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Int. J. Biosci. 2014 Int. J. Biosci. 2014 International Journal of Biosciences | IJB | ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print) 2222-5234 (Online) http://www.innspub.net Vol. 5, No. 7, p. 116-125, 2014 RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Evaluation of two grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) against salinity stress and surveying the effect of methyl jasmonate and epibrassinolide on alleviation the salinity stress S. Neda Seif1, Enayat Tafazzoli2 *, Ali-Reza Talaii3, Abdolhossein Aboutalebi4, Vahid Abdosi1 1Department of Horticultural Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Horticulture Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars branch, Fars, Iran 3Department of Department of Horticultural Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran 4Department of horticultural science, Jahrom branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran Key words: Vitis vinifera L., cultivar, salinity, Epibrassinolide, Methyle Jasmonate. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/5.7.116-125 Article published on October 06, 2014 Abstract Salinity is a phenomenon challenging the plantation and growth of grape in arid and semiarid regions. During the present research, tolerance of two grape cultivars(Flame Seedless and Perlette) was evaluated against various sodium chloride salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM) and the effect of Epibrassinolide(EBR)(0, 3 and 6 µM) and Methyle Jasmonate(MeJA)(0, 3 and 6 mM) surveyed at these conditions which was conducted based on factorial experiment in the form of Complete Randomized Desighn(CRD) with four Replications. Based on the obtained results, the cultivar, salinity levels and hormonal treatments were significantly effective on surveyed traits. The results from analysis of variance revealed that increased salinity levels led to significant increase in values of lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leackage(EL), proline content and significant decrease in values of photosynthesis and transpiration rate, relative water content(RWC) and the content of chlorophyll a and b in two varieties. Furthermore EBR and MeJA treatments(specially 6mM MeJA) significantly increased proline content, content of chlorophyll a and b, photosynthesis and transpiration rate and decreased EL and lipid peroxidation in two varieties(except at high salinity stress) and mitigated the adverse effects of NaCl in two cultivars. Withoute salinity application Perlette cultivar produced the best values for physiological and morphological indices. In general, Perlette cultivar proved more tolerance against salinity than Flame Seedless cultivar did. * Corresponding Author: Enayat Tafazzoli [email protected] 116 Seif et al. Int. J. Biosci. 2014 Introduction stresses(Rao et al., 2002). These studies have Iran, the second largest country in the middle East, focused on relieving or overcoming stresses related to has an area of 165 million ha. Approximately, 90% of temperature or water stress for example, the country is classified as arid and semi-arid region, epibrassinolide treatment enhanced tolerance of most of which is faced with low rainfall, high tomato and brome grass to high temperature(Singh evapotranspiration, salinization, shortage of fresh and Shono, 2005). Brassinolide kept rice seedlings in water, erosion, excessive heat and desertification. normal physiological function under high Fresh water resources are declining in the central temperature on rice effectively(Cao and Zhao, 2008). plateau of the country as a result of overusing Brassinosteroids were shown to have positive effects underground water and sever drought in recent on eggplant, cucumber and maize under chilling years(Cheraghi, 2004). stress(Mandava, 1988; He et al., 1991). In rice, brassinosteroids increased seedling resistance to Land salinization is a major limiting factor for chilling injury(Wang and Zeng, 1993) and increased conventional crop production in the country. the height, root length, root biomass and total Continnuos cropping together with an excessive use biomass of rice under low temperature of chemifertilizers an ill-managed irrigation has conditions(Kim and Sa, 1988; Hirai et al. 1991). Wang turned hundreds of cultivated fertile fields into saline and Zeng(1993) also reported that treatment with 24- ones. These limitations have greate impacts on the epibrassinolide reduced the MDA content and welfare of the farmers whose income is soley increased the proline content of rice under chilling dependent to agriculture. In recent years, increased stress. The increase in chilling resistance was attention has been paid to the use of saline soils and attributed to brassinolide-induced effects on waters for crop production(Banakar and Ranjbar, membrane stability and osmoregulation(Wang and 2010). Zeng, 1993). Schilling