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Radiocarbon Dates on Bones of Extinct Birds from Hawaii (Tandem Accelerator Mass Spectrometer/Archeology/Faunal Turnover) HELEN F

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Radiocarbon Dates on Bones of Extinct Birds from Hawaii (Tandem Accelerator Mass Spectrometer/Archeology/Faunal Turnover) HELEN F Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 84, pp. 2350-2354, April 1987 Evolution Radiocarbon dates on bones of extinct birds from Hawaii (tandem accelerator mass spectrometer/archeology/faunal turnover) HELEN F. JAMES*, THOMAS W. STAFFORD, JR.t, DAVID W. STEADMANt, STORRS L. OLSON*, PAUL S. MARTIN§, A. J. T. JULL¶, AND PATRICK C. MCCOYII *National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; tCarnegie Institution of Washington, Geophysical Laboratory, 2801 Upton St., NW, Washington, DC 20008; tNew York State Museum, The State Education Department, Albany, NY 12230; §Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; IDepartment of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; IlBernice Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 19000-A, Honolulu, HI 96819 Communicated by Jared M. Diamond, December 22, 1986 ABSTRACT Bones from a stratified sedimentary deposit Although fossils of extinct insular vertebrates have often in the Puu Naio Cave site on Maui, Hawaiian Islands, reveal the been found in archeological contexts (3, 5, 6, 8, 14), estab- late Holocene extinction of 19 species of birds. The age of the lishing the exact causes leading to extinction is rarely sediment and associated fauna was determined by direct possible. This is no less true for historic extinctions. The radiocarbon dating (tandem particle accelerator-mass spec. cause ofdecline may be indeterminable or debatable even for trometer; TAMS) of amino acids extracted from bones weigh- endangered species currently threatened with extinction (15, ing as little as 450 mg. The 14C dates indicate that sediment has 16). Christensen and Kirch (17) point out that two alternative been accumulating in the lava tube for at least the last 7750 hypotheses for the cause of extinction in Hawaii-Holocene years, a suitable time frame for testing the hypothesis that climatic change and undocumented effects ofcolonization by Holocene extinction on islands began after human colonization. western peoples-while not well supported, nevertheless Despite growing evidence that a worldwide wave of extinctions have not been rejected by a rigorous test. coincided with human colonization of oceanic islands, little Competing hypotheses for the cause of Late Pleistocene radiometric data have been available to date the extinction of megafaunal extinctions in North America have been tested by most small fossil vertebrates on islands. The TAMS technique comparing the predictions of each hypothesis to the chro- of dating purified collagen from the bones of small vertebrates nology of extinction derived from 1'C dating of extinct could lead to vastly improved chronologies of extinction for animals (18). A similar approach could be used to test the oceanic islands where catastrophic mid- to late-Holocene ex- association of human impacts and island extinctions if bones tinction is expected or known to have occurred. Chronologies of small vertebrates could be reliably dated. derived from sites that show continuous In the past, direct dates on fossil bone have often been nonarcheological impossible to obtain because the bones were either too small sedimentation, such as the Puu Naio Cave deposit, may also or too unique and valuable for 14C dating. Another way to yield key evidence on the timing of earliest human settlement estimate the age of extinct vertebrates is to date charcoal, of Oceania. wood, or other suitable organic material found in stratigraph- ic association with fossil bone. The application of this To a much greater degree than previously suspected, recent technique is limited because, in many insular fossil sites, (i) paleontological research has implicated prehistoric humans no organic material suitable for conventional 14C dating is in the rapid degradation of insular ecosystems, with accom- found, (ii) datable organic material is found only in one or a panying extinctions of organisms. Extensive Holocene ex- few strata, or (iii) the chronostratigraphic association of the tinctions of vertebrates occurred on oceanic islands as fossil bones and datable material is open to doubt. The diverse and distant as Madagascar (1), New Caledonia (2), amount of reliable 14C data pertaining to extinct island New Zealand (3, 4), the Chatham Islands (R. Cassels in 1984; vertebrates is consequently very little. ref. 3), the Cook Islands (5), Henderson Island (6), the The tandem particle accelerator-mass spectrometer Hawaiian Islands (7-9), the Galapagos (10), Antigua in the (TAMS) may remove the obstacles to 14C dating of insular Lesser Antilles (11), and the Balearic Islands in the Medi- fossil vertebrates by enabling us to date milligram-sized terranean (12). These extinctions were not coincident with amino acid residues from small bones of the extinct