Pure Appl. Biol., 10(3): 539-548, September, 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100057

Research Article

Biology, morphology, and varietal distribution of Saw-toothed grain , Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L) on date palm dry and semi-dry dates at district: Khairpur, Sindh - Pakistan

Tasneem Kousar1*, Zaib-un-Nisa Memon1, Hakim Ali Sahito1,2, Wali Muhammad Mangrio1, Faheem Ahmed Jatoi1 and Zafar Hussain Shah1 1. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh- Pakistan 2. Date Palm Research Institute (DPRI), Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh-Pakistan *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Citation Tasneem Kousar, Zaib-un-Nisa Memon, Hakim Ali Sahito, Wali Muhammad Mangrio, Faheem Ahmed Jatoi and Zafar Hussain Shah. Biology, morphology, and varietal distribution of Saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L) on date palm dry and semi-dry dates at district: Khairpur, Sindh - Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology. Vol. 10, Issue 3, pp539-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100057 Received: 19/05/2020 Revised: 17/10/2020 Accepted: 21/10/2020 Online First: 09/10/2020 Abstract The biology of saw-toothed grain beetle, O. surinamensis was assessed on two different dry and semi-dry dates (Aseel and Dadhi) varieties under laboratory conditions at Date Palm Research Institute, SALU-Khairpur during, 2019-20. The results showed that the overall mean of eggs was observed at (60.63±10.41) on both varieties and the eggs incubation period (4.09±0.50), hatching (82.08±4.42) % which was almost found higher on dry dates. The duration of various larval stages was also observed from 1st stage larvae to 4th stage (2.95 to 7.09) in days thus, the mortality and survival rate with % at (4.78 to 46.32) and (3.56 to 88.34) with the pupae period was (12.24). While as; an adult male (10.84) and female (15.91) days consumption and total life spawn (46.78) and (51.86) with a sex ratio (0.90) and (1.11) was remained fluctuated, thereof the maximum infestation on Dadhi dry fruit was observed (9.45±1.28), semi-dry (9.01±6.44) and Aseel dry fruit (5.65±0.73) and semi-dry dates (4.97±3.02), respectively. The result of the present work indicates that this pest frequently relay a negative effect on both types of fruits but the high peak of infestation observed during September and October. It was calculated that 3rd and 4th larvae found a voracious feeder that gently hits dates fruit. The present investigation suggested that there is a vital need to introduce environment-friendly integrated pest management techniques and sufficient measures to secure this golden industry of this region. Keywords: Aseel; Dadhi; Fluctuations; Incubation; Khairpur; Phoenix dactylifera Introduction the biology of O. surinamensis has been The sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus studied by many researchers [3] on various surinamensis Linnaeus (Coleoptera: hosts, detailed studies on the biology of O. ), is one of the keys stored grain surinamensis on semi-dry and dry dates is pests that occur globally [1, 2]. Although not documented properly. This insect is

Published by Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology 539 Kousar et al. highly sensitive to reach stored foods biological, morphological investigation of stuffs due to fruit fragrance and they make the saw-toothed grain beetle on Aseel and attempt to find their way to reach food Dadhi varieties of stored dried and semi availability [4], but in UAE, Tunisia, Saudi dries dates commodities. In District; Arabia, Jordon, Egypt, Algeria, Sudan, and Khairpur Mir’s about 20% dates fruit is Pakistan saw-toothed grain beetle is a most destroyed due to insufficient methods and important pest of stored dates [5], but dates poor management here only two research are widely attacked by O. surinamensis institutes are operational, date palm both at field conditioning and stock places. research institute at Kot Diji, and next is at The larvae of this pest insect create quality Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur. It is and quantity degradation; reduce the of paramount importance to know about germination power of the seed, and the biology and life table parameters of lowering the date’s nutritional value and this pest. Prevention of losses in stored dates fruit are attacked by O. surinamensis products due to insect pests is of both at the field and stock stuff [6]. The paramount importance. Hence; the present larval infestation of O. surinamensis investigations on biology and morphology severely reduces the essential amino acids, of this insect on two stored commodities lipids, polar, and no polar lipids, are informative and crucial for developing phospholipids, methionine, galactolipids, management practices. By characterizing lysine, and isoleucine [7]. The beetle host-associated genetic variation in this distribution is affected by many factors cosmopolitan insect we attempted to such as processing practices, availability of obtain basic information with the potential food, the interaction between species and to be used for future strategies. temperature conditions but frequently Materials and Methods found and serve best in pantry areas [8]. Collection of O. surinamensis The O. surinamensis are small-sized For the proper biological study, two pest- and at storage places, they hide due infested dates varieties namely; T1= to this nature it is difficult to control them Dadhi, T2= Aseel (semi-dry dates), T3= through the application of insecticides [9]. Dadhi and T4= Aseel (dry dates) were There are three genera of Oryzaephilus and collected from the stores, houses, shops, all these genera possess a series of teeth homes and mostly from Khajoor and like appearance behind the eyes projection Chuhara mandy of district: Khairpur for [10]. Female and male are nearly the purpose to conduct the biology and morphologically similar but the male has a morphology parameters of this pest during posterior margin on hind trochanter and the consequent years from May 2019 to medially spine-like projection and margin April 2020. After collection infested dates at the upper hind femur [11]. were poured into plastic jars and brought The saw-toothed grain are almost under laboratory conditions for culture omnivorous in their feeding behavior. It is maintenance. The laboratory research necessary to update all feeding habits in work was carried out at Date Palm response to introducing sustainable and Research Institute (DPRI), Shah Abdul suitable control measures to reduce Latif University, Khairpur during, 2019- infestation attacks [12]. These pests also 20. cause disease problems and retard the Mass-rearing growth of date palm trees [13]. Many The infested dates placed in plastic jars scholars used their stamina to perform the containing 1.5 kg capacities were used and study on the profit of dates from its seeds jars kept incubated at room temperature or fruits, antifungal, hepato-protective 25±2°C and 60-70%. During the eggs activities, antiviral, and antioxidant [14]. hatching process, the focus was taken from The present research study shows the egg to adult stages such as; incubation

