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Home , Our Fighting Forces, Small Sacrifices (House)

1945 CONGRESSIO_NAL' RECORD- 4303 to those who served in the armed forces in By Mr. HAVENNER: lack of assurance that it would benefit Ameri­ World War I and World War II, to be known H. R. 3144. A bill for the relief of the State ca, and because of disastrous results of labor as World Wars Memorial Temple; to the Com­ Compensation Insurance Fund of California; and industry in the few cases where applica­ mittee on Public Buildings and Grounds. to the Committee on Claims. tion of its provisions was made; to the Com­ By Mr. McKENZIE: -mittee on Ways and Means. ---· H. R. 3145. A bill for the relief of A. C. Mc­ MEMORIALS Means; to the Committee on Claims. Under clause 3 of rule L"'<{II, memorials were presented and referred as follows: PETITIONS, ETC. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES By the SPEAKER: Memorial of the Legis­ Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions lature of the State of California, memorial­ and papers were laid on the Clerk's TuESDAY, MAY 8, 1945 izing the President and the Congress of the desk and referred as follows: The House met at 12 o'clock noon, and United States to establish or designate a spe­ 548. By Mr. COCHRAN: Petition qf Charles was called to order by the Spe~ker. cial agency to which municipalities and other Goodhart and 23 other citizens of St. Louis, public bodies may deal in the purchase of Mo., protesting against the passage of any Rev. Bernard Braskamp, D. D., pastor Federal surplus properties; to the Commit­ prohibition legislation by the Congress; to of the Gunton Temple Memorial Presby- · tee on Ways and Means. the Committee on the Judiciary. terian Church, offered the following Also, memorial of · the Legislature of the 549. Also petition of August Bumb and 32 prayer: State of California, memorializing the Pres­ other citizens of St. Louis, Mo., protesting 0 Lord God Omnipotent, who maketh ident and the Congre::::s of the United States aeainst the passage of any prohibition legis­ relative to income and resources of recipients lation by the Congress; to the Committee on wars to cease unto the ends of the of aid to the aged and of aid to the blind; the Judiciary. earth, we praise and magnify Thy holy to the Committee on Ways and Means. 550. Also, petition of H. S. Schwenbeck and name, for through Thy might and Thy Also, memorial of the Legis!ature of the 28 other citizens of St. Louis, Mo., protesting · mercy we have been brought to this day State of California, memorializing the Pres­ against the passage of any prohibi1jion legis­ of grace and of victory. ident and the Congress of the United States lation by the Congress; to the Committee on We h:;we watched and waited, we have relative to making President Roosevelt's the Judiciary. birthday, January 30, a legal holiday; to the longed and labored, we have hoped and Committee on the Judiciary. 551. Also, petition of Arthur Fonville and prayed. We have not kept vigil in vain, 28 other citizens of St. Louis, Mo., protesting for Thou hast rewarded our labors, Also, memorial of the Legislature of Costa against the passage of any prohibition legis­ Rica, memorializing the President and the lation by the Congress; to the Committee on . fulfilled our hopes, and answered our Congress of the United States by expressing the Judiciary; prayers. May we now dedicate this day of deep sympathy in regard to the death of our 552. Also, petition of Thomas Cleaver and high and holy remembrance to Thy glory. late President, Franklin D. Roosevelt; to the 30 other citizens of St. l.iouis, Mo., protesting When we calt to memory with priqe~ Committee on Foreign Affairs. against the passage of any prohibition legis­ gratitude, and love that vast multitude · Also, memorial of the Legislature of the lat ion by the Congress; to the Committee on who struggled so heroically and endured Territory of Hawaii, memorializing the Pres­ the Judiciary. so valiantly, giving their very lifeblood ident and the Congress of the United States 553. By Mr. FORAND: Petition of Local to extend to the Postal Service employees in order that this day mignt be possible, No. 2459, United Textile Workers of America, we cry out, "Alas, alas, next to defeat, the within the Territory of Hawaii the 25-percent affiliated with the American Federation of differential now enjoyed by all Federal em­ Labor, signed by Joseph Deignan, president saddest thing is victory at such a cost.'' ployees within the Territory; to the Commit- of that local, and by 126 employees of the We pray that we may earnestly and tee on the Post Office and Post Roads. • Cranston Print Worlcs Co., Providence, R. I., faithfully endeavor to prove worthy of Also, memorial of the Legislature of the urging defeat of H. R. 2652, providing for the their sufferings ahd sacrifice. May the Territory of Hawaii, memorializing· the Pres­ extension of the P..eciprocal Trade Agree­ freedom that they have achieved for us ident and the Congress of the United States ments Act, because of the necessity of tariff to amend the act of Congress, approved be a blessing and bring forth the fruits protection and to maintain the high Ameri­ of righteousness. Grant unto us the rap­ June 3, 1916 (ch. 134, 39 Stat. 166), referring qan standards of living, because of the lack of to the appointment of ~the adjutant general assurance that it would benefit America, and ture of the forward look and the of· of the National Guard of the Territory of because of disastrous reoolts to labor and going on from victory unto victory until Hawaii; to the Committee on Military Affairs. industry in the few cases where application we reach that glorious goal and that Also, memorial of the Legis! a tu::e of the of its prpvisions was made; to the Committee blessed day of prediction when ­ State of Oklahoma, memorializing the Presi­ on Ways and Means. ness, greed, envy, prejudice, and all the dent and the Congress of the United States to 554. Also, petition of Local No. 2195, United baser passions which are the seeds of waive payment of interest and authorize re­ Textile Workers of America, affiliated with the war and strife among men and nations fund of interest heretofore paid on deficien­ American Federation of Labor, signed by cies in income taxes arising out of the Okla­ George B. Sanford, president of t}?.is local,­ shall be forever banished from the earth.' homa community-property law being invali­ and by 186 employees of the American Woolen and groping humanity shall enter into dated for Federal income-tax purposes by the Co. (National and Providence Mill, Provi­ the joy of a just and lasting peace. God, Supreme Court of the United States; to the dence, R. I.), urging defeat of H. R. 2652, make us better men. Committee on Ways and Means. providing for the extension of the Reciprocal Humbly and penitently, we offer our Also, memorial of the Legislature of the Trade Agreements Act, because of the neces­ petitions in the name of the great Cap­ State of Kentucky, memorializing the Presi­ sity of tariff protection and to maintain the tain of our salvation, the Prince of dent and the Congress of the United States to high American standards of living, because Peace. · Amen. pass Senate bill 181, to provide for equaliza­ of the lack of assurance that it would benefit tion of educational opportunity; to the Com­ America, and because of disastrous results The Journal of the proceedings of yes­ mittee on Education. to labor and industry in the few cases where terday was read and approved. application of its provisions was made; . to Also, memorial of the Legislature of the MESSAGE FROM THE-SENATE Territory of Hawaii, memorializing the Pres­ the Committee on Ways and Means. ident and the Congress of the United States 555. Also, petition of the Sacramento City A message from .the Senate, by Mr. to appropriate funds and to direct construc­ Council, urging consideration of their reso­ Gatling, its enrolling clerk, announced tion of such tunnel and highway through the lution with reference to providing a wage that the Senate had passed a bill of the head of Kalihi Valley connecting the lee­ readjustment for Postal Service employees; following title, in which the concurrence ward and windward sides of the island of to the Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads. • of the House is requested: Oahu; to the Committee on Roads. S. 939. An act to extend the provisions of Also, memorial of the Legislature of the 556. By Mr. MOTT: Petition signed by Mrs. Cora Morlan and 40 other citizens of the act of November 29, 1940 (Public Law Commonwealth of the Philippines, memorial­ No. 884, 76th Cong., 54 Stat. 1219), relating izing the president and the Congress· of the the State of Oregon, urging enactment of the Bryson bill (H. R. 2082); to the Commit· to promotion of Metlical, Dental, and Vet­ United States by expressing the grief of the erinary . Corps officers. Filipino people over the sudden and untimely tee on the Judiciary. passing of our late President, Franklin D. - - 557. By Mr. FORAND: Petition of Local No. The message also announced that the Roosevelt; to the Committee on Foreign 35, United Textile Workers of America, affili­ President pro tempore has appointed Mr. Affairs. ated with the American Federation of Labor, .BARKLEY and Mr. BREWSTER members Of signed by Charles Sullivan, president of the local, and 171 employees of the Lister Worsted the joint select committee on the part of the Senate, as provided for in the act :PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Co., Stillwater, R. I., urging defeat of House bill 2652, providing for the extension of the of August 5, 1939, entitled ''An act to Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, because of provide for the disposition of certain bills and resolutions were introduced and the necessity of tariff protection to maintain records of the United States Govern­ severally referred as follows: American standards of living, because ot the ment," for the disposition of executive 4304 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY & _ papers in the following departments and The SPEAKER. The question is on V/hile we rejoice today we are sobered agencies: agreeing to the resolution. with the realization there are serious and 1. Department of the Navy. ·,· · The resolution was agreed to. grim tasks ahead. We have won a vic­ 2. Department of War. The SPEAKER. Will the gentleman tory over the mightiest war machine ever 3. General Accounting Office. from Massachusetts [Mr. McCoRMACK] assembled by man. But that is not all 4. Office of War Information. take the chair? we must do. We must press on now to 5. Selective Service System. Mr. McCORMACK assumed the chair win a victory over the arrogant Japanese, 6. War Relocation Authority. as Speaker pro tempore. and we must have complete unity every­ CALL OF THE HOUSE The SPEAKER pro tempore. The where to win an early victory. For that Chair recognizes the gentleman from reason I hope we shall secure the full Mr. GORE. Mr. Speaker, I make the l'exas [Mr. RAYBURN]. coop~ration of our gallant allies in the point of order that a quorum is not VE-DAY Pacific war. We have earned their co­ present. operation through our efforts in Africa The SPEAKER. Evidently a quo.rum Mr. RAYBURN. Mr. Speaker, this and Europe. If we secure the close co­ is not present. morning at 9 o'clock the President of operation and aid there will come an Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, r the United States proclaimed that the earlier peace than otherwise. We also move a call of the House. · armies of Germany had surrendered un­ have the task ahead of planning for the A call of the House was ordered. conditionally. That to millions through­ post-war days. It is not too early to be­ The Clerk called the roll, and the fol· out the length and breadth of the earth gin. Millions of our countrymen will be lowing Members failed to answer to their was glorious news. coming back from the fighting front, out .names: .I take this moment of your time to pay of the factoriei, and out of the shipyards. [Roll No. 70] tribute to every man and woman of the l'hese men and women will "want a job, Bald..win, Md. Gavin Norrell armed forces not only of the United a real job, a job under American condi­ Baldwin, N.Y. Geelan Norton S~ates but of the governments allied with tions and paying American wages. It is Barrett, Pa. Gibson Patman us and to extend to them our grateful Barry Granahan Patterson. our duty to see they secure that