Susur Galur Maret 2015.Indb

SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, 3(1) Maret 2015

ABD LATIF

Concepts of Wanua and Palili: The Buginese Political Geography in Confederation of Ajatappareng in South Sulawesi

ABSTRACT: This working paper will discuss the concepts of “wanua” and “palili” in the structure of the kingdoms united in the confederation of “ajatappareng” in South Sulawesi. “Wanua” and “palili” were the two terms used by the central kingdom on its subordinate regions. The research used the content analysis on the local manuscripts known as “Lontaraq”. The research indicates that “wanua” is a concept concerning the geography whose inhabitants have a very closed to kinship relationship. On the other hand, “palili” is a concept concerning the authority relationship between the central kingdom and all “wanua” under it. To avoid being subjected by a powerful kingdom, several neighbouring “wanuas” have an agreement to unite to establish a bigger kingdom. All “wanuas” which have ﬁ rstly united to establish the kingdom called “palili passeajingeng”. All the heads of “palili passeajingeng” must become the members of the customary council in the central kingdom. One of the tasks of the council is to inaugurate and ﬁ re the king. The research discusses more profoundly the concepts of “wanua” and “palili” to comprehend more deeply the political geography in the confederation of “ajatappareng” in South Sulawesi. KEY WORD: Structure of kingdom, “ajatappareng”, authority relationship, confederation, “wanua”, “palili”, and South Sulawesi.

IKHTISAR: “Konsep ‘Wanua’ dan ‘Palili’: Geografi Politik Bangsa Bugis dalam Konfederasi ‘Ajatappareng’ di Sulawesi Selatan”. Makalah ini akan membahas konsep “wanua” dan “palili” dalam struktur kerajaan yang bersatu dalam konfederasi “ajatappareng” di Sulawesi Selatan. “Wanua” dan “palili” adalah dua istilah yang digunakan oleh kerajaan pusat terhadap daerah bawahnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis isi pada naskah lokal yang dikenal sebagai “Lontaraq”. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa “wanua” adalah sebuah konsep mengenai geografi yang penduduknya memiliki hubungan kekerabatan yang sangat tertutup. Di sisi lain, “palili” adalah sebuah konsep mengenai hubungan kewenangan antara kerajaan pusat dan semua “wanua” di bawahnya. Untuk menghindari menjadi sasaran oleh kerajaan yang kuat, beberapa tetangga “wanua” memiliki kesepakatan untuk bersatu untuk membangun sebuah kerajaan besar. Semua “wanua” yang telah terlebih dahulu bersatu dan membangun kerajaan disebut “palili passeajingeng”. Semua kepala “palili passeajingeng” harus menjadi anggota dewan adat di kerajaan pusat. Salah satu tugas dari dewan tersebut adalah untuk meresmikan dan melengserkan raja. Penelitian ini membahas lebih mendalam konsep “wanua” dan “palili” untuk memahami lebih jauh tentang geografi politik dalam konfederasi “ajatappareng” di Sulawesi Selatan. KATA KUNCI: Struktur kerajaan, “ajatappareng”, hubungan otoritas, konfederasi, “wanua”, “palili”, dan Sulawesi Selatan.

INTRODUCTION Sidenreng, and Buaya lakes. As noted The confederation of Ajatappareng that three lakes could only be seen in was established in 1582 by ﬁ ve the dry season; so, if the rainy season kingdoms situated in the west of Tempe, came, the three lakes would become one

About the Author: Dr. Abd Latif was a Lecturer at the Department of History, Faculty of Humanities UNHAS (Hasanuddin University) Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. He passed away on Tuesday, 2nd December 2014. May God bless him. Amien. How to cite this article? Latif, Abd. (2015). “Concepts of Wanua and Palili: The Buginese Political Geography in Confederation of Ajatappareng in South Sulawesi” in SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, Vol.3(1), Maret, pp.1-18. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, ISSN 2302-5808. Available online also at: http://susurgalur-jksps.com/development-of-language-planning/ Chronicle of the article: Accepted (October 14, 2014); Revised (November 20, 2014); and Published (March 24, 2015).

© 2015 by Minda Masagi Press Bandung and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan ISSN 2302-5808 and website: www.susurgalur-jksps.com 1 ABD LATIF, Concepts of Wanua and Palili lake. The fi ve kingdoms were: Sidenreng, Worth estimating that both versions Sawitto, Suppa, Rappang, and Alitta above began to appear in the oral (Mappasanda, 1992; and Andaya, tradition and lontaraq sources in the 2004). Geographically, Ajatappareng end of 17th century, or maybe in the region included the vast fertile plain in 20th century. In the century, Sidenreng South Sulawesi, starting from the south and Sawitto possessed the strategic direction to the middle of the region. role in the political constellation in Many mountains were in the north of South Sulawesi. In the same century, Sawitto and Sidenreng. Suppa also did not have an important A Portuguese adventurer, named role in the political dynamics in South Manuel Pinto, reported that in 1540s, Sulawesi. Precisely, in the oral tradition, Sidenreng was very rich with the Suppa was only in fourth position agricultural products, i.e. paddy and in the political role in Ajatappareng. rice (cited in Harvey, 1989:18; and Nevertheless, in the 16th century or Druce, 2009:24). The governmental the previous century, Suppa had the structure in the confederation of important role in the political and Ajatappareng was simple, namely the economic dynamics in South Sulawesi. central kingdom and its subordinate Even, in Lagaligo mythology, it had been kingdoms. The autonomous subsequent told that Suppa was a great and very regions carried out their governmental important kingdom in the west side of affairs called wanua, whereas wanua Makassar straits.3 should carry out the acts of the central Based on the mythology, there kingdom called palili. was the possibility that Ajatappareng There were three types of palili in the the year 1824, Sidenreng became the loyal alliance of confederation of Ajatappareng, namely: both foreign authorities. Lontaraq source explained palili passeajingeng, palili bassi, and that when the fi ve kingdoms in Ajatappareng were subjected by Gowa kingdom in 16th century, if the palili napanoq rakkalana. The question kings in Ajatappareng intended to meet Gowa King in is “why were there the terms of wanua Makassar, they should obey the rule that the oldest and palili, and why should also palili be was given precedence and the youngest was given the last opportunity. The rule was that Sidenreng was distinguished into three categories?”. the oldest, followed by Sawitto, Suppa, Rappang, and Alitta as the youngest. See, for further information, also CONFEDERATION OF AJATAPPARENG “Lontaraq Addituang Sidenreng”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1 Oral tradition and lontaraq sources p.178. explaining Ajatappareng confederation 3Christian Pelras described the important role of Suppa in the 16th century. The geography of South told the story that in the beginning the Sulawesi described in Lagaligo story that there was a confederation was established by fi ve straits between Bone bay and Makassar straits, which siblings. There was a version saying that enabled people to sail from Tempe’s lake to Suppa. The shipping from Bone bay to the west bow passed the the oldest child ruled in Sidenreng, the narrow stripe to Solo’, then widened again to become second child ruled in Sawitto, and the the wide lake, where the water fl owed from the lake youngest child ruled in Alitta. The other which so far has been called Tempe’s lake through the narrow straits, so that it brought about the dangerous version saying that the oldest child whirlpool. In the range of hills spreading out to the ruled in Sawitto, the second child ruled south and south east starting from the region, which so far has been called Pammana to Cina – perhaps Cina in Sidenreng, the youngest child rule that was told in Lagaligo was Cina situated in Wajo, in Alitta. Both versions explained that not Cina located in Bone. In the north range of hills, the third child ruled in Rappang, and there were Tempe and Paccing which later were known as Singkang. Moving forward to the west, in the region the fourth child ruled in Suppa (Druce, which so far has been full with the rice fi elds spreading 2009:166-167).2 out surrounding Tempe and Sidenreng lakes, there was a “fresh water sea” covering all the plains up to 1Lontaraq was the local manuscript used by Soppeng in the south, and in the west to range of high Buginese and Makassarese people to write down various mountains, which were in a row with the west coast. experiences, including to write the history in lontaraq. From the “fresh water sea”, the water fl owed to valley, 2In the era of British authority (1812-1814) and which Saddang river and then had emptied into the in the era when the Dutch regain their authority in west coast near Suppa (Pelras, 2006:71-72).

