Changes in Wood Processing and Use Have Influenced the Likelihood of Beetle Infestations in Seasoned Wood

U.S. Department of Agrieulhre Forest Service General Te&nied Report SO-28

Lonnie H. Williams SUMMARY

Fewer houses are being built with crawl spaces and more houses have central heating and &-conditioaaing, so the number of anobiid beetle infestations should decline. The likelihood of lyctid infestations in domestic hardwoods has been decreased by improved processing and marketing, but increased imports of tropical hardwoods likely will increase the frequency of infestations. More imports of unseasoned hardwood crates, pallets, and dunnage also may increase the probability of bostrichid infestations. Incidence of infestations by old house borers probably will change little. Trends in wogd use suggest the present nationwide incidence of wooddestroying beetle infestations in structures ranks : anobiids, lyctids , old house borers, and bostrichids. Rankings of anobiids and lyctids, however, probably will be reversed in the near future. Lyctids already create the greatest replacement expense.

ACKNOWEQGMENTS

I wish to thank Dr. Harry B. Moore, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, and Dr. Douglas C. Mampe, Western Exterminating Company, West Orange, New Jersey, for their helpful review comrnents on an earlier draft of this paper. Changes in Wood Processing and Use Have Influenced the Likelihood of Beetle Infestations in Seasoned Wood

Lonnie H. Williams

INTRODUCTION themselves in wood -ambient temperatures in crawl spaces on the Mississippi Gulf Coast Many beetle species in the families Anobiidae, usually are 23-29OC and relative humidities are Lyctidae, Bostrichidae, and Cerambycidae infest 70-90 percent. So, emergence and infestation are seasoned wood during processing or use. Beetles synchronized with favorable conditions (Williams of each family, however, usually need wood of and Waldrop 1978). different types or in different conditions to The lilcelihood of an anobiid infestation successfully infest it. Depending upon the type of depends primarily on whether unfinished wood is beetle involved and how the wood is stored, exposed in a damp environment such as a crawl processed, finished, or used, infestations may space. Among crawl spaces, the likelihood and occur during processing, manufacturing, and particularly the severity of infestations are in- marketing, or years after wood is in use. Also, fluenced by species, density, and moisture of because infested wood is sometimes used for wood, and by reconstituted products such as finished products, infestations often occur where plywood. Wood moisture in crawl spaces varies adult beetles would not be present to start them or with local climates, annual rainfall, surface water where temperature, moisture, and other factors drainage, soil. moisture, ventilation, and use of are not favorable. heating, air-conditioning, soil covers, and in- For each beetle family I discuss how changes sulating materials with vapor barriers. in wood processing and manufacturing technology and in supply and demand have affected the Changes Influencing Infestations melihood of beetle infestations and needs for prevention or control. Construction Type. -In 11 southern States, the number of single-family dwellings with crawl spaces was about 700,000 less in 1970 than in 1960 because more houses with crawl spaces were demolished than were built (table 1). In 1970, Conditions Influencing Infestations however, there were about 590,000 more houses Many anobiid species attack seasoned hard- with basements and about 3,000,000 more with wood and softwood. In the south, Xyletinus slabs. peltatus (Harris) is the most common beetle that In houses with slab or full basement con- infests wood in use (Williams and Smythe 1978). struction, infestations of Anobiidae are rare Outbuildings and improperly stored lumber are because unfinished, untreated wood is not ex- occslsionally infested, but most infestations begin posed for beetles to attack. So, about 47 percent when adult beetles fly to exposed wood in crawl of all houses essentially are "'immune" to anobiid spaces beneath houses. In crawl spaces beetles beetle attacks (table 1). The number of crawl find moderate temperatures and high relative spaces declined in all States but North and South hunnidities, conditions that favor infestation. Carolina. Apparently, many new houses with During mid-April through September- when crawl spaces are still being built in these two adult X. peltatus beetles are emer&g, mating, States and also in Arkansas, Georgia, and laying eggs, and small larvae are establishing Tennessee (table 1). Construction in coastal areas