kind of a Bates, Mass. Grant, Ala. Pfeifer and unstinted thanks. They have done job if we are to keep America a solvent, Bell Hagen Richards a marvelous job for you and me. They happy nation. Through keeping our Bloom Hancock Rivers have kept the enemy -from our shores Boren Hand Roe, N.Y. . and whipped them in their land. But country solvent, a progressive going Bradley, Mich. Harris Sa bath America, we will be able to render our Brumbaugh Hart Savage to me this should not only be -a day of Buckley Hays Short celebration for this great victory, it fullest obligations to the other nations of Carlson Healy Stewart should also be a day of dedication and the world. Clark Hoffman Talbot I am glad to join with our good Cochran Hook Thomason consecration by every human being Cooley Izac · Trimble throughout the length and breadth of Speaker in celebrating this victory No. 1. Courtney Jackson Vorys, Ohio the earth who loves liberty and order to The great Divinity which shapes the Cox Jarman Vursell destip.ies of mankinq has been with us in Cravens Kirwan Wadsworth put their hands to the plow and not look Curley Lesinski Walter back until our other enemies have sur· achieving this great victory. May He Dawson Link west rendered unconditionally. continue to be with our fighting forces Delaney, Luce White and with this great Nation to the end JohnJ. Lynch Whitten Mr. Speaker, today as I am happy I Dirksen McGlinchey am also sad, because I cannot help but that we can win an early victory over Douglas, Calif. Madden Winter think of those thousands of our boys Japan and bring our fighting forces back Eaton Manasco Wolfenden, Pa, who are yet to die in the f'ar-flung home again. Then in a happy, pros­ Elliott Morgan Worley Ellsworth Morrison Zimmerman Pacific islands and the Far East in order perous America we can build a better Gathings Mott that victory may come to our armies and future for everyone, not only in our own that the glory of America might be up­ country, but throughout the civilized The SPEAKER. On this roll call 34 7 world. Members have answered to their names, held and peace 'and an ordered world may come to us again. . The SPEAKER. The Chair recognizes a quorum. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. By unanimous consent, further pro· McCoRMACK]. ceedings under the call were dispensed Chair recognizes the gentleman from ].Iassachusetts [Mr. MARTIN]. Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, ev...: :With. Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Mr. ery American today, and properly so, re· The doors were opened. Speaker, this splendid gathering this joices in the news that has been officially SURRENDER OF THE GERMAN FORCES afternoon and the harmony which pre­ proclaimed to the world by the President Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I vails indicates why it is that America of the United States and by the heads of offer the following resolution

1945 CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD--I-IQUSE 4315 SECOND SUPPLEMENTAL DEFICIENCY 1 I . EXTENSION OF R~MARKS They have traversed many lands in BILL, 1945 . . Mr. FORAND asked ·and was given far-off countries. They have crossed the Mr. CANNON of Missouri, from the permission to extend his remarks and in­ ocean by air and boat. They have under- Committee on Appropriations, reported c! ude a resolution. . gone every hardship in-living and fi~ht­ the bill ete with the this crisis, but they also must be assured price fixing when there is an abundant black-market operator. It would take that they will be permitted to live and supply. Abundant production is the at least 50,000 inspectors in New York recover costs of production for the neces .. solution to this troublesome item of alone to curb the black market in meat sary services which they render. rationing. There will be no need for it and poultry, and I seriously doubt if they Food production must now have top when the ·supply is sufficient. could accomplish a great deal. It will priority. The President has full power I want to address my remarks to the take more than 0. P. A. prose~utions , for to establish such a policy. If he does sounding out of the sentiment of the as long as a scarcity of vital food con­ not t ake prompt action it is the duty of Congress. Is the Congress ready-and tinues, the black market will flourish Congress to function, and that should I hope it is-to meet the food situation It is quite obvious that our country has not be later than May 15, as time and just as you have met the situation re­ been committ ed to provide food for more nature do not wait, when it comes to pro:.. garding implements of war? I think than 250,000,000 hungry people in the ducing more meat, pork, and poultry as we have been a little niggardly-and I war-devastated countries of the world. well as crops grown from the earth. charge myself as seriously as anyone )'his food will be taken from our dwin­ Mr. ANDERSON of New Mexico. Mr. else-in our handling of the funds and dling supplies. We are and have been Speaker, I yield 10 minutes to the the program with regard to food. In a generous people, and will continue to gentleman from Georgia [Mr. PACE]. my judgment if you are going to meet do more than our part in sharing our Mr. PACE. Mr. Speaker, earlier in the the food needs of the situation you must food with the starving people of the day we gave official recognition to the go about the production of food just world. But to promise food to hungry termination of hostilities in the Euro­ exactly as you went about the produc­ people, we must be able to deliver or our pean area. I think it would be construc­ tion of implements of war. We must country will become the most-hated na­ tive if at the same time we gave recog­ forget about the possibility of a surplus tion in the world, in spite of what we nition to the fact that while fighting is somewhere down the line. General have already done to free Europe and over in Europe between armies, the battle Eisenhower did not let that worry hini. Africa from Nazi tyranny. Starving peo­ of food goes forward wit:'-1 increased in­ When he needed implements of war he ple in liberated countries cannot live tensity. I have tried to make an ap­ wanted them in abundance. Today I on promises of food any more than praisal of the situation today as against daresay there are many billions of dol­ Ame.ricans can live on statistical meat. yesterday with reference to what has lars worth of surplus implements of The Department of Agriculture recently happened on the question of food on a war yonder on the battlefi~lds of Europe. announced that liberated countries will world basis. As best I can estimate the But you and I are not disturbed about require more than 12,000,000 tons of condition, certainly there has not been it because it took that to -bring victory food in the next 15 months, most of the slightest lessening of _the need for to our- arms. We must look upon food which will be expected to come from the food. On the contrary, I am inclined to production as an implement of war and United States, as severe droughts have the writing of the peace, and go into it occurred in other surplus-producing the point of vi_ew that today the need for just as you have gone into the produc:. countries, with the exception of Canada. food has increased over the need of yes­ tion of implements of war. Our first duty is to take care of the terday. Of course, the war in the Pacific Mr. HOPE. Mr. Speaker, will the needs of our men in the armed forces, must be carried on. We will have ap­ gentleman yield? who still have a stupendous task ahead proximately as many of our boys in the Mr. PACE . . I yield. of them to smash Japan. Secondly, the services as we have had in the past. Of Mr. HOPE. The gentleman has criti- · American people are entitled to secure course, they must be fed. In addition, cized Congress on the ground that it food in adequate amounts to provide a we must continue to feed a portion of has not met its responsibilities with ref­ satisfactory and customary diet in order the Allied armies. erence to the production of food. Does to avoid famine in the United States. For instance, it is expected that the not the gentleman agree that the Con­ The next 6 months will disclose a French will send some divisions to the gress has done pretty well? Is not the virtual famine for the United States in Pacific. If so,. we will doubtless have to fault somewhere else in the Govern­ beef, pork, poultry, and other vital foods. feed them. As most of you know, we are ment? I will discuss the cause for this scarcity now feeding about 300,000 or 350,000 Mr. PACE. There is plenty of fault of vital food at a later date, as I first Philippine troops. It is expected that everywhere, but we complain to these want to give the President an oppor­ Holland, Belgium, and Denmark will other agencies in the committee. The tunity to do what must be done to bring probably send troops to the Pacific. If gentleman will permit me to illustrate. coordination and change in food policies so, those people not being able to feed There is a debate going on in the com­ before pointing out the many mistakes themselves at home, the job will prob­ mittee right now. The sugar situation is of the past. ably be ours to feed their troops. critical. That is going to continue all of Mr. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL. Mr. I mention that because it is so easy for this year and maybe longer. There is a Speaker, will the gentleman yield? someone to get the idea that everything debate about working out a sugar pro­ Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. I yield. is all right now. It is not, in the food gram for 1945, 1946, and 1947. We can­ Mr. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL. May I situation. As I see it, in our judgment, not figure on 1947, because the Com­ say at this point my feeling in the mat­ it may become somewhat worse than it modity Credit Corporation does not have ter is that the action should come from has been. Tl}e estimate for this coun­ the power to contract that far ahead, the President in coordinating these try is that the 1945 production will be and does not have the money. In my agencies rather than the President call­ less than the 1944 production by about 5 judgment what we do with the sugar ing upon Congress for any more power or 10 percent. crop for 1945 has a vital relation to how to be given to him. In my judgment and in the judgment much sugar we will have in 1946 and Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. The of the committee, as you will find in the l947. It is those things, I may say to President, I might say to my colleague, recommendations, there is one real con­ my distinguished colleague on the Com­ has full power and authority to act be­ tribution toward the solution of this mittee on Agriculture, about which we cause all of food administration now problem and that is increased produc­ have been rather limited in our funds. comes under the Executive, and he can tion. The committee finds and recom­ When the War Food Administration change it overnight if he so desires; and mends to the Congress and to the Presi­ guaranteed the production of eggs, and I believe. he will. dent that at last food production be given the producers ·~reatly increased produc­ Above all, what we need to take care of :first priority. As the House Committee tion, some of us were critical because the American people, meet our-commit-- on Agriculture suggested nearly 3 years there was a temporary surplus of eggs. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 4319 Yet in my judgment within 6 months yoti are going to authorize the production of, from th2 hoof to the consumer is radical­ will face a very serious shortage of both when the farmers do not have adequate ly altered. Some steps are in process poultry and eggs in this country. The farm machiner:y. It is my judgment now. Personally, I feel they will not ba War Food Administration asked a pro- that we should give thought to efforts to adequate to take care of the situation. duction of hogs for pork. They secured get something to go into the refrigerators What are the principal remedies from an abundant production, and some were before we spend too much of our time the point of view of the consumer angle rather critical because there were so and materials on building refrigerators. of this situation? The one of more pro.:. many hogs. Yet, I repeat, that is the In conclusion I must compliment the duction has been spoken of and that answer to our food problem. It is abun- ch8Jrman of out committe-e, the gentle­ obviously is the key to the whole picture. dant production. I do nof care about man from New Mexico [Mr. Anderson]. But that cannot become effective for at the past or who is responsible. I am Never have I worked with one who has least 6 months in some cases and a year looking to the future, and I think that is shown such devotion to his duties or in others. Better distribution obviously my job and your job. . been more anxious to contribute to the must be attained, but that cannot be done Mr. HOPE. The gentleman has spe- solution of our problems. He has shown unless certain vital factors are taken cifically said that the Congress has been oustanding executive ·ability and great ca.re of. I want to mention several of derelict in what it might have done to- capacity to get the conflicting elements them. ward the encouragement of the produc- together and work out a sound and sensi­ In the first instance I am convinced tion of food. Is it not reasonable to say ble solution. that a single head must be responsible that the Congress has given the executive Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mr. for this entire program. I sas that not agencies which have charge of this mat- Speaker, I yield 5 minutes to the gentle­ because I love czars on general P.rinciple ter all of the authJrity and all of the man from Massachusetts [Mr. HERTER]. but because we have a situation with re­ power and all of the appropriations Mr. HERTER. Mr. Speaker, at the spect to the morale of the consumers of which, if rightly used, would have very outset I want to join with my col­ this country that is very serious. The brought about an abundance in the pro- leagues in paying tribute to the great prohibition days are being- reenacted with duction of food? fairness and the constructive spirit in g_reat rapidity. Mr. PACE. I say this, that we have which the chairman of our committee \Ve have black marlcets now to an ex­ tried certainly to give them such author- approached this very difficult problem tent so great that a mere change in price ity as we thought they should have. I which was put in his charge. It is un­ structure at the retail end cannot pos-. think the gentleman will have to agree fortunate that on this particular day sibly solve the problem. The profits in with me that Congress has limited the when we ought to be rejoicing over the bootlegging are so great that this situa­ funds of the Commodity Credit Corpora- news that has been officially announced tion is likely to grow considerably worse tion every year. We did it again less we should be discussing something that rather than better. than 6 weeks ago. accompanies VE-day in a large part of A single head, to :rp.y mind, can alone The SPEAKER pro tempore. The time the world, namely, the greater restric­ restore confidence; can alone take hold of the gentleman from Georgia has ex- tion rather than the lessening of restric- of the maladjustment between different pired. tions on certain essential foodstuffs. agencies and put them into line where Mr. ANDERSON of New Mexico. Mr. I want to devote the few moments I they belong so that we can get proper Speaker, I yield the gentleman 2 addi- have here to the problems of the con­ distribution. And, finally, it i ~ the only tiona! minutes. sumer in areas far removed from the pro­ method of obtaining confidence on the Mr. HINSHAW. IV:r. Speaker, will duction centers of the country. The con- part of the consumer in order that he the gentleman yield? sumers of this country have a very- lean may be convinced he is being given a fair Mr. PACE. Yes. 6 months to look forward .to, particularly share in the distribution of the shortages. Mr. HINSHAW. The gentleman and in connection with meat and sugar. As The SPEAKER pro tempore. The his committee are to be complimented another member of the committee said, time of the gentleman from Massachu:. for the studies that they have made. this is not the time or the place to assess setts has expired. ' I hope, however, that it will not overlook the blame for existing shortages; how­ Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mr. the fact that, concerning perishable food ever, that blame can be very clearly as­ Speaker, I yield the gentleman 2 addi- products, we can grow all that we want; certained and very definitely fixed. tional minute_s. · but if we have no way of processing and Let me point out two facts which mili­ Mr. HERTER. I stress that question storing them, then they will rot. , . tate against the consumer during this of confidence ·very particularly because Mr. PACE. That is a problem that period. Last year the civilian population, we are not going to be uble to beat the the committee is working on right now. not the Army, consumed a billiqn and a black market until the average citizen Just this morning we had before the half pounds of meat over and above that is convinced tr.at he is being given a fair committee representatives of the War which was allocated to it by Government share of what there is to go around; and, Manpower Commission and the War agencies because of the lifting of cer­ furthermore, that he is convinced that Production Board with regard to secur- tain restrictions and the easement of tlre the shortages which exist are being rem­ ing urgently needed workers and supplies rationing picture at a time when it was edied as rapidly as possible. for the food-processing plants. unwarranted and over the protest of the May I, Mr. Speaker, call attention to Mr. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL. Mr. 0. P. A. The second point I want to some very significant figures? During Speaker, will the gentleman yield? mention is that we consumed last year this war period there has been no effec­ Mr. PACE. Yes. 800,000 tons of sugar over and above the tive request made of the American peo­ l\1:r. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL. The allocated rationed amount of sugar ple to pull in their belts. When I say gentleman made the statement that he which somewhere slipped through our "effective request" I mean appealing to thought the production of food should fingers. them voluntarily to assist in the picture. be entered into with the same zeal that But that is not the only thing con­ In every case the distribution has been the production of arms has been entered sumers are suffering from. Of course, under compulsion. into. they are suffering from these shortages, May I read some figures on the per Mr. PACE. Exactly. . but they are suffering from an even more capita consumption of the things that Mr. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL. Then serious thing as far as the morale of the are scarce today as between the last war, I ask the gentleman if we should enter Nation is concerned. They are suffer­ when the American people were asked into a ·subsidy program on all the items ing from an extremely bad distribution, voluntarily to ration themselves, and of food that we have on milk. particularly of meat. That bad distribu- this war, when all rationing is a matter Mr. PACE. I would not want to dis- tion is due to the fact that from the roo­ of compulsion? Take meat. The per cuss the details now, but I do say, and ment prices were put on the .retail level capita consumptio~ during the 18% this ·is my concluding remark, there is of meats in the large communities, the months of the last war as compared with one thing I am concerned about at this entire system of distribution become dis .. the average of the 3 years of this war was moment. The War Production Board is located right back to the sale of the an­ 6 percent less. Chicken consumption, 28 now entering plans for reconversion. imals on the hoof. There is going to be percent less. Fats and oils, 10 percent They have already made announcement no chance of righting that maldistribu­ less. · Sugar, 12 percent less. In other about the number of refrigerators they tion unless our entire control of meat words, the people of the United States, 4320 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE when asked voluntarily to respond be­ Mr. JONKMAN. Mr. Speaker, 'hill the now very r apdily from tanks, guns, and cause they had the needs pointed out to gentleman yield? ammunition to food. Meri do not fight them, and they had the entire picture Mr. GORSKI. I yield to the gentle­ for freedom to go hungry. An empty before them, made this extraordinary re­ man from Michigan. stomach does not reason. It will take the sponse. Today our people are not being Mr. JONKMAN. The gentleman has ty:pe of government that will offer it the asked that same thing nor are they be .. stated that he does not believe enforce­ best chance of supplying its physical ing given a convincing picture as to the ment will · increase production. Does needs. By this I do not mean the diet vital necessity of consuming food. the gentleman feel that enforcement can of the American people is in jeopardy. I Mr. ANDERSON of New Mexico. Mr. destroy the black market? do mean to say the United States will Speaker, I yield 5 minutes to the gen­ Mr. GORSKI. It probably could; but subsist along with many other countries tleman from Illinois [Mr. GoRSKI]. no matter how much you enforce the on less of some of the basic commodities Mr. GORSKI. Mr. Speaker, in our regulations, that will not solve the prob­ for the coming year than they did dur­ investigation of the food situation we lem so long as there is a shortage in . ing the years of a full-fledged war. One held hearings in Chicago, Cleveland, the meat supply. For instance, Mayor of these commodities is meat. This com­ Boston; Providence, and New York City. LaGuardia said that you could have an modity, like all others, has to experience We went out to meet the people who we 0. P. A. agent in every store in New production and distribution. They are thought could throw some light on this .York City. You can see how many men requisites of consumption. They are like subject. In Chicago we met with the it would take to try to enforce the job the blades of a pair of scissors. It takes producers and the slaughterers, as yve there. both blades to cut the paper. Our produc­ did in all the cities. We think we have One of the agents was in a store while tion of meat is high, but down approxi­ found some of the causes of the shortage a lady was buying a chicken. The re­ mately 2,000,000,000 pounds from 1944. of food. One of the principal com­ tailer said, "You owe me $4." She This, in the face of unprecedented popu­ plaints, of course, is that they cannot started to pay him the $4, when the lation of cattle on the hoof and also in produce meat at a profit. Along with agent said, "I would like to have you face of the very great reduction in the the slaughterers and the producers we weigh that chicken." Just as he said production of pork. We have the cattle met many groups of consumers. In that, the retailer said, "You know you but not the beef. In pork, we do not every city we met ·people representing owe me a dollar from the week before." have the animal on the hoof. Of l:Ourse, large consumer organizations. Their Mr. JONKMAN. Is not Mayor La­ the demand is high and military require­ ·principal evidence was that they tried to Guardia's statement an admission that _ments are great and purchasing power is keep the ceiling prices intact, and they you cannot destroy the black market by great. But that is not all, the story. In urged their members to watch so that enforcement? cattle-range op~rations you grow the the retailers would not sell over the ceil­ Mr. GORSKI. We had that experi­ animal. In cattle, you make an animal ing. They were also concerned very ence in the prohibition days. I do not that is ready to have meat hung on to much about black· markets. May I say believe it is enforceable at all, no matter its frame. The percentage of grass fats that black markets can only flourish how many men ym·. put on the job. The moving directly to market are beginning when there is a scarcity. Among some scarcer food becomes, the more profitable to show from the southwestern United of the witnesses who testified before our it becomes to operate in the black­ States and later some will come from cm:nmittee were those who urged that market. .range areas in other parts of the country. the 0. P. A. be given more help to en­ Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the But range operation, generally speaking, force the ceiling prices. I know that is · gentleman yield? does not produce the heavier grades of