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Blattodea: Cockroach) in Household Organic Waste Composter in Surabaya

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Blattodea: Cockroach) in Household Organic Waste Composter in Surabaya Eco. Env. & Cons. 26 (April Suppl. Issue) : 2020; pp. (S117-S122) Copyright@ EM International ISSN 0971–765X Character visualization of Pycnoscelus sp. (Blattodea: Cockroach) in household organic waste composter in Surabaya Moch.Affandi1*, Emilia Anjar Prastiwi1, Nindya Ayu Damayanti1, Chairunisa Firdaus1, Azizah Kusumadewi1, Anisa Rahmawati1, Puspanjali Prahasto1, Audry Putri Kristanti1, Alifatus Alkurnia Sukma Firdaus1, Hardiansah Pramana Abdilah1, Muhammad Arifudin Mubarok1, Syahriar Nur Maulana Malik Ibrahim12, Nastiti Trikurniadewi12, Fatimah12 and Ni’matuzahroh12 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia 2Research Center for Bio-Molecule Engineering, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia (Received 27 September, 2019; Accepted 10 January, 2020) ABSTRACT Cockroaches are commonly found and contribute greatly on decomposition process in an organic waste treatment plant. Cockroach characterization is important for identification, while data of Indonesian cockroach visual characters is rare. This study aims to provide information regarding Pycnoscelus cockroaches through character visualization of local household cockroaches in Surabaya. This study was an observational study of cockroaches in the urban organic waste processing plant in Surabaya. Cockroach specimens were obtained by Berlese Funnel extraction method from garbage samples. Character visualization was done using a camera in a mini studio. Morphological characters observed were the body, legs, antennae and mouth. Information provided by this report can complement the availability of basic data on the diversity of Indonesian cockroaches. Key words: Household organic waste, Morphological characters, Pycnoscelus, Surabaya Introduction The organic waste, in particular, compost, in Surabaya was from kitchen waste, traditional mar- Indonesia is one of mega biodiversity countries in ket waste, food and agricultural industry waste, and the world that has high fauna diversity including household waste. By those resources, cockroach has insects. Insect isunique because it has the number a potential to decompose organic waste, thus cock- one of diversity. Geographically, Surabaya has roach was abundantdue to the factors (Roth, 1998; tropical climate, consequently the temperature and Bell et al., 2007). humidity condition are suitable for soil insect popu- In general, cockroach has flattened and broadly lation to grow (Mullen and Durden, 2019). oval body, pronotum like a shield, chewing mouth- The overflowing factors of soil insects were not parts, and segmented antennae. The cockroach is only due to the temperature, it was also supported part of Dictyoptera, super order group which con- by water and their food sources from organic waste. sist of insects with net wing and short ovipositor S118 Eco. Env. & Cons. 26 (April Suppl. Issue) : 2020 (Bell et al., 2007; Chinery, 2007). Indonesian cock- roach collection was invented in the Leiden Mu- seum and others museum (Bruijning, 1948). That cockroach from Indonesia, commonly, in the mu- seum was identified as Pycnoscelus surinamensis, that was collected from Padang, Java, Sumatera, Bogor and Yogyakarta. In genus Pycnoscelus, it has some species variant; there are 15 species, for example, P.surinamensis, P.indicus, and P.striata (Bruijning, 1948). But all species that was recorded in the Leiden Museum and others, have no character visu- alization. The lack of cockroachesinventory in Indonesia emphasized the need for character visualization. Surabaya, in particular has abundance of cockroach population which make it the suitable place to con- duct this research. The visualization results give more information and reveal more aspects for the further researches. This study aims to provide infor- mation on the introduction of Pycnoscelus through Fig. 1. Scheme of Berlese Funnel for compost sample ex- character visualization of cockroaches from local traction. household organic waste composter in Surabaya. glass. The cockroaches then observed down to de- Material and Methods tailed body parts. Digital camera was used to cap- ture the morphology visual After that, all the char- Material preparation acters recorded were analyzed to identify the cock- roach species using identification literature. Compost sample was collected from three layer of household organic waste (surface, middle, and Result and Discussion lower layer). It was acclimated for two weeks withtemperature 26 to 31 ºC, pH 5 to 6, and mois- Extraction process ture 50 to 60 % in microcosm. Berlese Funnel was made from iron cylinder and From extraction of three-layer compost, the genus of aluminium cone. Berlese Funnel