RESHAPING FOREIGN POLICY Nineteen forty eight to nineteen sixty six Statements Articles Speeches Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Reproduced by Sani Hussain Panhwar Member Sindh Council, PPP Reshaping Foreign Policy; Copyright © www.bhutto.org 2 POLITICS OF THE PEOPLE Volume One 1948 - 1966 Reshaping Foreign Policy A collection of articles, statements and speeches by ZULFIKAR ALI BHUTTO Reproduced by Sani Hussain Panhwar Member Sindh Council, PPP Reshaping Foreign Policy; Copyright © www.bhutto.org 3 ABOUT ZULFIKAR ALI BHUTTO The articles, statements and speeches collected for the three-volume “Politics of the People ” are by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The titles of the three volumes—Reshaping Foreign Policy, Awakening the People, and Marching Towards Democracy —are indicative of his main contributions to Pakistan’s political development before he became President on 20th December, 1971 at the age of forty-three. Progressive in ideas, persuasive in their advocacy and persistent in their implementation, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s exposure to politics began at an early age. As a student in Bombay he took part in the Pakistan Movement which in seven years, under the inspiring leadership of Quaid-i-Azam Mahomed Ali Jinnah and the overwhelming support of the people, resulted in 1947, in the establishment of Pakistan as an independent and sovereign state—a homeland for the Muslims in the South-Asian subcontinent. In Pakistan’s early years Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was abroad studying political science, jurisprudence and international law; in Los Angeles at the University of Southern California and in Berkeley at the University of California from where he graduated in 1950 with Honours in Political Science, and at Christ Church College at Oxford University from where in 1952 he got his M.A. with Honours in jurisprudence. He was called to the Bar in London at Lincoln’s Inn in 1953 and was then appointed Lecturer in International Law, University of Southampton. On his return to Pakistan he taught constitutional law in the Sindh Muslim Law College, Karachi and at about the same time, 1954-58, practised as a barrister at the West Pakistan High Court in Karachi. Before his appointment as Commerce Minister in the Pakistan Government in 1958—the youngest Central Minister in the subcontinent —he had represented Pakistan at the United Nations General Assembly in 1957, making an impressive debut with his statement on defining “aggression,” and led the Pakistan delegation to the Law of the Sea Conference at Geneva in March, 1958. After holding various other portfolios he was appointed in 1963 as Minister for Foreign Affairs, a field in which he had already made significant contributions—as Minister for Fuel, Power and Natural Resources of a Government fully committed to CENTO and SEATO he signed an Oil Agreement with the Soviet Union in 196o, led the Pakistan delegation in 1962 for six rounds of talks with India on the Kashmir issue, and was Chairman of the Pakistan delegation to the United Nations General Assembly in 1959 and 196o. After he became Foreign Minister he again led the Pakistan delegation to the General Assembly in 1963, Reshaping Foreign Policy; Copyright © www.bhutto.org 4 1964 and 1965, and to several meetings of the Security Council. He resigned from the Government in 1966 following his differences with Ayub Khan over the Tashkent Declaration. After leaving the Government, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto organised a new political party which soon had a mass following, an achievement of no mean order considering that the Government in power barely acknowledged the political claims of the party to which it nominally itself belonged! The country had been depoliticalised over the years and the Government was hostile to any movement which would disturb the status quo. The Government drew its strength from the armed forces and its functional support from the bureaucrats working hand in glove with the industrialists and feudal land-owners. How this complex functioned is disclosed in the speeches and statements of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in Awakening the People and Marching Towards Democracy. The story of the massive people’s movement which ultimately swept Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to power on the basis of the great electoral victory won by his Pakistan People’s Party in the general elections of 1970 emerges vividly from these books. It was a victory against great odds, toppling in the first battle a military regime well-entrenched for over a decade. The imprisonment of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is an important landmark in his struggle against the Ayub regime. His reply to the trumped-up charges became an indictment of the regime itself. His imprisonment, instead of stopping the people’s movement, resulted in a staggering blow to the desperate regime. A round table conference of all political parties was called by Ayub Khan to work out a compromise. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto stayed out, in “continuous conference” with the people, saying that the regime was only trying to strike a bargain to perpetuate itself. A few weeks later, Ayub Khan resigned and another military dictator, General Yahya Khan took over. The new dictator conceded that general elections based on adult franchise would be held. Voters went to the polls twenty-one months after the Yahya regime came to power and promulgated Martial Law. During this period new combinations were made and political fronts formed to counter the People’s Party. The regime itself supported some of them. His book, The Myth of Independence , was banned. Religious leaders with obscurantist views and others with vested interests in a powerful bureaucracy not accountable to the people, feudal chiefs fearful of losing their hold over their tribes and income from their lands, and industrialists making exorbitant profits opposed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto with all the means at their disposal. He survived attempts to assassinate him, and with courage and determination, he continued to canvass support for the Pakistan People’s Party and its election manifesto which was based on the motto of “Islam is our Faith, Democracy is our Polity, and Socialism is our Economy, All Power to the People.” The counting of ballots showed that his party had Reshaping Foreign Policy; Copyright © www.bhutto.org 5 broken through the tribal voting pattern; awakened the people and made them understand how socio-economic reforms would revolutionize their lives; and swept the polls in West Pakistan, winning 82 of the 138 general seats for West Pakistan in the National Assembly and 144 of the 300 general seats in the provincial assemblies of the Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto himself was returned from Lahore, Multan, Larkana, Hyderabad and Thatta. The transfer of’ power, however, did not take place. Why this happened and the actions and attitudes which resulted in the tragedy of East Pakistan, and India’s invasion of Pakistan territory, are the subject of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s speeches in Marching Towards Democracy. He also discusses the events of this period in his book, The Great Tragedy , published separately. Reshaping Foreign Policy; Copyright © www.bhutto.org 6 CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 2. One World University of Southern California, Los Angeles, February 3, 1948 .. .. .. .. .. 14 3. The Islamic Heritage University of Southern California, Los Angeles, April 1, 1948 .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 4. Reflections on New York New York, September 15, 1948 .. .. .. .. .. 29 5. The Indivisibility of the Human Race University of California, Berkeley, November 12, 1948 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 6. Conventions of the Constitution ‘Vision’, Karachi, May, 1954 .. .. .. .. .. 34 7. Pakistan: A Federal or Unitary State ‘Vision’, Karachi, August, 1954 .. .. .. .. .. 39 8. The Distinction Between Political and Legal Disputes ‘Vision’, Karachi, October, 1954 .. .. .. .. .. 52 9. Treaties of Self-Defence and Regional Arrangement ‘Vision’, Karachi, November, 1954 .. .. .. .. .. 58 10. On One Unit Press Statement. Larkana. November 24, 1954 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 70 11. The Essentials of a Constitution ‘Vision’, Karachi, May, 1955 .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 12. A Development for Democracy ? Karachi, December, 1956 .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 Reshaping Foreign Policy; Copyright © www.bhutto.org 7 13. Defining Aggression Address to the Sixth Committee of UN General Assembly, October 25, 1957 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 88 14. A New Phase Begins .. .. .. .. .. .. 103 15. Territorial Sea Limits Address to the First Committee of the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Genera, March 17, 1958 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 105 16. Prices of Primary Commodities Address to the Second Committee of the UN General Assembly, November 11, 1959 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 116 17. On Tied Aid Karachi, November 30, 1959 .. .. .. .. .. .. 124 18. Bases of Pakistan’s Second Five-Year Plan Dawn, Karachi, March 23, 1960 .. .. .. .. .. 129 19. Pakistan’s Image Abroad Address at the Institute of International Affairs, Karachi, August 20, 1960 .. .. .. .. .. .. 140 20. Pakistan-Soviet Oil Agreement The Pakistan Times, Lahore, March 23, 1961 .. .. .. 142 21. Riparian Rights in International Law Address at Sukkur Law College, April 24, 1961 .. .. .. 146 22. Impressions of the United Nations Address at Pakistan-United Nations Association, Karachi, May 22, 1961 .. .. .. .. .. .. 150 23. Rationalization of the Sindh Land Revenue System From Radio Pakistan, Hyderabad, September 5, 1961 .. .. 158 24. Is Aid Charity? October 27, 1961 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 162 Reshaping