Accompanying IWM best practices implementation in cereals/corn rotation Ahmet ULUDAĞ, Düzce Üniversitesi & ÇOMÜ ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

Prof Dr İlhan ÜREMİŞ Dr Akın AKSOY Dr Hüseyin GÜNGÖR Dr İbrahim CERİT Abdülkadir KARACA Ayşe TATLI INTRODUCTION

TOTAL AREA 78 000 000 ha

FAO, 2015 Climate

http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/zirai/zirai-calismalar.aspx?subPg=h

http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/zirai/zirai-calismalar.aspx?subPg=h Production trends

FAO, 2015 PPP and Consumption in Turkey Source: Delen et al 2010, Delen et al 2015

25000

20000

15000 total herbicide 10000

5000

0 1979-1982 1990-1993 2006-2009 2010-2013 1 AVEST 1997 ACCase inhibitors (A/1) 2 ALOMY 2001 ACCase inhibitors (A/1) 3 SINAR 2001 ALS inhibitors (B/2) 4 PHABR 2008 ACCase inhibitors ALS inhibitors 5 AVEST 2008 ACCase inhibitors ALS inhibitors 6 ALOMY 2008 ACCase inhibitors ALS inhibitors 7 SINAR 2008 ALS inhibitors Synthetic 8 GALAP 2008 ALS inhibitors (B/2) 9 BIFRA 2008 ALS inhibitors (B/2) 10 ALIPA 2009 ALS inhibitors (B/2) 11 ECHOR 2009 ACCase inhibitors ALS inhibitors 12 ECHCG 2009 ACCase inhibitors ALS inhibitors 13 CYPDI 2010 ALS inhibitors (B/2) 14 AVEFA 2011 ACCase inhibitors (A/1) Heap 2015 Resistant weeds in wheat by regions

? ?

ALOMY (ACCase) SINAR(ALS) AVEST (ACCase) Borrowed from AKSOY Herbicide Use in 5 Important Crops and Resistance Problem

Borrowed from AKSOY Important weeds in wheat in the Çukurova region Avena sterilis Avena sterilis Vicia sativa Vicia sativa Sinapis arvensis Sinapis arvensis Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulus arvensis Anagallis arvensis Silybum marianum Trifolium sp. Phalaris spp. Alopecurus myosuroides Lolium spp. Vicia narbonensis Matricaria chamomilla Capsella bursa-pastoris Alopecurus myosuroides Lolium spp. Boz, 1992; Boz and Uygur, 1993; Orel, 1996; Boz, 1997; Uygur, 1997 Uygur, 1985

Avena sterilis in Çukurova Region

Distribution Density Years (% of surveyed fields) (plant/m2) 1984-1985 85.93 32.3 1991-1992 99.78 20.8 Weeds in corn production areas

Amaranthus spp. Xanthium strumarium Echinochloa colona Seteria spp. Portulaca oleracea Sorghum halepense Prosopis farcta Physalis angulata Cyperus rotundus Grass Herbicide History in Wheat in Turkey Modified from AKSOY

Pyroxulam Difenzequat

Flamprop-M-isopropyl

ChlorsulfuronPS I Meso+Iodosulfuron

use

to Clodinafop Tralkoxydim Propoxycarbazone Diclofop Fenoxaprop Pinoxaden Date ?

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

ALOMY Lolium AVEFA

case PHABR Fop (Fop) Fop ACCase Resistance ALS AVEST Lolium (Fop) ALS Lolium ALS Den ACCase Grass Herbicide Use in Wheat (ha) by chemical group 1997 2005 2013

480,000 ha 825,000 ha 960,000 ha

Borrowed from AKSOY Populations Fen Clo Dic Fl Tr Tep Cl Se Cy Im Mİ Fla Tri AKR1 5.08 4.28 - - D - - - - 1.17 - - - AKR2 3.38 4.33 4.68 4.09 D 7.01 2.78 D D 0.61 0.88 0.82 0.69 BLG 1.40 1.69 - - H - - - - 1.17 - - - BTP1 1.57 0.85 - - H - - - - 1.00 - - - BTP2 1.16 1.18 0.29 0.85 H 0.03 0.04 - - 0.78 1.12 1.30 0.24 CBY 1.30 0.94 - - H - - - - 1.00 - - - CYL 1.32 1.46 - - H - - - - 1.28 - - - DZC 6.56 >8.00 - - H - - - - 0.94 - - - GKY1 >8.00 2.56 1.79 0.94 H 0.72 1.55 D H 1.22 1.65 2.78 0.48 GKY2 1.56 1.48 - - H - - - - 1.00 - - - GKY3 >8.00 2.02 - - H - - - - 1.56 - - - GRD 1.27 1.04 - - H - - - - 1.50 - - - HZL 1.11 1.06 - - H - - - - 1.00 - - - KMP 3.92 >8.00 - - D - - - - 0.28 - - - KMT 2.41 5.58 2.22 2.10 D 1.58 1.03 - - 0.89 1.36 1.53 0.97 KRL1 1.22 0.63 0.34 0.25 H 0.27 0.26 - - 1.17 0.90 0.83 0.94 KRL2 1.03 1.11 - - H - - - - 0.89 - - - KRL3 1.31 1.05 - - H - - - - 0.78 - - - MKU 1.25 1.48 - - H - - - - 1.33 - - - SAL 1.41 0.92 - - H - - - - 1.17 - - - Susceptible 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 H 1.00 1.00 H H 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Resistance monitoring studies in wheat