© 2015 by Minda Masagi Press Bandung and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan 2 ISSN 2302-5808 and website: www.susurgalur-jksps.com SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, 3(1) Maret 2015 confederation could be realized, because religion in Buginese kingdoms. Buginese of the presence of the initiative from region, which was fi rstly visited by the Suppa. In that era, the fi ve siblings, Portuguese missionaries, was Suppa the authorities of the kingdoms in whose king at that time named La Ajatappareng, held a discussion in Makkawari (Mattulada, 2011:27-28). Suppa to make contracts related to Based on the Portuguese record, also the economy, war, and defense. Their worth estimating that Ajatappareng contracts were symbolized with a house confederation was established in the having fi ve rooms. Each ruler and hegemony of La Makkawari in 1582 the people of the fi ve kingdoms might (Rasyid, 1985:88; and Pabitjara, enter any room, which they wanted to 2006:125). Possibly, this confederation (Pabitjara, 2006:17).4 was established after Bajeng, Lengkese, There was not any source mentioning Polombangkeng, Lamuru, Soppeng, the names of the fi ve siblings, which Maros, Wajo, Suppa, Sawitto, Bacukiki, had discussion to realize Ajatappareng Alitta, Duri, Panaikang, dan Bulukumba confederation. There was another were subjugated by Gowa Kingdom. source explaining that the discussion Gowa King at that time was was held in Suppa by the rulers of fi ve Tunipallangga Ulaweng (1546-1565), kingdoms in Ajatappareng in the middle who required very much the support of the 16th century. In that era, Suppa from Buginese kingdoms to carry out was represented by Suppa King named the trade activities in Sombaopu Town, La Makkarawi; Sawitto was represented which began being built in the era of his by Sawitto King named La Paleteang; father’s hegemony named Tumaparisi Sidenreng was represented by Sidenreng Kallona. After the subjugation, Malay King named La Pateddungi; Rappang people who dwelled in Sawitto, Suppa, was represented by Rappang King named and who primarily dwelled in Bacukiki La Pakallongi; and Alitta was represented were transferred to Gowa. by La Pakallongi, because at that time he The question is why were these also ruled in Alitta (Rasyid, 1985:88). people specifi cally transferred to Gowa? If the oral tradition sources frequently Why were all the people of all kingdoms exchanged between Sidenreng and that were subjugated not transferred Sawitto, as the most infl uential to Gowa, too? Perhaps, these could kingdom and was considered the most elaborate the importance of Bacukiki important kingdom in Ajatappareng, as the habour town in the 15th and 16th however, these sources did not answer centuries, obtaining some support from the question whether the discussion to the surrounding kingdoms primarily establish Ajatappareng confederation Sawitto, Suppa, and Sidenreng, was carried out in Sidenreng or in which were rich of the agricultural Sawitto. For sure, the discussion location commodities. was important to fi nd out, because if After Malaka had been subjugated not any of both kingdoms became the by the Portuguese in the year 1511, discussion location, worth estimating the Malay people, in groups, had trade that both kingdoms were not kingdoms to Bacukiki, which was well known at initiating the concept of establishment of that time. In that era, Gowa required Ajatappareng confederation. the experience and expertise of the Based on the Portuguese records, Malay people to maintain the defence in 1538, they had the commercial and trade activities in Makassar. At this contact and spread over the Christian era, Gowa was famous as the expert in changing the traditional shield from 4See also “Lontaraq Akkarungeng Suppa”, the big one to the small one, shortening Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.47. Makassarese spear handle from the

© 2015 by Minda Masagi Press Bandung and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan ISSN 2302-5808 and website: www.susurgalur-jksps.com 3 ABD LATIF, Concepts of Wanua and Palili long one, and producing Palembang’s in white clothes standing in the middle of bullets. Gowa kings were also famous the pitch. The crowd assumed that he was as the experts of war strategies (Andaya, a Tomanurung, because his name and 2004:32-34). origin were not known. Immediately, the intended to respect him because he was THE PEDIGREE OF THE KINGDOMS regarded as Tomanurung; however, he did IN AJATAPPARENG CONFEDERATION not want to be respected and he proposed The origin of the kingdoms in South the crowd to go to Matajang to meet the Sulawesi was more mythological. In real Tomanurung. In Matajang, the crowd the local manuscript, it was described saw someone in yellow clothes sitting on that the kingdoms were established by a big fl at stone. There were four people a prince or a princess whose name and sitting on the big stone, three of them origin were anonymous. If the person were the bodyguards of Tomanurung. One appeared from a heaven above, he/she of them protected Tomanurung with an was called Tomanurung; however, if the umbrella and the other two carried a plate person appeared from below (the sea for betel for Tomanurung (Daeng Patunru, bottom), he/she was known as Totompoq 1989:10-13).5 (Mukhlis ed., 1986:35). The sources of the oral and written Tomanurung’s appearance, as the traditions, called Lontaraq, quoted that fi rst king, was usually preceded by the the leading fi gure establishing Gowa confl ict between wanua was diffi cult to and Bone was a mythological fi gure be reconciled. In Lontaraq source, it was named Tomanurung, whose name and described that only Tomanurung who origin were not known (ibidem with could settle all the confl icts happening. footnote 5). There were two possibilities The establishment of Gowa Kingdom why both traditional sources quoted started from the confl ict among that Gowa and Bone were founded wanuas. The confl ict was, then, settled by the mythological fi gure. First, the by a female fi gure whose name and mythological fi gure was intentionally origin were anonymous; therefore, the presented to reconcile wanua groups, community named her Tomuanurung which were in confl ict. All wanua (cited in Mattulada, 1995:4-6). chiefs were in confl ict maybe because Not too different from Tomanurung they possessed the same status presence in Gowa, Tomanurung presence and legitimacy source. Second, the in Bone also had the mythological mythological fi gure was intentionally nature and was preceded by the confl ict presented to describe that since among seven wanuas happening in the from the beginning, Gowa and Bone long era. The seven wanuas were Ujung, possessed the more democratic and Tibojong, Ta’, Tanete ri Attang, Tanete ri sophisticated political system than the Awang, Ponceng, and Macege. When the establishment of the other kingdoms in confl ict happened violently, suddenly South Sulawesi. the rain down poured together with The sources of the oral and written the whirlwind, the lightning occurred traditions, called Lontaraq, described continuously accompanied by the that Sidenreng, as one of the primary thunder which struck continuously, kingdoms in Ajatappareng, was the thunder cannonaded and fl ash of established by a fi gure whose name lightning occurred interchangeably, as and origin were obvious namely King if the earth would be shattered. The event Sangallaq in Tanah Toraja, who had happened for seven days and nights (cf nine children. The children named La Mukhlis ed., 1986; and Mattulada, 1995). When the situation calmed down 5See also “Lontaraq Akkarungeng Bone”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South again, suddenly the crowd saw a person Sulawesi, Indonesia, pp.0-1.

