 10 250+ employees Unknown 8 6 4 2 0 Graph 5/ Parts de marché sectorielles à l'export

Italy % Japan Spain France Ireland Austria Poland Finland 33.5 Belgium Sweden 18 Germany 16 Netherlands United States 14 United Kingdom 12 10 Pharmaceuticals 8 6 Graph 1/ Répartition de la valeur des exportations par taille des entreprises Graph 2/Aerospace Caractéristiques sectorielles des entreprises exportatrices françaises 4 Graph 1/ Répartition de la valeur des exportations par taille des entreprises Computers, electronic/optical products 2 0 Germany % Graph 6/ Innovation des entreprises en France Germany % Italy France Japan Spain France Ireland Austria Poland Finland 5070 Belgium Sweden France Germany Finland Netherlands 40 United States Finland 60 Poland United Kingdom 30 Poland 50 Luxembourg Pharmaceuticals Luxembourg 20 Italy 40 Aerospace Italy 10 Denmark Computers, electronic/optical products 30 Denmark 0 Netherlands % Graph 6/ Innovation des entreprises en France 20 Industry Wholesale, Transport, Business Other Netherlands retail storage services sectors Ireland 70 Ireland 10 Portugal Share of all exporting companies 60 Portugal Spain 0 Proportion of exporters in this sector Average export rate Spain Total Exporting Non-exporting 50 Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes (2014) Norway companies companies Norway 8,000,00040 40,000 Sweden Graph 3/ Exportations de produits de haute technologie Sweden Innovation of any type Non-technological innovation United Kingdom 7,000,00030 35,000 % Technological innovation Product innovation % United Kingdom Austria 30 6,000,000 30,000 New products to market 14 20 Austria Belgium 25 12 5,000,000 25,000 Belgium 10 % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 4,000,000 20,000 % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Graph 7/ Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes, 2014 0 0-9 employees 10-49 employees 50-249 employees 8 15 3,000,000 Total Exporting Non-exporting15,000 0-9 employees 10-49 employees 50-249 employees companies 250+ employees Unknown 7,000,000 45,0006 companies 250+ employees Unknown 10 40,000 2,000,000 10,000 6,000,000 4 35,000 Innovation of any type Non-technological innovation 55,000,000 1,000,000 5,000 30,0002 Technological innovation Product innovation 4,000,000 0 25,0000 0New products to market 0 46 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ENTREPRENEURSHIP3,000,000 SCOREBOARD PART 1 - PERFORMANCE20,000 INDICATORS 47 Italy Italy Spain EU-28 15,000 Spain Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Ireland France Austria Poland Finland 2,000,000 Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden Germany 10,000 Germany 1,000,000 Netherlands Graph 7/ Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes, 2014 5,000 United Kingdom United Kingdom 0 0 7,000,000 Revenues (€ million) 45,000 2015 (left axis) Compound annual growth 2013-2015 (right axis) 6,000,000 Employees (left axis) 40,000 Italy Graph 2/ Caractéristiques sectorielles des entreprises exportatrices françaises Spain United 35,000 Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Enterprises (right axis) Belgium Sweden Graph 2/ Caractéristiques sectorielles des entreprises exportatrices françaises Germany Kingdom 5,000,000 The three leading foreign locations for French multinationals 30,000 The international expansion GraphFig. 4/ Exportation 85 de services à forte intensité de savoir, 2015 4,000,000Fig.86 25,000 % were the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany, Revenues (€ million) Employees Enterprises 3,000,000 20,000 50 of French% firms which together accounted for 24.1% of foreign subsidiaries, Leading foreign(left axis) locations for (right axis) Foreign subsidiaries in Europe (2015) 15,000 50 2,000,000 40 24.2% of foreign personnel, and 35.4% of foreign revenues French multinationals (2015) 10,000 % 1,000,000 40 % of total, countries ranked by number of subsidiaries 5,000 French30 businesses have a greater international presence earned by French multinationals. China and Brazil stood 100Graph 8/ Principaux pays d'implantation des firmes multinationales françaises 28,053 30,000 0 2,0000 than30 any of their European counterparts, with 39,000 out as host countries for 9.1% and 8.4%, respectively, 20 80 % 1,800 25,000 Italy foreign subsidiaries in 2014, ahead of Germany (27,600) of these firms’ foreign personnel. Spain 1,600 20 6018 United Ireland France Austria Poland Finland 10 Belgium Sweden Kingdom 1,400 and Italy (22,400). 16 20,000 Germany 10 40 1,200 0 14 French0 enterprisesIndustry Wholesale, employedTransport, 5.5 millionBusiness people, Otheror 57.6% 20 15,000Revenues (€ million) Employees Enterprises 1,000 retail storage services sectors 12 Industry Wholesale, Transport, Business Other 800 of their workforces, in foreign countries, where they 100 (left axis) (right axis) retail storage services sectors Fig. 83 10,000 770 600 Share of all exporting companies 8 generated €1,211 billion or 54.4% of all their revenues. Italy 400 Share of all exporting companies Spain EU-28 5,000 Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Proportion of exporters in this sector Average export rate 6 Sweden Belgium 200 German businesses employed 5.3 million people abroad, Germany Graph 8/ Principaux pays d'implantation des firmes multinationales françaises Foreign subsidiariesFiliales étrangères of des European entreprises européennes enterprises (2014) (2014) Proportion of exporters in this sector Average export rate 4 Netherlands 0 0 and generated revenues of €2.008 trillion overseas, Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes (2014) % 2 * 8,000,000 40,000 United Kingdom while the 19,700 British firms in foreign countries employed 18 Italy Graph 3/ Exportations de produits de haute technologie 0 Spain 8,000,000 40,000 France Austria Poland Ireland Finland* Belgium Graph 3/ Exportations de produits de haute technologie 16 Germany Sweden* four million% people, generating €1.137 trillion in sales.% 7,000,000 35,000 Italy Netherlands 7,000,000 35,000 Spain China Brazil 14 % % UnitedStates United 30 14 6,000,000 30,000 Belgium Large French multinational firms (employing more than Kingdom Germany 12 United Kingdom Switzerland 30 14 6,000,000 30,000 Netherlands 5,00025 people, or generating more than €1.5 billion 12 5,000,000 25,000 10 Companies Revenues (€ billion) 12 Employees Revenues in annual25 revenues in France) accounted for 6.7% of 10all 5,000,000 25,000 Subsidiaries 8 20 4,000,000 20,000 Source: Eurostat, 2017 10 Source: INSEE, 2017 6 *Data for 2014 businesses20 in 2015, but 77.4% of personnel, generating8 4,000,000 20,000 15 3,000,000 15,000 4 82.4% of all revenues earned by French multinationals.8 Graph 9/ Part des groupes dans l'appareil productif français 15 6 3,000,000 15,000 2 They10 owned 50.9% of French multinational subsidiaries6 2,000,000 10,000 % 4 0 10 2,000,000 10,000 Graph 5/ Parts de marché sectorielles à l'export outside France, while half of them had operations in at least 50 5 4 1,000,000 5,000 % 2 Italy Fig. 87 Spain Brazil 5 1,000,000 5,000 33.5 States China 18 countries (INSEE figures). France18 is open for business United United 0 2 Belgium 0 0 0 Kingdom Germany 1640 Switzerland 0 Netherlands Conversely, small and medium-sized multinationals made0 0 0 14 Share of corporate groups in France’s Italy Italy According to Eurostat, France was Europe’s leading host Spain EU-28 Spain 12 Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Ireland France Austria Poland Finland productionSubsidiaries capacityEmployees (2015) Revenues Sweden Belgium Italy Belgium Italy Sweden 30 up 48% of all businesses,Germany but only 1.9% of personnel, Germany 10 Spain EU-28 Spain country for foreign subsidiaries in 2015, with more than Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Ireland France Austria Poland Finland % of total Netherlands Sweden Belgium Belgium Sweden 8 and 1.2% of annual Germanyrevenues. They accounted for 9.9% Germany 28,000,6 compared with 27,700 in Germany and 22,200 NetherlandsUnited Kingdom United Kingdom 20 Graph 9/ Part des groupes dans l'appareil productif français of French multinational subsidiaries outside France, Revenues (€ million) 4 United Kingdom United Kingdom in the United Kingdom, where revenues generated by 2015 (left axis) Compound annual growth 2013-2015 (right axis) 2 while half of them had operations in only two countries. RevenuesEmployees (€ (left million) axis) % 2015 (left axis) Compound annual growth 2013-2015 (right axis) subsidiaries010 were the highest (€1.55 trillion). EmployeesEnterprises (left (right axis) axis) 50 Italy Enterprises (right axis) Japan Spain As of the endFrance of 2015, 84%Ireland of foreign multinationalsAustria Poland Finland Belgium Sweden Graph 4/ Exportation de services à forte intensité de savoir, 2015 Source: Eurostat, 2017 0 Germany 40 Graph 4/ Exportation de services à forte intensité de savoir, 2015 operating in FranceNetherlands were from the European Union. United States Productive Employees Gross Exporting Togetherentities theyUnited Kingdom made up(FTE) nearly 34,000value added companiesentities and had 1.713 million employees (full-time equivalent – 30 % Pharmaceuticals 100% FTE). TheseAerospace firms were not necessarily very large in size, Fig. 84 – Breakdown of personnel and revenues 30,000 2,000 Domestic corporate groups in France 20 100 with 82.3% forming groups of one or two companies, at French80 multinationals (2015) 30,000 2,0001,800 Computers,French multinationals electronic/optical products 80 25,000 60 1,8001,600 and halfForeign employing multinationals fewer than 10 people. 10 Personnel25,000 Revenues (€ billion) % Graph 6/ Innovation des entreprises en France 60 1,6001,400 Multinational40 firms by size 20,000 1,4001,200 Among productive business entities in France’s non- 70 0 40 France Abroad 20,000 Total France Abroad Total 20 15,000 1,2001,000 agricultural, non-financial market sectors in 2015, Productive Employees Gross Exporting 1,000800 60 Large20 multinationals 75.0% 79.1% 15,000 77.4% 79.3% 85.1% 82.4% entities 0 10,000 1.4% were French multinationals and 0.7% were foreign entities (FTE) value added 800600 0 10,000 50 Mid-size multinationals Italy 22.9% 19.1% 20.7% 19.1% 14.0% 16.4%600400 multinationals. French firms had 34.2% of employees Spain EU-28 5,000 Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Sweden Belgium Italy 400200 Germany (FTE) on their books, while foreign firms employed Spain EU-28 5,000 40 Domestic corporate groups in France Ireland France Finland Austria Poland Small and medium-sizedNetherlands Sweden multinationalsBelgium 2.0% 1.8% 0 1.9% 1.6% 0.9% 1.2%2000 Germany 13% of personnel, generated 15.5% of gross value- French multinationals United KingdomNetherlands 0 * 0 30 Italy added produced in France, and accounted for 46.9% Foreign multinationals Total United Kingdom 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% * 100.0%Spain 100.0% 100.0% France Austria Poland Ireland Italy Finland* Belgium 20 Germany Spain Sweden* of exporting entities in France. By comparison, 16.4% France Austria Poland Ireland Netherlands Finland* Belgium Germany Sweden* of10 exporting entities belonged to domestic corporate Source: INSEE, 2017 United Kingdom Netherlands Source: INSEE, 2017 groups in France, and 27.1% to French multinationals. United Kingdom Companies Revenues (€ billion) 0 Exporting Companies Revenues (€ billion) Total Non-exporting companies companies