Lonnie H. Williams is Research Entomologist, Southern F'orest Experiment Station, Forest Service-USDA, Gulfport, Mississippi. of most States where &h fiumidity fatrow 19W do 49,7 gemend in 1970 (hble 2). Centml anobiids probably parallels tht observed in eooEmg and headkg sys&ms am behg installed in Mississippi; though many new houses we behg mas$ new homes constrrraed today, and rmm built, most are on slabs. units and central sysbms also are 'being hstaed Many new houses are being buat with 80- in older homes, Cenrdrhll emfin$;or heatkg reduces called log-kit eonstmctiiorr, Houses bu& from the humidity in a house, so the wood moisture these kits have a conventjionaZ crawl space with content is reduced below &he critical level for presawn, unseasond southem phe Iogs far the hfesdajttion by X, pelgadus bwdles, Therefore, walls above it. Although logs rr?lay rweive most hfestations should be csrrfhed b erawH momentary dip-tratmends before use, un- spaces or ad least )kited in theh severity above finished, untreaM wmd vrrlifl lakr be exposed by $he fkst floor. sk&hg and crackkg as the fogs dq. Unta With mny heating and coolling system, treatments gilving effective long-brm protwtion. hsuladion is glow behg added between floor joists are devised, such houses seem very susceptible ts in mmy craw2 spaces, where hproper placement infestations of anobsds and other beetles or do of vapor bamiers could muse ~ghwood moisture, decay. which favors anobiid hfe'sdadions, Detection and Central Heating and Air-conditioningg-In treatment of such linfestations would be difficult the 11 States, the perwnhge of occupied mdexpensive, But if one inshfls so2 covers when structures with central heating hereased fmm adding insulation, moisdu~problems can be 13.5 percent in 1960 to 31.4 percent liar 1990, avoided (Anrrburgey 19'18). ranging from about 21 percent in Mississippi to 43 ripe of Wood Used. ----Of all houses in the 11 percent in North Carolina. For these years the States by 1970, about 69 percent were built before percentage of occupied structures wlieh central ah- 1959 and about 21 percent (4.3 malion) before conditioning increased 14.2 percent, houses with 1940 (table 3). Lhited constmetiom of houses on room units incrmsed 18 psrcent, md those with slabs before 1940 and existence of csnliy 11 -2 mdlion no air-conditioning declined from 81.7 percent in houses with basenrents by 1960 suggests most of

Table 1. -Number of single-family dwellings in each of 11 southern Staks in 1970; number with basement, skb, or crawl space; percentage change Mrn 1960 for each founda~ontype; and perceneage of each type in 1970

Total dwellings Basemnts Slab Crawl space

State No. Change No. Change No. Change No. Change (700) (%I ((rob

Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Totals and Means Table 2. - Use of room or eenttd ar'r-eoditictniag in sceupie'ed siagk-family dwelliltgs in 19Ci0 and 1970 in 11 southern States

Method sf etn-ohg

No. oceupid dvvebgs Central air Room unit(s) No air

State 1960 1970 1960 1970 1960 1970 1960 1910

Blabam Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Means lNumber of dwellings with each type expressed as a percent of total dwellings occupied in 1960 and 1970.

Table 3.-Age distribution in 1970 of single-family dwellings in 11 southern States

Percent of total dwellings in each age group Total No. State dwellings in 1970 0-10 years 11-20 years 21 -30 years 31 + years