Maddaremmeng, La Wewangriwu, La Mallibureng. Because the eldest child Togellipu, La Pasampoi, La Pakolongi, La was a princess, she was delegated to Pabbari, La Panaungi, La Mappasessu, become the queen in Sidenreng, and the and La Mappatunru (Daeng Patunru, prince was delegated to become the king 2004:75).6 in Rappang. However, Sidenreng people Each child had control over one did not want to be ruled by the princess, wanua with approximately one Sidenreng people and Rappang people thousand people in each wanua. La exchanged both the queen and the king, Maddaremmeng had a daughter named namely the prince of La Mallibureng Bolongpatinna. When King Sangallaq became Sidenreng king and the princess passed away, he was substituted by became Rappang queen (Druce, La Maddaremmeng as the eldest son. 2009:178; and ibidem with footnote 7, At that time, La Maddaremmeng was pp.17-18). always successful to win the wars The eight brothers, who came from against the other kings in Tanah Tanah Toraja, agreed to inaugurate La Toraja. Even his younger brothers Wewangriwu to become the chairman were fought too, the seven younger in carrying out the authority and brothers did not want to fi ght against La government administration (Caldwell, Maddaremmeng, so the seven brothers 1988:144). He was given the title left Tanah Toraja by being accompanied addaoang.8 In the era of the fi fth by their people. generation coinciding the ruling era Days and nights they walked to of We Tappalangi, a Tomanurung was explore the new areas, which were found in Bulu Lowa. This Tomanurung appropriate to become the group was then agreed by Sidenreng people villages. Not knowing how long they to become their king to replace We walked, they arrived on a hill. On the Tappalangi. This Tomanurung did not hill, when they saw down to the north, want to use the title addaoang, because there was wide fl at land. They also he was not the king delegated by the saw that there was a lake in the fl at king from the other kingdom (Daeng land. They continued their journey Patunru, 2004:80). until they got to the edge of the lake. The Lontaraq also described that They also “sirrenreng-renreng” (walked the eight brothers fi rstly exposed and hand in hand) went down to the established Sidenreng. In the era of lake to take a bath.7 From the words the second generation coinciding the “sirrenreng-renreng”, which underwent ruling era of La Makkara or La Kasi, the a morphological process, to become very simple authority and government “sirenreng”, which eventually became system was designed. La Makkara “sidenreng”. ruled in the central kingdom, whereas Lontaraq source described that the other seven brothers or their La Maddaremmeng had a daughter descendants ruled in every wanua. If named Bolongpatinna got married to a duke from Patilang. The marriage 8Addaoang literally means the shading place or embracing palce. Addituang Sidenreng was supposed to bore a daughter and a son named La be a big tree, a place where people shaded or embraced. Then addaoang term changed to addituang term, based 6See also, for example, “Lontaraq Addituang on the story that once upon a time there was no king Sidenreng”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, in Sidenreng. Therefore, Sidenreng requested to Bone South Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.1; and “Lontaraq King. Based on the request, Bone King sent his son Bicaranna Mula Timpaengngi Sidenreng Najaji Engka to become a king in Sidenreng. The word “to send” Wanua ri Sidenreng”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in in Bugenese is known as addituang. The story was Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.16. not appropriate with historical facts. Consequently, 7See “Lontaraq Bicaranna Mula Timpaengngi Sidenreng people comprehended that the word Sidenreng Najaji Engka Wanua ri Sidenreng”. addituang was derived from the word addaoang, not Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South from the word “to send”. See, for further information, Sulawesi, Indonesia, pp.1-2. Abdurrazak Daeng Patunru (2004:80).

La Makkara intended to make a policy, The eight wanuas were Simbuang, he had to have the discussion with all Saddang, Mamasa, Rantebulahan, wanua’s chairperson. However, this Sawitto, Gallangkallang, Balanipa, and lontaraq did not put La Wewangriwu and Matangnga. They made the agreement his descendants until We Tappalangi in concerning the war and defense. Each the list (family tree) of Sidenreng kings.9 wanua chosed its own title to refl ect This lontaraq was similar with Lontaraq its status. Sawitto named itself datu10 Addituang Sidenreng and the oral (king); Rantebulahan named itself tradition source placed Tomanurung in pattawa mana (heritage divider); Mamasa Bulu Lowa as the fi rst king or Addituang had the title limbong kalua and would Sidenreng. assist the other wanua if necessary; The question is why did many Gallangkallang had the title eran bulan sources concerning the list of Sidenreng (messenger of golden message) and gave kings placed Tomanurung as the fi rst the information to Sawitto; Matangnga addituang, not La Wewangriwu? Maybe had the title tikana tiring karu, which this matter had the relationship with would give the information to other lontaraq writing tradition in South wanuas if a war happened. Then, Sulawesi, starting in the 16th century. Simbuang had the title neneq,11 because The writing underwent several times it was regarded as the oldest in the of copying from one century to then alliance (Druce, 2009:18-183). centuries, even not fewer that lontaraq The alliance maybe was based on was written in 20th century. All lontaraqs the historical, economic, and military concerning the origin of the kingdoms relationships; and maybe also indicated in South Sulawesi always described that there was the kinship relationship that the kingdom was opened and between Sawitto and seven other established by Tomanurung. wanuas which merged. Eight wanuas The fi rst mythological king did not were situated in the north-west of South show that the kingdom described was Sulawesi. One of wanua merged was as the earlier kingdom established. The Gallangkallang, palili from Sawitto, tradition of writing and copying lontaraq, and had the role to give the message which placed Tomanurung as the fi rst to Sawitto. There was the possibility king, was meant that the kingdom that the alliance was established before described had the divine source Arung Palakka subjugated Tanah Toraja authority. His authority source was not in the end of 17th century; because after from the ordinary human being, but the subjugation, Arung Palakka made he was derived from the divine (godly) Simbuang as palili of Sawitto.12 human, namely Tomanurung, someone Another source described Simbuang whose name and origin were not known. as neneq (grandfather) and Sawitto The origin of the person who found as appo (grandchild). There was also Sidenreng and Rappang came from another source which connected Sangallaq in Tanah Toraja. The sources Sawitto and Simbuang, namely of oral tradition and lontaraq source Bonggakaradeng. There was a story described that the fi rst person fi nding that Bonggakaradeng was a blacksmith Sawitto, for example, was a person who urinated a fallen tree. The urine coming from Simbuang in Tanah Toraja. 10The title of datu indicated that Sawitto was stronger In the past time, the people from eight and more powerful than the other wanua leaders. wanuas had discussion in Sidenreng. 11The title of neneq indicated that Simbuang was older and had the right to propose the way of settling if the confl ict among wanua chairpersons which merged. 9See “Lontaraq Bicaranna Mula Timpaengngi 12After the Dutch subjugated South Sulawesi in Sidenreng Najaji Engka Wanua ri Sidenreng”, the beginning of the 20th century, the Dutch made Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South Simbuang as a wanua, which was formerly under the Sulawesi, Indonesia. rule of Tanah Toraja.

