Registered Charity No. 297736

THE IRREGULAR The Newsletter of the Romney Marsh Research Trust

No. 23 March 2004

Secretary’s Report As some of you may know already Terry Burke has generously agreed to take over as Secretary of the Trust at the A.G.M. in November 2004. From the same date Dr Alan Tyler has kindly agreed to take on the job of editing the Irregular. I am sure they will enjoy your support as you have always supported me over the last five and a half years. Jill Eddison has been in contact with Patricia Phillips, head of the Archive Service, who has agreed to take the Trust archive, that is copies of published and unpublished articles and papers produced by members of the Trust, particularly grant holders. These will be stored at East Kent Archives, Whitfield, presumably as an unofficial collection and members will be able to view them there. Thus they will be available alongside other material relating to the Romney Marshes, like the sewer records. Jill Eddison, who holds the bulk of the collection, will deposit it at Whitfield, and I will do the same with the rest. This is a very welcome development and we should thank Jill for arranging this. I should also like to thank Jeremy and Sally Potter for organising another very successful Topographical Tramp, this time in the Potman’s Heath and area. Though the weather was not as kind as some years and the going was fairly wet underfoot, it was yet again an excellent day and a very impressive turnout of intrepid walkers. As you will see more events are planned, and again the work of individual members of the Trust in arranging these is greatly appreciated by the Executive. Please note Dorothy Beck has come out of retirement to organise ticket sales for the Spring Lecture, and I should also like to thank in advance all those who responded positively to Ray Huson’s plea for help at such events. We will be getting back to you as appropriate. Do not forget Ray is your representative and he will be reporting to the Executive, so please let him know your suggestions etc. David Williams has also been busy and photocopies of previous articles in Irregulars 1-22 or complete issues are now available (see page 25 and centre pages). Finally, I hope you enjoy the articles in this issue. The work of the Small Ports Project group is the basis for the first two, and I am delighted about the return of ‘Groundhog’. Further pieces are by two stalwarts of the Trust, Dorothy Beck and Gill Draper, which is good, but I am especially pleased to have an essay by a newcomer to the Trust, Keith Robinson, and on subject that has not been discussed here before.

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Groundhog Resurfaces On Thursday 16 October 2003 the Small Ports Project group met in Village Hall for a progress assessment. Dr Helen Clarke spoke on the Time Team excavation at Smallhythe and a walk was organised for the 29 November when the weather proved most inclement unfortunately; but an interesting hollow way leading from the boat building site provided much animated discussion. More will follow. Back at Hamstreet, Liz Owen put the case, with the aid of maps, for a port at Appledore on the west side of the village. Having walked many miles around Appledore over the years, her hypothesis was based on her own observations, and she had considered the site from a geological, cartographical, topographical and historical view point, bearing in mind the complicated hydro-dynamics of the area. As Appledore is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and is accounted for in Domesday, there has to be an early date when Appledore was probably a coastal town, but with trade in the 11th and 12th centuries from Rye and Winchelsea flowing in a westerly direction to Smallhythe and Newenden. Appledore was fortunate in always having water regardless of whether the river flowed north or south of Oxney and, although the Appledore Channel shrank over the centuries, it could still be reached from Rye. Lebon’s excavations on the Isle of Ebeney (Chapel Bank) show that there was a thriving trade area there (pottery and coins) in the 13th and 14th centuries, and it seems likely Appledore must have similarly benefited. To the west of the town the old Appledore Channel swept up from Rye to the foot of Mill Mound (a known landing place in the 17th century), which may also indicate the presence of an early sheltered harbour in the vicinity, a hypothesis that accords with geological and cartographical evidence. Quantities of cockleshells can still be found below the village not far beneath the surface, ‘this bi-valve burrows in mud and sand between the tide-marks’ (see ‘Shirley Moor Wooden Structure’, Irregular No. 14, Feb. 1999), proof, if needed of Appledore’s maritime history. Recently Liz Owen and Marion Gulliver have been studying the detailed draft catalogue of the Chartae Antiquae and some entries 2 confirm the presence of a portreeve (of Anglo-Saxon origin) spelt variously from 1251-1275 and also ‘the strand’. For example, one conveyance describes ‘a piece of land in Appledore vill with an inlet from Romney called the Rhee (le Ree) to the south and east, a lane from Appledore market to ‘le Strond’ to the west and Appledore churchyard to the north’ (CCAL: DCc/Ch. Ant. A114, dated 1382). Terry Burke has recently been doing some magnificent work with the Tithe map [see below] which has generated much debate. Further work on the documentary records is planned and the results will be reported in future editions of the Irregular. ‘Groundhog’

The Tithe Map and the Search for a Small Port at Appledore The river system associated with Romney Marsh provided medieval society with a ready-made transport network, linking the main seaports, via intermediate staging posts, to inland end points. One such staging post, on a branch of the Rother, may well have been the town of Appledore. Pre-c.1250 the main channel of the Rother flowed south of the Isle of Oxney, with Appledore on a tidal branch to the north. This was a period of economic and population growth, with benign climatic conditions. The 12th century was a time of extensive land reclamation. The Appledore jetty, for which we have documentary evidence, would perhaps have been used mainly for local Appledore river trade to and from the port of Romney, but it could also have been used by sea-going coastal vessels. After c.1250, with the sea breaching the shingle bank at Winchelsea and inundating the land, and then, from c.1330, with the diversion of the Rother, by the Knelle Dam, round the north of the Isle of Oxney, the significance, and even the location, of the Appledore landing jetties could well have changed. Appledore was granted its official market by Edward III 1359, at about the same time as Horne Place was established, with its chapel being licensed in 1366. This article reports an investigation of the Appledore Tithe Map, which is part of a much larger project, involving documentary evidence 3 and extensive field walking. The research did not cover any detached portions of the Appledore parish.