Innovation of any type Non-technological innovation Technological innovation Product innovation Graph 5/ Parts de marché sectorielles à l'export New products to market Graph% 5/ Parts de marché sectorielles à l'export 33.5 18% 33.5 1816 1614 Graph 7/ Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes, 2014 1412 1210 7,000,000 45,000 8 10 40,000 86 6,000,000 64 35,000 5,000,000 42 30,000 0 2 4,000,000 25,000 0 Italy Japan Spain 3,000,000 20,000 France Ireland Austria Poland Finland Belgium Italy Sweden Germany Japan Spain 15,000 France Ireland Austria Poland Finland 2,000,000 BelgiumNetherlands Sweden United States Germany 10,000 United Kingdom Netherlands 1,000,000 United States 5,000 United Kingdom 0 0 Pharmaceuticals

PharmaceuticalsAerospace Italy Spain United Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Belgium Sweden AerospaceComputers, electronic/optical products Germany Kingdom Computers, electronic/optical products % Graph 6/ Innovation des entreprises en France Revenues (€ million) Employees Enterprises % Graph 6/ Innovation des entreprises en France 70 (left axis) (right axis) 70 60 60 Graph 8/ Principaux pays d'implantation des firmes multinationales françaises 50 50 % 40 18 40 30 16 30 14 20 12 20 10 10 8 10 0 6 0 Total Exporting Non-exporting 4 companies companies Total Exporting Non-exporting 2 companies companies 0 Innovation of any type Non-technological innovation Innovation of any type Non-technological innovation Technological innovation Product innovation Italy Spain China Brazil UnitedStates United Technological innovation Product innovation Belgium New products to market Kingdom Germany Switzerland New products to market Netherlands

Subsidiaries Employees Revenues Graph 7/ Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes, 2014 Graph 7/ Filiales étrangères des entreprises européennes, 2014 7,000,000 45,000 Graph 9/ Part des groupes dans l'appareil productif français 7,000,000 45,000 % 6,000,000 40,000 6,000,000 40,00035,000 5,000,000 50 35,00030,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 30,00025,000 4,000,000 40 3,000,000 25,00020,000 3,000,000 20,00015,000 2,000,000 30 15,00010,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 10,0005,000 1,000,000 20 0 5,0000 0 0 Italy Spain 10 United Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Belgium Sweden Italy Kingdom Germany Spain United Ireland France Austria Poland Finland Belgium Sweden Germany Kingdom 0 Revenues (€ million) Employees Enterprises Productive Employees Gross Exporting Revenues (€(left million) axis) Employees Enterprises(right axis) entities (FTE) value added entities (left axis) (right axis)

Graph 8/ Principaux pays d'implantation des firmes multinationales françaises Domestic corporate groups in France Graph 8/ Principaux pays d'implantation des firmes multinationales françaises % French multinationals 18% Foreign multinationals 1816 1614 1412 1210 108 86 64 42 20 0 Italy Spain China Brazil UnitedStates United Belgium Italy Kingdom Germany Spain China Brazil UnitedStates United Switzerland Belgium Netherlands Kingdom Germany Switzerland Netherlands Subsidiaries Employees Revenues Subsidiaries Employees Revenues

Graph 9/ Part des groupes dans l'appareil productif français Graph% 9/ Part des groupes dans l'appareil productif français % 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Productive Employees Gross Exporting Productiveentities Employees(FTE) valueGross added Exportingentities entities (FTE) value added entities

Domestic corporate groups in France DomesticFrench multinationals corporate groups in France ForeignFrench multinationals multinationals Foreign multinationals - PART 2 -

International business

BUSINESS FRANCE success stories

Entrepreneurship Scoreboard

Bénéteau Group Toyota Nutriset Fränkische Qwant Prodways Group Seafoodia Armor Group Akuo Energy Château de Chausse 50 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 51

BÉNÉTEAU GROUP What led to Bénéteau’s international expansion in the 1980s, and its arrival INTERVIEW WITH in the United States? In 1986, Annette Roux, who wasn’t fluent in English, HERVÉ GASTINEL decided to set up locally as a way into the American market. She had been invited to the United States by the Ministry for the Economy on a trade mission that, alongside discussions with Bénéteau’s US dealerships, confirmed Ms. Roux’s vision of Bénéteau’s future anchored in the American market. Within just Moored in marinas around the world, Bénéteau’s motor and sailing boats a few months, this resulted in a site opening in Marion, range from large, luxurious vessels to smaller budget models. With nearly South Carolina. The company has always carefully selected its locations for long-term development. HERVÉ GASTINEL 5,000 employees in France and 2,000 abroad, the parent company designs Chairman of Bénéteau Group and makes around a dozen brands. The family-owned firm is based in the and Chief Executive of the boat division Bénéteau has always been Vendée on the Atlantic coast, where its strategic innovation and product based in Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie, diversification has helped it withstand the cold winds of change. helping to shape the local economy. Is this still the case?

We currently have nearly 7,000 employees, including 5,000 in France. We have 15 production facilities for From its base in boats in the Vendée and Bordeaux (western France), Could you give us In the 1990s, despite the economic crisis, Bénéteau bought where we’re the main industrial employer. We also have the Vendée, Bénéteau an overview of Bénéteau? CNB – Construction Navale Bordeaux – and began to move seven production facilities for leisure homes across France. away from its traditional work by creating mobile homes We’re first and foremost a family company, proud of sails the high seas. under the O’Hara brand. It then acquired the Jeanneau The adventure began in 1884 in the town of Saint-Gilles- our historic Vendée roots. There has always been a strong shipyards, its historic competitor in the Vendée, which also Croix-de-Vie, in the Vendée, with Benjamin Bénéteau. commitment to local employment with the company’s made catamarans under the Lagoon brand that Bénéteau growth enabling us to create a close network of suppliers He was a naval architect and created a shipyard that built would transform in 2003 into the world’s leading marque. wooden fishing boats, which were fitted with engines and partners. from 1910 onwards, an innovation at the time. We also invest in employee training – we’ve our own In 2005, the way the Group was run changed, with training center in the Vendée with 11 full-time staff – In 1964, the third generation of the Bénéteau family took the creation of management and supervisory boards. over. Annette Bénéteau-Roux and her brother André and offer employees the chance to be redeployed The following year saw the company open a representative elsewhere in the business should there be changes Bénéteau decided to use polyester, a new construction office in Shanghai and enter the Chinese sailing market. at one of our production sites. This was the case in 2016, material which was lighter and easier to work with In 2009, it founded Monte Carlo Yachts in Italy, gaining when we stopped producing residential homes after than wood. This enabled them to move into sailing access to the luxury motor yachts market. seven years. by presenting the new concept of recreational fishing In 2014, Bénéteau expanded further with the acquisition In terms of R&D, we work with a number of universities boats at the Paris Boat Show in 1965. of four American brands – Four Winns, Glastron, Wellcraft and technical institutes, and hope to continue developing and Scarab – as well as a second production facility relationships with other organizations. In the 1970s and 1980s, leisure sailing really took off. in the United States, in Cadillac, Michigan. When I was In 1982, with its “First” range of boats (including the appointed Group Chairman in 2015, our executive “First 32s5” and “35s5” models designed by Philippe management was overhauled. As part of a commitment Stark), Bénéteau became the world’s leading sailboat to see the company grow further, I created a global producer. In 1984, the company’s centennial year, transformation plan, “Transform to Perform”, and set it was listed on the stock market. ambitious targets to be achieved by 2020. 52 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 53

What strategy have you adopted growth in Brazil, we decided to invest in a production You have enjoyed more than 130 years the formalities associated with the international side to keep the company competitive? facility near to Rio de Janeiro in 2012, but the site is now of lasting success. What do you put of the business. Our long-term vision has assured both dormant following the economic crisis that the country our suppliers and distributors that they can look forward has been through over the last few years. this down to? to working with us for a long time. The diversification strategy has allowed Bénéteau to I would say that our international strategy involves Some of our suppliers are French SMEs with whom be unique in its field by offering, through its 10 brands, developing and integrating complementary brands It’s clear that our international ambitions have been we’ve been working for over forty years, who have gained boats for all tastes and budgets. The same goes for and expertise, by basing them locally and allowing key to Bénéteau’s development. In terms of export international success alongside us. In terms of foreign the leisure home market, where our O’Hara and IRM them to grow alongside our distributors. management, the team demonstrates real expertise, investment, the company is listed on the stock market brands are leaders in France and are gaining recognition with a department that takes care of our brands and and the family holding company holds a 54% share. in the European market. The company and its brands are also pioneers in technological, industrial and application innovation. Looking at global value chains, is We were the first manufacturer to offer Ship Control, a web it right that you’ve secured and interface that provides navigational assistance. Moreover, consolidated your market leadership our expertise when it comes to composite materials and wood plays a big role in our industrial competitiveness. through independent marketing?