Alabama Arkansasi Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Total and Means the 4.3 million houses, now 40 or more years old, Because infestations are inaccessible and have crawl spaces. Thus, about half of the crawl- because the only approved insecticide giving space houses existing in 1970 were construc.ted residual control (0.5 percent lindane water with very dense lumber from large mature trees emulsion re@stered in about 26 states) c and should not be severely dmaged by anobiid used indoors, expensive tent fumigations are beetles (Williams and Smythe 1978, Williams and done. To provide inexpensive controls appropriate Barnes 1979). Most of the remaining crawl spaces, for mobiid beetle dmage capabilities, safe, particularly those constructed between 1940 and residual insecticides for application in living areas 1959, contain fast grown southern pine with much and control by wood moisture reduction need springvvood, the main food of X. peltatus in pine evaluation. (Williams 1977).Such houses are most likely to be severely infested. Housing surveys by Phelps (1966, 1971) and unpublished observations from house inspections made by Williams and Smythe suggest that wood Conditions Influencing Infestations and wood products other than southern pine often Lyctid beetles only attack hardwoods that are present in recent crawl-space construction, have at least 3 percent starch and pores large For example, western conifers are often used for enough for the insertion of eggs. As wood ages wall studs and sometimes for floor joists. Also, after tree felling, it loses starch by respiration and reconstituted wood products, particularly becomes less susceptible. Any finish such as paint plywood, are often used for sheathing and sub- or varrrish that fills wood pores will prevent egg- flooring, Apparently, X peltatus beetles cannot laying. Lyctid beetles therefore are primarily successfully infest southern pine or Douglas-fir found where unfinished hardwoods are plywood that contains synthetic resin glues manufactured or distributed, or in hardwood (Wiiliams and Mauldin 1974). Also, in limited products that have been in use or storage for less tests, western conifers were not infested by X. than 5 years (Bletchly 1960, Gerberg 1957). Most peltatus; significantly, this beetle's distribution lyctid infestations are introduced within struc- does not include states where western conifers tures by the use of infested products. The grow (Simeone 1962). likelihood of infestation varies with supply sources and species of hardwoods and with use of Outlook for Prevention and Control preventive procedures during manufacturing. These procedures include a sterilization step in If trends continue for foundation construction, kiln schedules to kill larvae in incoming stock, wood products consumption, and central cooling inspection for infestations, first-in/first-out stock and heating systems usage, then the number of rotation, good woodyard cleanliness including anobiid beetle infestations should decline. This frequent chipping or burning of scraps, and using trend and the limited capabilities of these beetles softwood (coniferous) stickers and pallets for causing damage suggest expensive preventive (LaFage and Williams 1979). measures are not warranted. Infestations are usually confined to softwood floor joists and Clhmges Influencing Infestations subflooring where remedial control can be achieved after infestations are detected and Although a reference (USDA 1941) on the usually before replacement of dmaged wood is prevention and control of lyctids in military needed (Williams and Smythe 1978, Williams and operations suggests these beetles once caused Barnes 1979). But uncontrolled infestations may serious problems for domestic hardwood con- become inaccessible in walls and exposed damage sumers, this is no longer true. Now most domestic (exit holes) may occur within living areas when hardwoods are kiln dried, a process which, if houses have severe moisture problems (Williams properly done, kills all insects within wood. Kiln- 1973). dried wood often is dipped in water-repellent sealers that close pores and prevent egg-laying. lWillianrs, Lonnie H., and Joe K.Mauldin. Unpublishd data Susceptible domestic woods such as ash, white from study No. FS-SO-2205-11.367 (on file For. Sci, Lab., Gulfport, Miss.) oak, psan, and walnut have become so valuable Williams, Lonnie H. Unpublished test data (on file For. Sci. that they are used primarily as veneers. Drying Lab., Gulfport, Miss.). and gluing of veneers also helps prevent attack to woods thaG othennrise might be susceptible. On the moldings, valued at about $129.6 million were whole, kproved processing and transportation imporM, with more than. half from Asia and the techology has " ' "zed lyctid beetle dmage in rest mostly from Latin America. domestic har As in England and Gemmy where lyctid Domes"tc hardwood production has declined infestations frequently result from the im- and ark, molding, plyvvood, and veneer are portation of tropical hardwoods (BletcMy 1960, no longer listed as major uses of domestic hard- Cymorek 1977), concornitant increases in lyctid wood~.~For example, production of domestic infestations and damage will probably result from hardwood plywood and veneer declined 50 percent the increasing volume and variety of hardwood from 1950 to 1974 (Phelps 1975). To obtain imported into the United States. Included mong plentiful supplies of raw hardwoods, U.S. the lyctid-susceptible woods commonly being manufacturers now rely on irnports from Africa, imported are the lightcolored, low-density woods Asia, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. From with high starch content such as banak (Virola 1950 to 1974, imported hardwood lumber trade spp. ) , meranti or lauan (Shorea spp. ) , and obeche increased by about 67 percent and imports of (Tripoxylon scleroxylon K. Schum. ) . Such woods hardwood plywood and veneer increased about 30- are now used for millwork, molding, picture fold (Phelps 1975, Stone and Dickerhoof 1977). In frames, paneling, plywood core stock, or specialty 1976, the United States imported, mostly from products such as shoe heels, and may contain southeast Asia, about 594,560 m2 of hardwood lyctid infestations (fig. 1, 2, 3). Imported hard- plywood, veneer, and hardboard valued at cost of woods are particularly vulnerable to lyctid attacks about $440 million. About 1,368,800 m3 of solid because adult beetles are present during most of hardwood products such as lumber, flooring, and the year in the tropics. Also, untreated, un-