Samples collected between 2002-2006 for resistance monitoring studies,

59 populations for Avena sterilis 10 populations for Alopecurus myosuroides 7 populations for Sinapis arvensis Dayanıklılık FPE CLF TRDIM MESOID IMIBNZ A İndeksi* 166 83 41,4 48 24 300 43,2 21,6 10,8 375 V S S 42 41 35 45 42 49 59 59 59 54 E R? 1 2 1 2 1 S RR 2 2 1 5 5 6 4 5 T RR 3 2 3 1 2 4 4 RRR 4 4 3 2 3 RRR 5 9 11 14 3 5 1

Dayanıklılık FPE CLD MESOID İndeksi 166 83 41,4 48 24 43,2 21,6 10,8 A S S 8 6 9 8 8 10 10 10 L R? 1 1 3 1 1 O RR 2 1 RR 3 1 M RRR 4 1 1 Y RRR 5 1 1 Borrowed from AKSOY

Results on SINAR

TRIBEN SULSUL 2,4D AMİN MESOID IMIBEN

60 30 12,5 450 43,2 21,6 10,8 375

S S 6 4 7 5 5 4 R? 1 1 1 RR 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 RR 3 RRR 4 1 1 1 1 1 1

RRR 5 Borrowed from AKSOY Resistance mapping

Wheat fields were surveyed in 2011 (328) and in 2012 (326) wild oat was collected from 103 fields in 2011 and 102 fields in 2012 wild mustard was collected from 43 fields in 2011 and 24 in 2012.

According to the first year results,

Pyroxsulam+cloquintocet-sodium resistance: 26 wild oat and 13 wild mustard

Mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium: 18 wild oat and 19 wild mustard

Clodinafop propargyl 41 wild oat . Uygur et al 2013 Wheat fields were surveyed (328 in 2011 and 351 in 2012) in the Adana Province after wild oats matured. If wild oat cover is less than 5 %, these fields were considered as no problematic wild oat problem. Results of tested populations are below:

Year Total Resistant Under Risk Sensitive 2011 80 39 33 8 2012 62 46 16 0

Ceyhan, Kozan, İmamoğlu and Yüreğir

Ayata 2014 Publications/Institues Publications/ZIMID

Borrowed from AKSOY POPULATION CLODINAFOP FENOXAPROP FIELD INFORMATION AKR1 4.28 5.08 Continuous wheat and FOP application AKR2 4.33 3.38 Continuous wheat and FOP application BLG 1.69 1.40 Cotton in every 3-4 years BTP1 0.85 1.57 Cotton or watermelon in every 3 years BTP2 1.18 1.16 Cotton or watermelon in every 3 years CBY 0.94 1.30 Wheat-lentil rotation, continuous FOP/DIM application CYL 1.46 1.32 Continuous wheat and FOP application DZC >8.00 6.56 GKY1 2.56 >8.00 Continuous wheat and FOP application GKY2 1.48 1.56 GKY3 2.02 >8.00 GRD 1.04 1.27 HZL 1.06 1.11 Wheat-cotton rotation KMP >8.00 3.92 Continuous wheat and FOP application KMT 5.58 2.41 Continuous wheat and FOP application KRL1 0.63 1.22 Continuous wheat and FOP application KRL2 1.11 1.03 Cotton in every three years KRL3 1.05 1.31 Barley or oat in some years MKU 1.48 1.25 Rotation with different crops SAL 0.92 1.41 Susceptible 1.00 1.00 CHANGE IN CROP ACREAGES IN CUKUROVA

6000000

5000000

4000000 2014 2010 3000000 2005 2000 2000000 1995 1991 1991 1000000 1995 2000 0 2005 Wheat Maize Barley 2010 Chickpea Soybean 2014 Groundnut Sunflower Source: TUİK Cotton

TODAY’S ROTATIONS IN ÇUKUROVA

NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP

2. 4. 2. 4. 1. 3. 1. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 4. 1. 2. 4. 1. 2. 4. 4. 1. 2. 4. 1.H 2.H 3.H 4.H 1.H H 3.H 4.H 1.H 2.H 3.H H 1.H H 3.H H H 2.H H 4.H H 2.H 3.H 4.H H H H 4.H H H H 4.H H H 3.H H 1.H 2.H 3.H 4.H H H 3.H H 1.H 2.H 3.H 4.H H 2.H3.H 4.H 1.H 2.H 3.H 4.H 1.H H 3.H 4.H 1.H 2.H 3.H H 1.H 2.H 3.H 4.H 1.H 2.H 3.H H H H 3.H 4.H 1.H 2.H 3.H H 1.H 2.H 3.H 4.H 1.H 2.H 3.H 4.H 1.H 2.H 3.H 4.H