Bénéteau is the global leader in sailboats and is present In what was for a long time a cottage industry, Bénéteau’s in all the major motorboat markets. Our 10 brands are Spotlight ability to produce goods has been and continues to be independently marketed across five continents through an important factor in its competitiveness. Unlike many of A recruitment plan to ensure plain sailing a network of more than 1,000 distributors, who are our competitors, Bénéteau produces all the hulls, decks, all familiar with their local market and its individual parts and wooden interiors itself, ensuring everything Bénéteau has launched a recruitment employees to put people forward having passed through its doors in characteristics, as sailing culture varies from sea to is made to a high standard not to mention security of drive for 2017-2018, with 500 for job vacancies, in addition to the 2016-17. It’s a model that works well, sea. They regularly inform us of our customers’ needs supply. After Hurricane Irma, for example, our teams permanent positions being offered partnership we have with the national so we’ve decided to replicate in the and requests so that we can continue to meet their responded very quickly by providing spare parts and in France and 100 abroad. Nearly employment office and recruitment United States. expectations. 90% of the positions are for the agencies. We’re mainly looking for In addition to the 500 permanent technical assistance to help repair damaged boats and This year, we have 38 new models on offer across all boat business, while two-thirds production operators, technicians jobs in France, we offer work-study get them sailing again. ranges, making us the market leader, both in terms of are additional posts following the and supervisors. The Vendée region contracts which lead to a vocational Group’s robust growth over the is lucky in that it is home to a wealth certificate. Given the company’s the diversity of our range and the product innovations last three years. The remaining of entrepreneurs, thriving SMEs and international outlook, we also offer we offer. Our philosophy is to make the ‘inaccessible’ Your development strategy third are to replace staff planning relatively low unemployment. Our a number of different international accessible. to retire soon. It’s vital to pass on HR teams are also happy to go to positions and encourage our in France isn’t just based around Although our leisure homes business is often less well- expertise and soft skills, because nearby regions to bring talent to the personnel to move from one site to the Vendée, but also includes known, we’re still top in France and Europe in this market, our strength also lies in our business Vendée. another. We also regularly hire young with our brands O’Hara, IRM and Coco Sweet. culture. For this to work, we ensure Our internal training center offers a graduates on VIE contracts, giving relocating production facilities that employees work in pairs and wide range of up to a hundred courses them the chance to go abroad and abroad… organize mentoring schemes. to help develop our employees’ enjoy new experiences. A new co-opting plan will enable skillsets, with nearly 2,000 people Outside of the Vendée region, we run the CNB shipyard in Bordeaux for the large Lagoon and CNB models. The mobile home production sites in the leisure homes part of the business are located throughout northern and southern France. We’re well established internationally in Europe and North America, two regions that account for 80% of the global market. In Poland, we have a large production facility making outboard motorboats, while in Italy they are two further sites for the boat and leisure homes businesses. We want to be close to our customers and step up our presence in the US market. We now have a production facility in Cadillac, Michigan, in addition to the Marion site in South Carolina, which opened in 1986. Following strong 54 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 55

Why did you choose France to make your flagship model TOYOTA in the European market? When I joined Toyota in 1998, the Chief Executive, Mr. Shiramizu, told me, “We’ve never made a profit INTERVIEW WITH making a small car outside Japan. We need to make a significant breakthrough with industrial efficiency DIDIER LEROY in this plant.” Why Valenciennes? There were many factors. By establishing ourselves in France, we found ourselves on the same playing field as the top European competitors in the B segment, Renault and Peugeot: an ideal ecosystem for the Yaris DIDIER LEROY we wanted to make. Chairman of Toyota Europe In 1998, Toyota chose Onnaing, near Valenciennes, as the site for the In Valenciennes, we’re at the heart of an industrial region. and Executive Vice-President plant that would make the Yaris for the European market. The site today In addition, our European headquarters is in Brussels, of Toyota World and the factory is an hour from there. Our engines are employs 3,900 people and has made over three million cars, exported as transported from the UK through the Channel tunnel. far away as North America. We spoke to Didier Leroy, who oversaw the Some of our parts from Japan come into Rotterdam by ship and are brought by barge to the Valenciennes site’s development and has since become Chairman of Toyota Europe river port, just a 10-mile truck drive from our site. and Executive Vice-President of Toyota World – the only non-Japanese This series of factors drove our choice of France, and more specifically the Valenciennes site, as well Toyota believes in person to have risen so far in the group’s history is a Frenchman! as the buoyancy of the regional economy. ‘made in France’ industry. Is Toyota’s success in France The Valenciennes plant a sign that the country has is proof of that. Toyota’s 2017 sales figures a strong industrial future? are particularly promising. What’s behind your success For Toyota World, Valenciennes was a gamble. At the time, lots of people in France were saying, in the French market? “manufacturing’s finished here,” where as I often said, “We want to be the proof that offshoring isn’t the only 2017 was a very good year for us in France: while option.” the market only grew by 5%, we increased our sales We moved forward step by step. There were a dozen by 11%. Hybrids proved particularly popular, accounting of us in late 1998, growing to around 120 by the end for 60% of our sales in France, and up to 99% for the Lexus of 1999. The plant itself opened in 2001 with just over brand! 800 employees. It didn’t take long to deliver on our One of the reasons for our success is that the Yaris is commitment of hiring 2,000 people. made in France for the French market. It was designed Thanks to the success of the Yaris and the site’s at our design center at the Sophia Antipolis technology performance, the business employs 3,900 people, park and is made at our Valenciennes site. We also work proving that it is in fact possible to create industrial with French suppliers. All of which earned us the title of jobs in France today! the first automotive manufacturer to secure “Guaranteed Made in France” accreditation. Every day, our French employees make over a thousand Yaris cars, which are shipped to 42 countries in Europe and North America. In all, they’ve already turned out more than three million units, making the Yaris the most widely produced car in France in five of the last six years. 56 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 57

You also export from France… Is success also down to culture and management? Our French plant regularly demonstrates that it’s the best and most competitive place to make the Yaris. And being Yes: you have to trust people. Here’s an anecdote that competitive isn’t all about cost. It’s also about product illustrates that point. As I was leaving work one evening, Spotlight quality and positioning – being able to meet market this guy tapped me on the shoulder and said, “I wanted demand by having your production site close to the to thank you for hiring me.” French designers lend their talent to Toyota potential market. I answered, “Frankly, it’s not me you should be thanking – “Toyota has five design centers things based on what they’ve picked the e-Palette Concept, which we The site was originally designed to serve the European I didn’t hire you. I don’t know you; what got you the job is around world: two in Japan, one in up from European style, design and presented at CES Las Vegas in market; it now also serves Canada and the United States, the fact that you had the necessary qualities. I’m happy with several tens of thousands of vehicles. There’s no California, one in China and one in fashion. January, was largely developed for you, but it’s nothing to do with me.” France. We chose France because The center works on a multitude of in France. It’s a very innovative better proof of how competitive our French site is than He went on, “You don’t understand – I’m 42.” (I was 45 we know it’s a particularly creative models, marketed all over the world: driverless vehicle, as well as a global our decision to send part of its output to North America. at the time.) country. not only the Yaris, but also the Auris, mobility and service platform: it “At the end of my temporary contract, you decided The center is in Sophia Antipolis near the Prius, the FT86 and the C-HR can be fitted out as a food truck, a to take me on, and now I’ve got a permanent contract. Nice, which is one of France’s – and – our compact crossover whose hotel room or a coworking space. Europe’s – biggest technology parks. interior – dashboard and passenger We’ve developed it in conjunction Did your experience at Valenciennes That doesn’t happen anywhere else.” It’s made up of designers of various compartment – was designed with Amazon, Pizza Hut, Uber and subsequently inspire other factories? I didn’t believe him, but he added, “I’ve had dozens of nationalities, including Japanese, entirely in France. its Chinese competitor Didi, and we temporary contracts. I guarantee you that what I’ve always who, by living in France, understand, The French site been a huge success may test it during the 2020 Tokyo After Valenciennes, we built another two sites in Europe. heard at the end of every single one is, ‘We prefer to hire interpret and develop different right from the outset! Furthermore, Olympics.” One’s a joint venture with PSA (ex-PSA Peugeot-Citroën) young people.’” That means this guy came to Toyota to make the Toyota Aygo, the Peugeot 107 and the Citroën absolutely brimming with motivation and a desire to work, C1, near Prague in the Czech Republic. The other’s in Saint which means he’ll do everything in his power to succeed Petersburg, making vehicles in Russia, for the Russian in the company. market. We’ve built the Camry there, and the RAV4. So another reason for our success is that we believe in giving everyone a chance, and we’re committed to trusting people, no matter how old you are or So you work as part of what qualifications you have. In light of the factory’s success, people would often an ecosystem with French firms? ask me, “What’s the secret?” At first it annoyed me, because there isn’t any secret, but then I made light We have a long history with PSA, which was already of it. The secret lies in you and your ability to challenge supplying us with diesel engines 20 years ago, for yourself. Management has to be able to ensure the Corolla. We’ve always thought French firms do that every individual understands that their work well, especially with small cars like the Clio and the 208 – has meaning. that’s one of the reasons we chose to locate our factory in France. We’ve also learned from working in France. A big part of the attraction of partnering with a French manufacturer has to be their experience in this segment. 58 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 59