4Potter, I?. M. 1978. Personal eomespondence to J. P. Grefrath, B . 6.(n.d.) The use of benzene hexachloride in the LaFage, La. State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. Imported southern hardwood lumber industry. Natl. Manuf. Prod. Hardwood Prod. Assn. Rep on imported hardwood statistics Assn., Washington, D.C. for 1976.

Figure 1.-Boor fmings of badheavily infisted by L. bmnneus . Figure 2. -A three-ply param pine door panel imprkd brnBrw2 with eexensive hrnage by L. brunneus beech in tlte unsctendrfid hardwood inmr core.

Figun? 3. -Shoes inpeed pl.om S'airuan with eexGensive lycts beetle danz~~gein th wooden hel.

6 finished, air-dried wood is somethes stored for 6 from stefized wood. Because prevention would months or more duhg transporting, processing, not always be done, safe, inexpensive remedjial and mmketing. contmls also are neded for use within structures, Qummtine inspections of hardwood imports at ports-of-entry do not necessarily insure that lyctid infeshtions will be detect& and trektkd. Infestations of eggs and small to be detected because no exte Conditions Influencing Infestations most tropical hardwood imports are Most wood-infesting bostrichjlds also Bttack ured and containerized, inspection recently processed hardwoods with high starch is often limited to external surfaces of packaged content, but their attacks are not restricted to lumber and bundles containing 200 veneer sheets wood with large pores. Most native bostrichids or fuhtum squares. Most importantly, the main lay eggs in bark on wood with a moisture content purpose of quarantine is to prevent entry of exotic above 30 percent. Most infestations occur while pests, not to limit the distribution of pests already hardwoods are being air-dried, and many are established or their damage. For example, though found in firewood. A few native species infest Lyctus bmnneus (Stephens) is the species most coniferous woods and their larvae occasionally frequently infesting tropical hardwood imports survive in air-dried structural timbers. An ex- according to Bletchly (1960),Cymorek (1977), and ception is the leadcable borer (Seobicia dectivis my own records, infestations detected at ports are [LeConte]); females bore short tunnels for egg not treated by quarantine because this beetle is laying and infestations occur in lead sheathing of established in the Unit4 States. eabies and dry wood such as wine casks (Ebelhg and Rierson 1973, Fisher 1950). Tropical species Outlmk for Prevention and Control within the genera Hetero bostrychus and Sino- Because tropical hardwood imports may xylon also lay eggs in short tunnels bored into double by the year 2000 (USDA 1976), lyctid bare wood and are very destructive to recently infestations, damage, and remedial control processed hardwoods, particularly unseasoned problems will increase unless quarantine crates and pallets (Bletchly 1967). Once the wood quirements change for imports of hardwoods or dries, however, reinfestation is rare. unless hardwood importers ed mmufacturem use preventive treatments on raw imports and Changes Influencing Infestations manufactured products. To prevent attack of domestic hardwoods and spreading of infestations The likelihood of native bostrichids damaging when domestic and imported woods are stored domestic hardwood products has been minimized together, preventive treatments would have to be by improved processing and transportation tech- applied to all susceptible domestic and foreign nology. Of all wood-idesting insects, however, woods. Although the incidence of infestations bostrichids are most frequently intercepted by may not seem to warrant the additional expense, U.S. quarantine officials (Williams and La Fage widely applied prevention is important because 1979). The most commonly occurring species are remedial controls often are Limited to replacement Netem bostrychus aequalis (Waterhouse), Sino- of high-valued products or tent fumigation. And xylon anale Lesne, and S. conigemm Gerstalr;er. combined costs of perfoming such controls, wood Many infestations are in crating, pallets, and loss, and fitigation over damage liability are very dunnage which are included with all types of expmive . import cargo. Because the volume of such cargo Insurhg that preventive treatments are has increased greatly, some undetected bostrichid properly applied to tropical hardwoods in foreign infestations are surely entering the country. countries or that all hardwoods are treated would be expensive (and perhaps hpossible) so a system of prevention for individual firms needs to Outlook for Prevention and Control be developed. The system would combine ation of wood by kiln-drying or microwave The @=test danger may be introduction of a heating with inexpensive chemical treatments tropical species that can attack native hardwood giving permanent protection of products made trees, especially wedened ones. At least two species, Dinoderus minu tus Fabricius (Baker house borer mating, egg hatching, and feeding are 1972) and H, aequalis, are established in the south higher than for anobGds and the ~nhurnwood (USDA 1967, Woodruff 1967). Since its discovery moisture requkement is lower (Becker 1942, Beq in 1967 at Fort Lauderdale, Florida, H. aequalis 1972, Durr 19561, severe infestations can occur in seems to be spreading rapidly. Specimens have attics, especially when shade lowers the tempera- been collected from tbughout Florida, Geor~a, ture and lack of adequate ventgation increases and northward to North Carolina. moisturr!. Preventive measures taken for lyctid beetles Although this large beetle is potentially very would also prevent bostrichid infestations in damaging, dmage is usually slight in an occupied manufactured products, but prevention of house where central systems control temperature bastrichids entering with general cargo will and humidity, if no other moisture problems exist depend on quarantine procedures. (Moore 1978a). But initial infestations suck as in exposed ceiling beams can cause extensive damage. Therefore, the public often desires the immediate control given by fumigation even though the structural damage likely to occur does not warrant the expense (Moore 1978b).