Fig 1: Appledore Parish showing Dean & Chapter lands

4 The Appledore Tithe Map The Appledore Tithe Map of 1840 provides an accurate map of the fields within the parish boundary, together with a statement of their then ownership. The Tithe Commutation Act of 1836 had converted historic tithes in kind into a more modern annual money rent on a fairly uniform national basis. An essential element of this process was the careful mapping and recording of all lands within a parish. Tithe Maps, for Kent, are now accessible by CD ROMs, which are good for studying small areas, but present problems for working at the level of the whole parish and at a scale appropriate for data analysis. The Apportionment Rolls, which are held in the Cathedral archive, contain field details, areas, names, ownership and use (arable, pasture, etc), together with a number for each field, which also appears on the map. The research method was to collect the data from the Apportionment Roll and transfer it to a suitably large-scale version of the Tithe Map. Two researchers were needed for the data collection – one to handle the rolls and dictate the field data to the second, who then entered them onto a laptop spreadsheet for subsequent analysis. The main difficulty was matching the field numbers on the roll to those on the map. Apart from problems of legibility, the logic of the field numbering was sometimes difficult to unravel, as they mainly followed patterns of ownership. Descriptive field names were recorded and mapped in the hope that they might indicate earlier, possibly medieval, usages. However most fields are simply named by size – ‘five acre field’, ‘ten acre field’ etc – so providing few clues, although two adjacent ‘Ferry Fields’ might indicate the departure point for the Oxney ferry and perhaps even give a clue to the width of the then Rother at that point. The lands owned in 1840 by the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral were readily identified from the rolls and can largely be equated with those of the medieval Priory, which had an important manor at Appledore. This identification would help in locating features mentioned in the many surviving documents of the manor.

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Fig 2: Appledore Tithe map 1840

6 The larger fields were also identified to see if any patterns emerged, the hypothesis being that the larger fields might be later enclosures and innings, or that certain landowners held disproportionately more of the larger fields. Field size remains a promising area for further research. The Tithe Map also clearly established the parish boundary as extant at 1840, which is probably a good indicator of medieval boundaries, although complicated by subsequent innings, the seventeenth-century re-diversion of the Rother south of the Isle of Oxney and finally by arrival of the Royal Military Canal, 1804-9. The five-metre contour line, which stands as a proxy for the limit of various inundations and natural flood levels, was used to relate the 1840 field boundaries to the historic shoreline.

Blackbourne Marsh Gill Draper has found clear evidence in the Canterbury Cathedral Archives (see ‘Appledore: a small medieval port’ Irregular No 21, March 2003) of the Priory, in the mid 12th century, leasing, for reclamation, a marsh of 52 acres to the men of Blackbourne, who occupied a den, of more than seven acres on the upland fringes of the Marsh. The southern boundary of the marsh was a tidal estuary of the Rother. By the mid-13th century, the records indicated there was a hythe on the Rother with a jetty immediately to the southeast of Blackbourne marsh. The jetty could of course have pre-dated the reclamation, perhaps from the eight-century, when produce from Appledore was apparently taken to Adisham, five miles southeast of Canterbury. The journey would have been 25 miles overland, or 50 miles by water round the coast and up the River Stour. If we could locate Blackbourne marsh, this would provide a firm date for any surviving features associated with the reclamation and would greatly narrow the search for the Appledore jetties. The Blackbourne marsh, according to the documentary evidence, lay just to the west of Appledore. The Appledore-Oxney road, which crossed the Rother on a bridge, was adjacent to the marsh. This may be the bridge mentioned in the charters, which later became a ferry, although the charters could be referring to a bridge over a sluice, across

7 a small stream, running beside and draining the reclaimed marsh, perhaps the eponymous “Black Bourne”.

Findings From the Tithe Map, there is a promising fifty or so acre site for Blackbourne marsh on the western side of the Appledore peninsular, consisting of five fields, in an inlet shaped area. The head of the “inlet”, which is oriented north-south, is at TQ955298, just south of the B2080 from Appledore to . The inlet is crossed at its southern end by the road running from Appledore to Stone-in-Oxney, which could mark the limit of the main 12th century reclamation and provide an important clue to the location of the jetty. The 1840 field boundaries coincided with an inlet indicated by the geological map of the district (Geological Survey of Great Britain ( and Wales) (1981) Tenterden Sheet 304 Ordnance Survey). The inlet area consisted of marine alluvium, mostly sand. The immediate narrow edges of the inlet were ‘Clay in Tunbridge Wells Sand’, with the hill itself made of ‘Tunbridge Wells Sand’. Appledore Heath itself consists of ‘ Clay’. The sandy marine alluvium of the inlet extends up river to near Newenden and across most of Shirley Moor. Down river it is replaced, roughly along the line of the Highknock Channel south from Priory Farm (TQ960276), by a mostly clay marine alluvium. The Highknock Channel is probably a one-time line of the course of the old Rother. The former inlet, which might once, before it silted up and formed a salt marsh, have been a Saxon haven or “port”, can also be traced on the ground, with a flat area bounded on one side by the slope up to Appledore and on the other by slightly undulating land, which continues across to Redhill (TQ940302), which is a distinct landscape feature, breaching the five metre line. It is of course quite possible that the reclaimed land was re-flooded during the late 13th century inundations, so complicating the search for the small port of Appledore. The geology map suggests that in this area the five-metre line is an inconsistent indicator of flooding limits, as parts of the low lying land around Redhill are remnants of the Tunbridge Wells Sands high ground.

8 Field names and patterns The Tithe Map has names for the fields running beside the putative reclaimed marsh – from the northern or head end: Cobb Field, Fish Ponds, Island Peaks, Spring Field and Mill Bank Field. The first three fields lie within the five-metre line, and may well have been part of the reclamation, while the contour line passes through Spring Field and skirts round the edge of Mill Bank Field. Barr Field and Little Henty Field lie across the northern edge of the inlet, again between it and the five-metre line. Of the two large fields, which would have made up the main reclamation of the former inlet, only the head or northern field has a name – Little Peaks. There is a stream or watercourse separating the two large fields from the three smaller side fields. All these fields, except Cobb, Barr and Little Henty are part of the Dean and Chapter’s estate, which suggests that those three were already land prior to the inning of the harbour creek. Little Henty is adjacent to and south of a field called Great Henty. These are all small irregular shaped fields and provide a possible location for the den, which was home to the men of Blackbourne, responsible for the reclamation.

Innings walls The Tithe Map shows a footpath, which is still there, from Appledore alongside the boundary between Fish Ponds and Island Peaks fields. This footpath continues along field boundaries towards Redhill, where a Church Field (TQ939302) occupies its north-western section, but see below. It is a reasonable hypothesis, based on Tithe Map boundaries, that this path initially runs along the top of a wall used as the first stage of inning the former creek. Similarly the road from Mill Bank towards Stone could mark the second stage of the Blackbourne marsh inning process. The road from Appledore to Oxney would have crossed a bridge over the stream, perhaps with a sluice, by the Mill Bank Field. The final reclamation stage appears more complex. The probable site of the “port” was narrowed by a large inned field on the western side, leaving a residual creek immediately alongside Mill Bank. This final creek appears to have been inned in one or two relatively small stages, 9 presumably leading to the closure of the port at this specific location. These outer field boundaries might represent a much earlier, pre- innings, course of the “Black Bourne”.

