Arte E Colecionismo Na França Pelas Letras De Dominique-Vivant Denon1 Maria Angélica Beghini Morales

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Arte E Colecionismo Na França Pelas Letras De Dominique-Vivant Denon1 Maria Angélica Beghini Morales Arte e colecionismo na França pelas letras de Dominique-Vivant Denon1 Maria Angélica Beghini Morales Acredita-se que ele se pareça com Voltaire. Eu diria que encontro nele a fisionomia de Voltaire, mas não encontro em Voltaire a sua fisionomia. Eles têm em comum, diria eu, tudo aquilo que faz parte desses talentos agrupados sob o nome de “espírito”: vivacidade, movimento, e um não sei o que de malicioso no olhar e no sorriso, que nos amedronta e entretanto nos agrada igualmente.2 Esse trecho é parte da descrição de Dominique-Vivant Denon realizada por Isabella Teotochi em seus Ritratti. Em outra ocasião, a pintora Elisabeth Vigeé-Lebrun ressaltou “seu espírito e seu conhecimento das artes”, afirmando ainda, sobre ele: “um de nossos franceses mais amáveis, não no que se refere à sua aparência, é verdade, pois o Sr. Denon, mesmo muito jovem, sempre foi bastante feio, o que, dizem, não o impediu de agradar uma grande quantidade de belas mulheres”.3 Isabella Teotochi, autora do primeiro excerto, foi uma das muitas mulheres a se render aos encantos de Vivant Denon. Foram amantes por cinco anos e trocaram uma extensa correspondência. Oriundo da nobreza provinciana, Denon nasceu no seio de uma família proprietária de terras em Chalon-sur-Saône no dia 4 de janeiro de 1747. Ainda bastante jovem se mudou para Paris, incentivado por seu pai que aspirava para ele uma carreira 1 Este trabalho teve como base a pesquisa desenvolvida na dissertação de mestrado da autora: Maria Angélica Beghini Morales, O circuito das artes pelas letras de Vivant Denon: um nobre patrono para uma nova França (1778-1815). Dissertação (Mestrado em História Social) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, 323p., 2015. 2 Todas as traduções presentes nesse trabalho são da autora. No original: “On estime généralement qu’il ressemble à Voltaire. Moi, je dirais que je trouve en lui la physionomie de Voltaire, mais non la sienne dans celle de Voltaire. Ils ont en commun, dirais-je, tout ce qui fait partie de ces talents regroupés sous le nom d’esprit: vivacité, mouvement, et ce je ne sais quoi de malicieux dans le regard et dans le sourire, que l’on craint tant mais qui pourtant plaît tout autant”. Teotochi, Isabella. Ritratti VI – Vivant Denon apud. Daniela Gallingani e Marianna Tagliani (orgs.) Vivant Denon – Lettres à Isabella Teotochi 1788-1816. Paris: Méditerranée, 1998, Anexo p.267. 3 “Son esprit et ses connaissances dans les arts faisaient de lui le plus aimable cicerone” e “Un de nos Français les plus aimables, non sous le rapport de la figure, il est vrai, car M. Denon, même très jeune, a toujours été fort laid, ce qui, dit-on, ne l'a pas empêché de plaire à une grand nombre de jolies femmes.” Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun. Souvenirs. Paris: Librairie de H. Fournier, 1835, Tomo 2, Cap. IX. diplomática. Seu encanto e sua delicadeza no trato certamente foram aperfeiçoados em seus anos como courtisan de Luís XV, em Versalhes. Suas habilidades rapidamente lhe renderam uma posição junto à corte: Gentilhomme ordinaire de la chambre du Roi, cargo que obteve com apenas 22 anos de idade. Em 1771, foi elevado ao cargo de Gentilhomme d’ambassade – atribuição que o levou a suas primeiras viagens à Rússia, Suíça e Itália. Na Paris pré-revolucionária, foi envolvido pelo espírito das Luzes e pelo meio cultural e artístico da época. Admirador de Rousseau, Diderot e Voltaire, conheceu esse último em Ferney, em uma de suas missões junto à embaixada da Suíça, em 1775. Além de seu interesse pelas ideias iluministas, Vivant Denon também se dedicava ao estudo da arte e à sua prática; ainda bastante jovem, frequentou ateliês de pintores importantes e se dedicou ao estudo de técnicas de desenho. Já nesse período Denon demonstra ter a mão hábil para as artes. Porém, sua carreira como artista é deixada de lado – ainda que não tenha sido de todo abandonada, como veremos – quando segue para as missões diplomáticas. Denon não viajou somente como embaixador francês. Em 1777, logo antes de exercer essa função junto à corte de Fernando e Maria Carolina em Nápoles, realizou uma viagem percorrendo toda a região sul da Itália. Nos moldes do tradicional Grand Tour, percorreu as principais cidades da península contratado pelo ilustrado Abade de Saint- Non, que pretendia escrever um grandioso relato de viagem sobre a expedição. Após sua aposentadoria precoce do cargo de Gentilhomme d’Ambassade, Denon volta a Paris, em 1787, quando é rapidamente aceito pela Academie Royale de Beaux Arts como associé-amateur e logo em seguida como gravurista. Denon retorna à Itália em 1788, já como membro da Académie Royale, para se dedicar ao estudo das artes, ao desenho, à gravura e à cópia de obras-primas italianas. Denon só voltará a Paris após a eclosão da Revolução, em pleno Terror, sob a ameaça de ter seus bens confiscados pelo Estado francês e após uma série de acusações por parte da Inquisição veneziana, que o considerava um possível informante jacobino.4 Ao que parece, a soma de todas as suas características, que incluíam uma forte habilidade social, agradou a Napoleão Bonaparte. Nas palavras de Pierre Lelièvre – um 4 Sobre a atuação da Inquisição italiana cf. Francisco Bethencourt. História das Inquisições. Portugual, Espanha e Itália – séculos XV-XIX. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000. dos autores do século XX que se debruça sobre o legado de Denon – o sucesso de seu relato, somado às vantagens de suas “relações europeias, e ao seu conhecimento de coleções públicas e privadas da França, da Itália e da Europa Central, fizeram dele um notável prospector de obras-primas.”5 Foi, em 1802, nomeado Diretor Geral do Museu Central das Artes.6 Ocupando essa função, Denon participou intensamente da reformulação da ideia de museu nacional francês e exerceu uma considerável influência junto a Napoleão. No Louvre, ele realizará inúmeras atividades ligadas à administração das coleções, como correspondência com artistas, organização dos Salões, gerenciamento do transporte, aquisição e recuperação de obras e resolução de questões relativas aos objetos confiscados no exterior. Nesse período, também estará à frente de inúmeros projetos político e culturais do governo de Napoleão, como a produção de medalhas comemorativas, monumentos (a famosa Coluna Vendôme, por exemplo) e a realização de pinturas históricas exaltando o Primeiro Cônsul e depois Imperador. Deixa seu cargo junto ao Museu em 1815, quando é constrangido a pedir demissão, mesmo tendo realizado algumas importantes tarefas sob o governo de Luís XVIII; mas permanecerá membro da Académie até o fim de sua vida, em 1825, cuidando de sua coleção particular em seu hôtel em Paris.7 Procurando entender Denon como homem de seu tempo – já que muitas vezes a vida de um homem ilustra de modo privilegiado o contexto no qual viveu8 –, compreendemos que a importância de se estudar seu legado reside no fato de ser uma figura de extrema importância por trás do aspecto cultural do domínio e da consolidação do poder de uma época. Será nesse contexto que irão se desenvolver importantes ideias 5 “relations européenes, sa connaissance des collections publiques et privées de France, d’Italie et d’Europe centrale en faisaient un remarquable prospecteur de chefs-d’oeuvre”. Pierre Lelièvre. Vivant Denon, homme des Lumières, ministre des arts de Napoléon. Paris: Picard, 1993, p.115. 6 Antes de conhecer Denon, Napoleão já levara especialistas das artes em suas viagens, como no caso da campanha na Itália de 1796; os comissários, conforme assinalou Fiorio, utilizavam seus conhecimentos prévios da península bem como os famosos relatos do Grand Tour para mapear as obras-primas que seria interessante requisitar. Maria Teresa Fiorio Il museo nella storia. Milão/Torino: Bruno Mondari e Pearson Italia, 2011, p.55. 7 Sua trajetória biográfica foi aqui composta com base tanto no conjunto de fontes textuais de autoria do próprio Vivant Denon, quando na bibliografia específica sobre ele, ambos relacionadas no final deste trabalho. 8 Nesse sentindo, podemos citar alguns personagens emblemáticos na historiografia que foram utilizados para compreender seu tempo: o moleiro Menocchio, por Carlo Ginzburg, Salvador de Sá, por Charles Boxer, e Cláudio Manoel da Costa, por Laura de Mello e Souza. sobre coleção e patrimônio na França ao longo de todo o século XIX, com as quais ainda hoje nos deparamos. Sua figura não deve ser pensada somente a partir de um ponto de vista regional e francês; deve ser pensada também de modo global, devido à ampla influência de suas concepções museológicas em inúmeros aspectos do colecionismo público ocidental. São notáveis, entre outros fatos, toda a polêmica gerada no ambiente parisiense em torno das práticas de confisco e restituição das obras e o exílio de muitos artistas e intelectuais franceses (que deram origem, por exemplo, à Academia de Belas Artes do Rio de Janeiro).9 A série de documentos analisada foi selecionada a partir do conceito de “inventário mental” desenvolvido por Michel Vovelle, que nos foi inspirador em inúmeras instâncias.10 Pretendeu-se, através da análise dos textos escritor por Vivant Denon, compreender não só sua trajetória singular, mas também a relação estabelecida com seu contexto. A leitura e o cruzamento de referências de seus relatos de viagens, cartas particulares e escritos institucionais permitiram uma interpretação bastante rica; nas palavras de Carlo Ginzburg: “Escavando os meandros dos textos, contra as intenções de quem os produziu, podemos fazer emergir vozes incontroladas.”11 Podemos pensar na atuação de Denon dividida em dois aspectos principais, que se relacionam de forma cronológica com sua trajetória a partir da documentação levantada. O primeiro diz respeito a Denon como homem privado do Antigo Regime; o segundo, à sua atuação como homem público, na sociedade pós-revolucionária.
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