Celalettin-Field Quantum Observation Tunnel’ a Quantum Communication Countermeasure Speculative Structure

American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Original Research Paper The ‘Celalettin-Field Quantum Observation Tunnel’ a Quantum Communication Countermeasure Speculative Structure

M. Celalettin and H. King

College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Footscray, Australia

Article history Abstract: The ‘Celalettin-Field Quantum Observation Tunnel’ (COT) is a Received: 20-12-2018 speculative structure produced in an ensemble of Orbital Angular Momentum Revised: 15-01-2019 (OAM) polarized outer ‘s’ shell electrons, whereby an incoming photon, Accepted: 04-02-2019 depolarizes ‘s’ shell electrons as it burrows through the ensemble, creating a Email: [email protected] tunnel. The depolarized particles when viewed as a single quantum system can theoretically be used to acquire information on the incoming photon which in effect, measures it satisfying the criterion for ‘quantum observation’. Enabling equations are discussed which describe the behaviour of the photon/electron interactions in the tunnel, the medium in which the tunnel is produced and the information the medium acquires on the photon as it tunnels through. The Schrodinger wave equation, Math ieu differential equation, Lagrangian QED plasma equation and the Lorentz quantum parameter (OAM coupling) simultaneously describe the COT phenomenon. This study proposes the COT as a quantum communication countermeasure, be it a quantum radar or spy satellite utilizing quantum computing.

Keywords: Military Quantum Communications, Quantum Entanglement, Quantum Radar, Spy Satellites

when a photon’s spin, OAM or frequency is measured Introduction then the entangled photon in a superposition collapses to a Quantum communications operate unaffected by single position. Introducing quantum observation into the extant signal countermeasures (Liu et al ., 2014). Using a function of a quantum radar, or spy satellite harnessing quantum radar as an example, where as in the past, quantum communications would inhibit its ability to function (Adler, 2003). electromagnetic waves from a conventional radar would This study introduces quantum observation to cause rebound off a jet and return to the radar, fighter jets had quantum decoherence, to military quantum communications options to counter such attacks by absorbing or reflecting devices. In a quantum radar, its entangled signaller photon the electromagnetic waves. In addition to other jet borne (γ ) is observed via a proposed ‘Celalettin-Field Quantum stealth capabilities, plasma stealth clouds are highly sig Observation Tunnel’ (COT). At Equation 11 the proposed researched and consist of ionised atoms which trap COT would enable stealth fighter jets to remain stealth in electrons, preventing them from returning to a conventional the presence of a quantum radar. A proposed Polarized radar. In a quantum radar, the entangled photons are not as Electron Cloud (Pe.Cloud) is required to enshroud the jet affected by electromagnetic absorption as the photons are to provide a medium for which γ , would leave an not drawn to ionized atoms in the way electrons are. sig Information is acquired by monitoring the retained idler ensemble of depolarized electrons as it attempts to photon (γIdler) (Lanzagorta, 2011). reach and rebound off the jet. When viewed as a single The cause of quantum observation is a topic of global quantum system, information on γ sig is acquired by the scientific, religious and philosophical debate, with the production of the COT through the medium enabled by most widely accepted scientific understanding being the OAM coupling between the entangled photon and the ‘Copenhagen interpretation’. This interpretation states that polarized electrons in the presence of an electric field,