540 Pure Appl. Biol., 10(3): 539-548, September, 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100057 period, female fecundity, egg fertility, with changing coloration, an adults larval survival rate, larval developmental morphological variation weight, and size, stages, adult longevity, the sex ratio of etc. males and females were observed. The Statistical analysis couples were identified and separated by The analysis of variance was made through using of stereomicroscope under the randomized complete block design of laboratory conditions and placed in 18cm x all biological parameters and means were 12 plastic cylindrical dimension containing separated through (LSD) test at 5% Aseel and Dadhi dry and semi-dry verities probability to measure up the different of dates as a source of food and for female treatments through the help of student oviposition media covered with the muslin package statistics software 8.1 versions, cloth with rubber band secured it to USA. provide restriction for external insects and Results avoid the escape of trapped insects. For the The biology of O. surinamensis on two proper observations, the jars were arranged date varieties (Aseel and Dadhi) indicated in row manner. Again for authentic the different life stages but the duration of conformation observation was replicated egg incubation, larval period, and all other five times. When female laid eggs inside stages found varied between both varietal the plastic jars which were taken by the dates’ fruit with certain fluctuations during source of camel hairbrush and placed into the consequent months of both years, separate jars for hatching and observation 2019-20. The maximum eggs were laid on of different life stages. Mortality and Dadhi variety as compared to Aseel variety survival of different stages of the pest in both dried and semi-dried conditions. formulated by using the following During a year study plan overall egg formula: hatching percentage on Dadhi variety was The rate of mortality= No. of dead observed (90.57 to72.37) and Aseel variety insects/Total no. of insects x 100 (88.47 to 76.91) as described an under Survival percentage= No. of survival given (Table 1). The larval mortality insects/Total no. of insects x 100 percentage was also observed at (19.76 to Again for the population fluctuation on dry 6.46) and (15.44 to 4.94), larval survival and semi-dry date fruits were collected percentage (93.53 to 80.24), (95.05 to from godowns at Khairpur Khajoor mandi 84.55) and pupal period (13.45 to 8.30), and brought under laboratory conditions at (15.83 to 11.36) (Table 2), and male a fortnightly interval basis and the saw- consumed minimum days and with toothed population was counted by the minimum sex ratio as compared with help of magnifying glasses. The purpose female. The male life span on Dadhi was to find out which variety is severely variety ranges from (6.55 to 15.82) and on affected than others and to determine the Aseel variety consumed (9.59 to 11.38) choice and no-choice of varieties. For this days. The female on Dadhi variety purpose, the most resistant and susceptible consumed (15.38 to 17.85) days and on variety was highlighted in this research Aseel variety (11.05 to 19.35) days as work besides, the most divesting stage was presented in (Table 3). The overall mean kept under observation. of population fluctuation on both varieties Morphological attributions was also observed (9.01 to 9.45) and (4.97 During laboratory conditions, the attention to 5.65), respectively. When statistical data was taken on all morphological were analyzed that shows the significant attributions of the saw-toothed grain difference among all stages of pest and beetle, O. surinamensis such as; size and least significant differences were found shape of eggs, the morphology of larvae varied from each other.