Changes Influencing Infestations Conditions Influencing Infestations Fewer crawl spaces are being built, and many roof trusses are being prefabricated with wood treated with temporary. water repellents. Such The old house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus L.) is prefabrication midimizis the time that kiln-dried the major cerambycid pest of seasoned wood. wood is exposed to egg-laying females during Although the old house borer was introduced into construction. So the number of infestations the United States before 1841 (St. George et al. should decline, though the present increase in the 1957), its distribution remains largely confined to inspection of attics by pest control firrns may the Atlantic Coast States from Florida to suggest an opposite trend. Massachusetts. Temperature apparently is a Most softwood lumber is currently kiln-dried, limiting factor because adult flight is rare below but higher energy costs may lead to more air- 25OC and 30°C is optimum (Cymorek 1968). Other drying of wood and thereby increase the likelihood cerambycids occasionally occur in ash, pecan, and of infestations. Also, increased use of insulation in other recently seasoned furniture stock. attics and crawl spaces will make discovery and A rhopalus spp. occasionally infest air-dried treatment of infestations more difficult (Moore western conifer lumber. Of these minor pests, only 1978~). Smodicum cucujiforme (Say) infests dry wood. The old house borer mainly attacks southern Outlook for Prevention and Control pine, spruce, and 1)ouglas-fir- woods usually Because the old house borer has not greatly used for structural frameworks. A high nitrogen extended its range westward in more than 150 level in wood favors infestations and old house years since its introduction, it seems unlikely that borers prefer to attack freshly processed wood. the number of infestations will greatly increase. Infestations are often introduced into structures More thorough inspections within its present when infested materials are used in construction. range may suggest so however. Attacks in existing structures are influenced Expense of preventing old house borers, other by the same factors that affect the Anobiidae. than by using kiln-dried wood in construction, Because optimal temperatures (28-30°C) for old should not be warranted (Maore 1978a,c). Pretreatment of log-kit construction, however, is an exception and should be done. Also, safe, SWiUiams, Lonnie H. 1977. Personal comespondencr!with Dr. inexpensive remedial controls need to be Phil Koehler, Extension Entomologist, IJniv. Fla. (On file developed so expense of fumigating limited in- For. Sci. Lab., Gulfport, Miss.) festations can be avoided. REFERENCES CITED Gerberg, Eugene J. 1957. Lyctid powder post beetle second only to te in wood damage. Pest Control

