The Gesualdo Six: English Motets
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The Gesualdo Six: English Motets Available to watch as many times as you like St Martin-in-the-Fields from 7.30pm, Thursday 15 April 2021, Trafalgar Square and available for 30 days. London WC2N 4JJ 020 7766 1100 www.smitf.org PROGRAMME Come, Holy Ghost – Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625) Ave verum corpus – William Byrd (c.1539/40-1623) Aspice Domine – Byrd Veni Sancte Spiritus – John Dunstaple (c.1390-1453) Ave Maria Mater Dei – William Cornysh (1465-1523) All people, clap your hands – Thomas Weelkes (1576-1623) Viri Galilaei – Byrd (c.1539/40-1623) Christe qui lux es et dies I – Robert White (c.1538-1574) If ye love me – Thomas Tallis (c.1505-1585) If ye be risen again with Christ – Christopher Tye (c.1505-1572/73) A new commandment – William Mundy (c.1529-1591) Laudate pueri Dominum – Byrd Loquebantur – Tallis Drop, drop slow tears – Gibbons PROGRAMME NOTES by Sarah Maxted The sublime choral music of the English Renaissance was shaped by seismic shifts in religious politics. Tudor England was Catholic until Henry VIII’s controversial separation from Rome in 1534; his heir Edward VI ruled a Protestant nation, then six years later the country returned to Catholicism under Mary I. When Elizabeth I came to power in 1558, she established the Church of England but maintained a pragmatic partial tolerance of Catholicism, hoping to foster a period of peace and stability – an aim upheld by her successor James I, despite unrest and conspiracy. The leading composers of this tumultuous period responded to the challenges of political change with remarkable flexibility and innovation. In this beautiful programme by The Gesualdo Six, we witness the rich tapestry of faith, artistry and resilience expressed through two hundred years of sacred vocal music. Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625) was a Gentleman musician of the Chapel Royal, taking up the role shortly after coronation of James I and serving until after his death in 1625. During this time Gibbons composed a great range of English madrigals and anthems for the Protestant church. Come, Holy Ghost is an English translation of the Latin hymn Veni Creator Spiritus by George Wither, published in his 1623 collection Hymnes and Songs of the Church. The long and celebrated career of William Byrd (c.1539/40-1623) traversed the religious turbulence of the late Tudors and the reign of James I. As a result, Byrd’s works encompass exquisite settings of both English and Latin texts, but his Roman Catholic sympathies and recusancy shine through his volumes of Latin motets, particularly those published during his later years. Ave verum corpus is from the first volume of Byrd’s Gradualia ac cantiones sacrae. Published in 1605, the collection was temporarily banned in the aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot against James I, when anti-Catholic sentiment was especially volatile. Earlier, in 1575, Byrd had worked together with Thomas Tallis to print one of the first sets of sacred music in England, Cantiones Sacrae. The pieces were contributed in equal number by the two composers, Byrd still in his youth and Tallis approaching old age. One of Byrd’s compositions for the collection was Aspice Domine, a lament for a once resplendent city, now laid low. This is an example of Byrd’s support for the Catholic plight through his works. Despite some degree of tolerance during the Elizabethan age, Catholics were persecuted for practising their religion openly, so Byrd emphasised themes of exile and desolation in his choice of biblical texts. John Dunstaple (c.1390-1453) was a significant composer of late medieval period but, sadly, most of his manuscripts were lost during the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII. Veni Sancte Spiritus is an isorhythmic motet, setting the Catholic liturgical sequence for Pentecost. Ave Maria Mater Dei is a motet from the Eton Choirbook, one of the precious few manuscripts of Latin liturgical music which survived the English Reformation. The collection was compiled at the start of the sixteenth century and includes several compositions attributed to William Cornysh. Modern scholars believe this contribution represents the work of two composers, Cornysh the Elder (died c.1502) and Cornysh the Younger (died 1523), a prominent court musician and dramatist. Thomas Weelkes (1576-1623) was a prolific composer of vocal works who published four volumes English madrigals before focusing his later years on church music. All people, clap your hands is an exultant anthem for Ascension with text based on Psalms 47 and 33, concluding with a luxuriously extended Amen. William Byrd’s effervescent Viri Galilaei also celebrates the feast of Ascension and was published in the second volume of his monumental Gradulia in 1607. Christe qui lux es et dies is a hymn for