NUTRISET Since Plumpy’Nut, Nutriset’s teams have continued to design products to treat the various stages of malnutrition, INTERVIEW WITH right through to prevention. For example, we’re currently focusing on the ‘thousand-day phase’ from conception until midway through a child’s third year, with dedicated THOMAS COUAILLET products for pregnant women and nursing mothers. Since 2005, we’ve also opted to expand where we make our products to the very countries that suffer most from malnutrition (in Africa and Asia). Through PlumpyField, we’re developing a geographic network of franchised Nutriset has been combating malnutrition around the world for over thirty manufacturers who locally make products developed by Nutriset. The network currently has 10 partners in years. The Normandy-based SME designs milks, ready-to-use pastes as many countries. THOMAS COUAILLET and other products with high nutritional value. Its patented products CEO of Nutriset are partly manufactured in countries in the southern hemisphere by Your products are not made directly a network of franchises or under a free patent agreement, with the aim for the French market, but for southern of helping combat famine and its consequences, and working towards hemisphere countries with challenging food autonomy for the most vulnerable populations. sanitary conditions: what support, infrastructure and local organizations have helped develop your business? Nutriset is on a mission From the outset of our adventure, we had a crucial relationship with ANVAR (which later changed its name, to achieve nutritional What have been the most significant production from the northern hemisphere to countries first to OSEO and then to Bpifrance, France’s public autonomy for all. steps in the development of the in the southern hemisphere, which didn’t in fact meet investment bank), which financed research, and the the needs of children. Nutriset broke new ground Normandy Chamber of Commerce and Industry, as well Nutriset Group? by offering humanitarian organizations therapeutic as field organizations that tested our products, including powdered milks. These products are still manufactured Action Against Hunger and Doctors Without Borders. Nutriset is a family-owned business founded in 1986 today, and are recommended by the WHO. by Michel Lescanne (who is still chairman of the Nutriset Today, whenever we move into a new country, we rely Group) to help combat malnutrition. This visionary In 1996, Nutriset invented Plumpy’Nut, a ready-to-use on the embassy network and Business France’s teams, business gave birth to a group that today comprises peanut-based product that requires no preparation, who help us understand the business environment nearly a dozen companies specializing in tackling and guide us with our early steps. dilution or cooking and can be consumed directly from malnutrition, creating food products and underpinning For the last few years, we’ve worked more closely than the packet, thereby limiting bacterial growth. agri-food industry in southern hemisphere countries. ever before with local authorities and the research Use of this product has radically changed the approach To understand what Nutriset – the Group’s founding world. We’re involved in over 60 research partnerships to treating severely malnourished children. Because business – is about, you first have to understand the throughout the world with major foundations and it can be used at home without any preparation, under global impact of malnutrition. At the end of 2017, one universities, but here in Normandy, we draw upon local the supervision of the mother or another family member, in every three people around the world suffered from skills and expertise: we’re part of the Valorial innovation malnutrition: the situation has never been more serious! Plumpy’Nut can treat most children suffering from severe cluster, based in France’s western regions, focusing Two billion people are suffering as a result of deficiencies acute malnutrition without requiring hospitalization. on foods of the future. We have two CIFRE (Industrial in essential micronutrients. There are 155 million children This has made it possible to considerably increase Agreements for Training through Research) doctoral who are failing to thrive, and 52 million with acute the number of malnourished children treated, while also theses in progress, with the University of Rouen and malnutrition. At the same time, two billion adults improving the recovery rate. In 2007, in a joint declaration two of its laboratories. We’re also working with the and 40 million children are overweight. by a number of humanitarian organizations (the WHO, National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA) in Rouen, For over three decades, we’ve been developing products the World Food Programme, the United Nations System Agrohall in Evreux and, of course, the university hospital catering to the various stages of malnutrition, with Standing Committee on Nutrition and the United Nations in Rouen, with its medical research unit run by Professor a particular focus on acute malnutrition. Thirty years Children’s Fund, UNICEF), the product was recognized as Pierre Déchelotte. It’s a boon to be able to work with ago, the ‘solution’ was to send surplus agricultural the new standard for combating malnutrition. stakeholders on our doorstep! 60 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 61

Nutriset has always been based in What’s your strategy Where are you positioned Normandy. What’s your impact locally for remaining competitive? in the global value chain? on jobs, subcontractors and suppliers? Nutriset has a five-year strategy. Our vision is to help There are currently around twenty producers worldwide, The Nutriset Group today has 230 employees in Normandy, significantly reduce global malnutrition by developing half of whom belong to our PlumpyField network. and we regularly recruit new personnel: we took on over solutions that meet the specific needs of each Most new developing producers are based in countries 20 people in 2016 and more than 30 in 2017, and we plan stakeholder. Our strategy is not to compete but to in the southern hemisphere, which is quite satisfying, to hire around 20 this year. Thirty years ago, there weren’t develop. We’re always seeking to better meet since the local production model is proving its relevance. even 10 of us. Production accounts for 50% of the workforce, the needs of the most vulnerable populations by with 20% in R&D and sales, and the remainder in support increasing the coverage of our current products functions. We subcontract storage of our products to and developing new products. What lessons have you learned Normandy firm XP LOG, based in the port of Le Havre, The Group’s other companies, especially Onyx from your development? which employs around 30 people. Développement, are working to provide financial support to help build agri-food industry in countries We’ve recently entered into a partnership with the Nutriset would not have developed successfully if we in the southern hemisphere, bring new food products Normandy-based Isigny Sainte-Mère cooperative to hadn’t had a novel governance model. The founding to market, and support new distribution models. produce our F75 and F100 therapeutic milks. We also shareholders were keen to make sure their vision was purchase several million euros’ worth of supplies in The Nutriset Group’s activities today cover the entire woven into the company’s DNA, so the business would Normandy each year, such as oils and milk from the food and nutrition chain, “from farm to fork”. be run in keeping with their values and would always Vire valley. We’re proud of our “Made in Normandy” remain true to its mission. partnerships! Legally speaking, Nutriset is still a simplified limited company, but thanks to insight from researchers at the École des Mines engineering school, the company’s articles stipulate that we’re a “company with a broad corporate purpose”. Specifically, Article 2 sets out nine commitments that are binding on the company’s management. This makes the business a collective undertaking and means we can move forward with Spotlight confidence. The PlumpyField network and shared intellectual property

We had to fight hard when we were tonnes distributed. That’s really starting off, as no-one would believe satisfying! Today, the network is also With PlumpyField, we ended in it! We launched the PlumpyField established in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, up proving that an intellectual network to make “nutritional Sudan, Madagascar, Guinea, Nigeria, property policy can indeed serve autonomy for all” possible in Haiti and India. We also have a development. By using our property countries in the southern hemisphere. foundation in the United States. rights to support the creation The challenge was considerable: In 2017, over two million children of local production systems, we to produce exactly the same benefited from 21,000 tonnes helped provide local partners with Nutriset products, in compliance of products manufactured by access to innovative technologies. with international standards. the network. Since we set up Behind each and every production Production in these countries can PlumpyField, we estimate that more facility in the PlumpyField network be complicated by energy access than 10 million children have been is a local entrepreneur who belongs problems, harsh weather conditions treated using network-produced to our franchise network, through and supply issues. products. In terms of resources, that’s which they have access to Nutriset’s We started in Niger, a country more than 500 direct jobs. We’re very brands, patents and expertise. without any agri-food production proud of this success. UNICEF’s goals facilities: last year, our output met the now include sourcing 50% of supplies country’s demands in full, with 3,500 locally. 62 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 63

FRÄNKISCHE What made Fränkische choose to go international?

INTERVIEW WITH It’s a family business, created by Otto Kirchner in 1906, and still based today in Königsberg, in southern Germany. YANN NEDELLEC In 1949, Auguste Kirchner, the grandmother of the current president of the Group and widow of the first owner, Otto Kirchner, took over the company Fränkische Isolierrohr und Metallwarenwerke, which had been placed under American administration. She was one of the first women in Germany to study chemistry and graduated in 1923. The one-hundred-year-old, family-owned German firm Fränkische Her decision to use plastic as a raw material in YANN NEDELLEC decided to expand abroad in the 2000s. The company’s French site manufacturing led to Fränkische’s future success, President of Fränkische France enjoys a strategic location in the eastern countryside in Torcy-le-Grand, with their products revolutionizing the global market. where it produces and distributes stormwater management systems, In the 1950s, the Königsberg-based factory invented the first flexible metal conduit and the first continuously ventilation networks and electric cable ducts. produced PVC corrugated piping, which both played a key role in this German company’s success. Fränkische boasts real expertise, especially when it comes to creating and adapting its own machines. Over the years, the company has settled upon four main production divisions: building technology, drainage The first thing systems, electrical systems, and automotive protection In 2010, the Fränkische Group sought local counterpart Aube Développement, both of which bellows. In the 2000s, Fränkische decided to expand to bear in mind abroad rather than export products made in Germany. to establish itself in France. Why did had good contacts. They even organized a round table with the local authorities, which resulted in a grant from when we opened you decide on Torcy-le-Grand? totaling €300,000 towards job creation. We welcomed Today, the Group employs 4,300 people, exists in 21 locations worldwide (including Mexico and China), their generosity, but we didn’t let it ultimately determine the site in eastern France We were looking at potential sites from the very north of and generates revenues of €470 million. our choice of location. France down to central regions; it had to be somewhere is not to hesitate to ask in the east to be close to Germany, to make it easier for trading and, of course, our personnel. There’s a good other organizations motorway network in eastern France for easy delivery How successful has Fränkische been in to the UK and the rest of France. eastern France in the last seven years? for their support.