the opinion of other . members of the Mr. GORSKI. I yield to the gentle­ beef. It requires a feeding operation. committee who feel that no matter how man from Pennsylvania. In that feeding operation, the committee many men you put on to enforce the Mr. GROSS. The gentleman believes, found there was not' enough spread be­ ceiling prices, that is not going to in­ then, that increased supplies of meat will tween the price of the feeder animal and crease production. be the best medicine for the black the finished heavier grade of animal to The thing we wanted to do was to find market? ·permit the feeder to operate. The margin out what the cause of the scarcity was Mr. GORSKI. Yes; I do. between the two prices was not enough and see if we could not encourage more Mr. GROSS. Does not that apply also for that operation to continue. A year production. I think we have . found . to inflation, that the best guarantee ago feeding of animals was somewhat some of the reasons. We have held against high prices is a generous supply. curtailed, and purposely so, because of hearings with some of the different of food? the supply of feed grains. However, this agencies, and I think they have the Mr. GORSKI. Yes. year our carry-over in cereal grains is .benefit of what we have found while hold- Mr. GROSS. The more food goes to larger and will permit more extensive ing hearings in the field. As the pre­ market the cheaper it will be. feeding operations. The ceilings were vious speaker told you, the situation for Mr. GORSKI. Yes. not correlated between the. ceiling on the 3 or 4 months in the future does not Mr. KELLY of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, live animals versus the ceiling on the look very good for an increase in supply; will the gentleman yield? beef grade of live animal to permit that but I think the testimony and evidence Mr. GORSKI. I yield to the gentle­ operation. Nor were there well corre­ we have gathered and submitted to the man from Illinois. lated ceilings between the live price of different agencies charged with this Mr. KELLY of Illinois. One of the the animal and the f'eed ration. problem will help 4 or 5 months from reasons for black-market operations. is The SPEAKER. The time of the now. I hope the evidence we have been that many small slaughtering houses in gentleman has expired. able to give them will correct many of the small communities are not affiliated Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mr. the things we have found wrong, and I with the packing industry and are not Speaker, I yield 3 additional minutes to believe it will. Government-inspected, and they are the the gentleman. Mr. Speaker, we can correct this situa­ source of black-market meat. They are Mr. HOLMES of Washington. Feed­ tion only by encouraging production, and supplying meat constantly to the black ing is a at best and men the only way to encourage production­ market. were not prone to go into that operation and I think the committee was unani­ Mr. GORSKI. That is absolutely true." for purposes of experiencing a loss. Why mous on this-is to let the people who Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mr. again? Because the rules of the game can do the job operate at a profit. Un­ Speaker, I yield 5 minutes to the.gentle­ have been changed two or three times less we do that, we are not going to get man from Washington [Mr. HoLMES]. while they were in the midst of that op­ more meat, and the problem is going to Mr. HOLMES of Washington. Mr. eration, once on the roll-back and the get worse. The meat will not only be Speaker, as a Member of the House, may second time after the feed lots were shorter in supply but the situation will I take this opportunity to pay my re­ filled up there was the adjustment of become more critical. spects to the chairman and the senior the ceiling on the hoof put through. So I believe we have done a good job in members of this committee for the fine what feeding was continued was done that direction and think the agencies and efficient manner with which they over the short period, what the live­ .have profited by wJ;lat we have dis­ ·have conducted their hearings and re­ stock and feeders call the "warm-up covered. ported their findings. We are shifting feeding," or the period between the graz- 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 4321 ing and the grain finishing process, tak­ essential requirement of all-out produc..­ allocate steel among competing claim­ ing the younger animals and growing tion. Nothing could strike more surely ants? Will we have food prices set by them into some beef with the aid of na­ at our production effort than any pro­ a food czar and other prices by 0. P. A.? ture with not too much feeding. There­ posal or scheme, however well intended In that case, will we have two separate ·sult of this operation was it did not pro­ to advance production, which made sta­ enforcement agencies? Will we have duce the tonnage of beef. The committee bilization impossible. separate rationing boards in each com­ is aware of the statistics showing the But that, Mr. Speaker, is precisely munity-one for food, one for gasoline movement of animals to the feed lot, but what would happen under a system of and one for every other separate com­ the committee is also aware of the type commodity czars, each one of whom modity? and length of operations of feeding in the would set his own prices without regard Merely to ask these questions is to feed lot. When ceilings were placed at to a common price policy and a common answer them. The proposal for a food the different levels in the processing pro­ stabilization objective. czar, plausible on the surface, is in fact gram within the packing industry, they Just consider what would happen. demonstrably unworkable and inconsist­ were placed upon how the animal would The food czar would raise prices to in­ ent with the successful integration of our dress out. In so doing this ceiling and crease food production. As these in- war economy. -If it is not that, then it the subsidies got out of line in the pack­ . creases were passed on at the retail level, is merely a sham proposal to change the ing industry, to not take care of one very the rise in the cost of living would cre­ name of the Food Administrator. important thing that was not being ate pressure for wage increases, which Mr. Speaker, there is not any justi­ watched very carefully, and that was the would raise production costs in all in­ fication to the breaking up our war pro­ changing in the quality of the grade of dustries. Clothing manufacturers, for gram into so many little satrapies in the beef dressed out from the live animal. example, would have grounds for claim­ order to solve the specific difficulties that Too many people are still thinking that ing a price increase for clothing. But arise from time to time. Such difficulties cattle are beef. The trend has been in even before this came before the cloth­ have been handled in the past without the dress-out of the animal on the ing czar, he would already be moving scrapping our existing agencies, and they hoof, to reduce the amount of edible to increase the prices under his control can be so handled in the future. Our meat on the carcass. That, in turn, in order to stimulate more production committee has shown how we can solve makes the killing process to the packer of clothing. These price increases, too, the food problem with our present ma­ motJ expensive, because the grade has would be reflected in the cost of living, chinery. They have shown how the food changed from around 58 percent on and through wage adjustments would problem can be solved without · creating the commercial grades, with 60 percent add their steam to the pressure of cost dozens of other problems all down the dress-out on . The latter ani­ and price increases throughout the line-which is what happens the moment mal is hardly in existence now, the av­ economy. And so it would be for every you start using the czar system. erage dress-out going into process being industry, up and down the line. Each Mr. Speaker, the Romans had a tag from 52, 53, and in. some cases 54 and industry would have its czar. Each czar line which went, "Who will guard the 55 percent. This trend increases the cost would compete price wise with all the guards?" Today I would like to ask the of the kill and shows the decline in the other czars, and instead of price con­ .proponents of this plan, "Who will czar quality of the carcass. This also made trol we would have bidding up of prices, the czars?'' A czar is an easy solution the demand great f01 lighter stuff, be­ not by private individuals but by Gov­ until you ask yourself what you are going C::l.Use it was the best available and threw ernment agencies. The system of czars to do with the problems that the czar two-way cattle into competition between would thus be a machine for creg,ting system creates. Once the war program t"1e feeder and the packer. Two-way runaway inflation, creating it rapidly is broken up into independent pieces, cattle are under great demand, boosting and creating it by law. -how are you going to put it together the price of the feeder animal. Congress saw what would happen un­ again? In conclusion, the committee has ap­ der a system of multiple prtce agencies Mr. Speaker, today, as we celeorate proached this program from working when it first legislated on price control. the end of the war with Germany, it is within the price program, and working That is why it voted to put the control of time to show a sense of balance, a sense from within the price program we have all prices under a single agency. of perspective, a sense of restraint. It is found some very poor correlation of price Mr. Speaker, the present difficulties in no time to start dismantling our exist­ ceilings below the retail level. the food program can and will be solved in~ management of the war program and The SPEAKER pro tempore. The by using and not by wrecking our present start experimenting .with radically new time of the gentleman from Washington machinery of the war program. We do ideas. It is no time to start chasing after has again expired. ·not have to burn our house down in order a shadow and lose the solid achievements Mr. ANDERSON of New Mexico. Mr. to roast .a pig. Nor do we have to wreck we have attained with so much toil and Speaker, I yield 8 minutes to the gentle­ our stabilization program to achieve struggle. Let us rather see the job man from Kentucky [Mr. CLEMENTS]. greater food production. Our commit­ through to the end along the lines that Mr. ·cLEMENTS. Mr. Speaker, dur­ tee has shown how the goal of greater have already been charted. ing this war the American economic sys­ food production can be achieved by step­ Mr. MURRAY of Wisconsin. Mr. tem, both on the industrial front and ping up the coordination of our present Speaker, will the gentleman yield? on the farm front, has performed vastly machinery, and I am confident that the Mr. CLEMENTS. I yield to the gen­ better than it ever did in the last war. President, the Congress, and the Ameri­ .tleman from Wisconsin. I am convinced, and I do not stand alone, can people will recognize the common Mr. MURRAY of Wisconsin. The gen­ that our production records-the in­ sense and wisdom of our position. tleman stated that we had increased our crease of' more than 30 percent in farm Furthermore, it is demonstrable, I sub­ agricultural production 30 percent. Does production, more than 35 percent in mit, that our food program could not, in the gentleman mean to infer that we food production, and more than 100 per­ fact, operate under the so-called "czar" have done that on all our major agricul­ cent in industrial production-could system. Let us take a look at the actual tural products or just on some of the never have been attained if the farmers operation of our economy. Suppose, for minor ones and during what period did and the managers and the factory work­ example, that the food czar wants rail­ we do that? ers of this country had not been able to roads cars to haul grain. Will he simply Mr. CLEMENTS. The over-all food count on stable prices and stable costs go out and grab them? Or will he go as production and in the 1935-39 period.