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FARROKH%20DABIRI.Pdf (3.390Mb) ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DOKTORA TEZİ İran urmiye hayvan çiftliklerindeki hayvanların dışkılarında bulunan sinantropik sinek puplarının parazitoidleri, bu puplardaki doğal parazitizm oranı ve çeşitli omurgalı dokularında gelişen böceklerin tespiti Farrokh DABİRİ BİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI ANKARA 2011 Her hakkı saklıdır TEZ ONAYI Farrokh DABİRİ tarafından hazırlanan “İran Urmiye Hayvan Çiftliklerindeki Hayvanların Dışkılarında Bulunan Sinantropik Sinek Puplarının Parazitoidleri, Bu Puplardaki Doğal Parazitizm Oranı ve Çeşitli Omurgalı Dokularında Gelişen Böceklerin Tespiti” adlı tez çalışması 07/ 02/ 2011 tarihinde aşağıdaki jüri tarafından oy birliği ile Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı’nda DOKTORA TEZİ olarak kabul edilmiştir. Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ayla TÜZÜN Jüri Üyeleri: Başkan : Prof. Dr. Erkut KIVANÇ Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji ABD Üye : Prof. Dr. Metin AKTAŞ Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat fakültesi, Biyoloji ABD Üye : Prof. Dr. Suat KIYAK Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat fakültesi, Biyoloji ABD Üye : Prof. Dr. Nesrin ÖZSOY Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji ABD Üye : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ayla TÜZÜN Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji ABD Yukarıdaki sonucu onaylarım Prof. Dr. Orhan ATAKOL Enstitü Müdürü ÖZET Doktora Tezi İRAN URMİYE HAYVAN ÇİFTLİKLERİNDEKİ HAYVANLARIN DIŞKILARINDA BULUNAN SİNANTROPİK SİNEK PUPLARININ PARAZİTOİDLERİ, BU PUPLARDAKİ DOĞAL PARAZİTİZM ORANI VE ÇEŞİTLİ OMURGALI DOKULARINDA GELİŞEN BÖCEKLERİN TESPİTİ Farrokh DABİRİ Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ayla TÜZÜN Bu çalışma, 2007-2010 yılları arasında sinantrop sinekler ile en iyi mücadele yöntemlerinden olan biyolojik mücadele çerçevesinde, İran Urmiye’de hayvan çiftliklerindeki hayvanların dışkılarında bulunan ev sineğin puplarının parazitoidleri ve bu puplardaki doğal parazitizm oranını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Seçilen 4 araştırma istasyonundan, toplam 29,116 ev sineği pupu toplanmış ve toplanan pupların 1124'ünden parazitoid elde edilmiştir. Toplanan parazitoidlerin 1108’inin Spalangia endius Walker (Hym. Pteromalidae) ve 16'sının Aleochara bipustulata Linnaeus (Col. Staphylinidae)ya ait olduğu ve toplam doğal parazitizm oranının %3.86 olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuçta bu bölgede S. endius’un sinantrop sineklerle biyolojik mücadelede iyi bir potansiyele sahip olduğu da tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu araştırmada, Urmiye’de adli entomoloji açısından önemli olan böcek türleri, özellikle de ikikanatlıları tesbit etmek amacıyla balık, tavuk, inek, koyun gibi çeşitli hayvanların leşlerinin çeşitli dokuları ve iç organları (baş, göbek, dalak, deri, karaciğer vb. ) 53 gün açık bir bahçede çürümeye bırakılmış, leşin üzerinde ve içinde veya toprağın altında bulunan larva, pupa ve erginler incelenmiş ve teşhisleri yapılmıştır. Sonuçta 5 ordo,11 familya, 16 cins ve 18 türe ait toplam 3,179 örnek tespit edilmiş olup. Bunlar Psychoda sp. (Dip. Psychodidae), Calliphora vicina (Dip. Calliphoridae), Calliphora vomitoria (Dip. Calliphoridae), Lucilia sericata (Dip. Calliphoridae), Chrysoma sp. (Dip.Calliphoridae), Musca domestica (Dip. Muscidae), Muscina stabulans (Dip. Muscidae), Fannia canicularis (Dip. Fannidae), Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis (Dip. Sarcophagidae), Sarcophaga sp. (Dip. Sarcophagidae), Wohlfartia magnifica (Dip. Sarcophagidae), Dermestes maculates (Col. Dermestidae), Necrophorus sp. (Col.Silphidae), Blatta orientalis (Blattaria. Blattidae), Vespula germanica (Hym. Vespidae), Messor caducus (Hym. Formicidae), Cataglyphis sp. (Hym. Formicidae) ve Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera. Forficulidae) türleridir. Şubat 2011, 143 sayfa Anahtar Kelimeler: Diptera, sinekler, Hymenoptera, parasitoid, Pteromalidae, biyolojik mücadele, adli entomoloji, Urmiye, İran i ABSTRACT Ph.D. Thesis THE PARASITOID WASPS OF SYNANTHROPIC FLY PUPAE IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRIES OF URMIA (İRAN), INVESTIGATING THEIR NATURAL PARASITISM RATE AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS THAT GROW UP IN VARIOUS BODY VISCERA OF VERTEBRATES Farrokh DABIRI Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology Supervisor: Assis. Prof. Dr. Ayla TÜZÜN A study was conducted in the city of Urmia (West Azerbayjan province, İran) during 2007- 2010, and in order to study the natural parasitism of fly pupa, frequent samplings of pupae (47 times) were made in refuge dump in animal husbandries of Urmia. Ambient daily temperature (maximum, minimum) and relative humidity were recorded using a max/min thermometer and a sling-type psychrometer, respectively and the fly pupae were obtained by the flotation method. A total of 29,116 