© 2019 Celalettin and King. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 license. Celalettin and King / American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2019, 12 (1): 111.117 DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2019.111.117 made of depolarized electrons in the Pe.Cloud. This is tunnelling; essentially enabling the Pe.Cloud to be discussed further in detail. provided with information on the γ sig . This satisfies Werner Heisenberg’s quantum observation requirement Discussion and therefore would cause quantum decoherence between the quantum radar’s entangled photon’s, The aerodynamic complications that the Soviet Sputnik subsequently inhibiting its function (Heisenberg, 1985). program encountered and those that the U.S are tirelessly Figure 1, an extant plasma stealth cloud currently trying to overcome by enshrouding a supersonic fighter jet used to absorb electromagnetic radiation is illustrated. with an airborne ionized chemical plasma cloud are all The plasma stealth cloud is made of ionized atoms which avoided (Panarella, 1987; Osborne and Wilson, 2011). attract the electrons beamed from a conventional radar This is because the Pe.Cloud is not an on-board plasma, (Zeng et al ., 2008; Singh et al ., 2015). This plasma stealth nor is it deployed via a continuous flow via on board cloud would have no effect on a quantum radar, as canisters. Rather, it polarizes local outer ‘s’ shell photons would not interact with ionized atoms and the γ sig , electrons; there is no requirement to entrap electrons would penetrate the plasma stealth cloud striking the jet beamed from a conventional radar, but rather, treat local (Lanzagorta, 2011; Brandsema et al ., 2014). photon-photon quantum entanglement via a COT. There are two objectives of this research: The COT would be caused by a high energy photon tunnelling into the Pe.Cloud, namely a scalar quantum • To mathematically investigate quantum observation electrodynamics (QED) Lagrangian operation with OAM via a proposed COT coupling. This is the crux of the idea behind the COT as • Ascertain whether a Pe.Cloud can be engineered enables the interaction between the photon and the OAM to inhibit a quantum radar’s ability to detect a polarized electrons in the Pe.Cloud in order to allow a stealth fighter jet COT to be produced (Gallatin and McMorran, 2012). The COT exists when considering the intrinsic OAM’s Achieving these aforementioned objectives would of all affected depolarized electrons as a single quantum theoretically keep the jet stealthily in the presence of a system whereby the individual depolarized electrons quantum radar. The capability to enshroud a supersonic cannot be described independently of each other. The jet with a plasma stealth cloud already exists (Fiszer γsig’s size would be evidenced by depolarizing the and Gruszczynski, 2002) and Lockheed Martin already intrinsic OAM of Pe.Cloud’s electrons tunnelling have a patent on a military grade quantum radar through the Pe.Cloud and the Pe.Cloud density would increase as the photons scatter the electrons during (Brandsema et al ., 2014; Allen and Karageorgis, 2008).

Fig. 1: Plasma stealth cloud

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Fig. 2: ‘Celalettin-Field Quantum Observation Tunnel’ (COT)

Concept applied to the COT, it is enabled (Stewart, 2005). These equations are: Celalettin-Field Quantum Observation Tunnel

Figure 2, the proposed COT is illustrated as being 1. The scalar Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) produced in the proposed Pe.Cloud. OAM coupling is Lagrangian operation with OAM coupling at Equation 10, which enables the interaction between proposed to be caused by the tunnelling γ sig , leaving γsig and the OAM polarized electrons in the an ensemble of depolarized electrons. When Pe.Cloud in order to allow a COT to be produced considered as a single quantum system, the γ sig could (Gallatin and McMorran, 2012). be measured (Heisenberg, 1985), monitoring the 2. The Klein-Gordon Equation 13, which proposes that density of the Pe.Cloud or imaging the COT; a form when a γ sig of sufficient energy enters a Pe.Cloud, it of quantum observation (Joos et al ., 2013). will produce a COT via both Compton scattering and This study investigates a phenomena that is OAM coupling and is the conduit in this circumstance expected to take place within fractions of a millionth of for the Lagrangian formulation being used in a a second prior to the fighter jet’s on-board quantum setting (Varró, 2013). electromagnet repolarizing the depolarized COT 3. The wave function for quantum entanglement at electrons, into their initial Pe.Cloud. continue style. Equation 1, which described the entangled photons employed in quantum communications as and Mathematical Proof of Concept mathematically describes γ sig . 4. The Boltzmann Equation for a plasma at Equation 3, The mathematical proof of concept does not attempt to to accommodate the density of the environment in reconcile quantum equations with classical physical which the photon-electron interactions will occur in equations to formulate an equation for the COT. Rather, an the presence of an electric field. The density of the ensemble of parent equations have been manipulated to Pe.Cloud is paramount as depending on the size of describe the behaviour of photonic and electric behaviour γsig , enough medium is required to acquire with regards to the functionality of a military quantum information on it. 5. The quantum parameter χ in units of Schwinger communications devices such as a quantum radar and once acceleration as ≡ m, at Equation 8. If it is greater ensembled, these equations as a system enable the COT to than 1, then it is determined that γ sig has a quantum introduce quantum decoherence to the entangled photons nature, which is why the Lagrangian formulation of utilized by a quantum radar. Therefore no COT equation is the scalar and spinor in an electron reservoir is formulated, however there are five equations that when run relevant as under special conditions later simultaneously under typical military capabilities and mentioned, this equation is appropriate.