Dean and Chapter’s Lands The Dean and Chapter’s estate runs uninterrupted in a horseshoe south of the Appledore peninsular from the to the Redhill estate, with a further smaller Priory estate beyond Redhill. Nineteen fields separate the two Priory estates, all bar three in the ownership of Edward and James Taylor, who are major landowners in Appledore. One of their fields is intriguingly known as ‘Church Field’. This may refer to a field, which once belonged to the Parish Church for the support of its priest, or perhaps to an actual church, chapel, chantry or wayside shrine, built on the slightly higher and drier ground at Redhill. There is a curious reference to this in Hasted (1798) , VII, to the present Appledore Church being on the site of Appledore Castle, with the parish church (inconveniently) located a mile or so outside the town at Church Field, Redhill. The Archbishop of Canterbury directly owned 24 acres of land, which lie on either side of the main street of Appledore. The fields run from Fish Ponds Field, across the Appledore spur, and down to the five-metre line on the eastern side, where there is perhaps a plausible channel up to Horne Place, but no real evidence from the tithe or geological maps. The larger fields are predominantly found in the reclaimed marsh area from the Rhee round to Shirley Moor. Many of these fields were Dean and Chapter lands. In the Appledore Heath area there are also some larger fields, presumably as a result of enclosures. These are not Dean and Chapter lands.

Conclusion Although no conclusive evidence emerged, research based on the Appledore Tithe Map indicated a probable site, on the western side of the town, for Blackbourne Marsh, which was reclaimed in the late 12th century. This would fix the site of the Appledore jetty, at around that date, almost certainly somewhere along the western or just possibly southern edge of Mill Bank Field. 10 Tithe Map analysis offers a useful additional tool for reconstructing lost landscapes. Further systematic work on the Tithe Maps for Stone, Ebony and for parts of Tenterden, and Newenden have the potential to shed light on possible river-based medieval transport networks and patterns of medieval land ownership. More work is also needed to see whether the early jetty, associated with Blackbourne marsh, continued into the 14th and 15th centuries as Appledore’s small port. There is also the question as to whether Blackbourne Marsh had once been an inlet providing a haven and moorings for Saxon ships. Could this also have been the landing place for the Danish war-party which sacked Appledore in 892, or did the attack come from a different direction altogether? The Appledore Tithe Map research was mainly carried out by Terry Burke and Sheila Maddock in the second half of 2003. The research would have been impossible without the work of Marion Gulliver and Liz Owen, who not only helped with the data capture in Canterbury, but also, through their own research and extensive field walking, had already identified the western slopes as a possible port location. Stephen Draper made possible the visual analysis of the data by solving the problem of printing the information on the Tithe Map CD to a sufficient size. Thanks too are due to Alan Tyler for the Hasted reference to a possible church on Church Field. This research, which is part of a larger project led by Helen Clarke and Gill Draper, is supported by a grant from the Romney Marsh Research Trust. Terry Burke

Bibliography Apportionment roll, Appledore parish (1840), Canterbury Cathedral Archives Appledore Tithe Map (1840) CD Rom, ArcAngel, Evans, E.J. & Crosby, A.G. (1997) Tithes Maps, Apportionments and the 1836 Act: a guide for local historians 3rd Edition, British Association for Local History Explorer 125 (1998) Romney Marsh Rye & Winchelsea Ordnance Survey Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales) (1981) Tenterden Sheet 304 Ordnance Survey Kain, J.P. & Prince, H.C. (2000) Tithe Surveys for Historians Phillimore

11 Cockreed Lane and Craythorne Manor, , in the Middle Ages: the historical and topographical evidence

Introduction Aerial photos and 19th-century OS maps suggest the existence of a ‘moated site’ at Cockreed Lane, New Romney.1 In autumn 2003 topographical and historical evidence was sought to shed light on the nature of this site and the field in which it lies. A particular question concerned when this site originated and how long it remained in use. Another question was whether and how the site related to the ‘grid-plan’ formed by the streets of medieval New Romney. Investigation of the possible moated site at New Romney was likely to reveal aspects of the development and character of the medieval Cinque Port. This has been followed up by a wider investigation of the street layout of the town. The field in which the ‘moated site’ lies is bounded to the NW by part of Cockreed Lane. A local tradition communicated to the Canterbury Archaeological Trust was that the site was until recently known as Craythorne Manor. This identification is confirmed by adjacent street and house names. It was also believed that a building had existed there until the late 18th century, when it burnt down. In living memory the ‘moat’ was filled in and ragstone taken away to be re-used as building material. A very small quantity of ragstone was found lying on the surface of the field in the course of the investigation reported here. Many documentary references were found to Cockreed and Craythorne as a manor extending over a long period, 1242-3 to 1797-1801. These showed that Cockreed manor and Craythorne manor were one and the same, i.e. the manor of ‘Craythorn or Cookereed’.2

The ‘moated’ site The ‘moated site’ on maps and aerial photos appears approximately square (see map on front cover). It lies within a larger, roughly-

1 Part of an investigation by Canterbury Archaeological Trust under the direction of Paul Bennett. An initial desk-based study on the archaeological potential of this site was carried out by Jake Weekes (Weekes 2003). 2 CCA (Canterbury Cathedral Archives) U101/II/T/3. 12 rectangular area comprising field boundaries formed by ditches, hedges and lines of trees. Beyond these lie modern houses and roads on two sides. The square outline of the ‘moated site’ on the maps and aerial photos correspond on the ground to distinctive areas of vegetation, and also to a slight depression with a ridged edge. A short length of the square outline is still a large ditch. It appears that the square outline does represent an in-filled ditch or ‘moat’. This formerly had a channel draining NW towards another ditch forming part of the boundary of the field and Cockreed Lane. Beyond Cockreed Lane is an area of lower- lying land. The field containing the moated site is to the north of New Romney. Rolfe’s Lane forms the long straight SW boundary of the field. Rolfe’s Lane makes a 90-degree turn and also forms the short NE boundary of the field. The modern houses lie on the field side of Rolfe’s Lane. The ends of their back gardens therefore form the actual boundary of the field on these two sides. The large ditch mentioned above is at the end of some of these gardens. The short SW boundary of the field is formed by a line of trees. These trees are largely recent, but include an old willow. A suggestion was investigated that these streets (Cockreed Lane and Rolfe’s Lane) surrounding the field might represent part of the medieval ‘grid-plan’ of New Romney which ‘contracted’ in the thirteenth century (J. Weekes). It was also suggested that the moated site, i.e. Craythorne manor, might have been built upon this ‘contracted’ area. However, there is no historical record of this, and Cockreed Lane is of a slowly- winding character, contrasting with the roads of the ‘grid-plan’. It stands some 0.5m-0.8m above the fields on either side. It joins what is now called Ashford Road, marked by Green’s Soil Survey Map (1968) as a probable ‘old sea wall’. Three long streets, Church Road, High Street and Fairfield Road, define the sub-rectangular street layout of New Romney. Fairfield Road is the most northerly of these three long streets of the grid-plan, with the fair site lying on the outskirts of the town. These three streets are aligned SW to NE, and Church Road joins High Street to the NE side of the town to become Road. Short lanes running SE to NW