­ in making their plans, their contracts, a claimant to an over-all transportation Mr. MURRAY of Wisconsin. The • their wage agreements. And those director, empowered to consider all fac­ drought period and the war period. plans could never have been carried out tors affecting our transportation system? The SPEAKER pro tempore. The so well, those contracts could not have The former alternative-a group of un­ time of the gentleman from Kentucky been fulfilled, those wage agreements controlled "czars," each grabbing what has expired. could not have been lived with, had it he wanted-would produce chaos. The Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mr. not been for our stabilization program. latter alternative would simply give us a Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentle..­ Economic stabilization, Mr. Speaker, "czar" in name only, possessing no pow-· man from Ohio [Mr. JENKINS]. is therefore not something apart and ers in excess of those now exercised by Mr. JENKI!jS. Mr. Speaker, the separate from war production. It is an the Food Administrator. Who would committee appointed to investigate the j322 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 8 food situation has done a good job and next month and next year is to come The committee has made some very has made a commendable report. from if ·first we keep on hampering the excellent recommendations. I call at­ I am glad that this report in effect units which remain and then create con:. tention to the fact, however,' that unless ·confirms several recommendations here­ ditions which result in the discontinu­ recommendation No. 2, dealin_g with the tofore made by the Republican Congres­ ance completely of others. Production coordination of the Government agencies ·sional Food Study Committee. built the United States of America. having to do with food is adopted, all of The studies of the several committe~s Production sustains the American peo­ the other recommendations are valueless making investigations of the food situa­ ple. The weight of the evidence indi­ because they cannot 'Qe put into effect in tion have brought to the people a full cates that food production is not what any practical · way unless we adopt a realization of two profound facts. -it should be and is seriously threatened. coordinated program. In my opinion this First. That the food situation is very ·When will we face the facts and realize coordination can best be brought about serious and is rapidly getting worse: that something constructive must be by .placing all phases of food production, Second. That the 0. P. A., which is a -done about this increasing mortality of distribution, and pricing under one ad­ ·creation of the executive department of producin'g units? ministrator. the Government, has failed miserably · The 0'. P. A. seems to be an almost. Mr. Speaker, this is not a new sub­ and that the executive department sadistic devotion to punishment. It ject. Two years ago the Committee on should immediately take steps to clean it seems to never have heard of instinctive Agriculture brought out a bill center.iug up, both as to personnel and as to poli­ ·American ideas of rewards and incen­ authority over food in one individual. cies. The personnel is incompetent and tives. By restrictions and regulations, it That legislation was not enacted. It has the policies are fallacious. so impaired the fundamental market an

distinction between the relationship of Theg 1the D;latter would go over to the involved, there is politics? participants in the Dumbarton Oaks or· House._: Th~ House_would have had the Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. I will' let ganization and those who are the par­ advantag~ of what the Senate had done, somebody who understands the mystery ticipants with reference to ratification of the dis cus~ions, and so forth. It would of that thinking explain it. a treaty. As a matter of fact, assem- . also h.,~y,e the benefit of public discussion. Mr. MASON. Mr. Chairman, will the blages such as the Dumbarton Oaks· or­ The people co':\l,d tell their Representa­ gentleman yield? ganization usually require that impor· tives in the House what they thought of Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. I yield to the tant action be unanimous. Why? Be­ the treaty as it 'was then proposed. With gentleman from Illinois. cause that is an assemblage of independ .. the advantage of all this, the House, a Mr. MASON. We have had evidence ent nations with many conflicting inter~ different body, would begin its consider· during the past 10 years where the Ex· ests, whereas ·this would be a determina· ation. The treaty would have to ·be ap­ ecutive by his power did control a rna· tion of the will of the Nation. proved by a majority of all the Membm·s jority of this Congress. -We are not now engaged in amending of the House. Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. I assume the Constitution. We are proposing that Miss SUMNER of Illinois. Mr. Chair­ t~at is probably true in instances, but, there be submitted to the judgment of man, will the gentleman yield? because that may be true, are you, in­ the people of all the states whether the Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. I yield to stead of. removing this minority control treaty-making power .should remain as the gentlewoman from Illinois. in the Senate, going to double handicap it is now or whether the judgment of ?v.tiss SUMNER of Illinois. The gen­ this treaty-making power of your Nation the House of Representatives should test tleman says he is going to vote the absent by also giving to a minority of one-third treaties before they become binding upon Me~pers. Is he going to vote the dead of the House plus one the power also to the country and whether the judgment ones, , po? block a treaty as is proposed in the of the Senate and the House should be Mp.;, SUMNERS of Texas. I think we Springer amendment? Are we in times expressed in the ordinary way by a will! t you Republicans answer for your .. like this going to. let the Senate handi­ majority. selves. I do not mean that. I say cap remain, as is proposed in this amend­ I understand there is going to be of­ thffi~s . once in awhile that I wish I had ment and add the new one-third plus fered an amendment to this proposed not",, 1The fact is, the first intimation I one minority handicap as is proposed in resolution, in the event the Springer have sometimes is when I hear. words this amendment, so that instead of just amendment is voted down, providing that like those coming out of my mouth. In as now obtains, you would have two mi­ the vote of approval of a treaty must be the spirit of compromise the proponents norities empowered to thwart the public by a majority of the membership of each of this resolution are going a long way will and public purpose seeking to reflect House. While a great many Members in agreeing to the amendment providing the majority judgment as to how we may who are supporting this resolution as it for a clear majority of the entire mem· best serve the cause of peace and world now stands are not in favor of this pro­ bership of each House to ratify a treaty. stability and maybe avoid another posed amendment, I understand there is I hope it will remove the apprehensions 'slaughter of the peoples of the world? a quite general disposition to accept it of,r orne of our friends and we can all Not even willing to leave the treaty. as a compromise. If the pending amend­ go .l:ialong with the amended resolution. making power with its present handi­ ment-the Springer amendment-is 'Vi3jhad just as well be candid about it. cap, but actually preparing to double it. voted down and the other amendment S~p,:;. e of you are afraid of the power of Mr. GRAHAM. Mr. Chaiqnan, I move adopted, it would then require more than tho President. If the President has too to strilte out the last word and rise in a bare majority to ratify a treaty. The much power you cannot reach that by support of the amendment. ratification would have to be by a ma­ hamstring~ng the legislative branch of Mr. Chairman, unfortunately, I was jority of the number of elected Members the Government by shifting the power detained last week during the deba:te; of each House. To illustrate, the mem:­ to speak the voice of the Houses of Con· but I have carefully read all the argu­ bership of the Senate is 96. Suppose gress from the majority to a bare one­ ments made during the two days of de­ when the vote is taken, assuming this third minority plus one. It cannot be bate last week. You will be surp1·ised amend~ent is agreed to. there are 6 done trying to protect the Houses of Con· when I make this statement to you: That Senators absent. Each of those 6 Sen­ gress by a constitutional provision which not a single new argument was advanced ators would be counted against ratifica. gives to one-third of their membership or statement made that has not hereto­ tion. There would have to be not only a sort of guardianship over the other fore been made either in the Continental a majority of the Senators present. and two-thirds. Congress, the Congress of the Confed· voting in favor of ratifying the treaty It is perfectly ridiculous, with all due eracy, the Constitutional Convention, in in order to ratify it, but the majority . respect to my distinguished friend of the papers of the Federalist, written by would have to be 6 more than a nu­ whom I am very fond, to provide that Jay, Madison, and Hamilton, or in the merical majority, 6 being t:Qe number of one-third of the membership of the ratification conventions held in the re­ non-voting absent Members. A similar House and of the Senate shall speak the spective States to ratify the Constitution situation would apply with reference to judgment of the House and the Senate of the United States, Not a single new 1945 CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD-H-OUSE 4329 argument has been advanced here today States, Holland, and Switzerland. I say gentleman realizes that or in the last 2 weeks. Why is it? to the gentleman from Michigan, can advocated the ratification of treaties by Mr. MICHENER. Mr. Chairman, will you improve on that sort of wisdom, the majority and not by a two-thirds the gentleman yield? whether it be in retrospect or in the vote. . Mr. GRAHAM. I yield to the gentle­ future? Mr. GRAHAM. He did on the 8th day man from Michigan.· The CHAffiMAN. The time of the of September in that convention. Later Mr. MICHENER. The only difference gentleman has expired. on in convention of the State of Penn­ is that times have changed. The gentle­ Mr. MICHENER. Mr. Chairman, I sylvania to ratify it, he changed his views man is talking in retrospect, and not in ask unanimous consent that the gentle­ considerably. the present or in the future. man have 5 additional minutes. Mr. KEFAUVER. I will say to the Mr. GRAHAM. I will answer the gen­ The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection gentleman also that when he changed his tleman in a moment. to the request of the gentleman from vote on it in the Constitutional Conven­ ·why· is it that since the inception of Michigan? t ion he voted against the two-thirds pro­ this country, according to the statistics There was no objection. vision, as the gentleman well knows. furnished by the Legislative Reference Mr. MICHENER. Mr. Chairman, will Mr. GRAHAM. I agree with the gen­ Bureau, 4,200 attempts have been made the gentleman yield? tleman, but I still insist that when he to ame1 d the Constitution and only 2l Mr. GRAHAM. I yield. . appeared before the convention in Penn­ have succeeded-21 out of 4,200? What Mr. MICHENER. The gentleman is an sylvania he had changed his views. is the inherent and ingrained thought of accurate historian. I am sure his recita-· Mr. Chairman, I decline to yield fur­ the people of the United States that they tion of facts is correct. But I am won­ ther. are perfectly content with the Constitu­ dering, with the that have come Mr. KEFAUVER. May I say to the tion, that they do not want it tampered about in the United States and in the gentleman we are talking of the Con­ with, or altered, or changed in any way?. world-granting that changes have oc­ stitutional Convention and inasmuch as Now what else? Let us go back for a curred~whether these ex_perienced gen-: the gentleman quoted · James Wilson, I ·moment. Who were the men in that tlemen of that time who wrote the Con­ felt it only proper to call that to his Constitutional Convention? Were they stitution might think and act differently· attention. all nondescript men? nid they know than they would if they lived 'today and Mr. GRAHAM. I have all this mate­ .what they ·were talking about? Here is had the benefit .of the· experience of .the· rial which I will go into. who they were: past 150 years. :aJJJ2I, Mr. McCORl.