Another reason was that it was simply love at first sight! In 2012, we started with a 2,000-sq. m. workshop, We fell for the area around the villages of Arcis-sur-Aube, 500 sq. m. of offices and the same again in storage space. Mailly, Ramerupt and received a warm welcome from Five years later, we doubled the production area, which people there – who, on one occasion, thought we were now totals 16 acres. We’ve gone from 20 to 54 employees, lost and offered to help us find our way. Finally, the land and in the next three or four years, we’ll have more than was also competitively priced. 70 personnel. In Torcy-le-Grand we make products for the French market, France’s overseas territories, French-speaking Did you receive any help from other Switzerland and countries in the Maghreb region of organizations to set up in France? northern Africa, and soon we’ll be creating products for Canada, too. We use local maintenance companies, We were identified as a project leader by the regional and we’ve partnered with the University of Technology investment promotion agency CADev – now known as in Troyes to carry out tests and with the Troyes business Initiative Développement – in eastern France, and its school for development projects. 64 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 65

Does your French factory specialize German products have a reputation in one particular area? for quality in many fields. Would you say this is the case for Fränkische, too? In Torcy-le-Grand, we develop our own products for the French market, which include electric cable ducts, Spotlight To be competitive, our strategy, like that of the Group, ventilation networks and stormwater management is to deliver high-quality, value-added solutions, The importance of producing and buying locally systems. Drainage is a buoyant market and we have to provide product support, and to be ahead of the game products to collect, route, seep and store stormwater. when it comes to meeting society’s needs. French manufacturing is sometimes or reducing greenhouse gas Importantly, German manufacturers We have a quality assurance policy that involves product looked down on. It’s a shame, emissions, but they sometimes are the only suppliers of building sites Our stormwater collection products have proven their certification. We also invest in training and offer professional because we often find ourselves with import from far away to increase their and road construction sites. Without worth, and with global warming, it’s very important to have qualifications in conjunction with the plastics trade union. lower quality products imported in profit margins. It’s all about keeping necessarily ‘putting France first’, it’s storm prevention solutions in place from the moment when There are lots of companies like us in the market, but we’re bulk. There’s not enough awareness costs down, but in our industry, still vital to make local people work if buildings are first designed. Our work advances in lockstep the leaders in stormwater management. of the need to buy locally, especially with products that don’t meet the they have the skills to do the job. We with changes in the construction industry. if local production offers the same required standards, such thinking keep a record of the carbon footprint Orders are very reliant on projects financed by local level of quality. penalizes French manufacturers. of our products and analyze their life A number of large companies don’t In Germany, things are completely cycle, and our construction industry authorities, and we’ve been bearing the brunt of a What role does Fränkische France practice what they preach. They say different: construction companies clients should be as aware of this as reduction in public investment, since we supply the they are in favor of local employment only buy German products. the public are. construction industry with their materials. We consult play within the Group? with project designers, who set up trade deals for our products to be distributed. We buy a lot of raw materials, finished or semi-finished products, from our parent company, and we use recycled plastics. Now more than ever, it’s important to get the most out of sites and tools, regardless of the production center’s specialization. For UK orders, for example, it’s often cheaper to produce and deliver the materials from the French site rather than sending the request through to Germany.

What lessons can be learnt from Fränkische’s success?

The first thing to bear in mind from when we opened the site in eastern France is not to hesitate to ask other organizations for their support. In terms of business development, the secret is to move quickly and offer a good service as well as high-quality products. You also need to be able to come up with solutions and always listen to customers. 66 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 67

QWANT What impact has Qwant had on employment, subcontracting INTERVIEW WITH and research? Qwant already has more than 150 employees and is still ÉRIC LÉANDRI recruiting; we should have 250 personnel by the end of 2018. We’re working with engineers from the Sophia Antipolis and French Tech Côte d’Azur pools, and recently acquired Xilopix, a company based in Épinal (eastern France), saving dozens of jobs. We also have offices in Nice, Ajaccio and Rouen. Decentralization is at the heart French search engine Qwant was created in Paris and Nice. of our philosophy and we draw on the best talent from any In a world dominated by internet giants like Google, Amazon, region. We’re also working with various partners, including ÉRIC LÉANDRI Facebook and Apple, Qwant is an alternative search engine MIT, Israel, the French Ministry of Education and Atout Founder for web users seeking greater privacy and neutrality. France, to unearth the best algorithms and growth drivers. Moreover, we’ve opened a joint laboratory with the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA), where researchers from different areas can work together. This year should also be a turning point for green energy; the aim is for all of our servers to be powered by renewable energy, with green power plants being built across France. We’re Europe’s only Why did you create Qwant? What grants, infrastructures and communities have been useful in alternative to Google, What spurred me to create Qwant was the arrival in 2011 Did you decide to set up in Nice designing and developing Qwant? of new executives at Google and their new company because it was near to Sophia driven by European policy. I originally worked as an engineer in banking security. Jean-Manuel Rozan, Patrick Constant and We started off by using our savings and money from family Antipolis? How does the Nice area values that we’re keen I decided to work on an alternative search engine, which and friends before funding arrived from more solid, strategic compare with Paris? would access social networks but not collect users’ partners. The German publishing company Axel Springer to promote and defend. personal data. We worked for two years on algorithms quickly got involved, with an initial investment of €8 million, There are several advantages to being in Nice. Firstly, to handle all the data available online and community- before reinvesting €18.5 million in early 2017, alongside for some members of our team, Nice offers a better driven website indicators. the French public-sector lender Caisse des Dépôts, quality of life than Paris. They can be at work during The site was launched in 2013, offering an overview which also decided to help us. We also obtained the support the day and on the beach in the evening. Secondly, of the internet, with access to different websites, news of the European Investment Bank, with €25 million in funding. it’s a very dynamic city located in an area full of talented sites and social media. It’s a search engine that respects young graduates, with the Sophia Antipolis technology We’re fortunate to be part of the “French Tech” your privacy and guarantees that search results remain park and its higher education institutions nearby. accreditation, which means we can accompany President neutral, unlike other sites that use a series of profiling Macron on his international trips. In fact, it was on one devices to track your tastes and then tailor search results I’m originally from Corsica and remain attached to such trip that we signed a partnership in China. They are accordingly. the island where I grew up. That’s why I also created Qwant doesn’t just specialize in personal privacy; it also important for international development because we get “Corsica Tech”, which has about thirty innovative seeks to help governments and businesses that want access to key people. companies. Qwant Music is based in Ajaccio with twenty more confidentiality and neutrality. In 2016, 32 million We also work regularly with Business France, taking part people working there. In Paris, we were getting quite people in the 166 countries where we operate used our in international tech shows. These contacts have opened cramped with so many colleagues, so we decided to look search engine, with significant month-on-month growth. many doors for us in Europe and Africa, where we’ve found for new headquarters, which are now on Rue Spontini We expect these figures to double by the end of 2018. local partners in industry and high-ranking politicians. (16th arrondissement). 68 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 69

Getting Qwant widely adopted to create educational software, enabling us to release entails promotion and convincing a new game, Les Incollables Qwant Junior, on the web as well as information on safe internet browsing. We also users to keep using it. took a stake in 112Mobile, also based in Nice, which offers How are you getting on? an emergency video and geolocation application that can quickly alert the authorities. Until recently, our growth was entirely from word of mouth. Our users liked our approach and the product, and they would spread the word. Since September, we’ve been The internet is making everything raising our profile in France, Italy and Germany through TV advertising in the form of a thriller, which has had increasingly accessible, so does a a successful impact so far. growing company still need a We have also launched vertical search engines aimed physical presence in France and at more specific audiences: Qwant Junior, for 6- to 13-year-olds, which blocks violent and pornographic abroad? material and instead promotes child-friendly content; Qwant Music, which finds musical gems; and Qwant We were created in France, and then became European, Games, which explains all there is to know about video expanding into Germany, Italy and Poland, too. Qwant games. We’re available in around thirty languages, is currently the only Western search engine in China. and even offer Basque, Breton and Corsican versions. On January 8, 2018, we signed a partnership there to open an office in Jiangsu Province, where around thirty people To offer this unique service, we bought two startups will work to develop urban development projects using based at the Sophia Antipolis technology park. One of artificial intelligence and connected devices. We also hope these was Gayatech, which specializes in 3D technology to open representative offices in Shanghai and Beijing.

What is your position in the global What lessons do you think you value chain? have learnt from your company’s development? We aim to move from five to ten percent of the European Spotlight market in the next few years, and are currently worth If you have a project that seems a little crazy at first, but you Respect for privacy makes all the difference €22 million. We’re Europe’s only alternative to Google, still think it could work, then stick with it, and give yourself driven by European values that we’re keen to promote the chance to make it a success. Qwant is proof that you can and defend. Importantly, more and more European In Europe, Google holds 95% of the out technologically but also for its This issue affects people in Europe, take on the American internet giants, provided that you have search engine market, but this isn’t privacy values. where privacy protection is countries are looking for ways to reduce the control something truly unique to offer. the case for the rest of the world. Google analyzes your searches not important. Investors who believe in that internet giants have on personal data. However, In North America, it only has a 65% just for advertising purposes but also Qwant today are betting that the a number of other European search engine projects market share, while in Russia and to understand more about internet internet will one day have to deal failed because they didn’t prioritize the needs and China, there are other dominant users. The more research you carry with the personal data issues. It interests of internet users. players. Around the world, there is out, the more you determine – will no longer be possible to delve a wide range of search engines to without realizing it – the types of further into users’ private lives for the choose from, while in Europe, we’re search results that are offered to sake of advertising. obsessed with a single American you. Google is only going to provide Investors are also aware that a search search engine. results that are likely to interest you engine can be profitable because We believe that it’s possible to gain and strengthen your own opinions, it’s easy to monetize, as long as it market share. It’s up to us to convince something which leads to democratic continues to gain market share. users to select another search problems. engine: Qwant not only stands 70 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 71