13 form the so-called grid plan. These include Craythorne Lane which leads from the town towards the field where the moated site lies.3 Rolfe’s Lane lies approximately parallel with these three long streets, although some distance to the NW of them. With its 90-degree turn, Rolfe’s Lane might be considered part of a rectangular ‘grid-plan’. However, the Tithe Maps show that the boundary between the parishes of Hope and New Romney ran along the long side of Rolfe’s Lane, as did the borough boundary. Rolfe’s Lane thus marked the NW edge of the town. This accords with the historical record that the moated site and its field, which were even further to the NW of the town than Rolfe’s Lane, lay outside the parish and borough of New Romney. Craythorne manor and chapel were in the parish of Hope All Saints ‘next Romene’.4 They cannot be regarded as lying within the grid-plan, even if such a concept existed for the medieval inhabitants. It was also suggested that there may once have been a SE continuation of Cockreed Lane where it now turns NW to meet Hope Lane, with this line visible on an aerial photo. This was postulated as ‘perhaps even the line of the road forming the northern boundary of the medieval grid’ (Weekes 2003, fig. 6.2). However, it appears in the field that this line was, at least most recently, a former field boundary consisting of a hedge and trees, of which there are remnants, rather than a lane. The line runs to meet the old willow along the SW boundary. It was also well beyond the borough and parish boundary of New Romney. Overall it is clear that the concept of a grid-plan is likely to be too simple an interpretative tool for a town of such complex origins as New Romney, in contrast, say, with New Winchelsea which was laid out on a largely- new site in the 1290s. A search for historical references to Craythorne and Cockreed revealed none before the 13th century. However, there were a large number of references to these places between the 13th and

3 A historic house named Craythornes lies in Fairfield Road within New Romney, but its date of origin is not currently known. 4 E. Jacob, ed., with assistance of H. Johnson, The Register of Henry Chichele Archbishop of Canterbury 1414-1443 (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1938), vol. I, 201; E. Hasted, The history and topographical survey of the county of Kent, Canterbury (2nd ed., 1797-1801), vol. 8, 417. 14 16th centuries. The spellings of the place names are varied, as one would expect. Historical references ‘Cokride’ formed half a knight’s fee of the de Normanville family in the early 13th century. It was associated with another half-fee at , which by the later 13th century became the main ‘seat’ or manor of the family.5 Possibly Cockreed became secondary to Kenardington as it was held by a widow, ‘the Lady of Crawethorne’, as below. The ‘moated site’ at Cockreed/Craythorne, if it represents a dwelling or manor surrounded by a moat, may therefore have been linked with the half-fee of Cockreed in the first half of the 13th century. Future archaeological investigation may establish this. From the late 13th century, the manor was frequently known as Craythorne. Craythorne manor was one of 23 ‘lordships’ on and around Romney Marsh which were ‘concerned in the repair of the walls or drainage’ of that Marsh, as was the manor of Honeychild, below.6 There was a chantry chapel associated with Craythorne manor. This chantry had been founded by Hamon, son of Richard Pitte of Romney in 1278.7 The references to the manor and chapel in the 13th century do not suggest a high-quality building there. It was noted in 1292 that ‘the Lady of Crawethorne doth not come to church [at Hope All Saints] as she ought and is bound to do, nor does she contribute either to the work of the church, to the paschal candle or the blessed bread, because she hath a chapel in which her chaplains use a bucket for font’. One of these

5 J. Greenstreet (ed.), ‘The Fragment of Kirkby’s Inquest temp. Edward I’, Archaeologia Cantiana 11 (1877), 366, 367; idem, ‘Assessments in Kent for the aid to knight the Black Prince, anno 20 Edward III’, Archaeologia Cantiana 10 (1876), 141; idem, ‘Holders of knights’ fees in Kent, anno 38 Henry III’, Archaeologia Cantiana 12 (1878), 211, 222. 6 Hasted, op. cit., vol. 8, 472-73, 555. 7 A. Hussey (ed.), Kent Chantries (Kent Records 12, 1935), 155. 15 plains was John, who was on an inquest of jurors concerning Newchurch.8 In the 1350s and 1360s Simon de Brisele, Master of the Hospital of , was chaplain of Craythorne chapel. Simon was closely involved in the urban life of New Romney as it existed in the mid-14th century.9 It is likely that Simon acquired this position of chaplain via Dover Hospital’s lordship of Honeychild manor, which included land at Cockreed.10 ‘Kocride’ was part of Honeychild manor, later Old Honeychild, which lay, or at least had land in, Hope parish.11 Twenty acres of land, and eighty acres of land held in gavelkind (i.e. tenant- land) are mentioned in connection with Cockreed as part of the manor of Honeychild at this period.12 A barn ‘next to’ Craythorne was accidentally or deliberately burnt down in 1366.13 Thomas Stephum, alias Rawnase, of New Romney held this barn from J. Gysors, citizen of London. The existence of this barn may indicate that Craythorne was already essentially a property being let out for agricultural purposes, and that it had had a relatively short- lived existence as a chantry chapel in active use. This would accord closely with other chantries on the Marsh, for example that of John Lynot at (1360s-1420s).14 As a town New Romney was well past its period of urban prosperity by the mid-14th century.