has size with the insects were obtained with cockroaches as the domi- cylinder diameter 25.5 cm and height 50 cm, the alu- nant groups. The cockroach was the dominant in- minium cone diameter 26 cm and height 35 cm, and sect because the household waste has complex nu- the upper filter mesh has diameter 16 cm with size trients, for instance, carbohydrate, protein, and lipid 0.25 cm each square and the nether filter mesh has that were used for growth, tissue maintenance, me- diameter 15 cm with size 1cm each square. tabolism, and reproduction (Chapman, 2013; Mullins, 2015; Mullen and Durden, 2019). The cock- Cockroach collection roach spawn, oothecae, usually contain 5 to 40 em- Extraction method was used Berlese Funnel with bryos with egg shell whose color range from light added 1kg organic waste from three different layer brown to chestnut brown, depending on sclerotiza- (surface, middle, and lower). It was processed for tion (Mullen and Durden, 2019). The number of egg one week with temperature and light from 25 w laid, larval feeding sites, larval mortality rates, and bulbs (Fig. 1). In the bottom of mesh, Beaker glass oviposition sites was affected by soil texture, mois- filled alcohol 70 % that was used to collect and pre- ture, and temperature (Andersen, 1987). serve the cockroaches. The abundance of cockroach in sample was af- fected by the interspecific and intraspecific food Character visualization and identification competition (Andersen, 1987). Furthermore, as Cockroach that collected was anesthetized for 5 fossorialorganism, cockroach showed specific minutes with 90 % chloroform in closed Beaker behaviour such as light and heatsensitivity to pro- MOCH.AFFANDI ET AL S119 tect them from desiccation (Labandeira and Beall, - Front wings reduced or not; if latter, then with lon- 1990). The burrowing organism behaviorof cock- gitudinal discoidal (cubital) sections extending to roach was apparent during the sampling, in the af- apex of front wings….……………………………..3 ternoon the cockroaches moved from the surface to 3. Hind wings with costal veins strongly clubbed the lower layer and trapped in the Berlese Funnel. apically…………………………….Cariblattalutea - Hind wings with costal veins normal, not clubbed Cockroach identification apically……………………………...……Symploce Cockroach sample was observed for their morpho- 4.Front and hind wings reduced or not; some spe- logical detail (Fig. 2), cockroach sample has head cies with wings completely absent, but if hind with chewing mouthparts, pair of antennae, pair of wings present, anal field not folded fanwise; general eye and ocelli,and connected with pronotum, body surface hairy………………………………………….5 with thorax and cerci at abdomen, six legs with - Front and hind wings not reduced, anal section of spines at femur, and two pairs wing with venation hind wings folding fanwise; general surface hair- at hind wings. Venation wing is wing type with less……………………………………….…….6 large axillary area and it can fold like fan (Bruijning, 5. Front wings not reaching to middle of abdomen; 1948). Generally,the characteristics of cockroach pad between claws absent; size large (over sample are wings well developed, hind wings in 30mm)…….Hemiblaberatenebricosa (Rehn and anal area folded like a fan, fronts flat, brownish Hebard) color, not bulging and living outside in litter, and - Front and hind wings extending beyond apex of those all general character was similar toBlaberidae abdomen; pad present between claws; size smaller family (Johnson and Triplehorn, 2004). The (under 7 mm) …………...….Holocompsanitidula (F.) pronotum has blackish brown with yellowish line in 6. Fourth tarsomere only with a ventral pad; hind lateral and it was remark of Pycnoscelus surinamensis wings with an aninterclaated triangle or appendicu- (Roth, 1998). lar field……………………………….…7 This cockroach was expected as genus - Four basal tarsomeres each with a ventral pad; Pycnoscelus because it has morphological character wings without an intercalated triangle or appen- of P. indicus species-group. The P. indicusspecies- dicular field……………………………….…8 group character that has in sample is dark 7. Tarsal claws single but asymmetrical; hind pronotum with a broad anterior and narrow antero- wingwith an intercalated trinagle of length equal to lateral yellowish band (Roth, 1998). Furthermore, all notmore than one-third total wing specimens obtained were female, indicating that the length…………………………………..Chorisoneura sample can be identified as P. surinamensis which - Tarsal claws equal but with 2 microscopic teeth on mostly reproduce bythelytokous parthenogenesis eachinternal margin; hind wing with a reflexed and very rare by mating (this mating case was cross- appendicularfiled of length equal to approximately ing from different culture, Indonesian bisexual × one Hawaiian bisexual, it was produced male with non- half total
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