541 Kousar et al.

Table 1. Overall mean and SD of egg developmental stages of O. surinamensis on Dadhi and Aseel varieties under laboratory conditions at DPRI Egg fertility Dates fruit Female eggs Egg incubation Un- varieties laid period (days) Hatched Hatching % hatched Aseel (semi-dry 40.55 3.50 29.35 11.20 72.37 dates) Dadhi (semi-dry 45.05 3.04 34.65 10.40 76.91 dates) Aseel dry dates) 75.35 4.55 68.25 7.10 90.57 Dadhi (dry dates) 81.55 5.25 72.15 9.40 88.47 Mean+SD 60.63±10.41a 4.09±0.50b 51.51±11.11a 9.53±0.89b 82.08±4.42a

Table 2. Overall mean and SD of different stages of O. surinamensis on dates of two host date palm trees under laboratory conditions Duration of different larval stages Dates Larval and Pupal stages in days varietie 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Mortali Surviva Mortali Surviva Pupae s stage stage stage stage ty rate l rate ty % l % period Aseel (semi- 1.50 2.68 4.88 6.80 5.80 23.55 19.76 80.24 11.36 dry) Dadhi (semi- 2.50 3.65 3.90 5.95 5.35 29.30 15.44 84.55 8.30 dry) Aseel 3.85 5.30 5.20 7.35 4.41 63.84 6.46 93.53 15.83 dry) Dadhi 3.95 6.20 6.55 8.25 3.57 68.58 4.94 95.05 13.45 (dry) Mean+ 2.95± 4.46±0. 5.13±0. 7.09±0. 4.78±0. 46.32±1 3.56±11 88.34±3 12.24±1 SD 0.59c 79c 55c 48c 50c 1.59b .65c .56a .60c

Table 3. Overall mean life longevity on Aseel and Dadhi (semi-dry and dry dates) varieties under laboratory conditions Dates fruit Adults (days) Life spawn Sex ratio varieties Male Female Male Female Male Female Aseel 6.55 15.38 37.27 46.10 0.80 1.23 (semi-dry) Dadhi 9.59 11.05 36.93 38.39 0.96 1.03 (semi-dry) Aseel dry) 15.82 17.85 57.90 59.93 0.96 1.03 Dadhi 11.38 19.35 55.03 63.00 0.87 1.14 (dry) 10.84±1.94 Mean+SD 15.91±1.81b 46.78±5.62a 51.86±5.80a 0.90±0.04c 1.11±0.05c b

542 Pure Appl. Biol., 10(3): 539-548, September, 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100057

The infestation of O. surinamensis on semi-dry and dry dates of the market. The dried and semi-dried Dadhi and Aseel analysis of variance shows the non- varieties significant difference every month started The Dadhi and Aseel dried and semi-dried from May 2019 to April 2020 on semi-dry varieties were collected from different dates at (DF=1, 23; F=1. 154; P=0.2270), stock places at district Khairpur Mirs and respectively (Fig. 1). Whereas; the analysis carefully observed that found with the of variance shows the significant prevalence of different stages of the saw- difference among these months fortnightly toothed grain beetle when brought under interval basis data (DF= 23, 1; F= 4.97; laboratory conditions at Date palm P=0.0001) as described in under given research institute, SALU-Khairpur. The (Fig. 2), respectively. maximum pest population was found Morphological description of saw- during warmer months and the minimum toothed grain beetle pest population when the temperature falls Female of the O. surinamensis, laid fresh in the winter season. The data were eggs in a single manner which found statistically analyzed and means were whitish in color and oval in shape, as time compared within an egg laid, incubation passed those smoothly became dark hatched, and unhatched percentage (DF= brownish as found near to hatching stage 4, 3; F= 37.30; P= 0.000) which were into larval stages (Fig. 3). The first stage found significantly different from each larvae were observed whitish and other. Whereas; the larval days somewhat moved very slowly around the consumption, mortality rate and food masses thus, the second stage of percentage, survival rate and percentage larvae was observed whitish but anteriorly and pupal period on both varieties shows contained brownish pigmentation and significant difference at (DF= 8, 3; F= posteriorly pointed body. At this stage, the 47.39; P= 0.001), and male/female days larvae gradually moved for food purposes consumption, life span and sex ratio on likewise, the third stage of larvae same varieties (DF= 5, 3; F= 67. 66; P= contained the elongated body, yellowish to 0.001) also found significantly different, whitish. In this stage, the jointed respectively. appendages found visible in the thoracic Population fluctuation of Saw-toothed region. At this stage, the larvae found grain beetle on (dry and semi-dry dates posterior blunt and anteriorly head with fruits on Dadhi and Aseel varieties antennae and have more need of food for When the semi-dry dates were reached at their survival. The fourth stage larvae the Khajoor and Chuhara mandi, district: observed more active as compared to other Khairpur during the season, 2019-20. In stages and severely infested the date fruits. the month of first May, samples of about This stage of larva found brownish and 100 semi-dry and dry dates of two anteriorly much darker brown and at head different varieties were purchased from the region contained paired antennae and stored godowns of dates for checking the eyespots at the head region. Pupae color is population variation on a fortnightly found much darker and brown with a interval basis throughout the year. Thus, constricted body. Pupae are also found the peak population was observed from with protected cocoon layers. Like the September to October and the least passing of a few days, the anterior silt-like population was observed from January to appearance occurred and the new adult February. Among both varieties, the Dadhi emerged. Adults were dark brown an variety found most vulnerable with the active insect, slender shaped, having 2 to saw-toothed grain beetle on semi-dry dates 3 mm in size, with characteristic teeth like whereas, the Aseel variety was found less running down the side of the prothorax affected with pest, O. surinamensis on with smaller eyes with broader and

