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What Is a Complex Adaptive System?
PROJECT GUTS What is a Complex Adaptive System? Introduction During the last three decades a leap has been made from the application of computing to help scientists ‘do’ science to the integration of computer science concepts, tools and theorems into the very fabric of science. The modeling of complex adaptive systems (CAS) is an example of such an integration of computer science into the very fabric of science; models of complex systems are used to understand, predict and prevent the most daunting problems we face today; issues such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, energy consumption and virulent disease affect us all. The study of complex adaptive systems, has come to be seen as a scientific frontier, and an increasing ability to interact systematically with highly complex systems that transcend separate disciplines will have a profound affect on future science, engineering and industry as well as in the management of our planet’s resources (Emmott et al., 2006). The name itself, “complex adaptive systems” conjures up images of complicated ideas that might be too difficult for a novice to understand. Instead, the study of CAS does exactly the opposite; it creates a unified method of studying disparate systems that elucidates the processes by which they operate. A complex system is simply a system in which many independent elements or agents interact, leading to emergent outcomes that are often difficult (or impossible) to predict simply by looking at the individual interactions. The “complex” part of CAS refers in fact to the vast interconnectedness of these systems. Using the principles of CAS to study these topics as related disciplines that can be better understood through the application of models, rather than a disparate collection of facts can strengthen learners’ understanding of these topics and prepare them to understand other systems by applying similar methods of analysis (Emmott et al., 2006). -
Claus Kahlert and Otto E. Rössler Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen Z. Naturforsch
Chaos as a Limit in a Boundary Value Problem Claus Kahlert and Otto E. Rössler Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen Z. Naturforsch. 39a, 1200- 1203 (1984); received November 8, 1984 A piecewise-linear. 3-variable autonomous O.D.E. of C° type, known to describe constant- shape travelling waves in one-dimensional reaction-diffusion media of Rinzel-Keller type, is numerically shown to possess a chaotic attractor in state space. An analytical method proving the possibility of chaos is outlined and a set of parameters yielding Shil'nikov chaos indicated. A symbolic dynamics technique can be used to show how the limiting chaos dominates the behavior even of the finite boundary value problem. Reaction-diffusion equations occur in many dis boundary conditions are assumed. This result was ciplines [1, 2], Piecewise-linear systems are especially obtained by an analytical matching method. The amenable to analysis. A variant to the Rinzel-Keller connection to chaos theory (Smale [6] basic sets) equation of nerve conduction [3] can be written as was not evident at the time. In the following, even the possibility of manifest chaos will be demon 9 ö2 — u u + p [- u + r - ß + e (ii - Ö)], strated. o t oa~ In Fig. 1, a chaotic attractor of (2) is presented. Ö The flow can be classified as an example of "screw- — r = - e u + r , (1) 0/ type-chaos" (cf. [7]). A second example of a chaotic attractor is shown in Fig. 2. A 1-D projection of a where 0(a) =1 if a > 0 and zero otherwise; d is the 2-D cross section through the chaotic flow in a threshold parameter. -
D'arcy Wentworth Thompson
D’ARCY WENTWORTH THOMPSON Mathematically trained maverick zoologist D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson (May 2, 1860 –June 21, 1948) was among the first to cross the frontier between mathematics and the biological world and as such became the first true biomathematician. A polymath with unbounded energy, he saw mathematical patterns in everything – the mysterious spiral forms that appear in the curve of a seashell, the swirl of water boiling in a pan, the sweep of faraway nebulae, the thickness of stripes along a zebra’s flanks, the floret of a flower, etc. His premise was that “everything is the way it is because it got that way… the form of an object is a ‘diagram of forces’, in this sense, at least, that from it we can judge of or deduce the forces that are acting or have acted upon it.” He asserted that one must not merely study finished forms but also the forces that mold them. He sought to describe the mathematical origins of shapes and structures in the natural world, writing: “Cell and tissue, shell and bone, leaf and flower, are so many portions of matter and it is in obedience to the laws of physics that their particles have been moved, molded and conformed. There are no exceptions to the rule that God always geometrizes.” Thompson was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, the son of a Professor of Greek. At ten he entered Edinburgh Academy, winning prizes for Classics, Greek Testament, Mathematics and Modern Languages. At seventeen he went to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine, but two years later he won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he concentrated on zoology and natural science. -