compline, the final service of prayers at the end of the church day. This is the first of four settings of the same text by the London-born composer Robert White (c.1538-1574), each of which alternates traditional plainchant with contrastingly harmonised verse. Thomas Tallis (c.1505-1585) was perhaps the foremost composer of English church music in the decades that followed Henry VIII’s break with Rome. In accordance with Thomas Cranmer’s reformed vision for Anglican liturgy, Tallis composed masses and motets with simple, syllabic setting of Latin texts. When Edward VI introduced church services in English, Tallis expanded his range to include anthems in the vernacular. If ye love me is a classic and much-loved example of English Reformation style, primarily homophonic in the opening phrases, then developing into imitative entries which allow the individual voices to be heard in full clarity. If ye be risen again with Christ is a similarly syllabic anthem written by the composer and organist Christopher Tye (c.1505-1572/3), who was well-connected in the court of Edward VI. Tye is thought to have composed an array of church music in Latin and English but disappointingly few of his works have survived. William Mundy (c.1529-1591) was also an influential composer of the English Reformation. Like his contemporaries Tallis and Tye, Mundy adapted his compositional style to suit the shifting political mandates of the age, which can be heard in the textual clarity of his anthem A new commandment. Laudate pueri Dominum is another of Byrd’s contributions to the Cantiones Sacrae, published with Tallis in 1575. It is written in florid polyphonic style, adapted from a six-part instrumental fantasia, with a joyful text from Psalms 113, 121 and 123. The extraordinary versatility of Tallis’ vocal writing can be heard in his vibrant Pentecostal responsory Loquebantur. In great contrast to the simplicity of his English anthems like If ye love me, this work showcases the lavish intricacy that could be explored in Latin polyphony. It was probably written during England’s brief return to Catholicism under the reign Mary I. Tonight’s programme comes full circle with another timeless hymn tune composed by Orlando Gibbons for Hymnes and Songs of the Church in 1623. Drop, drop slow tears is a devotional poem by the prodigious Renaissance writer Phineas Fletcher. It is often sung to Gibbons’ melody for Passiontide services, allowing the poignancy of the text to resonate through meditative chordal simplicity. TEXTS & TRANSLATIONS Come Holy Ghost, the Maker, come; Take in the souls of thine thy place; Thou whom our hearts had being from, Oh, fill them with thy heavenly grace. Thou art that Comfort from above, The Highest doth by gift impart; Thou spring of life, a fire of love, And the anointing Spirit art. Ave, verum corpus natum Hail the true body, born de Maria Virgine: of the Virgin Mary: vere passum, immolatum You who truly suffered and were sacrificed in cruce pro homine: on the cross for the sake of man. cuius latus perforatum From whose pierced flank unda fluxit sanguine: flowed water and blood: esto nobis praegustatum, Be a foretaste for us in mortis examine. in the trial of death. O dulcis, O pie, O Jesu Fili Mariae. O sweet, O merciful, O Jesus, Son of Mary. Miserere mei. Amen. Have mercy on me. Amen. Aspice, Domine, Behold, O Lord, quia facta est desolata civitas plena divitiis. how the city full of riches is become desolate. Sedet in tristitia; She sits in mourning; Non est qui consoletur eam, nisi tu, there is none to comfort her save only thou, Deus noster. our God. Veni Sancte Spiritus superius Veni Sancte Spiritus, Come, Holy Spirit, Et emitte celitus send forth the heavenly Lucis tue radium. radiance of your light. Veni pater pauperum, Come, father of the poor, Veni dator munerum, come, giver of gifts, Veni lumen cordium. come, light of hearts. Consolator optime, Greatest comforter, Dulcis hospes anime, sweet guest of the soul, Dulce refrigerium. sweet consolation. In labore requies, In labour, rest, In estu temperies, in heat, temperance, In fletu solacium. in tears, solace. O lux beatissima, O most blessed light, Reple cordis intima fill the inmost heart Tuorum fidelium. of your faithful. Sine tuo numine, Without your grace, Nihil est in lumine, there is nothing in the light, Nihil est innoxium. nothing that is not harmful. Lava quod est sordidum, Cleanse that which is unclean, Riga quod est aridum, irrigate that which is dry, Sana quod est saucium. heal that which is wounded. Flecte quod est rigidum, Bend that which is inflexible, Fove quod est frigidum, warm that which is chilled, Rege quod est devium. correct what is deviant. Da tuis fidelibus, Give to your faithful, In te confidentibus, those who trust in you, Sacrum septenarium. the sevenfold gifts. Da virtutis meritum, Grant the reward of virtue, Da salutis exitum, grant the deliverance of salvation, Da perenne gaudium.