PRODWAYS GROUP What’s your positioning outside France: strategic, geographical, INTERVIEW WITH opportunistic? All of the above. Our preference is for an organic OLIVIER STREBELLE presence in regions that are likely to generate the most sales. We’re currently developing from two bases – in the United States and Germany – that we’re keen to expand. We’re also represented in Asia. We have no pre-defined roadmap: it all depends on Prodways Group joined the Gorgé Group in 2013. It has rapidly become the opportunities that arise for external acquisitions. one Europe’s leading specialists in 3D printing, enjoying spectacular OLIVIER STREBELLE growth underpinned in part by external acquisitions. This listed mid-size Have you encountered any difficulties Deputy CEO of Prodways Group company’s business is evenly split between systems and products, with in your foreign businesses? 100% French printers assembled at its Les Mureaux site, outside Paris. We have strategic targets, and we identify and place With three sites abroad, in the United States and Germany, Prodways a certain value on companies that will complement or strengthen our business and our technologies. Group generates 60% of its business volumes from export sales. At the end of 2017, the company had 400 employees and annual We work to a demanding set of requirements, and we prefer to acquire companies that are working well We are the leading firm sales of €25 million – a figure it aims to double in 2018. and keep the existing management team. This means we don’t have any potential tax or compliance issues in the French market, to resolve. That’s the benefit of operating under a decentralized model. When a business is already and one of the top 10 headed up by the right person, there’s no reason for How do you stand out from the crowd Who are your customers? us to change that. in Europe. in a fledgling 3D printing market that’s We also prefer to recruit locally, and use domestic We have a fairly typical portfolio spread across four key subcontractors when we need to. We move people already worth €5 billion? sectors: aerospace, the medical sector, industry, and around internally, of course, and sometimes we find consumer goods. Forty percent of our customers are we have to strengthen management. At the moment, We’re growing very fast thanks to our twin strategy of French firms, with the remainder evenly split between we’re mainly on the lookout for opportunities in vertical integration – notably through acquiring Interson Europe and the United States. A significant proportion European industry. Protac – and technological development. While our of our business in the machines segment comes from competitors often operate in highly specific markets, export sales. we rely on a broader, US-style offering. And we’re the only European player to adopt this positioning. We also try to extract a competitive advantage from our expertise, with specific, dynamic offerings, and How are you developing brand new – even revolutionary – technologies like internationally? MOVINGLight, a photopolymerization process that can be used to make prototypes or functional parts at very We’re becoming known for the quality of what we do. high resolution and very fast throughputs. Depending on the situation, we put the emphasis on In each of our business areas, we’re either leader in the either marketing or communication: for the production French market or among the top ten in Europe. We’re business, which is mainly B2B, we combine online activity also investing heavily in R&D, and have more than a with attending major trade shows. In the machines hundred employees working to develop and improve segment, we also maintain a presence on dedicated our solutions. cutting-edge forums. 72 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 73

What values does Prodways Group was listed on the Prodways embrace? stock market in May 2017. What do you hope to gain from being listed? Entrepreneurship and innovation, whether in technology or business. We don’t hesitate to make use of innovative Currently, our main competitors around the world are business models. For example, we’ve set up an integrated mostly either established companies that have been cloud-based software platform for our 3D orthopedic around for over 20 years, or young startups supported by soles business, which we plan to promote to podiatrists. financial giants that allow them to raise substantial funds.

In ear protection, we sense an imminent shift. In 2017, Prodways recently needed to raise €60 million to continue we acquired Interson Protac (based in south-eastern with its development. Being listed on Euronext enabled France), and are now working to implement 3D printing us to achieve this goal, and gave us a higher profile in the and to make our machines and expertise available to 3D printing market. It also makes it easier to attract the the company to help it make the switch to digital. attention of foreign investors, including American ones.

Spotlight The advantages of belonging to a family-owned holding company like the Gorgé Group

For Prodways Group, the first with outstanding academic and Gorgé Group’s subsidiaries in advantage was the ability to grow professional track records have joined Toulouse and their knowledge of very quickly, particularly by being Prodways Group’s management the aerospace market have seen able to list the company on the team, bringing a blend of expertise, Prodways Group benefit from its stock exchange promptly, and by enthusiasm and ambition. parent company’s expertise in this taking advantage of the expertise, Another advantage is the sharing field. Finally, in foreign markets, reputation and networks of a major of knowledge and technologies. particularly in Asia, the hunt for new group that oversaw the process. This Advances in 3D metal printing, clients is often undertaken by sales also gave us a shop window to attract such as our Rapid Additive Forging personnel representing more than talent, whether through internal process (large-scale titanium one of the group’s subsidiaries. transfers or external recruitment. printing) and robotics are supported As a result, both seasoned by technological building blocks managers and young high-fliers from within the Gorgé Group. 74 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 75

around the world, as well as protecting the environment – we strive to make high-quality seafood products from sustainable fisheries and aquaculture. We are a “free” company, which means that our teams have the freedom to innovate (i.e. come up with new products and tap into new markets), as well as to take the initiative and build on the company’s caring and SEAFOODIA humanistic vision. In our day-to-day operations, this spirit is reflected in the co-construction of our 10-year strategic vision with the wider INTERVIEW WITH team. Moreover, we were ranked highly in the 2016 “Great Place to Work” survey. Having made it into the world’s top DAVID SUSSMANN 400 seafood companies, our aim now is to be among the top 100 by 2026. Furthermore, we aim to forge successful, long-term DAVID SUSSMANN business relationships with our customers and suppliers. President and Founder of Seafoodia For example, we’ve been working closely with our Canada-based supplier Barry Group Inc. since 2002 Specializing in the sale and distribution of seafood, David Sussmann’s on pelagic products. A Corporate Responsibility Plan SME Seafoodia is a pioneer of innovation. He founded the business with commitments on sustainable fisheries and the protection of our resources has also been implemented, in 1996 in Rhode Island, United States, before relocating the company supported by industry certifications such as the European headquarters in 1998 to Marseille, in southern France. organic logo, MSC, and Friend of the Sea. Innovation is in Seafoodia’s lifeblood, driving everything from day-to- Promoting sustainable day management and the development of the company, to research into Do you have any foreign partners in fishing and integrating business or innovation? nutrition, ergonomic office equipment, food design and corporate social with local ecosystems. responsibility. Today it is one of the world’s top 400 seafood companies We strive to integrate with local ecosystems. In Canada, for example, we have a subsidiary dedicated to innovation, with 55 employees and revenues of €115 million. named Seafoodia Innovation. We’ve also developed a special partnership with the Prince Edward Island Fishermen’s Association (PEIFA) to produce white lobster, which is a new take on this classic dish. We also have ecopack designs that reduce transport-based carbon What does your business do? Where in the world can you find emissions by 20%. Moreover, we also work with partners on research Seafoodia? It’s B2B and, more recently, B2C, which includes and innovation, such as Michel Colin, who is a doctor specializing in nutrition and director of France-based the “wonders” of the sea, such as fish, shellfish and We’re based in France (our head office is in Marseille), crustaceans, apart from endangered species. Sardines cereal and grains company COPRI, as well as Bpifrance Canada and Norway. We have offices in Morocco as well (France’s public investment bank) and the European remains the flagship product, ahead of hake, due to its as inspectors on site. New openings elsewhere in the world oil, which is used in food of course, but also in tannery Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF). are planned for the near future. and encapsulation for medical or pharmaceutical purposes. Seafoodia is one of the leading suppliers of DHA, the fatty acid from the omega-3 family, which boasts What are the company’s values? multiple health benefits. At Seafoodia, innovation also extends to alternative products for aquaculture Our three key words are: passion, family and excellence. nutrition: we’ve carried out research into the possibility Seafoodia’s vision is to campaign for a better world, with of transforming flies, insects, larvae and microalgae into a focus on responsible and fair trade. We are committed different types of flour. to protecting the well-being of our personnel and partners 76 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 77

What kind of integration How do you maintain your leadership do you prefer abroad? in such a competitive market?

We recruit locally and develop partnerships on site, Seafoodia keeps business going by focusing its ensuring effective integration. This proximity creates development on innovation and nutrition (development Spotlight a better synergy with our customers and local suppliers, of products rich in omega-3 which are available to all), Commitment to protecting our oceans especially when it comes to the inspection of goods, the opening of new markets, with the right product in for example. the right market: for example, salted fish for the African Promoting sustainable fishing, along Guided by these ethical And perhaps this might also help market; the development of tailor-made brands, such with selective and non-destructive considerations, he launched the Pure him to acquire a new customer base. as Cuisine et Océan, Jamway and Makayabu, which are fishing techniques, it seemed only Ocean fund in November 2017, which “Initiatives like these are only possible What support have you received from particularly popular in the Caribbean and Africa; as well as natural for the founder of Seafoodia aims to finance innovative research if you’ve got a thriving business, it’s different brands of oyster. Not to mention a sustainable to extend this commitment by projects (drones for coral beds, a virtuous circle,” he admits. Pure the authorities in the countries where and responsible approach with certified products. creating a dedicated fund. “My motto sensors to better study the marine Ocean has already received funds you operate? is to invest to protect nature, whether fauna, etc.), protecting and providing from some forty donors from around The fact that our business is global is both an advantage this is through the ‘1% For The greater knowledge on ecosystems the world, with the aim being to raise The support that we've received is mainly in relation Planet’ movement or donations and and the biodiversity of the world’s €1 million in 2018. and a challenge. Our multiple locations allow us to follow sponsorships,” says David Sussmann. oceans. to innovation projects, which are an important focus global market trends and identify growing markets. for the company. For example, we've just created a However, this calls for an organization that is agile and product based on dried fish to be used as an ingredient responsive, multicultural and present for our clients at in African cuisine. all times.

What kind of international deployment strategy have you adopted?