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6. Time. Whilst not an equation, the power output of the Plasma stealth clouds rely on the density of ionized electromagnet it known and the COT will only exist atoms to affect the reﬂection, absorption and transmission for the amount of time it takes for the electromagnet to of the electromagnetic energy from conventional radars to re-polarize the OAM’s of the depolarized electrons. entrap as many radar transmitted electrons as possible (Zeng et al ., 2008; Wang et al ., 2011). The proposed Therefore the new learning is not that there is a new Pe.Cloud needs to be dense enough and the γ sig needs mathematical formulation, but rather that the correct to be high energy enough to depolarize electrons in equations are present, running simultaneously under the the Pe.Cloud to produce the COT to cause quantum correct condition to enable the production of a COT. observation and protect the jet from quantum radar Derivations detection (Liu et al ., 2014). Given the Boltzmann equation for a plasma to accommodate the density of Here the Schrodinger equation is introduced as the the environment in which the photon-electron fundamental equation of physics for describing quantum interactions will occur in the presence of an electric mechanical behaviour which is the physics which field as in Equation (3): describes quantum entanglement; the fundamental − k Te phenomena underlying a quantum radar: n= n e e(φ2 φ 1 )/ B e()()φ2 e φ 1 (3)

∂ iℏ |ψ tHt= ˆ | ψ (1) ∂t () () Where: ne = Electron number density The wave function for quantum entanglement is Te = Temperature of the plasma and expressed (Haroche, 1999): kB = Boltzmann constant. ϕ = Work function

1 i− i |ψ=() |,ee αφ + |, ge α φ (2) 2 In addition, the electron radius (re) is given by:

1 e2 Where: r = (4) e 4πε m c 2 αe = Eigenvalues 0 e e = γsig g = γidler r=2.8 ∗ 10 −15 m (5) e The quantum mechanical operator used to operate on the wave function for the purpose of the COT is the Where: Hamiltonian, for which solutions for time independent e = Electric charge quantum equations exist as eigenvalues (Shirley, 1965). m = Mass Quantum observation has also been defined by ε0 = Permittivity of free space Werner Heisenberg as ‘sampling the observable’ (Heisenberg, 1985; Panarella, 1987). Therefore if the As such, the average spacing between Rb 87 atoms observer can sample the state, then the state of the in an experimental Pe.Cloud would need to be <4.94 observable changes and the observer can no longer be nm, given the atomic radius of Rb 87 is 4.94 nm. This factored out (Gaëtan et al ., 2009). would be dense enough for a 400 nm γ sig to produce a Rubidium isotope 87 (Rb 87) atoms have a complete COT if it is high energy enough to tunnel deep enough shell structure plus one electron in its outer ‘s’ shell (Steck, into the Pe.Cloud, indicated via the photoelectric 2001). If atoms with one electron in its outer shell are effect via Compton scattering when not absorbed passed through a non-homogenous, vertical magnetic field, (Glover et al ., 1996): their polarizations are aligned upwards and downwards = − (Ternov et al ., 1962; Uchida and Tonomura, 2010). This is Kmax hf ϕ (6) due to the randomly opposite spin states of their outer s electrons (Steck, 2001). When sending Rb 87 atoms in a Where: superposition of two states through a microwave cavity, the K = Kinetic energy of the signaller entangled photon two quantum states shift phases causing quantum h = Planck constant decoherence (Haroche, 1999). Observing quantum f = Frequency of the incident photon decoherence by OAM coupling within a polarized Rb 87 atomic gas chamber as opposed to pumping quantum Which denotes the minimum energy required to entangled Rb 87 atoms into a microwave cavity is therefore move a delocalised electron as per Einstein’s work on a plausible experiment. photon/electron interaction.

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If the quantum radar’s γ sig were 200nm, at Equation electrons in terms of a scalar due to Faraday’s Law of (4) there will be enough energy in the Pe.Cloud for it to Induction, unless a magnetic vector potential is produce a COT. included (Yang and McDonald, 2015). So therefore The quantum entangled Idler ( e) and Signaller ( g) magnetic vector potential is included through the photons are given by: inclusion of an electromagnet, enabling the use of this