animals any climatic or geological upheavals that might have triggered themselves. We obtained TAMS 14C dates from bones and most are weighing between 0.45 and 11.6 g (Fig. 1). The bones were them, known or thought to postdate the arrival excavated from a stratified sedimentary deposit in a lava tube of Homo sapiens. Some combination of human-related pre- on the Hawaiian island of Maui. The importance of this site, dation, habitat alteration, or introduced pathogens, preda- and potentially of many other island fossil sites, was greatly tors, or herbivores is thought to be the cause. enhanced by the ability to date small bones. At least for birds, the worldwide impact of these extinc- Puu Naio Cave is a lava tube located at 305 m (1000 feet) tions was catastrophic. No fewer than 80 species disappeared elevation above La Perouse Bay on the southwestern slope from New Zealand and the Hawaiian Islands alone, severely of Haleakala Volcano (20°37' N, 156°24' W; state archeolog- reducing the richness oftheir native avifaunas. Ifthis pattern ical site 50-50-14-1009; Bishop Museum archeological site holds for the numerous oceanic islands that are still Ma-B2-3). The tube occurs within a lava flow that is probably paleontologically unexplored, then the species richness of less than 10,000 years old, which was erupted from a vent birds before the spread of Homo sapiens in Oceania must along the southwest rift zone of Haleakala Volcano [D. R. have been much greater than current estimates of slightly Crandell in ref. 19 (1983) and personal communication more than 9000 avian species in the world (13). (1986)]. After the lava tube formed, part of its roof collapsed and created a large pit with a vertical depth of 10 m and a The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" Abbreviations: TAMS, tandem particle accelerator-mass spectrom- in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. eter; B.P., before present. 2350 Downloaded by guest on October 3, 2021 Evolution: James et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84 (1987) 2351 slope created by the mound of boulders left below the mouth of the cave after the ceiling collapsed. Sediment also washed into the steeper, downslope portion of the tube, where it accumulated in several shallower, less-stratified deposits extending 108 m from the entrance. During February 1984, we removed approximately 4.5 m3 of sediment from two locations in the upper cave (Fig. 2), leaving most ofthe deposit undisturbed for future excavation. The excavated sediment was washed through 1/16-inch (0.16 cm) mesh screens, and the remaining concentrate was dried and sorted under a binocular microscope. In this way, we recovered about 1000 bones per cubic meter of sediment, about 580 of which were identifiable at the species level (quantities are based on grid square W9, Table 1). The bones are generally in an excellent state of preservation, and many delicate bones such as ibis mandibles, goose skulls, and small passerine long bones are unbroken. The finely stratified, roughly horizontal bedding seen in the upper cave excavation (Figs. 3 and 4) is unique in our FIG. 1. Fossil bones used for radiocarbon dates. (A) Seven bones extensive experience with lava tube deposits. We designated ofPacific rat, Rattus exulans (AA-760, 0.45 g). (B) Femur ofjuvenile four major stratigraphic units in the upper cave sediments, flightless ibis, Apteribis sp. (AA-761, 1.84 g). (C) Femur of flightless based on observed differences in particle size distribution, goose, Thambetochen sp. (AA-762, 11.6 g). (Bars = 2 cm.) compaction, color, and bedding (Figs. 3 and 4). The upper and lower contacts of each of these units are distinct and mouth roughly 8.5 by 5.5 m in diameter at ground level (Fig. abrupt. Within units I, III, and IV, subunits were designated 2). to define stratigraphic breaks that represent minor changes in During heavy rains, sediment was transported by water lithology. through this opening into the gently sloping ascending portion The sediment consists mainly of volcanic ash, basaltic of the tube (upper cave), where it was deposited in roughly cinders, and basaltic roof spall from the tube, or their horizontal layers ofpebbly, sandy muds that included various weathering products. The sand and pebble-sized particles are concentrations of volcanic cinders from nearby cinder cones subrounded to angular, suggesting brieftransport over a short (Figs. 3 and 4). The present surface of the sediment in the distance. Sheetwash seems to be the main mode ofdeposition upper cave is a level floor extending 25 m from the entrance. of the sediments in Puu Naio Cave. Ponding may also have Water was able to flow into the upper cave because of the occurred during intense rains (Fig. 3). Since the sediment in the tube has been deposited over a gently upward-sloping floor, we expect that as we excavate nearer the mouth of the cave, we will find deeper and older sediment, perhaps representing the entire Holocene. Unit II is particularly interesting because its 14C age is contemporaneous with the Polynesian occupation of Maui.
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