8 C. Eveleigh Woodruff (ed.), ‘Some Early Visitation Rolls preserved at Canterbury’, Archaeologia Cantiana 32 (1917), 151, 157; K. Murray (ed.) The Register of Daniel Rough (Kent Records 16, 1945), xl. 9 C. Eveleigh Woodruff (ed.), Calendar of institutions by the chapter of Canterbury sede vacante (Kent Records 8, 1924), 37; Register of Daniel Rough, 82, 89, 278-9, 285-6. 10 Victoria County History of Kent, II, 219. 11 J. Wallenberg, The Place Names of Kent (Uppsala, 1934), 481. 12 Inquisitions Post Mortem, Edward III vol. 9 no. 317 & 318. The references to the Inquisitions Post Mortem were provided by Dr Sheila Sweetinburgh. 13 Register of Daniel Rough, 172-3. 14 Bodl. mss DD All Souls c61, c62. 16 Two chaplains were listed as supported by the Craythorne chantry, in 1374. These were Elias Postlyng and Henry, described as ‘decrepit’.15 Craythorne was literally a ‘hospital’ in the source. It is possible that it was primarily the rents from the lands belonging to Craythorne that supported these men, rather than a chantry or hospital building. Nothing is currently known of the state of the chapel or hospital building, although evidence suggests that it continued in existence until the 16th century (below). Between 1417 and 1486 several other chaplains were instituted to the chantry of Craythorne.16 From 1417 at least only one chaplain at a time is named. By the 1460s the manor of Craythorne was in the hands of the Cheyne family, who were patrons of the chantry chapel and so appointed the chaplain. In 1483-4 the ‘manors of Crathorne and Kokered’ were temporarily granted away by Richard III from the Cheynes to Robert Brakenbery ‘for his good services against the rebels’.17 However the lordship and patronage of Cockreed and Craythorne was returned to the Cheynes, and in 1499 Sir John Cheyne held the ‘manor or tenement called Crowthorne in Hope, Romney Marsh’.18 A chaplain of Craythorne continued to be appointed until the chantry was dissolved.19 After the dissolution of the monasteries, which included chantries and hospitals, the lands of the ‘Late Free Chapel in Crathorne’ consisted of 70 acres in the parish of Hope and 12 acres in Newchurch. In 1546 these 82 acres were leased out in six parcels for £10 a year in total. Some parcels, at least, were let to a local man. The 82 acres were then sold to a gentleman of Ightham and another of London, but not ‘the bells and leaden roof’ of the late chapel.20 Possibly these were melted down for

15 CCA DCc CA S425. 16 Jacob, op. cit., vol. I, 165, 201, 255, 277, 282, 296; Eveleigh Woodruff , op. cit. (1924), 38. 17 Hussey, op. cit., 156, n.3. 18 Inquisitions Post Mortem, Henry VII vol. 2, 2nd series no. 218. 19 Hussey, op. cit., 157. 20 Hussey, op. cit., 157. The local man was John Parker ‘next le Helmes’, near where ‘Littlestone now stands’, Register of Daniel Rough, xxxvi, 243. 17 re-use, and the chapel building converted to, or continued in, agricultural use. By 1550 the lands of Craythorne and Cockreed were in the possession of Sir Walter Hendley, a very wealthy gentleman who was buried in Cranbrook Church.21 His possession of these lands points to the well- known connections between marshland grazing and the Wealden cloth industry. Later documents also record that the lands of Cockreed and Craythorne were regarded as grazing lands.22

The street layout of New Romney was further considered during December 2003 to January 2004 in a research project concerning the site of Sainsbury’s store.23 Excavation has revealed part of the former medieval shore line there, and the historical sources extended the interpretation of this site and the wider urban context. The results will be presented at the annual conference of the Council for British Archaeology (SE region) on 13 November 2004. A summary will be given in a future Irregular. Gill Draper University of Kent at Canterbury

21 His will was proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, ref. 10 Coode. A 19th- century transcription by Leland Duncan is available on the website of the Kent Archaeological Society with Cokryd mis -transcribed as Ookryd. 22 E.g., CCA U101/II/T/1 (1637). 23 I am very grateful to Jill Eddison for visiting and discussing New Romney with me, and also to Stephen Draper for extensive help with mapping and interpretation. 18 Can’t See the Wood for the Trees?

I was brought up on a farm on the greensand ridge at and spent many hours in the mixed woodland around me. I can still mentally scan the hedgerows and spinneys and recall the best places for bullaces, crab apples and hazelnuts. I played with friends under mature oaks and wandered through chestnut coppice, remembering on my way stands of holly, wild cherry or a chequer tree to aid navigation for my return. Imagine my distress when I moved to and then ventured out on the Marsh and down to the shingle desert at . I felt a sense of loss, would I really be able to survive without my friendly plant giants – the trees. I noticed that the villages and old settlement sites did indeed have trees, some being quite ancient like the yew in churchyard but where were the naturally occurring mature woodland trees? I kept my eyes open for oaks in particular but could only spot them, and they were not vigorous specimens, close to the northern edge of Romney Marsh Proper. Anne Reeves considers this is because an old watercourse blocked the spread of Wealden woodland down onto the Marsh. Some trees were planted for ornamental reasons like the weeping ash and copper beech to the west of Dennes Lane in Lydd. They were in Edwin Finn’s landscaped garden, parts of which can still be made out, including an octagonal summerhouse. Growing further along the lane, on the other side of the road, were Turkey oaks, however they succumbed in the 1987 storm. The Turkey oak was introduced about 1735, is a much larger tree than the British oak, has deeply lobed glossy leaves and distinctive mossy growth on its acorn cups. Back on the shingle ridge it is a different story; Holm oaks grow happily here. Holm or holly oak was introduced to this country about the middle of the sixteenth century, with its leathery, evergreen leaves it is particularly suited to the salt laden winds on the Marsh and could be referred to as a tough tree. Corsican pines have been planted around the Rype at Lydd and over the years have struggled to grow; now they have the appearance of giant

19 bonsais. But generally trees are not happy on the beach, with some exceptions. On the army range, at Lydd, is an ancient holly forest. It has probably been there since the eighth century slowly regenerating by layering branches and sprouting from the base of the multiple trunks. From a distance each clump looks like a single tree but regeneration has resulted in about two hundred small woods. Old maps show trees on the Holmstone covering a vast area. In the late eighteenth century Hasted recorded that trees on the Holmstone covered an area some two miles in length and a quarter mile in breath. It has been suggested that the hollies have evolved naturally but if you have the privilege of seeing them for yourself it is very difficult to accept that this is a natural phenomenon. I think it much more likely that the hand of man has intervened and that the hollies were planted for fodder. Holly foliage has a very high calorific value and is quite palatable for animals if cut and wilted before feeding. Animals are still fed by this method in The New Forest. Lydd records show that in the first half of the sixteenth century holly was cut at the Holmstone and used for repairing breaches in the Kent Pen Wall. Each time a tree is cut back new growth from the base is encouraged; this is probably why female hollies that have been cut regularly for their berries at Christmas time carry less moribund wood than male trees. Today Kew Gardens and English Nature are monitoring this unique forest’s welfare. When you visit Dungeness keep your eyes open for a tenacious oak, growing on the beach, near the Point. It is close by the road in front of Beach Cottage, which has an old fishing boat in the garden. Nobody can tell me how old it is but when examined it has a number of “trunks”, and is similar in growth habit to the hollies. Its “canopy” has a diameter of six and a half metres and the maximum vertical growth is eight hundred millimetres. Growth has been compromised by the weather conditions, the vicious winds keeping it well pruned, therefore the branches are horizontal, lying on the shingle and rooting: a prostrate oak. Often, in the spring, brown tailed moth larvae decimate its leaves but fortunately oaks have a second flush of foliage and this saves the tree’s bacon. How did it arrive here, surely it was planted – but it is well away from any garden? 20 While at Dungeness why not stroll through the Ballast Hole near the Long Pits. Here, gravel digging by hand in the early twentieth century has lowered the ground level, bringing it closer to the water-table, so bushes and small trees have colonised the area. You will spot strange things like apples and figs, contorted silver birches and great stands of aspen. Rubbish was brought down in the railway trucks that had come to collect the gravel and was dumped in the excavated areas. Fig and apple seed can pass through digestive tracts and still be viable! Very often I’m saddened by the efforts folk make to plant trees in totally unsuitable places, leading to the demise of the doomed saplings. After living in Lydd for thirty-seven years I no longer miss large majestic indigenous trees but enjoy very much seeking out gaunt, wind stunted marsh specimens. Dorothy Beck