© 2015 by Minda Masagi Press Bandung and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan 6 ISSN 2302-5808 and website: www.susurgalur-jksps.com SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, 3(1) Maret 2015 brought about a pig to be pregnant and, transformed into a very beautiful woman then, the pig gave birth the twin male (Rasyid, 1985:79; and Druce, 2009:191). babies. The source described the way Not obvious how the governmental form of both boys to make a golden sword in Sawitto in the ruling era of I Witto in Bonggakaradeng and its case was and Batara Tungke. Several oral sources kept in Sawitto. At fi rst both boys lived described that after the ruling era, together with Bonggakaradeng or their Batara Tungke came a person named father; however, both were reprimanded Uwa Campu from Belokka.13 because they wanted to eat pork. Then, Uwa Campu was assisted by seven they went to sail with their mother Tomanurung siblings, six brothers, through Masuppu river. Not long, they and one sister; and subjugated all arrived in Sawitto (Druce, 2009). wanuas existing in Sawitto. After the Arriving in Sawitto, the mother subjugation, Uwa Campu made all transformed into a stone. In Sawitto, wanuas as palili from Sawitto. Uwa they bewitched the sky, so that it Campu was very cruel on her people became dark. The sun would shine and forgot all the assistance from the again if Sawitto people respected seven siblings. The opportunity was them and did not eat pork and meat utilized by the seven siblings assisted of the other animals, which were not all arung or wanua heads, who opposed slaughtered. At the end of the story, Uwa Campu’s authority. They were both young men married to Sawitto successful to win the confl ict and royal princesses, who then gave birth all expelled Uwa Campu out of Sawitto. Sawitto kings (Druce, 2009:183). Seven Tomanurung siblings together Another story concerning Sawitto with all arungs agreed to inaugurate origin that it did not have any female Tomanurung to become Sawitto relationship with Simbuang. This Addituang with the title Puang ri source described that Sawitto origin Sompae, whereas her six brothers were was closely related to Bone. A princess inaugurated to become Arung Palili. of Bone duke, named I Witto and her Tolengo became Leppangeng Arung, bodyguards, arrived to a place whose Tokipa became Malae Arung, Tomarra was not known. The area that they just became Arawa Arung, Topanroko visited was very fertile. Therefore, I Witto became Bua Arung, Towase became ordered her bodyguards to establish a Massikki Arung, and Tomaddampang settlement, rice fi elds, and plantations. became the administrator of Puang The harvesting products of their rice ri Sompae (Rasyid, 1985:80-83; Kila, fi elds and plantations were abundant, 1998:13; and Druce, 2009:191-192). which were in Buginese called “sawe”. The story that the fi rst person who Therefore, many people from the other opened Sawitto coming from Simbuang wanuas came and became the people of in Tanah Toraja had the similarity I Witto. The combination of the words with Sidenreng, who was opened by sawe (abundant) and witto (the princess a person who came from Sangallaq from Bone) became Sawitto (Rasyid, in Tanah Toraja. Similar story also 1985:78-79; Kila, 1995:53; and Druce, concerning Tomanurung in Gowa, who 2009:191). got married with Karaeng Bayo, was Another story described that the the adventuring mate of La Kipadada fi rst who established Sawitto was not who left Tanah Toraja to discover the the princess from Bone, but a princess new areas in the southern peninsula from named Batara Tungke. She was of South Sulawesi. The story about well-known as a brave person. Batara Simbuang or Tanah Toraja as the origin Tungke married to a big house lizard or small house lizard, which then 13Belokka was palili of Sidenreng.

© 2015 by Minda Masagi Press Bandung and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan ISSN 2302-5808 and website: www.susurgalur-jksps.com 7 ABD LATIF, Concepts of Wanua and Palili of the founders of several kingdoms in After the confl ict, the governmental South Sulawesi indicated that Sawitto system was then composed in Sawitto also possessed the story legitimacy, by inaugurating Tomanurung’s sister which could connect itself with Tanah to become Puang ri Sompae and her Toraja. Therefore, Sawitto should brothers became arung palili.14 have the important role in the political Although the four versions above, constellation in South Sulawesi. only the story described the fi rst person The story concerning I Witto, who who opened Sawitto, the four versions came from Bone as the fi rst person to did not describe the list of Sawitto open Sawitto, could be ensured that the kings, from the fi rst king to the last oral tradition source concerning this king. The source which described the started to appear in the 17th century list of Sawitto kings from the fi rst king and maybe in the 18th century. In the to last king could be found in Lontaraq middle of 17th century, Bone allied with Akkarungeng Sawitto.15 This lontaraq the Dutch to subjugated Gowa, which described that La Bengenge was a at that time was superior in the political Tomanurung in Bacukiki who married supremacy in South Sulawesi. After to Tomanurung in Akkajang. After the subjugating Gowa, Bone subjugated marriage, La Bengenge was inaugurated all kingdoms in South Sulawesi. In to become Sawitto King. La Bengenge that era, Bone dukes also started to also married to Tomanurung in Suppa carry out marriages with all the dukes named We Teppulinge. The marriage outside Bone. Therefore, it could be bore two sons and a daughter. The fi rst comprehended if the oral tradition source son named La Tedduloppo who then of Sawitto and several other kingdoms substituted his father to become Sawitto tried to connect themselves with Bone. King and substituted his mother to The oral tradition source describing become Suppa King. The second son Batara Tungke, who came from Luwu, named La Botillangi and, then, went to indicated that Sawitto possessed the Soppeng and married to Arung Mario story version which connected the Riwawo.16 The marriage bore the female kingdom with Luwu. The relationship offspring named We Tappatana who with Luwu was important in the royal substituted her mother to become Arung legitimacy in South Sulawesi. This was because several research results proved 14See, for example, “Lontaraq Addituang Sidenreng”, that Luwu was the oldest kingdom Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; and “Lontaraq Ade’-ade’na in South Sulawesi (Caldwell, 1988; Sawitto”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, Mappasanda, 1992; Moenta et al., 2003; South Sulawesi, Indonesia. and Pelras, 2006). 15The superiority of Lontaraq Akkarungeng Sawitto was because this lontaraq could explain the list of The story concerning Uwa Campu Sawitto kings until the last Sawitto king, named We from Belokka in Sidenreng refl ected Rukiya Bau Bocco Karaeng Balla Tinggi (1942-1960). that from the beginning, the authority Besides, this lontaraq could elaborate the kinship and authority relationships between Sawitto and relationship had been established several other kingdoms in South Sulawesi. See, for between Sawitto and Sidenreng. The further information, “Lontaraq Akkarungeng Sawitto”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South authority relationship placed the status Sulawesi, Indonesia. of Sidenreng above Sawitto, in which 16The mentioned source did not express himself. Belokka representing Sidenreng palili In another source, it was described that before La Botillangi married to Arung Mario Riwawo, he had got became the place where Uwa Campu married with Arung Balusu, a palili from Soppeng. came from. The status under Sidenreng, The marriage bore a son named Sappe Walie. See, for of course, was not accepted by Sawitto. further information, “Lontaraq Addituang Sidenreng”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South Therefore, the oral tradition described Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.5; and “Lontaraq Bicaranna the seven Tomanurung siblings, who Mula Timpaengngi Sidenreng Najaji Engka Wanua ri Sidenreng”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, defeated Uwa Campu in the confl ict. South Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.20.

Mario Riwawo. upon a time, We Bungkobungko The last child of La Bengenge was together her six sisters went down a daughter named We Pawawoi. We from the heaven to have a bath in the Pawawoi substituted her father to well in the forest. In the forest, there become Arung Bacukiki. We Pawawoi were seven wells, and each angel had married to Songko Ulawengnge, a a bath in the different well. While they Sidenreng King. The marriage bore were having a bath, came a group of one male offspring named La Batara. deer hunters and saw them having a La Batara married to Arung of West bath. Six sisters of We Bungkobungko Bulu Cenrana named We Cinadiyo. The soon took their clothes and fl ew to the marriage bore two male children and sky. When the deer hunters saw such one female child. The fi rst son named situation, they immediately took the La Pasampoi later substituted his clothes of We Bungkobungko who was grandfather to become Sidenreng King. still having a bath. We Bungkobungko, The second son named La Mariase’ who saw her clothes being taken by the substituted his mother to become Arung deer hunters, was crying because she of West Bulu Cenrana. The daughter, realized that she could not fl y to the sky whose name was We Yabeng, then without the clothes. We Bungkobungko became the fi rst arung in Massepe.17 La was, then, taken by the deer hunters to Pasampoi went to Soppeng and married Alitta King named La Massora. People to We Tappatana, the daughter of La of Alitta were very happy seeing the Botillangi. arrival of We Bungkobungko who was La Tedduloppa married to the very beautiful. Alitta people agreed to closed relative who dwelled in Bacukiki marry La Massora to We Bungkobungko named We Patoling Arung Cempa. The (Druce, 2009:175).19 marriage bore four children. The fi rst La Massora was the third Alitta King child named La Putebulu who then because before he ruled Alitta, there substituted the father to become Sawitto had been two kings in Alitta, namely: King and Suppa King. La Putebulu got We Cella who was then substituted by married three times. The fi rst wife was La Gojeng. We Cella was the daughter a duchess from Sidenreng whose name of La Cella Mata, Sawitto King, and We was not known. The fi rst wife bore a Lampeweluwa, Suppa King. La Cella son named La Paleteang. The second Mata was the son of La Paleteang, wife was a princess of Arung Lowa,18 Sawitto King, and We Lampeweluwa who bore a daughter named We Gempo was the daughter of La Makkarawi, and a son named La Cella. The third Suppa King. We Cella married to La wife named We Tappatana Arung Mario Massaolangi, the son of La Pateddungi, Riwawo, the daughter of La Botillangi. Sidenreng King, and We Gempo, Sawitto After La Putebulu passed away, he King. The marriage bore a son named La was substituted by the fi rst son from Massora. At that time, La Massora was the fi rst wife namely La Paleteang. At still a small boy, when Gowa subjugated the time La Paleteang became Sawitto Suppa, Sawitto, and Alitta. At that time, King, the one who became Suppa King La Massora was captured in Gowa. was La Makkawari, the fi rst son of La Therefore, when his mother passed Putebulu from the third wife named We away, the one who substituted her to Tappatana. become Alitta King was his brother Alitta also knew the fi gure named La Gojeng. La Gojeng never got Tomanurung, named We Bungkobungko. married (ibidem with footnote 19, p.11); Lontaraq source described that once 19See also “Lontaraq Akkarungeng Alitta”, 17Massepe was a wanua in Sidenreng. Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South 18Lowa was also a wanua in Sidenreng. Sulawesi, Indonesia, pp.2-8.