543 Kousar et al. triangular-shaped head. A tooth on the certain behavioral activities, further as femur of the hind legs makes described as in hand made diagrams as differentiation in males from the female. A given as under. paired beadle shaped antennae used for

Figure 1. The fortnightly overall mean population of O. surinamensis on semi-dry dates during, 2019-20

Figure 1. The fortnightly overall mean population of O. surinamensis on dry dates/Chuhanra during, 2019-20

544 Pure Appl. Biol., 10(3): 539-548, September, 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100057

Egg 1st stage larvae 2nd stage larvae

4th stage larvae 5th stage larvae Pupae

Adult stage of Saw-toothed Grain beetle Figure 3. Handmade diagrams of different life cycle stages of Saw-toothed grain beetle under laboratory conditions at DPRI

Discussion other crops [15]. The Phoenix is a Greek In the world, there are ten topmost dates word meaning red fruit and dactylifera fruit-producing countries including; Saudi means finger-like appearance [16]. The Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Sudan, date palm trees having the capability to Egypt, Pakistan, Oman, Iran, Tunisia, survive in salinity, drought, at upper range Algeria, and Libya amongst Pakistan ranks temperatures also with other many crops 6th biggest dates producing country and in hence sometimes called symbol of life in these countries date, palm fruit-bearing the desert regions [17]. The Muslim crop is considered as more important than communities widely in a daily manner had

545 Koussar et al. been using dates fruit during Ramadan findings of [25], they reported, O. [18] used for fuel, leaflets to weave fruit surinamensis lay the eggs in the dried and baskets and mats also to build homes [19] semi-dried dates after hatching larvae can and their fruit is on the top of the list [20]. larvae develop. The adult female lays their Dates are the source of health and eggs in singly at the area of food supply nutritional value, riches content of and near about two months egg to adult antioxidants, contain ferulic acid, coumaric arise female adult serve their life from six acid, moreover, it consists fructose, to ten months may live three years if the glucose, sucrose, sterols, anthocyanins, environmental conditions are fruitful. Our flavonoids, carotenoids, dietary fibers, findings are also with the agreement of procyanidins, fats, proteins, biotin, folic [26] who documented biology, acid, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, thiamine, morphology, and of lesser date copper, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, moth on dates at the same district on two iron, sodium, cobalt, boron, magnesium, different temperatures under laboratory selenium, zinc and fluorine [21]. Certain conditions. Keeping in view, it is firmly factors relying a negative effect on date needed to know about the rate of losses production, mainly in the cultivation of during the developmental stages of the pest dates including, planting of mixed seedling insect and introduce the crucial and or cultivars, crowding of trees, informative management strategies to unproductive trees, poor drainage, salt minimize the losses from the vigorous pest accumulation, insufficient tilling or insects during storage periods. In present fertilization, irrigation, soil degradation, findings, it was positively found the water scarcity and lack of disease control infestation attacks on both varieties and pest management [22]. The O. throughout the year but significant surinamensis is mainly pantry pest, development prolongation and shortening secondary feeders, by forming minor duration found with low and high lesions or crakes became successful to fluctuations. In present scientific-based enter the dates [21]. Due to the critical researches investigating the biology of infestation of this pest dried and semi- insects on the fruit of two different dried dates reduce the quality and quantity varieties were observed and attention was and weight loss as well and by the help of given their severe losses. In this context, the chewing type of mouth reach basic knowledge and sustainable foodstuffs and move inside the food management practices are needed to packed boxes. minimize the storage product losses. Our results having certain similarities with Conclusion and recommendations the findings of [22], they studied The biological study of O. surinamensis on biological study, food preference, host dates was performed the first time in this range, and type of food, and [23], they area and focus was taken on Dadhi and documented infestation on stored dates. Aseel varieties during present work. The present work is comparable with the Phoenix dactylifera locally called Khajoor findings of [24] authors studied the and dates trees are the main source of the biology of saw-toothed grain beetle but live hood of the district: Khairpur, it was due to high mobility and smaller size it is frequently concluded that this insect pest is difficult to get sufficient offspring during widely harming dry and semi-dry dates the rearing process and with the work of fruit of Aseel and Dadhi verities [8], he documented that each stage larvae throughout the year but mostly at stock molt moves them into next stage and places. Aseel dates are the most adults found 2.5 mm in their length. economical and valuable known as queen Larvae into cracks crawl. The present variety of this area. In present research findings are furthermore related to the findings, the fruit of Dadhi and Aseel