LaFage, Jeffery P., and Lonnie H. Williams. Amburgey, Teny L. 1979. Lyctid bwtles--.-.rt?!4:0~iticpn,prevention, 1978. Home insulation & the pest control op- control. Circ. No. 106, 12 p. La. Agric. Exp. erator. Pest Control 46(7): 18-20. Stn, and L.S.U. Baker, W. L. 1972. Regulatory control, U.S. Dep. Agric. 1978a. The old house borer an update, Part I. For. Sew. Misc. Publ. 1175, Eastern For. Pest Control 46(3): 14-17, 52-53. Insects, p. 22-23. Moore, Harry If. Becker , Ciinther . 1978b. The old house borer an update, Part 3. 1942. okologische und p hy siologische Unter- Pest Control 46(5):26-28. suchungen iiber die holzzerstorenden Larven Moore, Hany B. von Anobium punctatum De Ceer. 2. f. 1978c. The old house borer, an update, Part 2. Morphol. u. 0kol. d. Tiere 39:98-152. Pest Control 46(4):28, 30, 32. Berry, R. W. Phelps, Robert B. 1972. A rearing procedure for the house 1966. Wood products used in single-family longhorn beetle Hylotrupes bajutus L. Int. houses inspected by the Federal Housing Biodeterio. Bull. 8(4): 141- 144. Administration 1959 and 1962. U.S. Dep. Bletchly , J . D . Agric., For. Sew. Stn. Bull. No. 366. 32 p. 1960. The susceptibility of hardwoods to Phelps, Robert B. Lyctus powder-post beetles and methods of 1971. Wood products use trends in FHA- control. p. 97-102. Rep. Seventh Commonw. inspected single-f amily houses. For. Prod. Entomol. Conf., London. J. 21(7):10-13. Bletchly, J, D. Phelps, R. B. 1967. Insect and marine borer damage to 1975. The demand and price situation- timber and woodwork. Recognition, 1974-75. U.S. Dep. Agric., For. Serv. Misc. prevention and eradication. 87 p. H .M.S .O. Publ. No. 1315. 85 p. Cymorek, von Siegfried. St. George, R. A., H. R. Johnston, and Thomas 1968. Hylotrupes bajulus-Verpuppung und McIntyre. -Flug, deren Klimabhgngigkeit und 1957. Wood enemy number 2 in the East! The Beziehung zur Artverbreitung. 2. Angew. old house borer. Pest Control 25(2)29-31. Entomol. 62(3):316-344. Simeone, J. B. Cymorek, S. 1962. Survey of wood-feeding Anobiidae in 1977. Test methods for wood preservatives Northeastern United States, including a against Lyctus. Brit. Wood Preserv. Assn. study of temperature and humidity effects Amu. Conf. 1977:l-12. on egg development of Hdrobregmus Diirr, H. J. R. carinatus (Say), 1lth Int. Cong. Entomol. 1956. The morphology and bionomics of the Trans. 2 :326335. European houseborer, Hylotrupes bajulus Stone, R. N., and H. E. Dickerhoof. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Vol. 4, Part 1. 1977. Outlook for forest products trade and 136 p. Union S. Afr. Dep. Agric. Entomol. imports. For. Prod. J. 27(10):44-48. Mem. U .S . Department of Agriculture. Ebeling, Walter, and Donald A. Reierson. 1941. Insects in relation to national defense. 1973. Leadcable borers infesting houses. Natl. Powder-post beetles. U.S. Dep, Agric. Bur. Pest Control Opr. News 33(8): 16- 17. Entomol. and Plant Quarantine Circ. 6. 