© 2015 by Minda Masagi Press Bandung and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan ISSN 2302-5808 and website: www.susurgalur-jksps.com 9 ABD LATIF, Concepts of Wanua and Palili when La Gojeng passed away, Gowa Every wanua is a regional unit and a permitted La Massora to return to Alitta governmental unit. The size of the region to become a king there. is different between one wanua from The story concerning We Cella as the other. There is the small one and the fi rst king in Alitta indicated how there is only one settlement;20 however, closed the relationship of marriage and commonly it has many settlements authority among Alitta, Sawitto, and and is divided into sub-regions. In fact, Suppa. The story also had the intention wanua represents the social unit having to legitimize that Alitta was younger its own government, but the government and its position was under Sawitto is not the same as the governmental and Suppa. The story concerning systems in Java and Bali. Wanua is the We Bungkobungko was intentionally alliance of several villages. In the past presented either in the oral tradition several centuries, used to be only 10 to source or in lontaraq source to legitimize 20 houses in one village. The houses that all Alitta kings also had the were usually located in a row to face relationship with the fi gure Tomanurung. south or west. If there was a river in the Therefore, their royal blood could not village, the houses were usually built to be underestimated in the royal political back the river. The village centre of the constellation in South Sulawesi. original village represented the sacred place, which in the local language CONCEPT OF WANUA was called possi tana (world centre). The word of wanua, like the words In the original place, there was also a of desa, negeri, and nagari, is derived big banyan tree and sometimes there from Sanskrit word meaning village of was a worship place, which in the local origin or village of birth. The word of language was called saukang, or a desa is used in Java, Madura, and Bali. small house of the worship place to the The word of dusun is used in South ancestors (cf Mattulada, 1982:264; and Sumatera, and the Moluccas recognize Pelras, 2006:199). the name dusun-dati. In Batak, North In the past, one original village Sumatera, the word of dusun is used was led by a matowa (a person was for the name of the cluster of hamlets. considered the oldest) and was assisted The words of gampong and meunasah by two persons called sariang or are used in Aceh, Sumatera, to name perennung. The village alliance was the lowest political unit. In Batak, again called wanua in Buginese language, and the political unit which is similar with pa’rasangang or bori’ in Makassarese desa in Java is known as kuta, uta, or language. The title for wanua head huta. The cluster of hamlets is called followed the local tradition, for dusun sosor or pagaran. The cluster of examples, arung, sullewatang, and hamlets representing the agricultural matowa in Buginese language, gallarang community is called banjar or jamban. If or karaeng in Makassarese language. these villages ally, the alliance is called All the kingdoms in Ajatappareng hundulan. In south Batak, the word of confederation used the term arung for kuria is used to describe the alliance wanua head. The authority relationship of several villages in one governmental between wanua head and village head system. In Minangkabau, the word was hierarchical (Mattulada, 1982:264). of nagari is used; however, there is If the inhabitants of a village started also the alliance of several villages called luhu’. In Moluccas, the word 20At fi rst Kulo’ was a village, however, because it did not want to ally with its neighbour in the west, of negory or dati is used. Then, the namely Malimpung representing palili of Sawitto; or its word of wanua in Minahasa and Bugis neighbour in the east namely Maiwa representing palili of Sidenreng. Kulo’ mostly chose to be enhanced its (Kartohadikoesoemo, 1984:15-16). status to become wanua, then it allied with Rappang.

© 2015 by Minda Masagi Press Bandung and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan 10 ISSN 2302-5808 and website: www.susurgalur-jksps.com SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, 3(1) Maret 2015 to be crowded, the village head used Amparita, Corawali, Wanio, Wettae, to divide the village based on the and Bilokka were as one alliance; (3) number of brothers, sisters, sons, and Otting, Ugi, Jampu, Bulu, Cenrana, daughters, who would be inaugurated Bilulang, and Bila were as one alliance; to become the heads of the new and (4) Batu, Betao, Kalompang, Paraja, villages. The alliance of the original Lamarang, Barang Mamase, and villages with several new villages was Barukku were as one alliance (Daeng called wanua. The head of the original Patunru, 2004:76-77).23 village had to have the closed kinship It is interesting to note here that relationship with all the heads of the Lontaraq Addituang Sidenreng and new villages. The head of the original Abdurrazak Daeng Patunru did not village could also hold the position of mention Maiwa as one of primary the head of wanua or arung, but he wanua in Sidenreng, because after the could also not hold double positions. kingdoms in Ajatappareng confederation The political dynamics determined very and the kingdoms in Massenrempulu much who would become arung. If the alliance had been subjugated by Bone in political dynamics happening gave the the end of 17th century, Bone declared opportunity to the head of the new the independence and enhanced the village, he might be inaugurated to status of Maiwa to become a kingdom, become arung. Arung might also come which then became a kingdom of the from the other wanua, even from the member of Massenrempulu alliance (cf other kingdoms. Daeng Patunru, 2004:77; and Druce, The very closed kinship relationship 2009:256).24 among the heads of the neighbouring Bone did this to substitute the wanua enabled to realize one non- position of Letta in Massenrempulu binding wanua alliance. There was alliance. Letta then became palili of no arung who led wanua alliance;21 Bone, which was entrusted to Sawitto however, all arungs were usually bound (Andaya, 2004:169-191). Then, palilina by the same custom and tradition. There of Suppa was Nepo, Palanro, and were fi ve wanua alliances in Sawitto: Maluba. Napanoq rakkalana25 was Tirowamg, Lolowang, Rangamea, and Bojo, Bacukiki, Parengki, Belawa, Langnga; and they were as one alliance. and Soreang. In Nepo, there was Leppangeng, Paleteang, Bailu, and also napanoq rakkalana, they were Salo were as one alliance. Talabangi, Sadussu, Attapang, Cekkengang, Kutae, Urung, and Malimpung were as one Marempang, Mari-mario, Mallawa, and alliance. Peso, Bulu, and Sekka were Pakka (van Braam Morris, 1893b:203- as one alliance. Madello, Paria, Tampio, and Buwa were as one alliance (Druce, 23See also “Lontaraq Addituang Sidenreng”, 2009:256-257).22 Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South There were four wanua alliances Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.1. 24Maiwa had wanua or village which became palili in Sidenreng: (1) Liseq, Guru, Teteaji, or under its authority infl uence were Roa, Matakali, Massepe, Allakuang, Aratang, and Pasang, Limbuang, Lullung, Paladang, Labaniq, Bakka, Sito, Bulo, Bungin, and Tallang. Palili napanoqe Aliwuwu were as one alliance; (2) was Tappong, Kadeppang, and Kaluppang. See, for further information, “Lontaraq Addituang Sidenreng”, 21Wanua alliance in lontaraq was called loleq = Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South collection, or loleqna = the collection, siloleqran = a Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.1; and “Lontaraq Attoriolong”, collection of. See, for example, “Lontaraq Ade’-ade’na Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South Sawitto”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.455. South Sulawesi, Indonesia. 25Napanoq rakkalana was a palili which was 22See also, for example, “Lontaraq Attoriolong”, compulsory to provide all the logistic necessities needed Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South by the central government. Napanoq rakkalana was also Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.455; and “Lontaraq Ade’-ade’na compulsory to cultivate the rice fi elds and other fi elds Sawitto”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, possessed by the central kingdoms without getting South Sulawesi, Indonesia, pp.1-2. wages.