Seafoodia has always had a policy of being both global and local. Global, in terms of our fishing grounds in the Atlantic, the Pacific and the Indian Oceans, and the diversity of our marketing areas. Local, in the sense that we’re based in Marseille. The decision to set up abroad was based on an assessment of our key markets, and enabled us to be closer to our suppliers and customers. In order to expand abroad, we had to open offices and subsidiaries. Our international development was based on market potential and as a growth accelerator. Today, 90% of Seafoodia’s business is international. We are continuing to expand abroad, with the aim of being present on every continent, with shops that are easily accessible, particularly in South America and Asia, by 2020. 78 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 79

ARMOR GROUP INTERVIEW WITH The group has always been HUBERT DE BOISREDON based in Nantes. What impact has it had locally on direct or indirect employment, local subcontractors and suppliers, Founded in Nantes in 1922, industrial firm Armor initially made carbon and the R&D ecosystem? papers. Those with long memories may remember using ‘Armor’ to We’re one of the few industrial companies to have copy homework for friends who had missed school. Thereafter, various its decision-making center in Nantes. Of our 1,800 HUBERT DE BOISREDON employees, 700 are in France, in the Nantes area, Chairman and CEO technologies and products were developed from carbon paper, such as up from 500 in 2004. This increase in our French of Armor Group workforce is entirely down to investment and typewriter ribbons, stencils, fax rolls, and later, ink and laser cartridges innovation in new sustainable development projects. for businesses. Hubert de Boisredon, Chairman and CEO of Armor Group, More than a hundred of our 1,800 employees – 5% of the which now specializes in ink chemistry and printing technologies, explains workforce – are researchers. Although the group’s growth is how his firm spread out across the world while staying close to its roots with driven by international sales, production is firmly established a production facility in western France. at our 30,000-sq. m. site in La Chevrolière, which requires a lot of maintenance and service. We believe that you can Including subcontractors, I would say between 3,000 and 5,000 jobs in the region depend on us. We have a policy of expand manufacturing in buying locally whenever possible: for example, our robots are made by companies in the Vendée. France while also having development and tackling climate change at the heart of Could you tell us more about what Social innovation is another important part of our strategy: our strategy. Starting with our expertise and this conviction, a presence in other makes Armor special? we have 60 employees with disabilities, including deaf we launched two new businesses: one to develop current- people, which has meant learning sign language. collecting films to improve the performance of electric countries. Armor’s expertise is in formulating ink in the broadest batteries; and the other to make a thin, flexible, organic sense and applying thin coatings to thin film. We developed photovoltaic film without using rare metals (300 g/sq. m.). very fine thermal-transfer film technology, around 1/20th Recently, we’ve also been developing recycled filaments of the thickness of a hair. Rolls of this type of film are used for 3D printers, custom-made for industry. in industrial printers to print expiry dates or bar codes on industrial parts. The process is quick, cheap and clean, Armor is a human adventure shared by people who want to and can be adapted to a variety of media. develop green chemicals that help move society forward, influence issues that will improve security and traceability, and protect the earth’s resources. And then you branched out into ‘green’ chemicals? As a signatory of the United Nations Global Compact, we encourage our customers to adopt responsible printing In 2010, we kicked off a wide-ranging diversification practices and to avoid waste, which is a common problem program based on our technologies, placing sustainable in printing. 80 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 81

Can you explain the concept of Our products are used to meet traceability requirements all over the world. Whenever a product is labelled as it co-industrialization and the close comes off a production line, there’s a need for our thermal relationship between the Nantes transfer printing products. business and your other sites? Spotlight In terms of strategy, in addition to stepping up our pro- The concept of co-industrialization is the basis of our duction volumes, we had to restart investment, as we Training employees in-house at Armor University to upgrade production quality organizational structure: we make just about all our had obsolete machines that were too slow and inefficient. semi-finished products in France, in the form of huge The ensuing robotization and automation have had To support our international lead to musculoskeletal disorders. degree in automated machinery and rolls of film coated with ink. These ‘jumbo rolls’ are then a positive impact on jobs, with new, more specialized development strategy, we needed to We needed to train employees to industrial technology. be competitive. To be competitive, control machinery, support internal It’s a source of pride for those who sent to industrial cutting sites, which are in Nantes for positions that are less manual and less arduous. you have to invest in both equipment retraining and develop new skills. have begun or continued with their the European market, and twenty or so local cutting and people. When the right training This university, based at our studies and acquired new skills. sites for the rest of the world. courses don’t exist, you have to production site, issues state- More than 250 people are currently Our customers want a very fast, optimized service – Your development strategy in France create them, so that’s what we did. recognized qualifications: a certificate receiving training, and the University typically three to five days from ordering, anywhere is rooted exclusively in Nantes and the Through Armor University, we’ve of professional aptitude (CAP), has been so successful that other in the world. They want small ribbons custom-made trained people who used to do highly a certificate of vocational studies companies are now asking us to train for their customers’ production sites. surrounding area. Why is that? How repetitive manual jobs, sometimes (BEP), a vocational baccalauréat (Bac their personnel. would you sum up your development in arduous conditions, which could Pro) and a three-year undergraduate With over 30,000 product variations listed, there’s no outside France? way we can stock everything in and ship everything from Nantes! So we optimize our logistics, with a presence in Our historic manufacturing site has always been in Nantes. America, Africa and Asia. Our latest sites are in Canada, For our type of heavy industry, we need not only machinery Until 2008, Armor was a family business that had sold Colombia, Turkey and India. It’s really an ‘anti-offshoring’ What lessons have you learned from but also expensive utilities and infrastructure. It was more its equity to an investment fund. The turning point came in manufacturing model. beneficial for us to consolidate the existing site than to Armor’s development? 2014 with the risk of the group being dismantled and sold

split it into multiple locations. off to competitors. With the goal of building a long-term A few years ago, the question came up as to whether In addition, Nantes is ideally situated and well served: The first lesson is that you can expand manufacturing industrial and innovation capability, my team and I decided we should relocate production to China or optimize it’s a very practical export platform. The Pays de la Loire in France while also having a presence in other countries. to buy back the group via an “industrial capital management our competitiveness in France. The genius of our co- region is very strong on entrepreneurship, which suits us Growth rooted purely in France would be too dependent and innovation” deal. industrialization approach is that when we take an order very nicely! Our non-French sites have one goal: to be and not strong enough to offset costs in France. Each Since then, we’ve invested €60 million in renewable in China or Australia, it drives the production of semi- close to our customers in high-growth regions. and every policy to lower costs (including for high salaries, energy projects – something we couldn’t have done finished goods in France. This strategy allows us to be a such as those paid to researchers and engineers) is vital, with an investment fund, as it would have been seeking particularly competitive site: we’ve more than quadrupled but you have to go looking for growth outside France by Where are you positioned in the global short-term returns. We now have 300 employee shareholders our output since 2004. developing high-end and niche products with high value within the group, and are the global leader in our field. value chain? added. What strategy have you adopted to maintain the company’s We are a partner to all industrial printer manufacturers. Industrial printers are expensive machines, for which competitiveness? we supply tailor-made consumables. Our products, while inexpensive, are strategically highly Thanks to my international experience, I know you have technical and very important. Labeling products as they to go looking for growth wherever it is in the world – which come off the production line is vital to certify their quality. means in emerging countries – by establishing new No business can afford to use badly printed bar codes, subsidiaries. as this would impair the traceability of its products. 82 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 83

You work to an ecosystems approach. What do you mean by that? AKUO ENERGY Right from the outset, we decided to take a regional approach, both in France and abroad. Our commitment INTERVIEW WITH goes well beyond just producing green energy: we create projects that generate strategic benefits for the regions where they’re based. Overarching responsibilities such ÉRIC SCOTTO as these require collective, pragmatic and proactive thinking.

As such, we work with the Politiques de la Terre (“Earth Policies”) research program run by the media lab at Sciences Eric Scotto is President and co-founder of Akuo Energy, France’s leading Po Paris, along with the Paris School of Management. French ÉRIC SCOTTO and European institutions also approach us to come up with President and co-founder independent producer of renewable energy. Akuo Energy develops, practical illustrations of their proposals. We seek to create of Akuo Energy finances, builds and operates power plants in 14 countries, employing synergies and pathways between the various institutional, industrial or citizen-based links in the energy transition 340 people, half of them outside France. In 2017, it expects to post sales chain. of around €187 million. Akuo is already operating, building or financing 60 power plants totaling 1,144 MW, and has invested a total of €2.2 What’s your preferred integration billion since the company was founded in 2007. approach when moving into a new country or region? Our commitment goes well beyond just As we want to establish ourselves for the long term, our short-term profitability comes second to the interests producing green energy: of the region or country that’s hosting us. What’s different about your business What are Akuo Energy’s core values? We adopt a holistic approach: what can we sustainably we create projects that model? provide? What does this region or country lack in terms One of our core values is teamwork: decisions are always of energy, jobs, development of organic farming, short generate strategic benefits We operate in the B2B market, as both a producer and taken collectively, never individually. Similarly, all our supply chains, cooperative investment, and so on? a seller of electricity to very large institutions (often employees are involved one way or another in the Akuo This stimulates creativity both in proposing solutions for the regions where national operators like PLN in Indonesia and UTE in Foundation: running a marathon to raise funds, providing and in finding ways to finance them. Uruguay) or top-tier private companies (such as US firm their expertise to projects, sharing ideas, and so forth. they’re based. Walmart). We now also sell green electrification solutions This team spirit is also reflected in our desire to work designed mainly for non-interconnected markets. sustainably with the countries and regions where we What these two complementary businesses have in operate. common is that, well beyond simply supplying green An example is the town of Piolenc, where we have plans energy, they both play a role in regional development. for an Akuo farm with a solar energy component. Alongside our solar panel site, the local council is providing land As a family business, Akuo is entirely privately owned. for an organic farming facility that will grow produce We assume end-to-end responsibility for our projects, for council-run canteens. Akuo is helping draw up from design through to operation, and maintain at least requirements for the invitation to tender and supporting 51% control over all power plants. In terms of strategy, the council in selecting a manager to oversee the organic we also prefer diversification, both technological (solar, farming facility. wind, wood biomass and hydro) and geographical, covering some thirty regions around the world through The site will also offer an educational trail for children, our 13 subsidiaries in the United States, Uruguay, Croatia, jointly designed by Akuo and the local council’s education Poland, Dubai, Indonesia, Turkey, Australia, Mongolia, and youth team. the Dominican Republic, Luxembourg, Mali and Bulgaria. 84 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 85