Decoy House and Pond on Romney Marsh In the course of recent research into Kentish Duck Decoys, I have been looking at evidence of a decoy located on the Midrips. Ornithologist Eric Gillham alerted bird watchers and local historians to the possible existence of a duck decoy, just off the Jury’s Gap – Lydd road, in a letter to Dr James Harrison dated 8 November 1949. Gillham had located a ‘Decoy House’ in the north-eastern corner of the Midrips on a map published around 1900 (Harrison 1953). Mudge’s 1801 Ordnance Survey map indicates the house just south of the road. The word decoy entered the English language as an anglicization of ‘ende-kooy’ the Dutch term for duck trap. Dutch drainage engineers probably introduced the ‘ende-kooy’ into England during the early 17th century. The first was constructed at Wexham, Norfolk, at some time during the first two decades of the century. A decoy consisted of a pond of about two acres within a wood extending to possibly ten more. This was maintained as a quiet, undisturbed sanctuary for wild duck. Extending from the pond were curved channels or ‘pipes’, up to 70 yards long, diminishing from 20 feet wide at their mouth to two feet at their end. The pipe was covered with netting supported on wooden or metal hoops leading to a 21 detachable tunnel net. (Fig. 1) The outside edge of the pipe was bordered by reed screens, six feet high, in an echelon formation, three feet apart with two feet high ‘dog jumps’ between.

The success of the decoy depended upon a well-trained, foxy-looking, small dog and the ‘mobbing’ instincts of the ducks. The decoyman, hidden behind a screen at the mouth of the pipe, threw a handful of corn over the screen onto the water. A flock of tame ‘lead’ ducks paddled after the corn followed by their wild companions. At the same time the dog leapt over a jump exposing itself to the ducks and disappeared, only to repeat the action further down the pipe. The ducks, safe on the water, pursued the dog down the pipe. Once unsighted from the pond, by the curve of the pipe, the ‘coyman' appeared and frightened the birds which flew down the pipe into the tunnel net where they were quickly dispatched. An alternative, but less common, type of decoy was a trap decoy, which consisted of a pond without pipes but with cage traps set into the banks. (Fig. 2) The ducks were enticed into the cage by corn bait and a wild decoy duck behind a wire partition. They were entrapped by either a funnel shaped entrance through which the birds entered but were 22 unable to find their exit or a wire door slowly lowered by the decoyman from a hide. The door method required the constant attention of the ‘coyman, the funnel type trap could be left unattended. The traps were always emptied in darkness.

The size of trap decoy ponds, and the traps themselves, varied greatly as did their catches. One Yorkshire estate had two dozen traps set on a dozen ponds with a total catch of about 1,200 birds a year. A well situated and efficiently operated pipe decoy could take in excess of 10,000 birds annually, though half that number was more usual. Decoying was a seasonal pursuit, between September and March, which fitted well into marsh life – fishing, kettle netting, collecting gull and plover eggs, eeling, fowling – gathering the natural harvest as a supplement to agricultural work. On Mr Gilham’s behalf Dr N.F. Ticehurst, a veteran marsh watcher, visited the possible site of the Decoy House and discovered that the foundations of a building had been buried by the construction of a concrete road, leading to Ack-Ack gun positions, during the 1940s. Ticehurst located close by ‘a quadrangular area of about a half acre … lower than any nearby land, much overgrown with sedge, rush and reeds, very irregular in surface’. Though it had ‘the beginnings of a pipe 23 as its south-eastern corner, ‘ he was not convinced that this was the pond but thought it a possibility. Localised flooding from an adjacent ditch and probable infill and encroachment through the construction of the road made identification uncertain (Harrison 1953). A map of the area made by land surveyor John Adams of Tenterden, dated 1825 (EKA: FTR 1977/8), showed a triangular pond to the north of the Decoy House site and detailed ownership and tenancy of adjacent fields, two of which were named ‘Decoy House Field’. Field P72 was owned by the estate of Stephen Terry while field K49 was owned by the Poor of St Mary’s Dover and rented by Arthur Cock. The latter field had a small pond and other maps show a second. (Fig. 2) It is not clear as to when the decoy was established. However, during 1719 the Decoy House is known to have been occupied by Riding Officers Nicholas Ruffin and Thomas Brice (EKA: NR/CP1/69/7). To function profitably a decoy acted as a sanctuary when surrounding areas were disturbed. Too great an area of safe water in the vicinity of the pond detracted from the decoy’s attraction. During the period from the late 1740s till 1754 the seawalls were constantly breached by winter gales and floodwater at Scotney (Eddison 2000). In all probability had the decoy still been operative in the 1740s constant flooding would have destroyed it physically and economically. Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey found evidence of 215 decoys in the , of which 44 were still operative c. 1886 (Payne-Gallwey 1886). He found but two ponds in Kent. However, seven more have been located since including that on the Midrips. There could be other decoy sites to be discovered. Old maps often showed a Decoy house, cottage, farm, field or marsh long after the decoy pond had disappeared. The word decoy may be shortened to coy and the pond may be termed coypond or coypon when mentioned in deeds, will, inventories, accounts or invoices. Keith R. Robinson Bibliography Abbreviation: EKA East Kent Archives

Eddison, J., Romney Marsh: survival on a frontier (2000). Harrison, J.M., Birds of Kent (1953). Payne-Gallwey, Sir Ralph, Book of Duck Decoys (1886). 24 The Romney Marsh Irregular The Romney Marsh Irregular predates the establishment of The Romney Marsh Research Trust. The first two issues, published in March 1985 and March 1986, recorded the formation of the Romney Marsh – Dungeness Research Group. Issue 2 reported on a conference of the Group held in March 1985 at Canterbury and announced a second one for September 1986 at Oxford. Issue 3, published in April 1988, was described on the cover as “being also the first Newsletter of The Romney Marsh Research Trust”. Issues 4 to 14 were published annually in one of the first four months of each year from 1989 to 1999 and, like the first 3 issues, were usually eight A4 pages. From issue 15, published in February 2000, the format was changed to an A5 booklet consisting of up to 28 pages plus inserts. Since then the Irregular has continued to belie its name and has been published twice yearly, usually in March and October. Set out below is an index of the larger articles from issues 1 to 22. Some articles appear twice, once under the original title and again under the relevant location. I have excluded the titles of the authors as there is no consistency of their usage and they change over time. In response to enquiries from members, we are making photocopies of the old Irregulars and of individual articles available to members. Details of costs and how to order are included in the centre pages of this issue.