\fACK: Mr. Chairman; Of those 55 men who gathered there Mr. GRAH~. Industrially: m @chan, will the-gentleman yield? that day-and if this Congress can ever ically, and financially, yes. But' in the · Mr. GRAHAM. I ca~not resist yield­ equal it, then posterity can take off their matter of inherent political justice and ing to the gentleman from Massa-' hats to us-18 were officers of the Conti­ right, no. .chusetts, but I wish that" I might have nental Army, 34 were lawyers, 6 had beeri Mr. MAY. Mr. Chairman, will the some more time. State attorneys general, 5 chief justices gentleman yield? · Mr. MICHENER. Mr. Chairman, I ask of State supreme courts, 4 chancelors of Mr. GRAHAM. Certainly. unanimous consent that the gentleman their States, 3 judges, 5 later Justices of Mr. MAY. Waiving the question of have 5 additional minutes. the Supreme Court of the United States, whether the House of Representatives · The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection 2 of them to be Chief Justices, and 10 of should participate in the ratification of to the request of the gentlem1an from them were later to be elected to the Con­ a treaty and considering only the ques­ Michigan? gress of the United States and 16 to the tion of whether it should be by a ma­ There was no objection. Senate. jority or a two-thirds vote, is it or is it Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, What was their background of expe­ not true that 49 Senators, being a my friend has made an observation about rience? Forty-two had been delegates quorum of the Senate of the United the framers of the Constitution and we to the Continental Congress, 8 were States, if a mere majority were re9,Ufred, all have that stronger affection for them signers of the Declaration of Independ­ then 25 Senators, in the event cml:9 49 which the gentleman from Pennsylvania ence, 6 were signers of the draft of the were present, could ratify a treaty, which has demonstrated. But as to what they Articles of Confederation, 7 had attended is just 1 person more than one-feurth would do if they were alive today, in re­ the ~rmapolis Convention, 3 had been of the membership of the Senate? .?.9V sponse to the question asked by the gen­ executive officers of the Congress, 13 were Mr. GRAHAM. The gentlemana·ffbm tleman from Michigan, I am wondering Congressmen at the time serving in the Kentucky had an apt illustration f that if the gentleman would loak into their Congress of the Confederacy, 1 had been last week when this House, by a major1ty minds and answer this question and let with the Territorial Government, 4 were vote, refused to allow his committee ·to us know if they would have voted for the members of the President's Cabinet, 1, act on a matter, but a few minutes later, seventeenth amendment to the Constitu­ Benjamin Franklin, had been a "Minister under the protection' of the Constitution, tion, for the direct election of United abroad, and 3 qf them later were to be the House refused to override the veto States Senators; and also for the amend­ Ministers abroad, and 2 were Presidents of the President. ment to the Constitution providing for later. Were these ordinary men? What was the thought of these nien? the right of women to vote? What did they do in the debate? As Were they dealing only for the day? Let Mr. GRAHAM. When the seventeenth I read the debates of last week over Sat­ us see what some of them said. Jam ~s amendment was proposed, 36 States urday and Sunday, I thought, what did Wilson, of Pennsylvania, of whom we'1 ar~ voted favorably, 2 refused, Rhode Island these men do when the great debate proud, and who is one of the greate~t and North Carolina, and 9 did not vote. came up for the compromise after Ed­ lawyers this country ever produced, §lii~d Mr. McCORMACK. That does not mund Randolph had offered the Virginia this: ,r answer the question. plan? That same day Charles Pinckney When he considered the amazing extent Mr. GRAHAM. I am telling you how came forward with his plan, and later on of the country, the immense population it they voted. William Paterson, of New Jersey, came takes to fill it, and the influences which the Mr. McCORMACK. I asked the gen­ forward with his plan, representing the government we are to form will have, not tleman about the framers of the Con­ small States, and they came to an only on the present generation of our people stitution. Does he think, if they were and their multiplied posterity, but on the alive at that time, the framers of the impasse. There again old Benjamin whole globe, he was lost in the magnitude Franklin, with the wisdom of the years, of the operation. Constitution, if they were Members of suggested that there be an interim and Congress, would have voted for the that they go about their work and think That answers the question of tl).e gen­ seventeenth amendment to the Consti­ it over. In the debate that took place tleman from Michigan. tution, and later for the amendment per­ at that time, what happened? There Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. Chairman, will mitting woman's suffrage? were 22 references to nations, ancient the gentleman yield? Mr. MASON. Would the gentleman and modern, and over 130 reference~ Mr. GRAHAM. I yield. permit me to answer that question? were made to English history and its Mr. KEFAUVER. The gentleman has Mr. GRAHAM. Certainly. institutions, and the range of inquiry quoted James Wilson, who, I admit, was Mr. MASON. The framers of the Con­ included the study of the institutions of one of the great members of the Con­ stitution provided a method by which Greece, Rome; France, · the German stitutional Convention. I am sure the the Constitution could be changed. And 4330. ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 8 . it was changed· when the seventeenth tion. · That must be done by the respec~ with the King of France, the first treaty, amendment was adopted, and they pr{}•. tive legislatures of the several States. and. that was made within 30 days after vided for that method. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the that resolution. Iv.lr. McCORMACK. Nobody disputes gentleman from Pennsylvania has again Mr. KEFAUVER. I thank the gentle· that. · expired. man for his contribution. What I said Mr. GRAHAM. Now, Mr. Chairman, Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. Chairman, I was I did not think our forefathers ap­ I decline to yield further. I ought to rise in opposition to the amendment. preciated the fact that in the years to get in a word once in a while. All of us, of course, have great respect come we could cross the ocean in a night, Now, let us take this immortal Con­ for the founding fathers, the writers of and that whole cities and industrial stitution and go through it. Ten sec-. our Constitution, but I do not think it plants could be destroyed almost without tions of the Constitution: is entirely correct, as the gentleman from warning. I do not think they realized Article I, section 3, paragraph 6: "The Sen­ Pennsylvania {Mr. GRAHAM] says, that the fact th~t. as I say, airplanes would ate shall have the sole power to try all im­ all of them had a great -theory of gov­ be flying the ocean and that we would peachments. When sitting for that purpose ernment insofar as this two-thirds rule have to have some kind of international they shall be on oath or affirmation. When is concerned. I think I can conclusively law to protect our people and the people the President of the United States is tried, of the world. They had the idea that the Chief Justice shall preside. And no per- . show the two-thirds rule was not a fun­ son shall be convicted without the concur­ damental theory which they had any the oceans would protect us; but now, rence of two-thirds of the Members present.'' particularly strong sentimental ideas Mr. Chairman, we are in a period where Article I, section 5, paragraph 2: "Each about. I say that because in the first the very future of our Nation depends House may determine the rules of its pro­ place, the record shows that when the upon our being able to deal effectively · ceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Committee of Eleven on September 7 met, and affirmatively in foreign affairs, when behaviour, and, with the concurrence of two­ James Madison-and I am sure the gen­ it depends upon our being able to make thirds, expel a Member." agreements with other nations and not Article I, section 7 ,. paragraph 2: "Every tleman from Pennsylvania will agree that bill which shall have passed the House of he was one of the great members of the have the will of the people of this Nation Representatives and the Senate shall before Constitutional Convention-offered a stymied every time an effort in that di­ it becomes a law be presented to the Presi­ motion -to except treaties of peace from rection is made. I will say also they did dent of the United States. If he approves the two-thjrds rule, to have treaties of not foresee that this Nation would be he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it peace ratified as other legislation is rati­ thrown into two great world wars, one with his objections to that House in which fied, :r.Y:R,~10t one member of the commit­ of which may·have been because of the it shall have originated, who shall enter the tee on,consideration of that motion spoke fact that the two-thirds rule stymied and objections at large on their Journal, and pro­ ceed to reconsider it. If after such recon­ or voted against it, because on September prevented our country taking its part sideration two-thirds of that House shall 7 the Committee of Eleven met-the with the other nations of the world in the agree to pass the bill it shall be sent, together steering committee-and unanimously promotion and keeping of peace. with the objections, to the other House, by agreed to exclude treaties of peace from The CHAIRMAN. The time of the which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and the two-thirds provision. The main gentleman from Tennessee has expired. if approved by two-thirds of that House it thing they did want covered under the Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Chairman, I shall become a law." two-thirds provision was matters having move to strike out the last five words. Article I, section 7, paragraph 3: "Every to do with territorial integrity affecting order, resolution, or vote to which the con­ Mr. Chairman, may I state that at the currence of the Senate and House of Repre­ the Mississippi, insofar as the four time the Constitution was adopted in this sentatives may be necessary (except on a Southern States were concerned, and af­ country we all looked upon the Nation, question of adjournment) shall be presented fecting fishery rights, as far as the New even though it was a nation, as a union to the President of the United States; and England States were concerned. Mr. of equal sovereign States, each with a before the same shall take effect; shall be Wilson was against the two-thirds rule different sphere of influence. approved by him, or being disapproved by and spoke against it. Mr. Madison was Then there is another thing we want him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the against it, and to show that others had Senate and House of Representatives, ac­ to remember. We had a lot of little cording .to the rules and limitations pre­ no rdea that this was a sacred rule, on Americans who could not conceive of scribed in the case of a bill." the next day the motion was made to this country extending from coast to Article II, section 2, paragraph 3: "He shall hav~ 0 treaties ratified by .a majority of coast. A good many of them were op­ have power, by and with the advice and con­ the Sgnators ~lected, not by a two-thirds, posed to the Louisiana Purchase and sent of the Senate, to make treaties provided and tb.at motiOn was defeated 5 to 4. A every progress that we made as a rea! two-thirds of the Senators presen~ concur." change of one vote would have made the nation. Article-Y, section 1: "The Congress, when­ rule by majority of those duly elected. May I call attention to another aspect ever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it Mr. Dayton spoke against the two-thirds of this matter. The Democratic Party necessary, shall propose amendments to this rule, and he thought that treaties should of that day was pro-French and the Fed­ Constitution, or, on the application of the be handled as other legislation. legislatures of two-thirds of the several eralist Party was pro-English. Each of States, shall call a convention for proposing