204; and Druce, 2009:257-258).26 by seven siblings who allied with the Paliliqna was Kulo’, Napanoq Rakkalana heads of wanua and was successful to in Rappang was Benteng, Baranti, defeat Uwa Campu, the ruler of Sawitto Panrong, Manisa, Dea, and Simpo who was very cruel (cf Rasyid, 1985:80- (Druce, 2009:258; and ibidem with 83; Kila, 1998:13; Druce, 2009:191-192; footnote 26, p.455). The source which and ibidem with footnote 27). described wanua alliance in Alitta had If wanua represented the alliance of not been found. Nevertheless, D.F. van several villages, which were allied based Braam Morris mentioned wanua names on the kinship relationship closeness, existing in Alitta were Alitta, Bompatue, several wanua were also allied based Bottae, Dolangangnge, Sumpang on the geographical closeness, the Lamorange, Kariango, and Pao (van traditional custom similarities, and Braam Morris, 1893b:455). mainly the kinship relationship. Usually, the internal political Different from those, all kingdoms in dynamics in a wanua could be well South Sulawesi were established based maintained, because all village heads on the agreement between all heads of had very closed kinship relationship, wanua or all arungs representing their even the people inhibiting all the villages people and Tomanurung or the person in wanua knew one another well. The who was fi rstly inaugurated as the king. political dynamics, which was usually diffi cult to maintain, was the political CONCEPT OF PALILI relationship between one wanua and If wanua referred to the geographical the other wanuas. The confl ict between condition of a region, which possibly one wanua and the other wanuas was represented the alliance of several usually terminated by establishing one villages being allied by the traditional kingdom representing the alliance of custom and the kinship relationship of several wanuas, either those which were the inhabitants; then, palili referred to involved in the confl ict or those which the political and authority relationships were not involved in the confl ict (Pelras, between wanua and the central kingdom 2006:200). (van Braam Morris, 1893c:225-226). Another example of the kingdom The form of the authority relationship being established by the alliance between certain wanua and the of several confl icting wanuas was central government determined the Gowa (Daeng Patunru, 1993:1-2). type of palili or wanua in the view of The other examples of the kingdom the central kingdom. The kingdoms in being established by the alliance of Ajatappareng confederation used three several wanuas without confl ict were terms to determine the types of palili Bone, Wajo, Sidenreng, Rappang, and and the authority relationship between Alitta (Zainal Abidin, 1985).27 The oral wanua and the central kingdom. The tradition source and the other sources three terms were: palili passeajingeng, described that Sawitto was established palili napanoq rakkalana, and palili bassi. Palili different types determined

26See also “Lontaraq Attoriolong”, Unpublished Local the differences of palili origin and Manuscript in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, obligations to the central kingdom. p.455. There were two types of wanua in 27See also, for further information, “Lontaraq Akkarungeng Alitta”, Unpublished Local Manuscript palili passeajingeng. The ﬁ rst type was in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; “Lontaraq wanua-wanua which had the agreement Akkarungeng Bone”, Unpublished Local Manuscript together to establish a kingdom; and the in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; “Lontaraq Addituang Sidenreng”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in second type was wanua-wanua which Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; and “Lontaraq were subjugated or wanua-wanua which Akkarungeng Suppa”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. willingly asked the protection and ready

© 2015 by Minda Masagi Press Bandung and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan 12 ISSN 2302-5808 and website: www.susurgalur-jksps.com SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, 3(1) Maret 2015 to become the subordinates of certain It had not been found the source kingdoms.28 This second type was which elaborated wanua-wanua were usually valid if the war happened either establishing Suppa, Rappang, and Alitta between wanua and wanua, or between kingdoms. several wanuas and certain kingdom. All arungs of palili passeajingeng, Wanua-wanua which fi rstly made particularly all arungs of wanua which the agreement to establish Sidenreng at fi rst established the kingdoms, Kingdom were Lisuji, Pupuru, Teteaji, besides becoming the autonomous Massepe, Allaukang, Aratang, and rulers of wanua, in carrying out the Aliwuwu (Daeng Patunru, 2004:77).29 governmental affairs, the concerned In 1810, Nepo had the confl ict against arung should also be included in the Palanro; Arung Nepo went to Sidenreng structure of customary board in the to ask for assistance and protection. central kingdom. In Sawitto, Suppa, Consequently, Nepo could avoid itself Rappang, and Alitta, they became the becoming palili napanoq rakkalana of members of bate-bate or banner owners. Palanro, and choose to become palili Then, in Sidenreng, one person became passeajingeng of Sidenreng, because Tellu Lette (Daeng Patunru, 2004:79),31 Sidenreng assisted Nepo to win the and the other became the members of confl ict (Daeng Patunru, 2004:77). In bate-bate or the banner owners. Besides, 1825, Sidenreng allied with the Dutch arung of palili passeajingeng might also to fi ght Suppa. Suppa was defeated become pabbicara.32 in the war; so, Bacukiki, Bojo, Nepo, In relation to that, all arungs coming and Palanro which at fi rst were palili of from palili passeajingeng possessed Suppa chose to ally and became palili two main roles, besides becoming the passeajingeng of Sidenreng (van Braam ruler and the catalyst of the government Morris, 1893a:204). Then, which at fi rst affairs in wanua under his authority, made the agreement to establish Sawitto he also became the member of the Kingdom were Tirowang, Rangamea customary board in the central kingdom or Jampue, Lolowang, and Langnga.30 (Mukhlis, 1971:65-66).33 All arungs coming from the other palili types 28Mukhlis has distinguished between wanua might become pabbicara if needed, but being subjugated and wanua asking for protection. Wanua being subjugated was called palili ata ri kale (Makassarese language) or napatudang ata (Buginese Sawitto”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, language). Wanua asking for protection was called palili South Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.1. ata mate’ne (Makassarese language) or napatudang 31Tellu Lette was the position name for the palili (Buginese language). See, for further information, administrator. Tellu Lette also became the head of the Mukhlis (1971:65). customary board; and before 1905, Tellu Lette also 29Lisuji, Pupuru, Teteaji, Massepe, Allaukang, became army commander. In that era, Sumange Rukka Aratang, and Aliwuwu were seven wanuas, which at became Sidenreng King, married to Simatana Arung fi rst grown and established by seven siblings who came Nepo. Sumange Rukka inaugurated his wife to become from Sangallaq. Therefore, the seven wanuas, then, Tellu Lette Sidenreng. By this way, Sumange Rukka became the head wanua compared with Sidenreng. could rule Nepo, Palanro, Bacukiki, Bojo, and Soreang. See, for further information, “Lontaraq Addituang 32Pabbicara was the court judge who sentenced Sidenreng”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, the legal cases. All pabbicaras had the different fi elds South Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.1; and “Lontaraq of tasks, pabbicara pakkajae (the judge in the fi elds Bicaranna Mula Timpaengngi Sidenreng Najaji Engka of marine and fi shery), pabbicara paasarie (the judge Wanua ri Sidenreng”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in of forestry), pabbicara pabbalu’ balu’e (the judge in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, pp.3-8. economic and trade fi elds), and pabbicara palloang (the 30The villages and wanua subsumed in Sawitto judge in agricultural fi eld). See, for further information, centre were: Tanreasona, Pasareng, Ulutedong, “Lontaraq Bicaranna Mula Timpaengngi Sidenreng Pacongang, Sengae, Tallang, Patobong, Lapalopo, Najaji Engka Wanua ri Sidenreng”, Unpublished Local Uncue, Lurae, Lestana, Paliae, Dolangnge, Pao, Rubae, Manuscript in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.7. Sarempo, Awang-awang, Purung, Kecampi, Soroe, Ulo, 33Different for Gowa, Gowa King delegated someone Barana, Kanarie, Labalakang, Ujungnge, Paladang, from the central government to be inaugurated as the Salo0, Gucie, Libukang, Liku, Sililie, Lalatieng, Bila, head in palili passeajingeng, which was subjugated by Tallang, Penrang (wanua), Lamani, Bonging, and the way of war. Then, the head together with his family Totenana. See, for further information, D.F. van Braam and the guards were taken to the central kingdom to Morris (1893a:214-215); and “Lontaraq Ade’-ade’na become the servants of the certain royal families.