David Williams

25

THE ROMNEY MARSH IRREGULAR -INDEX OF CONTENTS ISSUES 1-22 Subject Author Issue Page

16th and 17th evolution of Broomhill and Camber Jill Eddison 5 7 1993 study day Jill Eddison 9 2 3-4 West Street, New Romney Roland Harris 7 5 Agney manor: cellarer and the cheese: dairying on the, Sheila Sweetinburgh 15 6 c1280-1350 All Souls College, Oxford: research into the archives Ralph Evans 9 7 of Allen's Bank, Lydd: palaeoenvironmental Andrew Plater & Simon 20 18 investigation of Turner Appledore: a small medieval port Gill Draper 21 12 Appledore: the development of - a medieval village Anthony Gross 8 6 and its hinterland (summary) Archaeology at Lydd New Quarry Ian Greig 7 6 Archaeology at : excavations in October Richard Cross 12 6 1996 Bridge: in search of Neil Aldridge & Helen 18 16 Clarke Brede Valley: medieval farming and flooding in the Mark Gardiner 8 3 Broomhill area: documentary history of the Jill Eddison 4 5 Broomhill Church: excavations at - 1988 Mark Gardiner 4 3 Broomhill Church: excavations at - 1989 Mark Gardiner 5 2 Broomhill Church: excavations at - 1985 Mark Gardiner 2 6 Broomhill Church: excavations at - survey of 1987 Mark Gardiner 3 7 work Broomhill: 16th and 17th evolution of Camber and Jill Eddison 5 7 Broomhill: foraminiferal analysis at David Huddart 5 5 Broomhill: stratigraphical investigations at - Part 1 Michael Tooley 4 3 Broomhill: stratigraphical investigations at - Part 2 Michael Tooley 5 4 : twelfth century stonework at All Saints Roland Harris 6 3 Camber: 16th and 17th evolution of Broomhill and Jill Eddison 5 7 Cellarer and the cheese: dairying on the manor of Sheila Sweetinburgh 15 6 Agney, c1280-1350 Church building on Romney Marsh Andrew Pearson & John 17 15 Potter Church, chapel and clergy on Romney Marsh after the Gill Draper 16 6 black death Death and disease in Romney Marsh c 1560-1860 Mary Dobson 11 2 Death of Emma Gobilonde Andrew Butcher 17 17 Denge Marsh: palaegeograhy of Andrew Plater 7 4 Denge Marsh: early environments at Andrew Plater 6 2 26 THE ROMNEY MARSH IRREGULAR -INDEX OF CONTENTS ISSUES 1-22 Subject Author Issue Page

Development of Appledore: a medieval village and its Anthony Gross 8 6 hinterland (summary) Documentary history of the Broomhill area Jill Eddison 4 5 Dungeness: seasonal fishermen's settlement at Mark Gardiner 13 2 Dungeness: the evolution of the south coast of Antony Long 9 6 Dungeness and Rye projects Damien Laidler, Ed 22 2 Schofield & Paul Stupples Dymchurch - a nineteenth century insight through Heather Ingram 16 8 census and maps Early environments at Denge Marsh Andrew Plater 6 2 Early geography of Midley Jim Innes 6 4 Early harbours along the River Rother Helen Clarke 16 11 East Guldeford study day 'Ground Hog' 20 2 Evolution of the East side of Rye Bay Cliff Bloomfield 3 3 Evolution of the south coast of Dungeness Antony Long 9 6 Excavations at Broomhill Church - 1985 Mark Gardiner 2 6 Excavations at Broomhill Church - 1987 work Mark Gardiner 3 7 Excavations at Broomhill Church - 1988 Mark Gardiner 4 3 Excavations at Broomhill Church - 1989 Mark Gardiner 5 2 Field survey of Romney Marsh proper - interim report Anne Reeves 6 6 Finding new ways of exploring past environments: Chris Spencer & Wendy 15 5 testate amoebae analysis Woodland Fishing family in 16th century Lydd Sheila Sweetinburgh 14 6 Foraminiferal analysis at Broomhill David Huddart 5 5 Hope All Saints: survey at Maureen Bennell 5 6 Hope All Saints: surveys at - fabric of the church Maureen Bennell 4 2 Hope All Saints: surveys at - field walking Roland Harris 4 2 Household stuff: uses and meanings in sixteenth Catherine Richardson 19 22 century New Romney In search of Bodiam Bridge Neil Aldridge & Helen 18 16 Clarke Investigations into deep Tilling Green peat (Rye): part Jason Kirby & Martyn 17 11 1 Waller Investigations of the archaeology and past vegetation Deborah J Long 11 4 of Shirley Moor Landscape changes in the past 10,000 years Christopher Green 2 3 Life and times of the Wainway Channel Paul Stupples 16 13 Lydd New Quarry: archaeology at Ian Greig 7 6 Lydd quarry: Romano-British salt working at Brett's Greg Priestly-Bell 18 9 Lydd: a salt working site at Scotney Court Gravel Pit Luke Barber 6 5 27 THE ROMNEY MARSH IRREGULAR -INDEX OF CONTENTS ISSUES 1-22 Subject Author Issue Page

