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Riverbank Filtration in China: a Review and Perspective Accepted Manuscript Research papers Riverbank Filtration in China: A Review and Perspective Bin Hu, Yanguo Teng, Yuanzheng Zhai, Rui Zuo, Jiao Li, Haiyang Chen PII: S0022-1694(16)30483-8 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.004 Reference: HYDROL 21439 To appear in: Journal of Hydrology Received Date: 29 January 2016 Revised Date: 5 July 2016 Accepted Date: 1 August 2016 Please cite this article as: Hu, B., Teng, Y., Zhai, Y., Zuo, R., Li, J., Chen, H., Riverbank Filtration in China: A Review and Perspective, Journal of Hydrology (2016), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.004 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 / 37 Riverbank Filtration in China: A Review and Perspective Bin Hu, Yanguo Teng*, Yuanzheng Zhai, Rui Zuo, Jiao Li, Haiyang Chen Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China * Corresponding author. Teng YG; Tel & Fax: + 86 10 58802738; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Riverbank filtration (RBF) for water supplies is used widely throughout the world because it guarantees a sustainable quantity and improves water quality. In this study, the development history and the technical overview of RBF in China are reviewed and summarized. Most RBF systems in China were constructed using vertical wells, horizontal wells, and infiltration galleries in flood plains, alluvial fans, and intermountain basins. Typical pollutants + such as NH4 , pathogens, metals, and organic materials were removed or diluted by most RBF investigated. There have recently been many investigations of the interaction between groundwater and surface water and biogeochemical processes in RBF. Comprehensive RBF applications should include not only the positive but also negative effects. Based on a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages, the perspectives of China’s RBF technology development were proposed. To protect the security of water supply, China’s RBF systems should establish a management system, monitoring system and forecasting system of risk. Guidelines of RBF construction and management should also be issued on the basic of relevant fundamental investigations such as climate influence, clogging, and purification mechanism of water-quality improvement. Key wards: Riverbank filtration, Groundwater, Security water supply, Removal of pollutants, Research perspective 1. Introduction In nature, river water percolates through riverbeds into aquifers during high-flow conditions (Eckert and Irmscher, 2006; Schubert, 2002). During the percolation processes, components of infiltrating water will be changed and purified by a series of physical, chemical, and biological reactions in the hyporheic zone, as well as aquifer materials, all of which contribute to filtration and attenuation of contaminants in river water (Grischek et al, 2002; Kuehn and Mueller, 2000; Ray et al., 2002a). Thus, groundwater exploitation at riverbanks is gradually being conducted via riverbank filtration (RBF). In RBF, the process of groundwater exploitation is similar to the capture of percolating water from production wells that are near the riverbank (Sheets et al., 2002; Sprenger et al, 2011; Ulrich et al, 2013). With the withdrawal of groundwater, differences in water levels between groundwater and river become greater, resulting in infiltration 2 / 37 of river water into aquifers and water into pumping wells (Wett et al, 2002; Derx et al, 2013). For more than 150 years, RBF has been used in Europe to supply drinking water (Grischek et al., 2002; Kuehn and Mueller, 2000; Ray et al., 2002b; Sontheimer, 1980; Tufenkji et al., 2002), while RBF in the United States has been used for the water supply for more than 70 years (Ray et al., 2002b; Eckert and Irmscher, 2006). However, this technology has been used for less than 20 years in other countries such as Korea (Lee and Lee, 2010), India (Sandhu et al., 2011), Egypt (Hamdan et al., 2013), and Brazil (Freitas et al., 2012). During these times of high water-security risk (Voeroesmarty et al., 2010), the RBF system has been proven in a number of studies to be effective and has shown worldwide potential for supplying water (Ray, 2008; Schiermeier, 2014). Compared with the development and application of RBF in the western countries, the history of RBF use in China is short; current use and future prospects are low. In recent years, the concerns of RBF in China concentrated on sustainable yield of water exploitation and water quality improvement after infiltration process at specific areas. Scientific summarization of the development history and comprehensive review of characteristics of RBF system in China are still lack. Accordingly, the objective of this article is to: 1) review the history of development of RBF in China; 2) summarize the technical overview; 3) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of China’s RBF application; and 4) discuss the prospects of China’s RBF technology development. 2. Overview of RBF in China According to the statistics data of China Water Resources Bulletin, 2014, the quantity of groundwater supply was 111.7 billion cubic meters, 18.3% of China total water supply. The surface water infiltration quantity was 49 billion cubic meters, 43.9% of China total groundwater supply. It has created favorable conditions for development of RBF in China. 2.1 Development of RBF in China Knowledge on the exploitation and utilization of groundwater had a long history in ancient China. The oldest well discovered in Zhejiang Province was built before 5700-3710 years BC (Han and Chen, 2013). While, the first RBF facility was constructed in northeast China in the 1930s, and it has since been widely used in other areas (Table 1). China’s RBF facilities are mainly in the north. More than 50 RBF sites are located along the Yellow River. Additionally, there are more than 15 well fields pumping groundwater in the Hai River and Luan River basins for public water supply of RBF. Although most RBF projects are located in north or northwest cities, Sichuan province, Hubei province, Shanghai and a few other places in southern China also have the water pre-treatment works that utilize infiltrating water for urban drinking water supplies. Table 1 3 / 37 Exploitation of infiltration water is an effective approach for reducing environmental problems caused by excessive exploitation of surface water and groundwater. As a typical method for conjunctive regulation of surface water and groundwater, RBF contributes to the sustainable yield of water supply, while reducing damage to the stability of aquifers, cost of water treatment, and the pressure of meeting increasing water supply demands. The proportion of water supplied by RBF in water supply systems is shown in Table 2. The quantities of infiltrating water exploitation at RBF sites are various. Table 2 In the Yellow River basin, five provinces along the Yellow River have developed RBF into supply water for urban drinking in varying degrees. In these arid or semi-arid regions, the application of RBF can effectively solve the shortage of water resource and maintain the sustainable development and utilization of groundwater. RBF can also be a meaningful water-intake technology for the cities in south and northeast China, where water resources are relatively rich. Rely on the practice of RBF establishment, the experience of RBF operation, and the improvements of groundwater exploitation technology, the development of RBF in China has been laid a certain foundation. 2.2 Classification of RBF In view of the infiltration process, RBF can be divided into direct bank filtration and indirect filtration. The hydraulic connection between groundwater and river water is controlled by variations in river hydrodynamic conditions. Decreased seepage (less than the exploitation quantity), increased groundwater withdrawal (more than river flow), and formation of the riverbed clogging zone (low infiltration rate) can accelerate development of a water-unsaturated zone beneath the riverbed or in the aquifer, eventually leading to indirect filtration of river water (Fox and Durnford, 2003; Hubbs, 2006; Brunner et al, 2009). The formation of clogging zone beneath the riverbed is caused by the continuous infiltration of river water because of well pump age (Schubert, 2006). The clogging phenomenon of parts of riverbed is principally unavoidable during long-term RBF wells operation, which accompanies with infiltrate-rate decreasing, reduction of permeability in the infiltration area, the formation of unsaturated zone, and results in water yield continuous reducing (Mucha et al., 2006). Conversely, with the formation of clogging zone, filtration in an aerated zone of water-unsaturated aquifer material can improve the infiltrated-water quality more efficiently (Su et al, 2007; Zhang et al, 2011). In contrast, direct bank filtration provides higher infiltrated-water quantity, whereas the capacity for improving infiltrated-water quality may not be as 4 / 37 great (Schubert, 2002). Another method of classifying RBF sites is based on the landforms of water
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