546 Pure Appl. Biol., 10(3): 539-548, September, 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100057 variety (dry and semi-dry) were observed (2016). Susceptibility of different with less infestation in the May month and varieties of stored date palm fruits with high infestation during October. infested by saw tooth grain beetle, O. Similarly, the minimum pest population surinamensis (L. 1758) under was observed on dry dates during May and laboratory conditions. J Entomo and maximum in September. The present work Zool Studi 4(6): 1-96. is recommended that will be supportive 4. Najeeb MA (2001). Pests and diseases and informative to know about this pest of date palm. Ministry of Agriculture insect and its O. surinamensis harmful and water. extension directorate. hazards. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Author’s contributions 5. Thomas EL & Shepard HH (1940). The experiments were designated and The influence of temperature, conceived: ZN Memon & HA Sahito, moisture, and food upon the Performed experiments by: T Kousar, development and survival of the Analyzed the data: WM Mangrio, Tools/ sawtoothed grain beetle. J Agri Res analyses/ materials by: FA Jatoi & ZH 60: 605-615. Shah. 6. Kumar TP, Moorthy SN, Balagopalan Acknowledgment C, Jayaprakas CA & Rajamma P The authors are highly thankful to local (1996). Quality changes in market growers and date palm owners of this area cassava chips infested by insects. J for sharing fruitful ideas and there Stored Products Res 32(2): 183-186. experience about date palm varieties and 7. Trematerra P & Sciarretta A (2004). their date fruits. Again authors cheerfully Spatial distribution of some beetles pleased to their Co-guide Dr. Hakim Ali infesting a feed mill with spatio- Sahito for their admiral approaches, temporal dynamics of Oryzaephilus expertise, and restless approaches which surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum poured the soul of encouragement amongst and Tribolium confusum. J Stored us. His revolutionary ideas lead us to this Produ Res 40(4): 363-377. leading pathway by which we have 8. Heather NW & Wilson D (1983). attended this attempt. Resistance to fenitrothion in O. References surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: 1. Hashem MY, Ahmed SS, El- Silvanidae) in Queensland. J Austri Mohandes MA & Gharib MA (2012). Ento Soc 22-210. Susceptibility of different life stages 9. Mason LJ (2003.) Grain insect fact of saw-toothed grain beetle sheet. Cooperative Extension Service. Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) Dept Entomol Purdue Univ pp. 228. (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) to modified 10. Lobl I & Kodada J (1996). Re- atmospheres enriched with carbon description of adult Bledioschema dioxide. J of Stored Product Res 48: schweigeri Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: 46-51. Oxytelinae) with description of its 2. Rossiter LC, Gunning RV & Rose HA presumed larva and taxonomic (2001). The use of polyacrylamide comments. Eur J Entomol 93: 629- gelelectrophoresis for the 639. investigation and detection of 11. Astuti L Mario MB & Widjayanti T fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos-methyl (2018). Preference, growth and resistance in O. surinamensis development of O. surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Pesti (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) on red, white Biochemist Physiolo 69: 27-34. and black rice in whole grain and flour 3. Mallah NA, Sahito HA, Kousar T, form. J Ento Res 42(4): 461-468 Kubar WA, Jatoi FA & Shah ZH

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