Bioelectromagnetics 24:295^315 (2003)
Review Bioelectromagnetics in Morphogenesis
Michael Levin* Department of Cytokine Biology,The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Understanding the factors that allow biological systems to reliably self-assemble consistent, highly complex, four dimensional patterns on many scales is crucial for the biomedicine of cancer, regeneration, and birth defects. The role of chemical signaling factors in controlling embryonic morphogenesis has been a central focus in modern developmental biology. While the role of tensile forces is also beginning to be appreciated, another major aspect of physics remains largely neglected by molecular embryology: electromagnetic fields and radiations. The continued progress of molecular approaches to understanding biological form and function in the post genome era now requires the merging of genetics with functional understanding of biophysics and physiology invivo. The literature contains much data hinting at an important role for bioelectromagnetic phenomena as a mediator of morphogenetic information in many contexts relevant to embryonic development. This review attempts to highlight briefly some of the most promising (and often underappreciated) findings that are of high relevance for understanding the biophysical factors mediating morphogenetic signals in biological systems. These data originate from contexts including embryonic development, neoplasm, and regeneration. Bioelectromagnetics 24:295–315, 2003. ß 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Key words: electromagnetic fields; embryology; development; regeneration; cancer; ultraweak photons; self-assembly
INTRODUCTION phogenetic signals in biological systems. Papers were selected based on quality, importance of result, or in One of the most interesting aspects of biology some cases uniqueness individual reports which have is morphogenesis: the ability of living systems to self- not been followed up but may indicate extremely pro- organize simultaneously on many scales to produce the mising and novel findings. exquisitely complex pattern which underlies function. For reasons of brevity, well known and popular Molecular genetics and biochemistry have focussed on aspects of bioelectromagnetics will not be addressed. unraveling the role of biochemical messengers in this These include ionic conduction in neurons, detection process, and are beginning to understand the role of of physiological electric and magnetic fields via ECG tensile forces and adhesion. However, one major aspect and SQUID, light, ionizing radiation, and the mountain of biophysics remains largely neglected by modern of literature on controversial epidemiological claims embryology: electromagnetic fields and radiations. The of human disorders caused by exposure to fields of continued progress of molecular approaches to under- technological origin (extremely low frequency (ELF) standing biological form and function in the post- and microwave). The fundamental biophysics of genome era requires the functional understanding of biophysics and physiology. —————— The literature contains much data hinting at an Grant sponsor: American Cancer Society; Grant number: RSG-02- important role for bioelectromagnetic phenomena as 046-01; Grant sponsor: American Heart Association; Grant a mediator of morphogenetic information in many number: 0160263T; Grant sponsor: Basil O’Connor fellowship contexts relevant to embryonic development. However, from The March of Dimes; Grant number: 5-FY01-509; Grant many of these papers were published in journals not sponsor: Harcourt General Charitable Foundation. indexed in Medline or other biomedically focussed *Correspondence to: Dr. Michael Levin, Department of Cytokine databases and were published prior to when it was Biology, The Forsyth Institute, 140 The Fenway, Boston, MA feasible to place full content or even abstracts online. 02115. E-mail: [email protected] Thus, much of this work remains unknown to re- searchers in the field. This review attempts to hig- Received for review 14 September 2002; Final revision received hlight some of the most promising (and often little 12 December 2002 appreciated) findings that are of high relevance for DOI 10.1002/bem.10104 understanding the biophysical factors mediating mor- Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).