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Hong Kong Case Study for NCEE

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Hong Kong Case Study for NCEE e Early h l Case Studies na of E A atio ar Trn ly d te Ch In il dh v o o d a E d u n c a t io t n a a n d g C a r e e S y s t e m s EvolvingResponsive a HarmonizedIntegrated Policymaking and Hybrid andUniversal Implementation:System of ECEC: Maintaining the Reform Momentum RespectingEarlyAFrom Careful Childhood Equality Children Balancing to Services:and Equity ActFamilies Using Data for Improvement HongSingaporeAustraliaEnglandFinland Kong Responsive Policymaking and Implementation: From Equality to Equity A Case Study of the Hong Kong Early Childhood Education and Care System Nirmala Rao, Carrie Lau, and Stephanie Chan With Maggie Koong and Jessie M S Wong CopyrightÓ 2018 Teachers College All rights reserved Page 1 www.ncee.org/EarlyAdvantage Contents Executive Summary 1 Policy ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Health Services ....................................................................................................................... 3 Education and Care Services ................................................................................................. 4 Governance ............................................................................................................................. 4 Paradoxes ................................................................................................................................ 5 Overcoming Challenges ......................................................................................................... 6 Part 1 Introduction 8 Chapter 1: Study Overview ...................................................................................................... 9 Rationale and Goals ............................................................................................................... 9 Study Architecture ............................................................................................................... 12 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 16 Definitions and Abbreviations ............................................................................................ 23 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 24 Part 2 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 25 Chapter 2: Country Background ............................................................................................ 26 Key Points ............................................................................................................................. 26 Historical Context ................................................................................................................. 27 Geographic/Demographic Context .................................................................................... 32 Socio-Cultural Context ......................................................................................................... 36 Political Context.................................................................................................................... 42 Socio-Economic Context ...................................................................................................... 44 Educational Context (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary) ................................................. 49 Policy Process ....................................................................................................................... 54 Chapter 3: Conditions of Young Children ............................................................................ 57 Key Points ............................................................................................................................. 57 Demographic Data on Young Children .............................................................................. 57 Percentages of Children Who Are: ...................................................................................... 60 Percentage of Children Living in/with: ............................................................................. 64 Page 2 www.ncee.org/EarlyAdvantage Chapter 4: Policies Related to Young Children and Their Families .................................. 68 Key Points ............................................................................................................................. 68 Legal Documents that Frame Service Delivery .................................................................. 68 Major Policy Changes .......................................................................................................... 74 Part 3 Direct Services for Young Children 77 Chapter 5: Nature of General Services Provided for Young Children .............................. 78 Key Points ............................................................................................................................. 78 Nature of General Services Provided.................................................................................. 79 Enrollments in Above Services ............................................................................................ 91 Organization of Above Services .......................................................................................... 92 Chapter 6: Nature of ECEC Services ...................................................................................... 93 Key Points ............................................................................................................................. 93 Nature of ECEC Services Provided ..................................................................................... 93 Enrollments in ECEC Services ............................................................................................. 97 Service Delivery Organization ............................................................................................ 97 Part 4 Systemic Outputs: Fostering Quality Services 99 Chapter 7: Pedagogical Approaches and Curriculum ....................................................... 100 Key Points ........................................................................................................................... 100 Describing Curriculum and Pedagogical Approaches .................................................... 100 Historical Evolution of Curricular/Pedagogical Approaches ........................................ 101 Framework Documents that Influence Curriculum ........................................................ 102 Nature/Content of Curriculum ........................................................................................ 103 Use of Time and Space ....................................................................................................... 104 Diversity and Cultural Responsiveness ............................................................................ 104 Provision for: ...................................................................................................................... 105 Transitions (Within Setting, Across Settings) ................................................................... 106 Innovations ......................................................................................................................... 108 Contributions to Quality .................................................................................................... 108 Challenges ........................................................................................................................... 108 Page 3 www.ncee.org/EarlyAdvantage Chapter 8: Children’s Development .................................................................................... 110 Key Points ........................................................................................................................... 110 Early Learning and Development Standards ................................................................... 110 Health Standards ................................................................................................................ 113 Assessment, Data, and Accountability ............................................................................. 117 Innovations ......................................................................................................................... 121 Contributions to Quality .................................................................................................... 122 Challenges ........................................................................................................................... 122 Chapter 9: Program Quality: Standards, Inspection, and Improvement......................... 123 Key Points ........................................................................................................................... 123 Program Regulations.......................................................................................................... 123 External Inspection (Monitoring) Regulations ................................................................. 126 Professionalism and Adequacy of External Inspection Personnel ................................. 131 Uses of External Inspection Data ...................................................................................... 131 Innovations ........................................................................................................................
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