et al. (1991) reported that homobrassinolide icreased tap root weight, sucrose Grapevines are considered as moderately sensitive to content and yield of sugar beets grown under drought salinity and the damage is primilarly caused by stress. Similarly, Sairam(1994) found that chloride ions(Walker, 1995). However, grapevine homobrassinolide significantly increased the relative response to salinity depends on several factors, such water content, chlorophyll a content, photosynthetic as rootstock-scion combination, irrigation system, rate, leaf area and biomass production of wheat under soil type and climate. Changing some of these factors moisture stress. Brassinolide was also applied as with the same irrigation water could produce entirely plant regulator on maize to increase tolerance to different results(Fisarakis et al. 2001). drought stress(Li and Van Staden, 1998a, b). Several studies have investigated the effect of Exogenous application of some phytohormones could brassinosteroids on salt-stressed plants. Uner saline also affect directly the plant response to salinity. conditions, 24-epibrassinolide prevented nucleus and Brassinosteroids are natural substances that are chloroplast degradation in wheat by producing a essential for plant growth and development. It is well protective effect on leaf cell ultrastructure(Kulaeva et documented that brassinosteroids can induce abroade al., 1991). The treatment of rice seeds with 24- spectrum of responses among plants, including stem epibrassinolide or 28-homobrassinolide promoted elongation, pollen tube growth, leaf epinasty and yield germination under salt stress. Lengths, fresh and dry increase(Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Kamuro and weights and soluble protein content of the resulting Takatsuto, 1999; Khripach et al., 2000; Mandava, seedlings were enhanced(Anuradna and Rao, 2001). 1998; Sasse, 1999). One of the most interesting Sasse et al. (1995) reported the ability of 24- influences of brassinosteroids is their ability to epibrassinolide to activate the germination of confer resistance to plants against abiotic Eucalyptus camaldulensis seeds under saline stress. 117 Seif et al. Int. J. Biosci. 2014 Application of brassinosteroids increased the salinity private company at jahrom city. After rooting, tolerance in rice, tomato and chickpea(Anuradna and nourishing the scions was done weekly by Basofoliar Rao, 2001; Prakash et al., 1999; Ali et al. 2007). solution(1%). After four months from rooting, treatments were begun by spraying foliar Methyl- Jasmonates are ubiquitously-occuring lipid-derived jasmonate(Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, USH) (0, 3 and 6 compounds with signal function in plant responces to mM) and Epibrassinolide(0, 3 and 6 µM) with Tween abiotic and biotic stresses, as well as in plant growth 20(0.1%) and NaCl added to the irrigation water(0, and development(Wasternack, 2007). Applied 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM). Hormonal treatments exogenously, they can induce physiological changes applied twice within 14 days. This experiment was identical to characteristic parts of the stress conducted based on factorial experiment(FactorA: responses(Tsonev et al., 1998). Thus, jasmonates variety, FactorB: salinity levels and FactorC: have been identified as stress modulators suppressing hormones) in the form of Randomized Complete or enhancing the stress responses of plants. Desighn(RCD) with four replication. Jasmonate levels were increased with high salinity in Iris hexagona(Wang et al., 2001) and rice, resulting Determination of physiological indicators in the induction of genes involved in stress-related Determination of leaf water status jasmonates biosynthesis(Tani et al., 2008). Fedina Three compound leaves were collected from each and Benderliev(2000) found that exogenously- seedling. Leaf fresh weight was measured applied methyljasmonate supplied simultaneously immediately and then the leaves wer submerged in with NaCl helped algae to counteract salt stress; distilled water at room temperature. After 24 h, the therefore, the toxic ion effects due to salinity could leaves were removed from the water, blotted dry with cause membrane damage and hence trigger the filter paper and weighted to determine saturated release of the lipid pre-cursor for jasmonate fresh weight. The leaves were then dried at 80°C for synthesis. Moreover, Parra-Lobato et al. (2009) 24 h and weighted again. Leaf relative water concluded that exogenous methyljasmonate may be content(LRWC) was calculated as follows: envolved in the oxidative stress processes by LRWC=(fresh weight - dry weight)/(saturated fresh regulating antioxidant enzyme activities. These weight – dry weight) results suggests a role of methyljasmonate in the plant response to saline stress. Determination of leaf electrolyte leakage Leaves were washed
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