The Effects of Feedback Interventions on Performance: a Historical Review, a Meta-Analysis, and a Preliminary Feedback Intervention Theory
Psychological Bulletin Copyright 1996 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 1996, Vol. II9, No. 2, 254-284 0033-2909/96/S3.00 The Effects of Feedback Interventions on Performance: A Historical Review, a Meta-Analysis, and a Preliminary Feedback Intervention Theory Avraham N. Kluger Angelo DeNisi The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rutgers University Since the beginning of the century, feedback interventions (FIs) produced negative—but largely ignored—effects on performance. A meta-analysis (607 effect sizes; 23,663 observations) suggests that FIs improved performance on average (d = .41) but that over '/3 of the FIs decreased perfor- mance. This finding cannot be explained by sampling error, feedback sign, or existing theories. The authors proposed a preliminary FI theory (FIT) and tested it with moderator analyses. The central assumption of FIT is that FIs change the locus of attention among 3 general and hierarchically organized levels of control: task learning, task motivation, and meta-tasks (including self-related) processes. The results suggest that FI effectiveness decreases as attention moves up the hierarchy closer to the self and away from the task. These findings are further moderated by task characteristics that are still poorly understood. To relate feedback directly to behavior is very confusing. Results able has been historically disregarded by most FI researchers. This are contradictory and seldom straight-forward. (Ilgen, Fisher, & disregard has led to a widely shared assumption that FIs consis- Taylor, 1979, p. 368) tently improve performance. Fortunately, several FI researchers The effects of manipulation of KR [knowledge of results] on motor (see epigraphs) have recently recognized that FIs have highly vari- learning. -
An Analysis of Power and Stress Using Cybernetic Epistemology Randall Robert Lyle Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1992 An analysis of power and stress using cybernetic epistemology Randall Robert Lyle Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Educational Psychology Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Lyle, Randall Robert, "An analysis of power and stress using cybernetic epistemology " (1992). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 10131. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/10131 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from lefr to right in equal sections with small overlaps. -
A Method of Constructing Phyllotaxically Arranged Modular Models by Partitioning the Interior of a Cylinder Or a Cone
A method of constructing phyllotaxically arranged modular models by partitioning the interior of a cylinder or a cone Cezary St¸epie´n Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland [email protected] Abstract. The paper describes a method of partitioning a cylinder space into three-dimensional sub- spaces, congruent to each other, as well as partitioning a cone space into subspaces similar to each other. The way of partitioning is of such a nature that the intersection of any two subspaces is the empty set. Subspaces are arranged with regard to phyllotaxis. Phyllotaxis lets us distinguish privileged directions and observe parastichies trending these directions. The subspaces are created by sweeping a changing cross-section along a given path, which enables us to obtain not only simple shapes but also complicated ones. Having created these subspaces, we can put modules inside them, which do not need to be obligatorily congruent or similar. The method ensures that any module does not intersect another one. An example of plant model is given, consisting of modules phyllotaxically arranged inside a cylinder or a cone. Key words: computer graphics; modeling; modular model; phyllotaxis; cylinder partitioning; cone partitioning; genetic helix; parastichy. 1. Introduction Phyllotaxis is the manner of how leaves are arranged on a plant stem. The regularity of leaves arrangement, known for a long time, still absorbs the attention of researchers in the fields of botany, mathematics and computer graphics. Various methods have been used to describe phyllotaxis. A historical review of problems referring to phyllotaxis is given in [7]. Its connections with number sequences, e.g. -
Art and Engineering Inspired by Swarm Robotics