© 2015 by Minda Masagi Press Bandung and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan ISSN 2302-5808 and website: www.susurgalur-jksps.com 13 ABD LATIF, Concepts of Wanua and Palili they could not become the members At the beginning, the kings in of the customary board in the central Ajatappareng confederation came kingdom. from wanua-wanua passeajingeng In Sidenreng, the customary board’s or came from one of the kingdoms in discussion was led by Sidenreng King, Ajatappareng confederation. The person sometimes was lead by Arung Malalo who fi rstly opened Sidenreng, of course, (the prince) or was led by the kingdom came from Sangallaq, and the person administrator (Tellu Lette). In Sawitto, who fi rstly opened Sawitto perhaps if the customary board’s discussion34 came from Simbuang, but the persons had not found the settlement solution who became the fi rst rulers in Sidenreng of a problem, the customary board’s and Sawitto were the person who came discussion was held to involve all arungs from wanua or palili passeajingeng. The existing in the central kingdom region. same things happened on the fi rst rulers If the discussion had not found the in Suppa, Rappang, and Alitta. solution way, the discussion was held by To maintain the primary role and involving all arungs coming from palili blood purity of the royal rulers, they got passeajingeng, palili napanoq rakkalana, married with the women or men of same and palili bassi.35 status, i.e. the rulers. Such a marriage Palili passeajingengs were in Ajatappareng confederation was also compulsory to attend all the fi rstly carried out among the kingdoms celebrations, feasts, and festivals in the alliance, possibly started in the held by the central kingdoms. Palili end of 17th century; the marriage was passeajingengs were also obligatory to carried out with the kingdoms or also become the mediators if the confl ict with wanua outside of the confederation. happened among wanuas and the Possibly, the only marriage carried confl ict among the dukes in the central out with the kingdoms outside of the kingdom. If Sawitto had a war with the confederation before the 17th century other kingdoms, palili passeajingengs was the marriage between La Patiroi, the were compulsory to assist palili bassi 6th Sidenreng King (1582-1612) with the to defend the kingdom’s sovereignty princess of Gowa King which happened (Gising, 2002:18-28).36 perhaps in 1547.37

34The members of the customary board in Sawitto were Sullewatang (administrators), Kadi (the ofﬁ cials other kingdoms, Sidenreng was obligatory to lead the of Islamic religion), pabbicara, panggulu maradeka kingdoms in Ajatappareng confederation to assist Bone. (the head of independent people), and panggulu jowa Then Sawitto’s obligation was to provide the logistic (the head of all slaves. See, for example, “Lontaraq and military forces. Sawitto was compulsory to lead Akkarungeng Sawitto”, Unpublished Local Manuscript the kingdoms in Ajatappareng confederation to provide in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.2. The the logistic (rice) to assist Bone and were behind members of the customary board in Sidenreng were Sidenreng if Bone fought against the other kingdoms. Tellu Lette and four pabbicaras. If there was a big See also, for further information, “Lontaraq Addituang problem difﬁ cult to solve, the problem had to be Sidenreng”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, discussed by the great customary board, namely South Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.2; “Lontaraq Ade’-ade’na Sidenreng King or he was represented by Arung Malolo, Sawitto”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, Tellu Lette, four pabbicara, eight heads of wanua South Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.1; and “Lontaraq (Watang Sidenreng, Massepe, Guru, Teteaji, Liwuwu, Akkarungeng Sawitto”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Liseq, Arateng, and Allakuang), and palili limae Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.1. (Amparita, Corawali, Belokka, Wettae, and Wanio). 37See, for example, “Lontaraq Addituang Sidenreng”, See also, for example, Abdurrazak Daeng Patuneru Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South (2004:78-79). Sulawesi, Indonesia; “Lontaraq Akkarungeng Alitta”, 35See, for example, “Lontaraq Ade’-ade’na Sawitto”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; “Lontaraq Akkarungeng Sawitto”, Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.2. Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South 36When attacked Tanete, Sawitto’s army was Sulawesi, Indonesia; “Lontaraq Akkarungeng Suppa”, directly led by Sawitto King, who was helped by all Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South the heads of arung palili passeajingeng. When Sawitto Sulawesi, Indonesia; and “Lontaraq Bicaranna Mula and Sidenreng were subjugated by Bone in the middle Timpaengngi Sidenreng Najaji Engka Wanua ri of 17th century, Bone made Sawitto and Sidenreng Sidenreng”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, as palili passeajingeng. If Bone fought against the South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Palili bassi were wanua-wanua who 215).40 Only the people in palili napanoq had the obligation to provide the regular rakkalana were obligatory to work in army for the kingdoms’ sovereignty the rice fi elds or plantations belonging and for the escorting of the kingdoms’ to the palace or central kingdom. The elites. When Sidenreng, or then Sawitto, palace or the central kingdom’s rice fought against the other kingdoms, the fi elds and plantations were sometimes regular army coming from palili bassi situated in palili napanoq rakkalana, had the priority to face the enemies. and they were sometimes located in The army who came from the other palili passeajingeng too. palili were obligatory to assist the Palili napanoq rakkalana of Sidenreng regular army coming from palili bassi. were Massepe, Allakuang, Teteaji, When Sawitto fought against the other Liseq, Watang Sidenreng, Wala, kingdoms, the defensive fortress was Soreang, Liwuwu, Aratang, Wengeng, assisted by all palili bassis. Then, palili and Tallang (Druce, 2009:255-256).41 bassis of Sawitto were Kadokkong, Palili napanoq rakkalana of Maiwa were Gallangkallang, Pangaparang, Kabbang Tappong, Kadeppang, and Kaluppang. Langnga, Kaluppang, and Lome.38 Then, Before the middle of 17th century, Kabbang, Langnga, and Lome had Sidenreng obtained the logistic support the additional obligation, namely they from Maiwa, which at that time was were compulsory to assist the central under the infl uence of Sidenreng kingdom if Sawitto King planned to hegemony. After Sidenreng and Maiwa establish a palace.39 had been subjugated by Bone in There was no source explaining which 1673, the logistic support disappeared wanua was subsumed in palili bassi of together with the independence of Sidenreng, Suppa, Rappang, and Alitta. Maiwa being carried out by Bone to However, there was a source explaining become the independent kingdom in that when Sidenreng fought against the Massenrempulu alliance. Palili napanoq other kingdoms, wanua-wanua which rakkalana of Sawitto were Cempa, mainly provided the regular armies were Madallo, Paria, Talabangi, Urung, Amparita, Corawali, Belokka, Wettae, Malimpung, Padakkalawa, Kabbang, and Wanio (Daeng Patunru, 2004:79). Punnia, Peso, Sekkang, Bulu, Salo, Palili napanoq rakkalana were wanua- Tampio, Paleteang, and Leppangeng wanua which had to provide the logistic (van Braam Morris, 1893c:214-215).42 for the palace and central kingdom’s Palili napanoq rakkalana of Suppa were necessities. It was so important about Bojo, Baculkilki, Parangki, Belawa, and the position of palili napanoq rakkalana Soreang (ibidem with footnote 42). that the central kingdom called them In the beginning of 19th century, lilie ri laleng or the very closed authority Suppa lost Bojo, Bacukiki, Parangki, region (van Braam Morris, 1893a:214- 40The very close authority region did not have to mean that the location was close to the central kingdom, but had to mean that these types of palili 38The other sources described that Sawitto’s were badly needed to support the logistic availability in palili bassi were Kadokkong, Gallangkallang, and the central kingdom. The other meaning that the people Pangaparang. Palili bassis were three wanuas, they who had the position in this type of palili were the were called tellu lembang. These sources also explained servants, who worked in the rice fi elds and plantations that the governments in palili bassi were carried out belonging to the palace or the central kingdom without autonomously. These sources also explained that wages. then palili bassi only its weaponry was dominated by 41See also “Lontaraq Attoriolong”, Unpublished Local Sawitto, whereas the people might not be ruled by Manuscript in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, Sawitto King. See for, esample, “Lontaraq Ade’-ade’na p.455. Sawitto”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, 42It is interesting to note here that sources from South Sulawesi, Indonesia. p.1. “Lontaraq Attoriolong”, Unpublished Local Manuscript 39See “Lontaraq Akkarungeng Sawitto”, Unpublished in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, p.455; and Local Manuscript in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Stephen C. Druce (2009:257) included Tanresona and Indonesia, p.1. Paggeroang as palili napanoq rakkalana of Sawitto.