housefly pupae were collected. Spalangia endius Walker, with 3.8% average percentage of parasitis, was determined the most dominant species of parasitoid wasps in field samples. Other species of parasites was Aleochara bipustulata Linnaeus, with 0.05% average percentage of natural parasitism. This study has proven the fact that S. endius can be used as a biological control agent of synanthropic flies in the above mentioned region. In addition a secondary aim of this study was to identify insects, especially diptera species, of forensic importance in Urmia. A combinations of various body viscera and tissues of some of vertebrated animals (sheep, cow, fish and hen), such as the head, paunch, spleen, intestine, derma and liver, was exposed in an open area on the private possession for 53 days. Existing keys were used for identification of different species. A total 3,179 individuals were collected, belonging to 5 orders (Diptra, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Dermaptera and Blattaria), 11 families, 16 genera and 18 species; Psychoda sp, (Dip. Psychodidae), Calliphora vicina (Dip. Calliphoridae), Calliphora vomitoria (Dip. Calliphoridae), Lucilia sericata (Dip. Calliphoridae), Chrysoma sp. (Dip.Calliphoridae), Musca domestica (Dip. Muscidae), Muscina stabulans (Dip. Muscidae), Fannia canicularis (Dip. Fannidae), Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis (Dip. Sarcophagidae), Sarcophaga sp. (Dip. Sarcophagidae), Wohlfartia magnifica (Dip. Sarcophagidae), Dermestes maculates (Col. Dermestidae), Necrophorus sp. (Col. Silphidae), Blatta orientalis (Blattaria. Blattidae), Vespula germanica (Hym.Vespidae), Messor caducus (Hym. Formicidae), Cataglyphis sp. (Hym. Formicidae) and Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera. Forficulidae). February 2011, 143 pages Key Words: Diptera, flies, Hymenoptera, parasitoid, Pteromalidae, biocontrol, forensic entomolgy, Urmia, İran ii TEŞEKKÜR Doktora eğitimim süresince desteğini esirgemeyen danışman hocam sayın Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ayla TÜZÜN’e (Ankara Üniversitesi Biyoloi Anabilim Dalı) en derin saygılarla teşekkür ederim. Ankara Üniversitesi Biyoloi Anabilim Dalı öğretim üyelerinden ve tez izleme komitesi üyesi hocalarım Sayın Prof. Dr. Erküt KIVANÇ ve Sayın Prof. Dr. Metin AKTAŞ’a yol gösterici ve yapıcı katkılarından dolayı şükranlarımı sunarım. Tüm hayatım boyunca olduğu gibi çalışmalarım sırasında da bana destek veren babam ve anneme, kardeşlerime, ve göstermiş oldukları sınırsız fedakarlık, anlayış ve sabır için eşime ve üç çocuğum, Faraaz’a, Farhaam’a ve Farya’ya tüm kalbimle teşekkür ederim. Farrokh DABİRİ Ankara, Şubat 2011 iii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET ...................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... ii TEŞEKKÜR ........................................................................................................... iii SİMGELER ve KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ......................................................... v ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ .............................................................................................. vi ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ ........................................................................................ viii 1. GİRİŞ .................................................................................................................. 1 2. KAYNAK ÖZETLERİ ..................................................................................... 5 2. 1 Dünyada Tıp ve Veterinerlik Alanlarında Sağlıkla İlgili Olan Önemli Sineklerin Türleri, Yayılışları ve Konukçuları ............................................ 5 2.2 Dünyadaki Sinantrop Sineklerin Parazitoidlerinin Sistematikteki yerleri, Coğrafik Yayılışları ve Temel veya Tercihi Konukçuları .......................... 16 3. MATERYAL ve YÖNTEM .............................................................................. 32 3.1 Urmiye İkliminin Özellikleri .......................................................................... 32 3.2 Kullanılan Materyal ........................................................................................ 33 3.2.1 Parazitoid örneklerin toplanması ve müze materyali haline getirilmesi.. 33 3.2.2 Çeşitli omurgalı dokularında gelişen böceklerin toplanması ve müze materyali haline getirilmesi ........................................................................... 37 3.3 Kullanılan Yöntemler ..................................................................................... 38 3.3.1 Omurgalıların dokularında gelişen böcek örneklerinin teşhis edilmesi... 38 3.3.2 Sinek pupların parazitoidlerinin teşhis edilmesi ....................................... 49 4. BULGULAR ...................................................................................................... 56 4. 1 Urmiye’de Tespit Edilen Sinek Puplarının Parazitoidleri.........................
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