Lydd: fishing family in 16th century Sheila Sweetinburgh 14 6 Lydd: survey of buildings in - 1500-1750 Alan Dickinson 9 5 Mapping and displaying the Romney Marsh landscape Sarah Bendall 12 2 in the mid 18th century Marshland customs: starting an oral history project? Dorothy Beck 17 6 Medieval farming and flooding in the Brede Valley Mark Gardiner 8 3 Medieval shipyard at Smallhythe Helen Clarke & Gustav 19 12 Milne Midley: the early geography of Jim Innes 6 4 New Romney: 3-4 West Street Roland Harris 7 5 New Romney: household stuff: uses and meanings in Catherine Richardson 19 22 sixteenth century New Romney: life and occupations in the early Anne Reeves 19 6 nineteenth century New Romney: rural poverty and alternative Anne Reeves 20 12 employment in the early nineteenth century New Romney: the rubble stonework of St Nicholas Roland Harris 5 6 New Romney: thinking about social relations in late Lynne Bowden 20 6 medieval Nineteenth century Dymchurch - an insight through Heather Ingram 16 8 census and maps Old Romney: the search for the early medieval port Mark Gardiner 7 2 Palaegeograhy of Denge Marsh Andrew Plater 7 4 Palaeoenvironmental investigation of Allen's Bank, Andrew Plater & Simon 20 18 Lydd Turner Parishioners of and the church Paula Simpson 16 17 courts Possible northern course of the Rother Martin Wass 8 4 Preliminary results from a survey of past vegetation Deborah J Long 10 4 communities in a transect across Romney Marsh Raynolde Scott, a sorry gentleman of Mark Merry 15 10 Reclamation and social history of Jill Eddison 11 7 before 1530 Research into the archives of All Souls College, Ralph Evans 9 7 Oxford Review: Romney Marsh, Survival on a Frontier by Jill Rene Regandez 17 5 Eddison Rhee channel: Roman date for the? A riposte Jill Eddison 18 6 Rhee channel: Roman origin for the Peter Kentsbeer 17 8 River Rother: early harbours along the Helen Clarke 16 11 Roman date for the Rhee? A riposte Jill Eddison 18 6 Roman origin for the Rhee Channel Peter Kentsbeer 17 8 28 THE ROMNEY MARSH IRREGULAR -INDEX OF CONTENTS ISSUES 1-22 Subject Author Issue Page

Romano-British salt working at Brett's Lydd quarry Greg Priestly-Bell 18 9 Romney Marsh earthworks Anne Reeves 10 2 Romney Marsh in Roman times; further comments Anne Reeves 19 4 Romney Marsh landscape: mapping and displaying Sarah Bendall 12 2 the - in the mid 18th century Romney Marsh on the web Andy Plater & Simon 22 9 Turner Romney Marsh proper: field survey of - Interim report Anne Reeves 6 6 Romney Marsh weekend Canterbury 29/31 Mar 1985 2 1 Romney Marsh workshop Tenterden 20 Oct 1985: a 1 2 résumé Romney Marsh: a stratigraphic transect across Antony Long 9 3 Romney Marsh: Church building on Andrew Pearson & John 17 15 Potter Romney Marsh: Church, chapel and clergy on, after Gill Draper 16 6 the black death Romney Marsh: death and disease in - c 1560-1860 Mary Dobson 11 2 Romney Marsh: preliminary results from a survey of Deborah J Long 10 4 past vegetation communities in a transect across Romney Marsh: so where are the records? Sheila Sweetinburgh 15 4 Romney Marsh: Survival on a Frontier by Jill Rene Regandez 17 5 Eddison, review Romney Marsh: the debatable ground Michael Tooley 8 2 Romney Marsh: the fieldwalking evidence (summary) Anne Reeves 8 6 Romney Marsh: tithe litigation on , 1371-1600 Paula Simpson 22 10 Rother: a possible northern course of the Martin Wass 8 4 Rubble stonework of St Nicholas, New Romney Roland Harris 5 6 Rye Bay: evolution of the East side of Rye Bay Bloomfield 3 3 Rye: Tudor Rye by Dr Graham Mayhew - review Eleanor Vollans 4 7 Salt working site at Scotney Court Gravel Pit, Lydd Luke Barber 6 5 Sea level and coastal changes in the last 10,000 years Michael Tooley 2 3 Seasonal fishermen's settlement at Dungeness Mark Gardiner 13 2 Shirley Moor : Investigations of the archaeology and Deborah J Long 11 4 past vegetation of Shirley Moor wooden structure Greg Priestly-Bell & 14 4 Robert Beck Small ports project Helen Clarke 21 10 Smallhythe: medieval shipyard at Helen Clarke & Gustav 19 12 Milne Smeeth: Raynolde Scott, a sorry gentleman Mark Merry 15 10 So where are the Romney Marsh records? Sheila Sweetinburgh 15 4 29 THE ROMNEY MARSH IRREGULAR -INDEX OF CONTENTS ISSUES 1-22 Subject Author Issue Page

Social relation: thinking about them in late medieval Lynne Bowden 20 6 New Romney St Mary in the Marsh: parishioners of, and the church Paula Simpson 16 17 courts Stratigraphic transect across Romney Marsh Antony Long 9 3 Stratigraphical investigations at Broomhill - Part 1 Michael Tooley 4 3 Stratigraphical investigations at Broomhill - Part 2 Michael Tooley 5 4 Survey at Hope All Saints Maureen Bennell 5 6 Survey of buildings in Lydd 1500-1750 Alan Dickinson 9 5 Surveys at Hope-All-Saints - field-walking Roland Harris 4 2 Surveys at Hope-All-Saints fabric of the church Maureen Bennell 4 2 Tilling Green (Rye): investigations into the deep peat Jason Kirby & Martyn 17 11 of: part 1 Waller Tithe litigation on Romney Marsh, 1371-1600 Paula Simpson 22 10 Tudor Rye by Dr Graham Mayhew - review Eleanor Vollans 4 7 Twelfth century stonework at All Saints, Burmarsh Roland Harris 6 3 Wainway Channel: aerial photographic evidence for Alice Deegan 12 4 land reclamation Wainway Channel: life and times of the Paul Stupples 16 13 Wainway project Jill Eddison 18 12 Wainway: safe harbour to sheep pasture Jill Eddison & Paul 21 3 Stupples Walland Marsh: reclamation and social history of - Jill Eddison 11 7 before 1530 West Hythe: archaeology at - excavations in October Richard Cross 12 6 1996

30

ADMINISTRATION

Hon. Secretary Hon. Treasurer & Membership Dr. Sheila Sweetinburgh Secretary 11 Caledon Terrace, David Williams Canterbury Red Court, Woodland Rise Kent CT1 3JS Seal, Kent TN15 0JB Members’ Representative email: [email protected] Ray Huson 3 Bodsham Crescent Fund Raiser Bearsted Margaret Bird 10 East Street, Kent ME15 8NL Rye, Tel: 01622 735005 TN31 7JY

TRUSTEES Professor Michael Tooley; Professor David Killingray; Dr. Richard Smith; Sarah Pearson; Richard Stogden