Wheat Soybean (2nd) Cotton Wheat Maize (2nd) Cotton Wheat Soybean (2nd) Maize Wheat Groundnut (2nd) Wheat Wheat Groundnut (2nd) Maize Wheat Follow Sunflower Maize Follow Maize Herbicides Registered in Wheat

Target Weeds Aktif Madde First Reg. HRAC Chemical Class Year Kod Dicot +Florasulam 1991 B2 Sulfonylurea Florasulam+Flumetsulam Tribenuron Methyl+Thiensulfuron-Methyl Iodosulfuron Methyl Sodium+Amidosulfuron-methyl Metsulfuron Methyl+Tribenuron Methyl Metsulfuron Methyl Sulfosulfuron Sulfosulfuron+Metsulfuron Methyl Tribenuron Methyl

Triasulfuron+ 2001 B2/O4 Sulfonylurea /Auxins Florasulam+2.4-D Acetate Tribenuron Methyl+ Tritosulfuron+Dicamba 2.4-D ACID Dimethylamin 1969 O4 Auxins +MCPA 2007 C3,6/O4 Nitrile/Auxins Monocot Diclofop Methyl 1981 A1 ACCase Fenoxaprop-P-Ethyl Clodinafop Propargyl Pinoxaden+Clodinafop Propargyl Pinoxaden Tralkoxydim Mesosulfuron-methyl 2009 B2 Sulfonylurea Mono and Dicot Propoxycarbazone-Sodium+Mesosulfuron-methyl 1991 B2 Sulfonylurea Iodosulfuron Methyl Sodium+Mesosulfuron-methyl 2001 Pyroxsulam Chlorsulfuron USE OF FOP/DİM

Every other year

Continuous Once in

three ALOMY ALOMY abundace years

Duration (Year) Herbicides Registered in Maize and Sunflower

Active Ingredient Formulation a.i. Amount Bromoxynil EC 225 g/l Dicamba+MCPA SL 80+340 g/l Dimethanamid EC 720 g/l Dimethanamid-p+ SE 280+250 g/l

Flurosulam+2.4D Acetate EC 6.25+452.42 g/l Active Ingredient Formulation a.i. amount Foramsulfuron EC 22.5 g/l Aclonifen SC 600 g/l Foramsulfuron+Iodosulfuron-M-Isoxadifen E. WG 300+10+300 g/kg WG 600 g/kg Halosulfuron Methyl WG 750 g/kg -P-Butyl EC 125 g/l Isoxaflutole WG 750 g/kg Isoxaflutole+Cyprosulfamide SC 240+240 Flurochloridone EC 250 g/l Isoxaflutole+Thiencarbazone- Imazamox SL 40 g/l methyl+Cyprosulfamide SC 225+90+150 g/l WP 475 g/kg Imazamox SL 25 g/l SC 480 g/l Linuron WP 475 g/l Mesotrione+Nicosulfuron SC 75+30 g/l Linuron EC 450 g/l Mesotrione+Nicosulfuron SC 37.5+15 g/l Nicosulfuron SC 40 g/l Oxyfluorfene EC 240 g/l Nicosulfuron OD 60 g/l EC 330 g/l Nicosulfuron WG 75 g/kg Pendimethalin SC 450 g/l Nicosulfuron+Rimsulfuron WG 500+250 g/kg Pendimethalin EC 330 g/l Pendimethalin CS 450 g/l Pendimethalin+Dimethanamid EC 250+212.5 g/l Pyridate WP 450 g/kg Propaquizafop EC 100 g/l Rimsulfuron SG 250 g/kg Tembotrione OD 44 g/l Quizalofop-P-Ethyl EC 50 g/l

Terbuthylazine+S- SC 187.5+312.5 g/l Terbuthylazine+Mesotrione SC 330+70 g/l Terbuthylazine+S-Metolachlor SC 187.5+312.5 g/l

Terbuthylazine+S-Metolachlor+Mesotrione SE 125+375+37.5 g/l Terbuthylazine+Mesotrione SC 326+50 g/l Triasulfurone+Dicamba WG 41+655 g/kg Tritosulfurone+Dicamba WG 250+500 2.4D Acetic acid Dimethylamin SL 500 g/l 2.4-Dimethylamin SL 500 g/l EFFECT OF TILLAGE

Shallow 1:3 1:1

tilliage Plowing

ALOMY ALOMY abundace

Duration (Year) IPM IN TURKEY • 1970 IPM FOR cotton pests (focused on white fly) • 1972 IPM in apple and hazelnuts • 1980 Forecasting and early warning activities • 1990 IPM projects on 10 crops (apple, cherry, cotton, hazelnut, maize, olive, pistachio, potato, sunflower, protected crops) under «National research, development and training project for IPM» • 1994 Strategies and programs for IPM were redesigned. New umbrella projects name shows the main difference «National research, implementation and training project for IPM»

Resistance Management

Internal training Product segmentations Label statement Complain handling Open and honest communication Sharing information Collaboration Extension Resistance Management

Weed surveys and Mapping

Systems studies

Herbicide application

Precision agriculture

Cropping system based IPM

Extension and awareness raising

Concerted activities and collaboration Is there one unique recipe worldwide?