Mr. Chairman, it was. impossible for them looked upon America as a small amendments, which, in either case, shall be our forefathers to realize that in this country that was liable to be dominated valid to all intents and purposes, as part of modern age the boundaries of nations by outside influences. That was one of this Constitution, when ratified by the leg­ would be contiguous. They could not the reasons for the adoption of the two­ islature of three-fourths of the several States~ appreciate the fact that in the days to thirds rule. or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, c-RJHe we would have to deal with the Mr. Chairman, America has become as, the one or the other mode of ratification of foreign relations now confront­ may be proposed by the Congress, Provided, tYPf industrially, spiritually, educationally, That no amendment which may be made ing the Nation. ln. these days we are and in the know-how the greatest coun­ prior to the year one thousand eight hun­ gbing to have to make treaties and make try in the world. We dominate things dred and eight shall in any manner affect them frequently. The future of our Na­ and there is why we should the first and fourth clauses in the ninth tion is bound up in our ability to handle not have faith in ourselves. We only section of the first article; and that no State and act in the field of .foreign affairs. require a majority vote to declare war without its consent shall be deprived of its Mr. GRAHAM. Mr. Chairman, will equal suffrage in the Senate." and at the same time we say that one­ the gentleman yield? third of the Senate plus one, a small That is one part of the Constitution Mr. KEFAUVER. I yield. minority may say: "You cannot make you cannot amend. They say you can Mr. GRAHAM. The gentleman says the peace." If the word and the will of amend the Constitution. You cannot that they did not know that they were America is to have influence, it ought to amend that. You cannot take from dealing with foreign relations. · When be backed up by the people of these any State, without its consent, its power. Richard Henry Lee offered his amend­ United States. It should not be stymied ' That provision implies you can never ment on the 7th day of June proposing by any group less than a majority. I eliminate or change by popular vote the free and independent States, and also a believe in having faith in o'.lr country method of ratification. You can elect second clause for provision for treaties and giving it a chance to function in United States Senators as under the and alliances, in pursuance of that, a world affairs; but if a small minority can seventeenth amendment, but you cannot committee was appointed, and they im­ · hamstring the will of this eountry and change the manner and form of ratifica-. mediately engaged in fulfilling_the treaty the will of the Congress I fear that we l945 COl~GRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 4331 are going to have trouble ironing out· As it is now, the Senate exercises no con .. only did that action stand for interna­ international affairs, maybe not at the structive voice in the making of treaties tional perfidy, but it stood for the end San Francisco Conference nor the peace of peace and treaties of arbitration. The of the time when the United States of conference, but in time to come by small Senate's voice has become a negative America had in its own hand and in its men who might be able to join with a voice. I want the Congress of the United own choice the question of whether it minority and set aside the will of the States to have a constructive voice in should remain at peace or whether it American people. ·these important matters. should go to war. Mr. Chairman, I want unity and faith We have at the present time the spec­ I think there will be few Members of in America. I believe we are entitled tacle of one great branch of the Congress the House who will contradict me when to it. · of the United States being unable to I say that before Pearl Harbor the aver­ The CHAIRMAN. The time of the exert the will of the majority of its mem­ age American, including the average gentleman from Minnesota has expired. bers, because complete minority control Membe~ of Congress, still believed it was Mr. MERROW. Mr. Chairman, I rise is exercised as far as treaties are con­ in the power of the United States, in her · in opposition to the pending amendment. cerned. own voluntary choice, to decide what her Mr. Chairman, I have profound re­ The proposed amendment requiring fate would be. We know now that the spect for the wisdom of ·the men who two-thirds of both Houses would render 'peace of America, the saving of the lives wrote the Constitution of the United treaty making much more difficult. So of our sons, is inextricably intertwined States. They knew that changes would if we do not want to make any treaties with the peace of the world itself. . be necessary and provided four ways to after the war is over, if we want to try The difference between 1787 and 1945 amend the original document. The Con- to get out of the business of international is the jet-propelled bomb. The difference . stitution has been amended several times, affairs, which we cannot do, then it is between a small republic in a compar- and furthermore it has developed by would be a good idea to adopt this . atively unknown continent and the most statutes,' judicial decisions, customs, and amendment. If we want to make abso­ powerful nation on the face of the globe. usages. In my opinion if the framers of lutely certain that we are not going to The difference is, if we are goir:g to de­ the Constitution were alive today they take part in international affairs, some­ cide this matter with thought for the would be the first to make this much body should propose an amendment re­ soldiers that still face a relentless enemy, needed and long overdue change in the quiring the unanimous consent of both we are today under the absolute impul­ treaty-ratifying mechanism of the Con­ Houses before we agree to treaties. This, sion to be certain that America can take stitution. of course, would be absurd. tlrHn. a positively effective action in preserving The amendment under discl,lssion By adopting House Joint Res&~tion 60, the peace of the world. America can­ would provide for the validation of trea­ requiring only a majority 'Oof both not in this hour avoid the burden of ties by a two-thirds vote of both the Houses to validate treaties, we inform .. leadership. I am more concerned, Mr. . House and the Senate. I can think of the world that we are going to take our . Chairman, that. we should be able to no act that would be more disastrous to place as a world leader after this war is take constructive action in the great our welfare than adopt-ing this proposal. over. We are leading at the present · crisis for the future which we face than r,I'he war in Europe is won. This is VE­ · time in the prosecution of the war. For­ I am afraid that we might take action day, and the eyes of the world are upon . tunately, the war in Europe has been that would be regretted afterward. We this House as we debate the question of brought to a successful conclusion. It live in a new world, a cold world, a world revising our constitutional machinery for · is now our duty to maintain our position in which the icy blasts of reality have to making peace. The world wishes to know of leadership and to build a peace so that blow through the mind and heart of what we intend to do in the future. · the sacrifices that have been made, that every man who faces the truth as it really Let us see what the adoption of this are being made, and that will be made, · is. In that world the burden of proof is amendment under discussion at the will not have been made in vain. · going to be on those people who are going present time would do. By the adoption I am certain that the people of the to say "Yes" and not on those who are of this amendment, making· it necessary United States wish us to present this going to say "No." for two-thirds of both Houses of Con­ · amendment to their legislatures. ' ~)?oint­ I do not suppose the San Francisco gress to ratify treaties, we would notify ed out yesterday, with letters ·atrd edi .. Conference or the conferences that will the entire world that we do not intend torials and polls from all over th coun­ follow will give a world order that is to make treaties after all hostilities have try, that the people are in fav~"'". Of a just as I want it, but I do know that un­ ceased; we do not intend to participate majority vote in treaty ratificat_"" · "' · less America takes a different course than in the formulation of the peace. Mr. VOORHIS of Califorri:" . ·Mr. she took after World War No. 1 we will be Mr. GRAHAM. Mr. Chairman, will Chairman, I move to strike out'~ fj{ ;last betraying in the most abysmal fashion · the gentleman yield? word. the sacrifices that have been made by Mr. MERROW. I cannot yield. But Mr. Chairman, in the warm precincts our fighting men. if the House will give me time after I of t!:lis room the arguments of the gen­ I have believed for a good many years finish my statement, I will yield to any­ tleman from Pennsylvania sound most that had the. United States entered the one. persuasive. I like as well as any other · League of Nations she might have helped Mr.· GRAHAM. Will' the gentleman Member to feel that there are principles to make that organization an instrument differentiate between a treaty which will handed down to us through the years,.ad­ · for peace, that possibly some of those be signed by the Senate and the endorse­ herence to which can give us securit~ . and steps, the Japanese incursion into Man­ ment of the Dumbarton Oaks proposal? peace; as to the real fundamentMs of churia, which our Se,cretary of State at There is a vast difference between the life I believe that, with all my ·B"Wtrt. the time tried to stop, the incursion of two. But I think it is incumbent upotf!Vthe Mussolini into Ethiopia, and. Hitler's Mr. MERROW. Oh, yes. The char­ Members of the House to conside . this march into the Rhineland, might have ter is going to be presented, and it seems question as if indeed they were looking · been stopped, and had they been; World to be the consensus of opinion that it out of the window at 'the top of the War No. 2 might not have come. And will be-adopted, but that is no reason for Washington Monument over this whole we know, do we not, that at least one not passing this resolution. There will suffering war-torn world. I think ·it is reason America was not part of that be a multitude of treaties supplementing incumbent upon us to consider this ques­ world peace machinery was because of and implementing the charter of the tion in the light of the realities of the the veto power of one-third of the United United Nations based on the Dumbarton wprld as we know it today. States Senate. Oa~s proposals, and they will be subject For 138 years the United States lived Mr. Chairma·n, attempt has been made to minority domination in the Senate if in this world as a nation left alone. to liken this question to the presidential we do not make this change. If we adopt Most of those years we were a compara­ veto of acts of Congress. They are not the pending amendment, we will increase tively small republic, far removed from comparable at all. The presidential veto minority. control. We already have too centers of world conflict. Even the First means that two of the three great · much minority control in the Senate. World War did not change that very branches of our Government are in dis­ We would be extending minority control much. At least we did not realize any agreement over a measure, and, there­ by placing it in the House. Furthermore, such change. But when the Japanese fore, th,e vote of two-thirds of Congress il.l actuality we would have no voice in attacked -Pearl Harbor on December 7, shall be required to override the dis- · treaty making except a negative voice. 