16 Fisher, W. S. P . 1950. A revision of the North American species U .S. Department of Agriculture. of beetles belonging to the family 1967. Oriental wood borer (Hetembostrychus Bostrichidae. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. aequalis (Waterhouse)).Coop. Econ. Insect 698, 157 p. Rep. 17(7):95. U .S. Department of Agriculture. WilLiams, Lonnie H., and Joe K. Mauldin. 1976. The Nation's renewable resources -an 1974. Anobiid beetle, Xyletinus peltatus assessment, 1975. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. (Coleoptera: Anobiidaej , oviposition on Sen. RPA. 345 p. various woods. Can. Entomol. 106(1):949- 'TyV'Ums, Lonnie H. 955. 1973. Anobiid beetles should be controlleda Williarns, Lonnie H., and Richard V. Smythe, Pest Control 41(6):18, 20, 22, 38, 40, 42, 44. 1978. Wood-destroying beetle treatment incidence in Arkansas and Georgia during 1962 and 1967 with estimated losses caused 1977. Responses of Xjtletinus peltatus (Harris) by beetles for 11 southern states during (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) larvae to favorable 1970. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Res. Pap. and unfavorable temperatures. Mater und . SO-143. 8 p. South. For. Exp. Stn. New Org. 12(1):59-67. Orleans, La. Williams, Lonnie H., and H. Michael Barnes. Williams, Lonnie H., and J. David Waldrop. 1979. How Xyletinus peltatus beetles affect 1978. Xyletinus peltatus seasonal flight, die1 strength of southern pine floor joists. En- activity, and associated environmental viron. Entomol. 8(2):304-306. influences. Ann. Entomol. SOC. Am. Williams, Lonnie H., and Jeffery P. LaFage. 71(4):567-574. 1979. Quarantine of insects infesting wood in Woodruff, R. E. international commerce. In J . A. Rudinsky , 1967. An oriental wood borer, Hetero- ed. Forest Insect Survey and Control, 4th bostrychus aequalis (Waterhouse), recently ed, Chap. 21. p. 417-444. Oregon State established in Florida (Coleoptera: Univ. Book Stores, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon. Bostrichidae). Entomol. Circ. 58, 3 p. WILLIAMS, LONNIE H. 1980. Changes in wood processing and use have influenced the likelihood of beetle infestations in seasoned wood. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-28, 10 p. South. For. Exp. Stn,, New Orleans, La. Anobiid beetle infestations should decline because fewer houses are being built with crawl spaces and more houses have central heating and air-conditioning. Increased imports of tropical hardwoods may increase likelihood of lyctid infestations, and the incidence of attacks by old house borers should change little Additional keywords: wosd-destroying beetles, anobiid beetles, bostrichid beetles, lyctid beetles.

U.S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1980--671-975/470