From Waste to Value From Waste to Value investigates how streams of organic waste and residues can be trans- formed into valuable products, to foster a transition towards a sustainable and circular bio- economy. The studies are carried out within a cross-disciplinary framework, drawing on a diverse set of theoretical approaches and defining different valorisation pathways. Organic waste streams from households and industry are becoming a valuable resource in today’s economies. Substances that have long represented a cost to companies and a burden for society are now becoming an asset. Waste products, such as leftover food, forest residues and animal carcasses, can be turned into valuable products such as biomaterials, biochemicals and biopharmaceuticals. Exploiting these waste resources is challenging, however. It requires that companies develop new technologies and that public authorities introduce new regulation and governance models. This book helps policy- makers govern and regulate bio- based industries, and helps industry actors to identify and exploit new opportunities in the circular bioeconomy. Moreover, it provides important insights for all students and scholars concerned with renewable energy, sustainable development and climate change. Antje Klitkou has a PhD from Humboldt University, Berlin (1993). She has worked at the Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU), Oslo, Norway, since 2002, as Senior Researcher until 2014 and as Research Professor since 2014. She has research interests in research and innovation policy and the transition to a sustainable bioeconomy, energy and transport. She has been Project Coordinator for several international research projects, such as “SusValueWaste: Sustainable path creation for innovative value chains for organic waste products” (2015–19) on the transition to the bioeconomy, funded by the Research Council of Norway; “Technology opportunities in Nordic energy system transitions – TOP-NEST” (2011–15), funded by Nordic Energy Research; and “InnoDemo: Role of demonstration projects in innovation: Transition to sustainable energy and transport” (2013–15), funded by the Research Council of Norway. She has published several journal articles on bioeconomy topics. Arne Martin Fevolden is a Senior Researcher at NIFU. He holds a Master’s degree (cand. polit) in Economic Sociology and a PhD (Dr. polit.) in Innovation Studies from the University of Oslo. Much of his earlier research was concerned with the development of the ICT (information and communications industry) and defence industries. His more recent research has looked at the controversies surrounding biofuels and at potential valori- sation pathways for urban waste streams. Marco Capasso is a Senior Researcher at NIFU. He has worked in the scientific fields of econometrics, economic geography and economics of innovation, and his research has been published in a wide variety of scientific journals, including Industrial and Corporate Change, International Statistical Review, Regional Studies and Small Business Economics. He is currently participating in the projects “Sustainable path creation for innovative value chains for organic waste products”, funded by the Research Council of Norway, and “Where does the green economy grow? The geography of Nordic sustainability trans- itions”, funded by the Nordic Green Growth Research and Innovation Programme. Routledge Studies in Waste Management and Policy From Waste to Value Valorisation Pathways for Organic Waste Streams in Circular Bioeconomies Edited by Antje Klitkou, Arne Martin Fevolden and Marco Capasso Waste Prevention Policy and Behaviour New Approaches to Reducing Waste Generation and Its Environmental Impacts Ana Paula Bortoleto Decision- making and Radioactive Waste Disposal Andrew Newman and Gerry Nagtzaam Nuclear Waste Politics An Incrementalist Perspective Matthew Cotton The Politics of Radioactive Waste Management Public Involvement and Policy- Making in the European Union Gianluca Ferraro For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ Routledge- Studies-in- Waste-Management- and-Policy/book- series/RSWMP. From Waste to Value Valorisation Pathways for Organic Waste Streams in Circular Bioeconomies Edited by Antje Klitkou, Arne Martin Fevolden and Marco Capasso