10/10/2018

Consonant descriptions part 2 So far

• Basic sound distinctions: vs : CV • What is the difference between • Consonant descriptions part 1 – Voiceless [p] – Voiceless plosive [t] and Phonology – Sonorant vs. Obstruent – Voiceless plosive [k] – & Transcription • Today: differences in PLACE of articulation • plosive, , , , nasal – PLACE MANNER descriptions – Voicing Lecture session (3) • Brackets • Fortis > Lenis pairs – Using < > for spelling • Today: place or articulation and transcriptions – Using / / for English transcriptions – Using [ ] for isolated speech sounds • That may or may not be English! • Don’t worry; be patient!

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Main articulators: ones you know Place of articulation 1 Place of articulation 2

• Make a sound as in • Velum • Make a sound as in – Articulator = teeth – Articulator name= lips – Label = dental – Sound label = labial • [T] [D] • • What are the labial sounds? Lips – English /ð/ is a voiced . • [p] [b] [m] [f] [v] [w] • Teeth – What sounds use BOTH lips? • Glottis • Make a [f] sound as in • [p] [b] [m] bilabial – Articulator = bottom lip and teeth • VOICE PLACE MANNER – Label = labio-dental • /p/ is a voiceless bilabial plosive • [f] [v] • /b/ is a – English /f/ is voiceless labio-dental fricative • /m/ is a 4 5 6

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Place of articulation 3 Articulators Place of articulation 4

• Make a [d] sound as in • Make a [dZ] sound as in and [tS] in – and the ridge just behind your teeth – – Articulator name= alveolar ridge • Velum Tongue touching a slope behind the alveolar ridge – Sound label = alveolar • Hard palate • Make a [S] sound as in and the [] in • [t] [d] [s] [z] – Tongue nearly touching the slope behind the ridge – English /d/ is a voiced alveolar plosive • Alveolar ridge • Place = behind alveolar ridge – /s/ English is a voiceless alveolar fricative – Front of hard palate • Say • Label = post-alveolar – ssssssssssss t t t ssssssssssss – post (erior) = after/behind – shshshshss ch ch ch shshshshshshs – (alveolar-palatal or palato-alveolar)

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Place of articulation 5 Place of articulation 6 Place of articulation

• Make a [g] sound as in • • Say and as modelled – Back of your tongue raises to top of throat… • red – vocal chords – Articulator = velum – voiced alveolar approximant – Place = glottis the articulator – – Label = velar • let Label = glottal the manner label • – [?] [g] [k] [N] – voiced alveolar lateral approximant – English [g] is a • VOICE PLACE MANNER • yes – English [N] is a • voiceless – voiced palatal approximant • [h] in • wet • voiceless glottal fricative – voiced labial-velar approximant

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Full descriptions Coronal sounds A bit of a problem

• Always describe sounds in this order: • In addition to our place of articulation descriptors • How can you spell the sound? Voice place manner • Coronals are articulated with the front of the tongue. – schedule, ship, chef, s voiceless alveolar fricative • Apical – dimension, confession, conscience, z voiced alveolar fricative – using the tip of the tongue – initial, nauseous, sugar, luxury, – [t d n l T D s z] p voiceless bilabial plosive – ancient, ocean, Sean • Laminal • Is one-to-one sound>symbol possible? g voiced velar plosive – Using the blade of the tongue – regular: v voiced labio-dental fricative – [tS dZ S Z j] – but… is also + in e.g. m voiced bilabial nasal • Coronal with a grooved tongue – sound as in VQB – [tS dZ S Z s z] • is the same sound with two spellings in the same word!!! – Picture from Stone & Lundberg 1995 13 15

IPA Phonetic symbols Problems IPA

• A universal system • What sounds do the letters & have? • Spellings are useless for linguists! • One sound = one symbol • More than one spelling per sound – A consistent system of sound representation is needed. – e.g. [z] in < prizes > . Solution: we have our very own symbol set! • A ‘s’ sound in a any e.g. circle see is always = [s] • More than one sound per spelling – Representing sounds consistently . circle /s/ –ircle see /s/-ee – e.g. in < circle crab cheat > – Using universal reference set • A ‘k’ sound in key crab pick Chloe always = [k] – • And little markers (diacritics) . Crab /k/ –rab Chloe /k/-loe stick sti-/k/ – < ough > • International Phonetics Association • Different sound = different symbol – – Cannot ‘see’ the voiced sound in pleasure Formed 1886 (1897) . sizes – Daniel Jones (UCL), J.R. Firth (UCL, SOAS), David Abercrombie (Edin) – Accents of English: John Wells, Peter Trudgill & Arthur Hughes . /s/ – /z/ – /z/

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IPA symbols = spelling IPA: Consonants that differ All possible consonants?

• Very often look the same or very similar… • < cat > /kat/ – assume here that = [a] vowel . = /saŋ/ • • = /j/ . /pat/ /tab/ /lap/ /gap/ /sap/ /zap/ /stab/ /nan/ /mad/ • = /ɹ/ /ɹap/ . /w/ • = /ɹap/ • < > = orthographic word. • and are homophones: both pronounced as /ɹap/ • / / = sounds of the (English) Language • • [ ] = actual speech sound

• Each language has a limited set of sounds from all possible sounds… 19 20

Consonants of English & First transcriptions!

• Transcribe these English words • /fan/ vl . chat /ʧat/ • /van/ v . Ships /SIps/ • Use the symbol /a/ for the vowel . jam /ʤam/ . Chip /ʧIps/ – Put whole word in / / brackets • /θIn/ vl – chat . that /ðat/ • /ðan/ v – jam . pack /pak/ – pack . /ʃal/ vl – yam . yam /jam/ . /ʒ/ v – that . sash /saʃ/ – sash

– catch . catch /kaʧ/ • /ʧ/ vl • But you can articulate the other sounds (with effort!) – scratch • /ʤ/ v . scratch /skɹaʧ/

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And…

• Jan crashed at Jacks. • / ʤan kɹaʃt at ʤaks / • She’s banging him • / ʃɪz baŋɪŋ hɪm / • with cricket bats • / wɪð kɹɪkɪt bats /

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