1941, a great era came to an end. Not agreement of the President. In this case 4332 CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY a at least two-thirds of the legislative Mr. Chairman, I suppose if you really unkind reception there as the chairman branch is needed to override the opposi­ want to make it easy to ratify treaties, of its Judiciary Committee has warned, tion of the Executive to a legislative pro­ the thing to do is to simply reduce the and of course in any event it would have posal. two~thirds Senate rule to a mere major­ to go before the people. The question In this case, that branch of the Gov­ ·ity and let it go at that, because that would remain as to whether or not any ernment which has the primary responsi­ probably would be the easiest way to do amendment to the Constitution could be bility for foreign affairs, namely, the it. Evidently this resolution has noth­ accomplished before a treaty of peace executive, ·makes a proposal which pre­ ing to ,do particularly with making the were to be returned for action by the sumably, it must be remembered, is made ratification of treaties easier, but its pur­ Senate, or the House and Senate, as the with the interest of the United States in pose is to give the House a voice in the case might be. Nevertheless, if some mind. Yet under present circumstances making of treaties. Am I correct in that, resolution similar to the ones I have pre­ one-third of one body of the Congress, may I ask the gentleman from Texas sented may be given favorable consid .. and that body, mind you, which least [Mr. SUMNERS]? eration by the House and likewise by represents the popular will of America, Mr. SPRINGER. May I say that the the Senate, there is no reason why the exercises an absolute veto power over the gentleman is entirely correct, as the evi­ House should not take its proper posi­ proposal of our Executive, and can block dence shows which I have adduced. tion of participation in connection with any action by our country in its interna­ Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. The purpose treaty making without any constitu­ tional affairs. is, one, to give the House by a majority tional amendment. In my humble opin-. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the and the Senate by a majority the right to ion, these 18 different powers in article gentleman has expired. ratify a treaty, and the other to give the I, section 2, and others that are granted Mr. VOORHIS of California. Mr. House, of course, the right to participate. to the House elsewhere in the Constitu... Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to Mr. ffiNSHAW. Of course, it would tion should be exercised. It includes proceed for 3 adidtional minutes. be assumed that the House is very much ·such matters as patents, copyrights, The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection interested in participating in the mak­ piracies, war, army and navy; to raise to the request of the gentleman from ing of treaties. That is a just and rea­ and support armies, as everyone knows, California? sonable thought. But, lo, these many but no appropriation of money to use There was no objection. years the House has had that power and that power "shall be for a longer term Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, neVer exercised it, although on occasion than 2 years," and so forth. will the gentleman yield? the Hm.1se ~ has protested violation of its Now, in connection with a treaty of Mr. VOORHIS of California. I yield. rights.sr'we have had that power ever peace, there may be some matter of Mr. McCORMACK. The overriding of since' the Constitution was first adopted. legislation required to support an army , a veto is in a sense an Executive function In section 2 of article I of the Constitu­ or a part of an army that may be joined and an Executive act. The veto is an tion, 18 different powers are granted to with other forces in the world for the Executive power. A two-thirds vote is the Congress of the United States which, preservation of peace. It is impossible required to override a veto because it is of course, includes the House of Repre­ for the Senate and the President to gi\ing the legislative branch, to a certain sentatives. In other sections of the Con­ agree to supply that force by any treaty extent, Executive power. stitution there are likewise powers that whatsoever, because it is the Congress · Mr. VOORHIS of California. I thank are granted to the Congress of the United that has the sole power to raise and sup ... the gentleman. But in the case of States which have to do with the subjects port armies and that includes the House. treaties at present, there must be two­ of treaties. We may make appropriations for that thirds of the Senate agreeing with the The first attempt on the part of the purpose but we cannot make them for. · action of the President before it can be­ House to achieve some acknowledgment longer than 2 years. There are hun~ come effective. The proposal in House of that power was in 1796 when the Jay dreds of treaties that are handed to the Joint Resolution 60 is that both the Sen­ Treaty was before the Senate for ratifi­ Senate for ratification that have noth" ate ane the House of Representatives­ cation. The House at that time adopted ing to do with pea.ce. There ·are trea .... and I submit our own body is closer to a res0lution which was sent to the Sen­ ties on copyrights and patents; there the people of America-shall not only ate calling attention to the rights, duties, are treaties on immigration and nat-· participate in the ratification of treaties privileges, and prerogatives of the House uralization, on radio, on avi~ion, and but it shall be sufficient for action by our in eotmection with treaty making. That all sorts of things that are properly sub .. country if a majority of those two Houses same resolution in slightly different form ject to the powers of the whole Con ... agree with the action of .the President. was: :!submitted and agreed to by the gress, -not the Senate alone. Is that going to make the ratification of Hotls&,on other occasions. In 1824 there The CHAffiMAN. The time of the treaties too easy? Mr. Chairman, I do was one very particular occasion, at gentleman from California has expired. not believe it is. I believe in the stormy which time a Member of the House who Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Chairman, I ask days that lie ahead, in the midst of later became the President of the United unanimous consent to proceed for 2 ad-. the difficult and complex problems with States, Mr. Polk, had some words of very ditional minutes. which we shall have to deal, the ratifi­ great wisdom to say on the subject of The CHAffiMAN. Is there objection cation of treaties is going to be hard in the rights, prerogatives, and privileges to the request of the gentleman from any event. I believe that req1,1iring two­ of the House in connection with treaty California? · thirds of the Senate for such ratification making. I have made bold to take the There was no objection. is making too difficult that action which resolution which was agreed to in 17961 Mr. HINSHAW. In conclusion, may I must be taken by 'the people who will be and.~gain in 1881, adding a word or two, . say that I intend a little later to offer a far-sighted and. have in mind the posi­ an

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4338 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD_:_I-IOUSE MAY 8 and make a similar argument? I fe-el it sent here to do careful thinking. Orie Mr. HOFFMAN asked and was given would be helpful if he will do it. speaker has said, -4'You do not have the permission to revise and extend his own Mr. PATRICK. May I correct the courage to present this to the people." remarks. gentleman's statement? He did not quite Well, we ought to have the courage not UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY CEN­ understand the statement 1' made. to present some things. However, we TENNIAL COMMISSION The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ have presented a great many proposals to nizes the gentleman from Wiseonsin the States, over 2,000 I think, which the The SPEAKER. Pursuant to the pro~ [Mr. KEEFE]. States failed to ratify. How easy it is to visions of Public ·Law 50, Seventy-ninth Mr. KEEFE. Mr. Chairman, in view say, "Do you not have the courage to Congress, the Chair appoints as members of the lateness of the hour, I will reserve · present this or that?'' and "Ought not the of the United States Naval Academy Cen­ what I have to say on the next amend­ people have a chance to vote on it?" The tennial Commission the following Mem­ ment. I yield to my distinguished friend States do not wish that we avoid our bers of the House: Mr. O'TooLE1 Mr. the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. responsibility by dumping it on them. "SASSCER, and Mr. BEALL. GIFFORD], who is on his feet. On, I can see men on this side of the LEAVE OF AESENCE Mr. GIFFORD. Mr. Chairman, I aisle who when I came here 20 years ago By unanimous consent, leave of ab­ hardly think I can contribute much in a would long hesitate to favor a proposi­ sence was granted to Mr. CRAVENS y they would have fought it. D::> the account of business. the way, seem to differ so greatly among verities of the government of our fore­ themselves. However, I should expr-ess fathers change with the seasons? ADJOURNMENT sympathy with those who believe so I think of those who have joined the Mr. FOLGER. Mr. Speaker, I move thoroughly in a bare majority vote. recent majority. I could name some of that the House do now adjourn. What a pity it must seem to them that them. But loving my country, as i am The motion was agreed to; accordingly three-quarters of the states must ratify. sure I do, I am right glad that we can (at 5 o'clock and 1 minute p. m.) the ~hey would seem to object to the idea prevent a majority made up of such House adjourned until tomorrow, May 9, of one-fourth of the States preventing combinations from destroying that Gov­ 1945, at 12 o'clock noon. what the majority of the States might ernment, the best yet devised by man. approve. . We have treaties to make with countries COMMITTEE HEAR.INGS How can they reconcile that phase of whic · W_~ -should debate and consider long ' b-#fore we ratify. They should COMMITTEE ON INTERSTATE A"ND FOREIGN the process? I cannot understand their COMMERCE lack of reference to it. I hope you will command more than a mere majority if not recommend a change in the jury sys­ they are meritorious. There will be a meeting of the Com­ After all, I should know more about mittee on Interstate ·and Foreign Com­ tem and advocate that a defendant merce at 10 a. m. \Vednesday, May 9, should be convicted by a bare majority the Constitution than perhaps you really expect. I studied and taught it for 1945, to resume public hearings on S. 63 of the 12 members of the jury. I have and H. R. 1648, to amend the Communi­ been brolJ.gh~ up under the old system. some years. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the cations Act of 1934, as amended, so as to When my people, as in all small villages, prohibit interference with the broad­ want to put up their money or pledge gentleman from Massachusetts has ex­ pired. casting of noncommercial cultural or their fortunes in any undertaking, they educational programs. first draw up a constitution so that a Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. Mr. Chair­ bare majority could not change the fun­ man, I move that the committee do now CoMMITTEE oN hJIMIGRATION AND damental principles they sought to pre­ rise. NATURALIZATION . serve. The motion was agreed to. Subcommittee No. 2, of the Commit­ Temporary conditions often bring Accordingly the Committee rose; and tee on Immigration and Naturalization about heated, diverse opinions that the Speaker having resumed the chair, (Representative 0. C. FISHER, chairman), threaten hasty and oft-repented action. Mr. BA"XES of Kentucky, Chairman of the will bold a hearing at 10:30 a. m. on You would not subscribe your hundred Committee of the Whole House on the Wednesday, May 9, 1945. state-- of the Union, reported that that dollars a share to build a church or any­ COMMITTEE ON WORLD WAR VETERANS' thing €lse unless you first framed a con­ comrlllttee having had under considera­ LEGISLATION tion~ tl!e resolution, House Joint Resolu­ stitution that would require at l€ast a The Committee on Vlorld War Vet­ two-thilds vote to change its fundamen­ tioti' 60, · had come to no resolution ther'eon. erans' Legislation will meet in open ses­ tal character. I am sometimes quite dis­ sion at 10 a. m. on Thursday, May 10, turbed by the hasty action of a mere EXTENSION OF REMARKS 1945, in the committee room, 356 House ma-jority. Of course we all subscribe to Mr. GEARHART asked and was given Office Building. maJority rule. However, I voted for pro­ P€rmission to extend his remarks in -~he COMMITTEE ON INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN hibition and later I voted to r-epeal it. I REcoRD in three instances, in the first COMMERCE want