First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 selection and editorial matter, Antje Klitkou, Arne Martin Fevolden and Marco Capasso; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Antje Klitkou, Arne Martin Fevolden and Marco Capasso to be identified as the authors of the editorial matter, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Names: Klitkou, Antje, editor. | Fevolden, Arne, editor. | Capasso, Marco, editor. Title: From waste to value : valorisation pathways for organic waste streams in bioeconomies / edited by Antje Klitkou, Arne Martin Fevolden, and Marco Capasso. Description: Abingdon, Oxon : New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in waste management and policy | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018057710| ISBN 9781138624979 (hbk) | ISBN 9780429460289 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Organic wastes–Recycling. Classification: LCC TD804 .F76 2019 | DDC 628.1/68–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018057710 ISBN: 978-1-138-62497-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-46028-9 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Contents List of figures viii List of tables x Notes on contributors xii Acknowledgements xvii 1 Introduction 1 ANTJE KLITKOU, ARNE MARTIN FEVOLDEN AND MARCO CAPASSO PART I Perspectives on the bioeconomy 17 2 What is the bioeconomy? 19 MARKUS M. BUGGE, TEIS HANSEN AND ANTJE KLITKOU 3 Theoretical perspectives on innovation for waste valorisation in the bioeconomy 51 M A R K U S M. B ugge , S I M O N B olwig , T E I S H ansen AND ANNE NYGAARD TANNER PART II Sector studies 71 4 New path development for forest- based value creation in Norway 73 A nt J E K litkou , M A R C O C apasso , T E I S H ansen AND JULIA SZULECKA vi Contents 5 Mission- oriented innovation in urban governance: setting and solving problems in waste valorisation 91 MARKUS M. BUGGE AND ARNE MARTIN FEVOLDEN 6 Beyond animal feed? The valorisation of brewers’ spent grain 107 SIMON BOLWIG, MICHAEL SPJELKAVIK MARK, MAAIKE KARLIJN HAPPEL AND ANDREAS BREKKE 7 Meat processing and animal by- products: industrial dynamics and institutional settings 127 ANNE NYGAARD TANNER AND NHAT STRØM-ANDERSEN 8 New pathways for organic waste in land- based farming of salmon: the case of Norway and Denmark 145 HILDE NESS SANDVOLD, JAY STERLING GREGG AND DOROTHY SUTHERLAND OLSEN 9 Valorisation of whey: a tale of two Nordic dairies 162 SIMON BOLWIG, ANDREAS BREKKE, LOUISE STRANGE AND NHAT STRØM-ANDERSEN PART III Cross- sectoral perspectives 187 10 What knowledge does the bioeconomy build upon? 189 LINN MEIDELL DYBDAHL AND ERIC JAMES IVERSEN 11 Actors and innovators in the circular bioeconomy: an integrated empirical approach to studying organic waste stream innovators 211 ERIC JAMES IVERSEN, MARCO CAPASSO AND KRISTOFFER RØRSTAD Contents vii PART IV Policy implications 231 12 Directionality and diversity: contending policy rationales in the transition towards the bioeconomy 233 LISA SCORDATO, MARKUS M. BUGGE, AND ARNE MARTIN FEVOLDEN 13 Multi- level governance of food waste: comparing Norway, Denmark and Sweden 253 JULIA SZULECKA, NHAT STRØM-ANDERSEN, LISA SCORDATO AND EILI SKRIVERVIK 14 Life cycle assessment: a governance tool for transition towards a circular bioeconomy? 272 ANDREAS BREKKE, KARI- ANNE LYNG, JOHANNA OLOFSSON AND JULIA SZULECKA 15 Conclusions 293 ANTJE KLITKOU, ARNE MARTIN FEVOLDEN AND MARCO CAPASSO Index 302 Figures 1.1 Value circles and valorisation of waste and residues 8 2.1 Number of papers per year (n = 453 papers) 22 2.2 Share of Web of Science categories, based on weighted counts (n = 453) 26 3.1 The waste pyramid. Innovation in waste systems implies turning the pyramid on its head so that less or no waste is disposed of (hence it is no longer waste), illustrated by a smaller area in the right- hand pyramid, and more waste (or resources) is prevented or reused, illustrated by a larger area in the right- hand pyramid 54 3.2 (a) (top): The cascade- in-time chain (adapted from Sirkin & Houten, 1994); (b) (bottom): The cascade- in-value concept (adapted from Olsson et al., 2016) 55 4.1 Location of the three cases: Skogn in Trøndelag, Treklyngen in Buskerud and Borregaard in south- eastern Norway 80 5.1 The waste pyramid 95 5.2 The parallel systems of waste management in Oslo (adapted