© 2015 by Minda Masagi Press Bandung and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan ISSN 2302-5808 and website: www.susurgalur-jksps.com 15 ABD LATIF, Concepts of Wanua and Palili and Soreang, because four palilis Sawitto, Lontaraq Akkarungeng Suppa, allied with Sidenreng. Palili napanoq and Lontaraq Akkarungeng Alitta. Based rakkalana of of Rappang were Benteng, on studying lontaraqs, the unpublished Baranti, Panrong, Manisa, Dea, and local manuscripts in South Sulawesi, it Simpo (ibidem with footnote 42). showed that Ajatappareng confederation Of seven wanuas becoming palili of was the name for fi ve kingdoms Rappang, only Kulo’ did not become situated in the west of Tempe lake, palili napanoq rakkalana. Perhaps it Sidenreng lake, and Buaya lake. The was because Kulo’ was the neighbor to fi ve kingdoms were Sidenreng, Rappang, Maiwa, which became the primary palili Sawitto, Suppa, and Alitta. In 16th of Sidenreng, was also the neighbor of century, the fi ve kingdoms established Malimpung which became the primary a confederation to support one another palili of Sawitto. in the political and economic interests in After Bojo, Bacukiki, Parangki, and Ajatappareng confederation. Supporting Soreang allied with Sidenreng, obviously one another in the two interests were Suppa lost its very important logistic very important to encounter the rivalry source in the four wanuas. In that time, of the authority infl uence of the strong Suppa only had one wanua of palili kingdoms around them, namely: Luwu napanoq rakkalana, namely Belawa. in the north, Gowa in the south, and On the other hand, Sidenreng had 11 Bone in the east of South Sulawesi. wanuas of palili napanoq rakkalana to The three great kingdoms in the increase into 15 wanuas by the alliance different eras had ever implanted their of 4 wanuas of palili napanoq rakkalana, authority infl uences in Ajatappareng which were derived from Suppa. confederation to obtain the logistic The condition, besides narrowed the support in the form rice representing region of Suppa’s authority infl uence, the primary product of Ajatappareng Suppa also became much poorer by confederation. losing four wanuas as the primary Lontaraq sources also described logistic source of wanua napanoq that the fi rst king in each kingdom rakkalana. The only Suppa’s economic of Ajatappareng confederation was source still left was Parepare port. The Tomanurung. He was a fi gure whose economic source was then seized by origin and name was not positively Britain assisted by Sidenreng in 1814. known. Nevertheless, in the oral After the port was successfully seized, tradition, it was described that Britain handed it over to the loyal Sidenreng and Sawitto were two counterpart namely Sidenreng.43 primary kingdoms in Ajatappareng confederation, which at fi rst were CONCLUSION 44 opened by the fi gures who came from There were four lontaraqs used in the Tanah Toraja located in the north of research, namely: Lontaraq Addituang Ajatappareng confederation. Why were Sidenreng, Lontaraq Akkarungeng there different versions between the written tradition, called lontaraq, and 43See “Lontaraq Addituang Sidenreng”, Unpublished Local Manuscript in Makassar, South Sulawesi, the oral tradition concerning all the fi rst Indonesia, p.2. kings in Ajatappareng confederation? 44Acknowledgements: The Editorial Board would In choosing Tomanurung of the fi gures, like to thanks to the wife of author (Dr. Abd Latif) who gives permission to publish this article. Before having the divine characteristics as the author passed away on Tuesday, 2nd December the fi rst kings, seemed to have become 2014, according to his wife, he always asked in order the main phenomena in Nusantara, this article can be published by scholalrly journals organized and published by Minda Masagi Press in particularly in South Sulawesi in that Bandung. However, all contents and interpretations era. The confl ict situation happening in about this article were solely rested to the author’s responsibility academically. the communities became the primary

© 2015 by Minda Masagi Press Bandung and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan 16 ISSN 2302-5808 and website: www.susurgalur-jksps.com SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, 3(1) Maret 2015 cause why Tomanurung fi gures were central kingdom in wanua level mostly chosen to become the fi rst kings. The determined the form of the authority confl ict between one wanua and another relationship between the central wanuas could be reconciled by the kingdom and wanua. fi gures who had the stronger legitimacy The research indicates that there than the legitimacy possessed by the are two political terminologies used in heads of wanua being in confl ict. Ajatappareng confederation to describe Tomanurung myth was the political the authority relationship among the and authority legitimacy source in political units existing in one kingdom. Ajatappareng confederation. Before a Both terminologies were wanua and king was inaugurated, at fi rst, he had palili. The term of wanua refers to one to be assessed and well recognized place related to the geographical and how pure the Tomanurung blood demographical conditions. Therefore, content, which was possessed the wanua has very obvious geographical king candidate. A king candidate had border, the language used is only one, to possess purer Tomanurung blood the inhabitants’ social relationship are content than all dukes and arung or derived from the same descendant, and wanua heads. If the blood content the governmental system is very simple. was not pure, it might happen the If arung or wanua head has several sons insubordination of certain dukes or and daughters who are married, wanua all wanua heads, whose blood content head divides wanua into several villages, was pure. If the insubordination or even wanua of each is chaired by the failed, the dukes concerned together son or the daughter. with their supporting people could Then, the term of palili refers to transform their sovereignty to the other the form of the authority relationship kingdoms or they could establish one between wanua and the central community of new wanua. Usually, the kingdom. Wanua, which fi rstly new wanua such as this, at fi rst was establish the kingdom become palili autonomous; however, if the central passeajingeng or palili whose presence, kingdom was successful to subjugate is given priority in the process of it, the new wanua also became palili. decision-making in the central kingdom. Such political culture, in this research, Wanua providing the army to keep and was called “evacuating politics”. The maintain the kingdom’s sovereignty is culture of evacuating politics gave the called palili bassi. Then, wanua having opportunity to the primary fi gures and the obligation to provide the logistic their bodyguards to transform their needed by the central kingdom is sovereignty, even to establish one called palili napanoq rakkalana. If the political community to compete with the war happening between one kingdom other political communities. and another kingdom, palili napanoq The community’s organization in the rakkalana of the defeated kingdom can level of wanua had existed before the change into palili passeajingeng, when coming a fi gure called Tomanurung. it transform its sovereignty to kingdom Therefore, basically, the community’s which wins the war. The transfer of organization in the level of wanua was the sovereignty means the loss of the autonomous. Nevertheless, the political logistic source for the kingdom, which is and economic interests guaranteed the defeated in the war.45 authority stabilization of Tomanurung and their generation in the central kingdom was partly determined by 45Statement: The author (late Dr. Abd Latif) had how many wanuas were under the also declared that this article was his original work; so, it was not product of plagiarism and not yet also be authority infl uence. The interest of the reviewed and published by other scholarly journals.

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