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FAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operations

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FAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operations FAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operations A Comprehensive Guide to Safe Driving on the Airport Surface TC11-00201 FAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operations FAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operations Introduction Introduction Traffic levels rise, airports expand, surface routes change, Review and understand airfield signage and markings. and you, the vehicle driver, are expected to understand how Review the most up-to-date airport diagram prior to moving to safely move about the airport. Besides learning about the vehicle. Have the airport diagram out and available for the different movement areas on the airport, the added immediate reference while driving in the operational area. combination of changes in weather, time of day and amount of aircraft traffic makes the risk of error higher than ever. Review current airfield information for any taxiway closures, Runway incursions are a serious safety concern and significantly runway closures, construction activity or other surface risks. impact safe operations at any airport. Incursions, which Ensure appropriate vehicle lights (high beams, flashers, also can occur on taxiways although not considered runway beacons and strobes) are operational prior to driving on the incursions, have involved air carrier aircraft, military planes, airport surface. Flashers and beacons help ATC, aircrews and general aviation aircraft, air traffic controllers, ground vehicles other operators see vehicles in the movement area, especially and pedestrians. during periods of reduced visibility and at night. A Runway Incursion (RI) is defined as any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, Use service roads whenever possible to minimize time spent vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated on taxiways and runways. for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. There are three types During radio transmissions, use proper aviation phraseology of RIs: Operational Errors (OE), Pilot Deviations (PD) and and speak in a clear, concise manner. Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviations (V/PD). Copy your clearance and review the assigned route. Read back Operational Errors involve air traffic control (ATC) and Pilot all clearances. Deviations typically involve an airman's mistake. A V/PD occurs when a vehicle or pedestrian has entered the runway If you do not understand an instruction, clarify with ATC safety area without authorization from air traffic control. before proceeding. Annually, V/PD's comprise approximately 20% of total runway incursions. While driving, refrain from using cell phone, texting or engaging in unnecessary conversation. The information presented in this brochure is focused on helping to inform and educate vehicle drivers about the various Get as familiar as possible with the airport's roads, taxiways signs, lights, markings, phraseology and other procedures and runways before driving solo on the airfield. If possible, utilized in an airport environment. Listed below are some basic have someone who is very familiar with the airport things to remember and practice before operating a vehicle on accompany you until you are proficient at operating on the the airport: movement area. 2 3 FAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operations FAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operations Introduction Introduction The FAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operations was created Each section identifies safety measures and information that for you, the driver of a tug, fuel truck, baggage cart or will help you maintain situational awareness while on the other airport vehicle. This guide is not intended to provide airfield. “Situational awareness” is defined as being aware of comprehensive coverage of everything there is to know about your location on the airfield and how that location relates surface safety. Rather, it focuses on five areas that are most to your destination, other vehicles and aircraft. It can be important, as well as containing additional information and a maintained consistently by: chance for you to test your overall comprehension with a quiz. Understanding and following Air Traffic Control (ATC) Airport Basics instructions and clearances. Using an airport diagram. Airfield Signs, Markings and Lighting Knowing the meaning of the visual aids available on the airport, such as airfield markings, signs and lights. Towered Airports Maintaining situational awareness will help you avoid errors Non-Towered Airports that lead to runway incursions. Runway incursions are a serious safety concern and it doesn’t take much to be involved in one. Incursions and collisions have included all types of Aviation Phraseology commercial, military and private aircraft as well as GROUND VEHICLES. Some have resulted in fatalities. All employees who Additional Information operate vehicles or motorized equipment on airports have key responsibilities in these safety efforts, as this guide outlines. Self-Assessment 4 5 FAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operations FAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operations Airport Basics Airport Basics AIRPORT BASICS Aprons/Ramps Aprons, also called ramps, are the areas where aircraft park, load and This section outlines the basic features of any airport. There unload. Your work may require you to drive on an apron. In addition may be important unique aspects to the airport on which to watching for moving aircraft on the apron, be careful to maintain a you drive, such as dedicated vehicle lanes, areas not visible to safe distance when working around controllers or nonstandard airport traffic patterns. Be aware parked aircraft. Aside from nicks and and know the rules of your airport. dents that are expensive to repair and Runway Safety Area can affect the airworthiness of the aircraft, you could get hurt and your The Runway Safety Area (RSA) is an area surrounding the vehicle damaged when an aircraft runway, and is measured from the runway ends and centerline. starts its engine. This hazard is called Much like the shoulder area on a highway, the runway safety jet blast or prop wash. There have been several cases where vehicles have area is intended for use by aircraft in emergency situations, been overturned by jet blast. Drivers should be aware of the rotating red i.e., landing short of, veering off of, or overshooting the beacon(s) located on the aircraft's tail, and sometimes on its underside. runway, and always should be free of vehicles, equipment and The beacon is typically illuminated in conjunction with imminent pedestrians any time aircraft are taxiing, taking off or landing. engine start. When the tower is in operation, vehicles and pedestrians are required to have clearance to access these areas. During periods Runway Markings are WHITE when the tower is not operating or at a non-towered airport, Runways have white numbers on each end, centerline stripes extreme caution should be used. down the middle and may have white lines along the edges. Runways that are served by an instrument approach will have The RSA can be identified by a hold line, also known as a more elaborate markings such as those shown in Figure 1.1. holding position marking, which is painted in yellow on taxiway Threshold surfaces and collocated with a holding position sign. The holding Markings Aiming Point Centerline position sign has a red background with white characters. The Designation Markings Marking actual dimensions of the RSA will vary depending on the tail height and wing span of the largest aircraft authorized to utilize the airport. Its Threshold distance from the Touchdown 500 Foot Increment runway centerline to 280’ up extend - may RSA Zone Distance Markings may extend up to centerline runway side of either on Markings {20 280 feet across and as much as 1,000 feet beyond the runway ends. Figure 1.1 – Runway Markings (not to scale). 6 7 FAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operations FAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operations Airport Basics Airport Basics Taxiway Markings are Yellow Know your airfield markings, signs and lighting (as outlined Taxiways are areas used by aircraft to get to and from the in the next section). Be careful not to hit taxiway edge lights. apron/ramp and the runway. Taxiways look similar to runways, Around Aircraft but are usually not as wide. Instead of numbers, taxiways use Aircraft cockpit windows have a limited viewing area. It letters or letter/number combinations for designators. See Fig- can be difficult or impossible for pilots to see vehicles and ure 1.1 pedestrians, particularly behind the wings or under the nose BEST PRACTICES FOR SAFE DRIVING of the aircraft. Always yield the right-of-way to moving aircraft. Do not On the Movement Areas assume the pilot will see you, especially in busy areas like Together, runways and taxiways are known as the aprons/ramps where pilots are busy with preflight checks. MOVEMENT AREAS of the airfield. If a pilot is about to start the engine or the engine is running, Airport diagrams provide the layout and designations of the aircraft’s red rotating beacon(s) should be turned on as runways and taxiways, show the location of major facilities well. and are essential to navigating the airfield surface. Always have a current airport diagram in your vehicle. While Communicating with Air Traffic Control (ATC) Avoid distractions and focus on where other vehicles and/or If you are required to drive on or work in areas adjacent to aircraft are on the airfield, especially on your intended route. runways, be aware that aircraft wings and engines may extend over these areas. ATC approval is typically required to operate Always use standard aviation phraseology and proper in these areas. communications procedures when contacting ATC in order to facilitate clear and concise communications. If you become uncertain of your location on the airport movement area, STOP and immediately contact ATC for Write down taxi instructions, especially instructions that are help. complex. This can help reduce your vulnerability of forgetting part of the instruction. EXPLICIT RUNWAY CROSSING CLEARANCES: Never When in doubt, STOP and ask for help or clarification from cross a holding position marking including hold lines for ATC.
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