equation. The electromagnet is required to be high 1 i− i |ψ〉=() |,ee αφ 〉+ |, ge α φ 〉 (7) energy enough to OAM polarize the electrons that enables 2 the Lagrangian scalar formulation to investigate the required kinetic energy of the laser to cause the COT. We begin with the Schrodinger wave function Thus, the scalar QED plasma Lagrangian required equation: for a Pe.Cloud is given by the Lagrangian formalization for scalars equation (Raicher et al ., 2014): 2 ∇+2 8π m − = ψ2 ()E V ψ 0 (8) 1 h L = ∂+ieA Φ∗  ∂−µ ieA µ Φ  sQED 2 ()()µ µ   (10) 1 1 Where: −M2 Φ∗Φ− F F µν E = Energy 2 16 π µν V = Potential energy Where: 2 Φ = Charged scalar ﬁeld, 1 du  ∗ χ ≡  > 1 (9) Φ = Its complex conjugate and where the electromagnetic m ds  strength is given by:

F=∂ A −∂ A The quantum parameter χ in units of Schwinger µν νµ µν (11) acceleration as ≡ m. If it is greater than 1, the particle motion in the electromagnetic ﬁeld has a quantum Where: nature, hence this research will consider the Lagrangian Aµ = vector potential formulation of the scalar and spinor in an electron reservoir (Raicher et al ., 2014). In Lagrangian mechanics, the trajectory of an ensemble of particles is derived from the Lagrange equations, where Where: the Euler-Lagrange equation describes the motion for the s = Proper time of the particle scalar ﬁeld (Raicher et al ., 2014; Fox, 1987): m = Particle mass δL δ L = ∂ (12) δΦ ∗ µ δ ∂ Φ ∗ Equation (9) considers a plasma and in particular the ()µ photoelectric attributes of γ sig interacting with a Pe.Cloud. Lagrangian mechanics is a label given to a situation where The Euler-Lagrange Equation (12), yields the Klein- the Lagrange classical equation is applicable to certain Gordon equation: quantum mechanical situations. In this study the Lagrangian formulation will be considered to ‘exist with’ ( ): −∂+2M 2  Φ=− eA 22 +2 ieA ⋅∂Φ  (13)    • OAM coupling equation and • Where: Schrodinger equation (Hamilton, 1834) 2 ∂ ≡ ∂µ∂µ, 2 The behaviour of atomic Rb 87 and the γsig’s energy A ≡ AµAµ required to depolarize atomic Rb87 outer ‘s’ shell A·∂ ≡ Aµ∂µ electrons have been derived at Equation (14). An ensemble of polarized atomic Rb 87 is governed by the Further, the Dirac/Klein-Gordon equation reduces to Lorentz invariant parameters which consist of both the Mathieu ordinary differential equation under special classical and quantum, for which Equation (9) is the conditions. quantum parameter (Kirk et al ., 2009). The special conditions are: Considering the electron motion in a quantum parameter (χ>1), QED describes the γ sig emission • The motion for the Pe.Cloud is in the presence of process. This study re-visits Raicher et al . (2014) an electromagnetic field construction of the Lagrangian scalar formulation of • The required electric charge of the electromagnet QED in a plasma. It is not possible to describe to polarize the Pe.Cloud is known

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• The γ sig tunnels through the Pe.Cloud, depolarizing quantum engineered stealth capabilities operated in electrons in its wake via Compton scattering secrecy in the presence of radars in the past. (Varró, 2013). Acknowledgement This equation proposes that when a γ sig of sufficient energy enters a Pe.Cloud, it will produce a COT via I want to thank Dr Horace King for encouraging me both Compton scattering and OAM coupling. The not to stick within the boundaries of known science and push me to pursue my suspicions; push me beyond my Pe.Cloud can then be imaged and the COT is proposed limits, and encouraging such bold research. I also want to acquire information on the γsig’s size/frequency and to thank my beautiful wife Dr Hasret Celalettin, the Pe.Cloud’s change in density which would prove without her expertise in research not to mention her that the depolarized electrons have been pushed aside support and encouragement in my abilities gave me the during γsig’s tunnelling through the proposed COT as clarity of thought I needed. discussed. Given the COT approximation equation: Author’s Contributions

2 Both the authors have equally contributed to this 2 8π m ∇+ψ2 ()E − V ψ = 0 manuscript. h 2 +d y +− = 2 aq2cos2() xy  | 0 Ethics dx ∃L ∃ X This article is original and contains unpublished S QED (14) t material. The corresponding author confirms that all of the other authors have read and approved the manuscript Where: and there are no ethical issues involved.

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