RICE UNIVERSITY Art and Engineering Inspired by Swarm Robotics by Yu Zhou A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved, Thesis Committee: Ronald Goldman, Chair Professor of Computer Science Joe Warren Professor of Computer Science Marcia O'Malley Professor of Mechanical Engineering Houston, Texas April, 2017 ABSTRACT Art and Engineering Inspired by Swarm Robotics by Yu Zhou Swarm robotics has the potential to combine the power of the hive with the sen- sibility of the individual to solve non-traditional problems in mechanical, industrial, and architectural engineering and to develop exquisite art beyond the ken of most contemporary painters, sculptors, and architects. The goal of this thesis is to apply swarm robotics to the sublime and the quotidian to achieve this synergy between art and engineering. The potential applications of collective behaviors, manipulation, and self-assembly are quite extensive. We will concentrate our research on three topics: fractals, stabil- ity analysis, and building an enhanced multi-robot simulator. Self-assembly of swarm robots into fractal shapes can be used both for artistic purposes (fractal sculptures) and in engineering applications (fractal antennas). Stability analysis studies whether distributed swarm algorithms are stable and robust either to sensing or to numerical errors, and tries to provide solutions to avoid unstable robot configurations. Our enhanced multi-robot simulator supports this research by providing real-time simula- tions with customized parameters, and can become as well a platform for educating a new generation of artists and engineers. The goal of this thesis is to use techniques inspired by swarm robotics to develop a computational framework accessible to and suitable for both artists and engineers. -
Morphology and Mathematics. by D'arcy Wentworth Thompson. The
( 857 ) XXVII.—Morphology and Mathematics. By D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. (Read December 7, 1914. MS. received February 1, 1915. Issued separately June 22, 1915.) The study of Organic Form, which we call by GOETHE'S name of Morphology, is but a portion of that wider Science of Form which deals with the forms assumed by matter under all aspects and conditions, and, in a still wider sense, with Forms which are theoretically imaginable. The study of Form may be descriptive merely, or it may become analytical. We begin by describing the shape of an object in the simple words of common speech : we end by denning it in the precise language of mathematics ; and the one method tends to follow the other in strict scientific order and historical continuity. Thus, fer instance, the form of the earth, of a raindrop or a rainbow, the shape of the hanging chain, or the path of a stone thrown up into the air, may all be described, however inadequately, in common words ; but when we have learned to comprehend and to define the sphere, the catenary, or the parabola, we have made a wonderful and perhaps a manifold advance. The mathematical definition of a "form" has a quality of precision which was quite lacking in our earlier stage of mere description ; it is expressed in few words, or in still briefer symbols, and these words or symbols are so pregnant with meaning that thought itself is economised ; we are brought by means of it in touch with GALILEO'S aphorism, that " the Book of Nature is written in characters of Geometry." Next, we soon reach through mathematical analysis to mathematical synthesis ; we discover homologies or identities which were not obvious before, and which our descriptions obscured rather than revealed : as, for instance, when we learn that, however we hold our chain, or however we fire our bullet, the contour of the one or the path of the other is always mathematically homologous. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,948,910 B2 Polacsek (45) Date of Patent: Sep
USOO694891 OB2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,948,910 B2 PolacSek (45) Date of Patent: Sep. 27, 2005 (54) SPIRAL-BASED AXIAL FLOW DEVICES William C. Elmore, Mark A. Heald- “Physics of Waves” (C) 1969 PP 5–35, 203–205, 234-235, ISBN-0486 64926–1, (76) Inventor: Ronald R. Polacsek, 73373 Joshua Dover Publ., Canada. Tree St., Palm Desert, CA (US) 92260 A.A. Andronov, AA. Viti, “Theory of Oscillators.” (C) 1966, (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this pp. 56–58, 199-200, ISBDN-0486-65508–3, Dover Pub patent is extended or adjusted under 35 lishing, Canada. U.S.C. 154(b) by 375 days. Erik Anderson et al., Journal of Experimental Biology, “The Boundary Layer of Swimming Fish' pp 81-102 (C) Dec. 5, (21) Appl. No.: 10/194,386 2000, (C) The Company of Biologists, Great Britain. Stephen Strogatz, “Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos” (C) 1994 (22) Filed: Jul. 12, 2002 pp. 262-279, ISBDN 0-7382-0453–6 (C) Perseus Books, (65) Prior Publication Data USA. US 2004/0009063 A1 Jan. 15, 2004 (Continued) (51) Int. Cl. ................................................ B64C 11/18 (52) U.S. Cl. ........................................ 416/1; 416/227 R Primary Examiner Edward K. Look (58) Field of Search ................................. 416/1, 227 R, Assistant Examiner Richard Edgar 416/227A, 223 R, 223 A (57) ABSTRACT (56) References Cited Axial flow devices using rigid spiral band profiled blade U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS catenaries attached variably along and around an axially elongated profiled hub, of axially oriented profile Section 547,210 A 10/1895 Haussmann 1864,848 A 6/1932 Munk .................... -
Feedback, a Powerful Lever in Teams: a Review