How are you expanding We can only hope that the financial world’s recent internationally? commitment to underpin the great strides made by renewable energy and tackle climate change will continue to gather steam. Our thirteen subsidiaries have been established under an opportunistic geographical development strategy. Spotlight We create a new subsidiary when a region offers proven development potential in terms of both the natural Some of your projects have drawn AkuoCoop: the in-house crowdfunding platform resources required and the country’s desire to develop attention for their contribution to In early 2017, Akuo Energy unveiled in the challenges of switching to new The most recent campaign was for renewable energy. Even when a country is not ready society. While building the Bardzour its crowdfunding platform. This brand energy sources. AkuoCoop’s stated the Aqua Bella hydroelectric project from a regulatory standpoint, we may still go ahead solar farm on the island of Réunion, new service will mean that anyone will aims are reassuring: zero problems, in the French Alps. The project, which if the political will to change is there. be able to make an interest-earning a 100% success rate and a 4% return. has “crowdfunding for green growth” Furthermore, we can add value in insular areas – not just you helped rehabilitate prisoners investment of between €50 and So far, four successful funding rounds accreditation, is designed to help islands, but also very isolated areas that are difficult to approaching the end of their sentences. €2,000 in green energy production have been completed using the the region negotiate the energy and connect to networks. In this way, our development has What will your next project be with plant projects initiated by Akuo Energy platform. French search engine Qwant environment transition. The campaign a firm geographically specific focus. or its partners. This is one way of raising has promoted a number of these exceeded its fundraising target of this kind of positive social impact? awareness and involving citizens of all campaigns, thereby contributing to €250,000, attracting more than 25 stripes – and not just local residents – their success. lenders. What encouraging news is there In Africa, we’ve begun construction on our first flagship project, Kita. This 50 MW solar power plant will help for the renewable energy sector, the country achieve energy independence and lower in France and internationally? energy costs. During both the construction and operation phases, and in association with local NGOs, it will help There have been a lot of positive developments recently. create 800 new jobs, over half of them for Malians. You operate in a competitive market. What have you learned from ® At the One Planet Summit, the World Bank announced The project also has an Agrinergie component, an How do you intend to stay one step your international projects? that it would no longer be financing oil and gas innovative proprietary concept whereby agricultural exploration and extraction. AXA’s chairman announced production and energy generation are combined at the ahead? With a global track record that points to our effectiveness, that non-renewable activities were uninsurable. same site. we’re receiving more and more requests. Due to the nature Meanwhile, Bruno Le Maire, France’s Minister for the A quarter of the 150 acres made available to the project Our approach is unique: we see ourselves not as electricity of our commitments, we’re not inclined to move into big, Economy, has promised to create a green finance savings will be set aside for agriculture and new farmers, who producers but as providers of foundational solutions that ultra-competitive markets – though we do have a strong account. are likely to be women from the town of Kita. They’ll be contribute to regional development. presence in the United States. We’re very happy about this growing awareness across trained by Agriterra, a company that’s partnering with We go beyond simply producing green energy to build We’re very proud to be launching our 50 MW solar power the board of the importance of switching to renewable Akuo Energy. The Akuo Foundation will also be funding strong relationships with the communities in which we plant in Kita, Mali: it’s the largest solar energy project being energy, which is now both mainstream and competitive. a local project. operate. We’re careful to ensure that our projects generate additional benefits for the regions where they’re based. developed in western Africa, which will generate a great many benefits for society, in addition to starting a journey We’ve also organized ourselves to be able to offer end- towards energy independence that will underpin Mali’s to-end solutions through partnerships, for example with development. The initial foundations were laid in 2013; Mascara for water desalination, Echo-Tech Ceram for heat a foreign project is a long-term venture requiring support recovery from biomass ash, and Ciel et Terre for floating on the ground from a local team. For us, this has always solar power. been a successful approach. 86 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 87

CHÂTEAU DE CHAUSSE When buying the Château de Chausse estate, did you receive advice, support INTERVIEW WITH and/or administrative assistance from local or national organizations? Château de la Chasse: from ‘pet project’ to FRANCK BAILLEUL For the purchase, we were in close contact with SAFER (société d’aménagement foncier et d’établissement a niche treasure among rural), which is involved in the management of agricultural land. Our other contact was a Provençal agricultural great wines. consultancy with expertise in setting up wine, olive and On the Saint-Tropez peninsula, the Château de Chausse vineyard truffle estates. is one of Charles Cohen’s ‘pet projects’. After making his fortune in real estate, these days the American businessman is investing What impact does the business in two quintessentially French passions: cinema and wine. have in the region? FRANCK BAILLEUL Manager of the Château de Chausse estate In Provence, he’s bought a residence and a promising vineyard. There are currently three of us permanently employed on the estate. For pruning, vine maintenance and, of course, handpicking, we use local labor. We work with local companies who supply us with corks, capsules, labels and boxes. We sell our wines in the estate’s own store, via direct sales and to local restaurants. Can you tell us a bit about Charles Cohen’s background before he invested in a French vineyard? This is a very popular region for tourists. Are you planning Charles Cohen is a big name in US real estate, especially to tap into wine tourism? in Manhattan, Miami and Los Angeles, and is passionate about art and design. According to Forbes magazine, Although the Croix Valmer estate is a gorgeous place, he’s America’s 239th wealthiest person. He’s also a it’s a bit hemmed in so it doesn’t get a lot of traffic. great lover of cinema and an advocate of independent At the moment, the cellar is open to visitors. In 2018, movies, art cinema and experimental film: he bought we want to create a route that includes a guided tour a catalogue of classic films (including Buster Keaton of the site, the winery, which is really beautiful, and movies) with a view to restoring them. As well as owning the store, where the wines are barrel-aged, together a few movie theaters in the United States, he recently with a tasting experience. purchased La Pagode in Paris, one of France’s oldest To do all that, we need to fit out the premises and review cinemas and a designated historic monument. the overall organization of the site to provide space for vehicles, modernize the entrance and create a reception During his childhood, he spent his vacations with his room. This is a vital investment to attract some of the many father and grandfather near Saint-Tropez. He’s a real tourists who visit the Côte d’Azur and introduce them to the Francophile and a lover of Provence and wine, so it was region’s wine culture, our grapes and the selection of wines natural that he’d look for a property on the coast. we produce. The Croix Valmer estate is an idyllic site on the Saint- Tropez peninsula. Thirty years earlier, the Schelcher family had established the Château de Chausse estate here, comprising a magnificent country house and a vineyard. Today, we produce over 66,000 bottles a year of AOC Côtes de Provence. We make white, rosé and red wines that are good for ageing, from five grape types: Rolle for white, Cinsault and Grenache for rosé, and Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah for red. 88 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCOREBOARD PART 2 - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS STORIES 89

What will the next step be? What lessons have you learned from your strategy for the estate? As well as our plans to open up the estate to wine tourists, we’re beginning to export to the United States. I’m setting Charles Cohen was looking first and foremost for an Spotlight up a network, first in New York, and then in Chicago, New estate where he could come and live with his family, Orleans, Miami and Detroit. That means attending trade The challenge of producing quality and transitioning to organic production while producing wine at the same time. The house is shows and meeting distributors. quite separate from the vineyard. Today, he’s happy that his wines have strong market potential and a high- The estate is set to secure organic certification. The process has been year, our output was down 20-30% We’re not able to supply huge volumes, so we’ve adopted certification in 2018. We’re now in really straightforward, and having due to the lack of water. It didn’t rain quality image. a selective retailing approach, targeting major wine the second year of the conversion organic accreditation will be an for over six months, including right process. This is a conviction Mr. additional benefit for our sales next before the harvest! So we’re thinking merchants and restaurateurs. In each country, we look Cohen shares with the previous year. about installing a drip irrigation for a distributor who’s a perfect fit with our market. owners, Mr. and Mrs. Schelcher. system to help us maintain our Production has always been organic, In Provence, the Mediterranean output and prevent excessive water with minimal use of pesticides. climate is particularly good for vines, stress in years of extreme drought. That’s how they always worked; with no need to use chemicals. But they just never applied for organic we do have to deal with drought: this

What’s your strategy for becoming more competitive?

Our strategy is all about quality. Our aim is to make a world- class product. We want the best wine in the world! We’re doing everything we can to make subtle, elegant wines. It’s a long-term effort, working with a cellar master and an oenologist. Reds are aged in oak barrels. For whites and rosés, the grapes have to be harvested very early, at 3 or 4 o’clock in the morning, before the sun warms them up too much. For us, being competitive means growing the best possible grapes to produce the best possible wine. In 2017, we completely overhauled our packaging, with new labels. We opted for an original rosé bottle with a more elegant, feminine shape and a coat of arms. The market for rosé is growing fast in the United States: it has an excellent image as a luxury product. The new bottle has gone down really well.

How do you plan to develop his ambitious dream, and to set up a base in the United the château’s business? States for export business.

It’s really hard to find new winegrowing land in coastal To combine his passion for cinema with this magnificent Provence, if we wanted to expand the estate. There are place, he also has plans to build a 60-seater movie theater so few opportunities, it’s not really on the agenda. to show art-house and experimental films, which are a particular passion of his. Charles Cohen is a very methodical businessman: his priority is to make the château a jewel, to realize Publication Director: Christophe Lecourtier (CEO) Chief Editor: Sylvie Montout (Chief Economist) Contributors: Yasmine Galloul, Romain Guillard (Economists) Translation: David Williams, Peter Stewart (English Language Editors) Editorial coordination: Mélanie Cornière (Editorial Project Manager); Priscille Troyan-Gulli (Brand & Image Team Leader) Design and layout: Hopscotch – February 2018

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