Educational Research Review 7 (2012) 123–144 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Educational Research Review journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/EDUREV Review Feedback, a powerful lever in teams: A review ⇑ Catherine Gabelica a, , Piet Van den Bossche a,b, Mien Segers a, Wim Gijselaers a a Maastricht University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Educational Research and Development Tongersestraat 53, 6211 LM Maastricht, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands b University of Antwerp, Institute for Education and Information Sciences, Venusstraat 35, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium article info abstract Article history: This paper reviews the literature on the effects of feedback provided to teams in higher Received 19 June 2011 education or organizational settings. This review (59 empirical articles) showed that most Revised 30 September 2011 of the feedback applications concerned ‘‘knowledge of results’’ (performance feedback). In Accepted 15 November 2011 contrast, there is a relatively small body of research using feedback conveying information Available online 25 November 2011 regarding the way individuals or the team performed a task (process feedback). Moreover, no research compared the effectiveness of process versus performance feedback. Concern- Keywords: ing feedback effectiveness, half of the studies implementing performance feedback Review of the literature research reported uniformly positive effects while the other half resulted in positive effects Feedback Teams on some dependent variables and no effect on others. All the studies using solely process Performance feedback feedback showed mixed positive results: some dependent variables improved while some Process feedback others did not change. None of the studies reported any negative effects. This review also highlighted 28 key factors supporting feedback interventions effectiveness. -
Adventures Beyond Reductionism. the Remarkable Unfolding of Complex Holism: Sustainability Science
Adventures Beyond Reductionism. The Remarkable Unfolding of Complex Holism: Sustainability Science A. Sengupta Institute for Complex Holism, Kolkata, INDIA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract “If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down”. Can Darwinian random mutations and selection generate biological complexity and holism? In this paper we argue that the “wonderful but not enough” tools of linear reductionism cannot lead to chaos and hence to complexity and holism, but with ChaNoXity this seems indeed plausible, even likely. Based on the Pump-Engine realism of mutually interacting supply and demand — demand institutes supply that fuels demand — we demonstrate that the “supply” of symmetry breaking Darwinian genetic variation, in direct conflict with the symmetry inducing “demand” of natural selection, defines the antagonistic arrows of the real and negative worlds. Working in this competitively collaborating nonlinear mode, these opposites generate the homeostasy of holistic life. Protein folding, mitosis, meiosis, hydrophobicity and other ingredients have their respective expressions in this paradigm; nucleotide substitution, gene duplication-divergence, HGT, stress-induced mutations, antibiotic resistance, Lamarckism would appear to fit in naturally in this complexity paradigm defined through emergence of novelty and self-organization. With obvious departures from mainstream reductionism, this can have far reaching implications in the Darwinian and nano medicine of genetic diseases and disorders. Our goal is to chart a roadmap of adventure beyond (neo)-Darwinian reductionism. Keywords: Chanoxity; Reductionism; Darwinian Holism; Self-organization and Emergence; Demand, Sup- ply, Logistic. 1 Introduction: Beyond Reductionism Biological systems are complex holistic systems: thermodynamically open and far-from-equilibrium, self organizing, emergent. -
Language Is a Complex Adaptive System: Position Paper
Language Learning ISSN 0023-8333 Language Is a Complex Adaptive System: Position Paper The “Five Graces Group” Clay Beckner Nick C. Ellis University of New Mexico University of Michigan Richard Blythe John Holland University of Edinburgh Santa Fe Institute; University of Michigan Joan Bybee Jinyun Ke University of New Mexico University of Michigan Morten H. Christiansen Diane Larsen-Freeman Cornell University University of Michigan William Croft Tom Schoenemann University of New Mexico Indiana University Language has a fundamentally social function. Processes of human interaction along with domain-general cognitive processes shape the structure and knowledge of lan- guage. Recent research in the cognitive sciences has demonstrated that patterns of use strongly affect how language is acquired, is used, and changes. These processes are not independent of one another but are facets of the same complex adaptive system (CAS). Language as a CAS involves the following key features: The system consists of multiple agents (the speakers in the speech community) interacting with one another. This paper, our agreed position statement, was circulated to invited participants before a conference celebrating the 60th Anniversary of Language Learning, held at the University of Michigan, on the theme Language is a Complex Adaptive System. Presenters were asked to focus on the issues presented here when considering their particular areas of language in the conference and in their articles in this special issue of Language Learning. The evolution of this piece was made possible by the Sante Fe Institute (SFI) though its sponsorship of the “Continued Study of Language Acquisition and Evolution” workgroup meeting, Santa Fe Institute, 1–3 March 2007.