Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration

TURKEY Last Updated: 2007-05-24

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line L 2000 Erzurum: Pre-SAC: Total B 0.50-5.99 232 19.0 4393 * Pre-SAC by sex F 0.50-5.99 105 19.1 Pre-SAC by sex M 0.50-5.99 127 18.9

L 1998 -2000 city: PW F 14.00-44.99 426 2.3 16.945.5 1.14 0.44 5127 * L 1998 Izmir: Pre-SAC: Total B 0.50-4.99 160 0.6 15.6 1.02 0.33 1912 * Pre-SAC by sex F 0.50-4.99 78 17.0 0.97 0.36 Pre-SAC by sex M 0.50-4.99 82 15.0 1.08 0.29 Pre-SAC by location: Urban B 0.50-4.99 112 17.0 1.02 0.32 Pre-SAC by location: Rural B 0.50-4.99 42 13.0 1.02 0.34

L 1995P : Infants/Pre-SAC: Total B 0.75-1.5 80 1.3 30.0 0.82 0.24 107 * Infants/Pre-SAC by sex F 0.75-1.5 36 25.0 0.84 0.25 Infants/Pre-SAC by sex M 0.75-1.5 44 34.1 0.81 0.23

S 1991 and Kocaeli provinces: PW F 16.00-35.99 110 1.8 24.5 2.05 1.87 5822 * R 1985 -1986 Marmara, Central Anatolian, East Anatolian regions B 7.00-17.99 960 2.3 11.6 261 * SAC/Adolescents by region: Marmara B 7.00-17.99 320 2.2 14.8 SAC/Adolescents by region: Central Anatolia B 7.00-17.99 320 1.6 7.1 SAC/Adolescents by region: East Anatolia B 7.00-17.99 320 3.2 12.8 SAC/Adolescentsby settlement: Villages B 7.00-17.99 300 1.36 0.67 SAC/Adolescents by settlement: Small towns B 7.00-17.99 150 1.34 0.62 SAC/Adolescents by settlement: Cities B 7.00-17.99 150 1.18 0.46 SAC by sex and age F 7.00-7.99 60 1.24 0.55 SAC by sex and age F 8.00-8.99 60 1.42 0.77 SAC by sex and age F 9.00-9.99 60 1.32 0.48 SAC by sex and age F 10.00-10.99 60 1.23 0.56 SAC by sex and age F 11.00-11.99 60 1.42 0.70 SAC by sex and age F 12.00-12.99 30 1.34 0.75 SAC by sex and age M 7.00-7.99 60 1.29 0.58 SAC by sex and age M 8.00-8.99 60 1.18 0.61 SAC by sex and age M 9.00-9.99 60 1.34 0.76 SAC by sex and age M 10.00-10.99 60 1.28 0.55 SAC by sex and age M 11.00-11.99 60 1.32 0.73 SAC by sex and age M 12.00-12.99 30 1.90 0.35 Adolescents by sex and age F 13.00-13.99 30 1.19 0.47

© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration

TURKEY Last Updated: 2007-05-24

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

R 1985 -1986 Adolescents by sex and age F 14.00-14.99 30 1.26 0.73 261 Adolescents by sex and age F 15.00-15.99 30 1.29 0.54 Adolescents by sex and age F 16.00-16.99 30 1.22 0.37 Adolescents by sex and age F 17.00-17.99 30 1.37 0.66 Adolescents by sex and age M 13.00-13.99 30 1.57 1.35 Adolescents by sex and age M 14.00-14.99 30 1.26 0.51 Adolescents by sex and age M 15.00-15.99 30 1.27 0.52 Adolescents by sex and age M 16.00-16.99 30 1.07 0.36 Adolescents by sex and age M 17.00-17.99 30 1.24 0.53

© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency NOTES TURKEY

Reference No: 4393 General notes: Cluster sampling. Sample selected from rural and urban areas of .

Reference No: 5127 General notes: Facility based study (health centres). Sample comprised of PW (first, second and third trimester) atteding health centres in Gaziantep city, Gaziantep province. Reference No: 1912 General notes: Cluster sampling. Sample comprised pre-SAC from 30 urban and 30 rural areas of Izmir. Serum retinol concentrations converted from µg/mL to µmol/L. Reference No: 107 General notes: Facility based study (hospital). Sample comprised healthy children brought to Dr. Sami Ulus Children's Hospital, Ankara for measles immunization. Serum retinol concentrations converted from µg/dl to µmol/L. Reference No: 5822 General notes: Longitudinal study of pregnant women atteding 10 different health centres in the provinces of Istanbul and Kocaeli, with random selection of women from each health centre. Women with histories of renal, thyroid, cardiovasuclar, diabetic and gross obstetric problems, and hypertension excluded. Only samples taken from subjects at the first time point (13-17 weeks of pregnancy) reported here. Additional time points of 28-32 weeks of pregnancy, and 13-17 weeks postpartum are reported in the publication. Reference No: 261 General notes: Sample selected from 5 cities, 5 small towns and 10 villages within the regions of Marmara, Central Anatolian and East Anatolian. Blood samples taken from 1 male and 1 female pupil randomly selected from each age group at 60 primary schools (7-11 years, n=600), 15 junior high schools (12-14 years, n=180) and 15 senior high schools (15-17 years, n=180).

© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency R E F E R E N C E S TURKEY

Reference 107 Hatun S, Tezic T. Vitamin A status of healthy infants in Ankara, Turkey. Ankara, Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 1995, 37 :187-192.

Reference 261 Wetherilt H, Ackurt F, Brubacher G, Okan B, Aktas S, Turdu S. Blood vitamin and mineral levels in 7-17 years old Turkish children. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 1992, 62 :21-29.

Reference 1912 Kurugöl Z, Egemen A, Keskinoglu P, Darcan S, Aksit S. Vitamin A deficiency in healthy children aged 6-59 months in Izmir Province of Turkey. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 2000, 14 :64-69.

Reference 4393 Inandi T, Ertekin V, Guraksin A, S, Yildirim AK. Vitamin A deficiency in healthy children aged 6-71 months in eastern Turkey. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 2004, 24 :107-1080.

Reference 5127 I, Bozkurt AI, Kilincer S, Ozcirpici B, Ozgur S. Vitamin A and beta-carotene levels during pregnancy in Gaziantep, Turkey. Acta Medica, 2004, 47 :189-193.

Reference 5822 Açkurt F, Wetherilt H, Löker M, Hacibekiroğlu M. Biochemical assessment of nutritional status in pre- and post-natal Turkish women and outcome of pregnancy. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1995, 49 :613-622.

© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency ADDITIONAL REFERENCES TURKEY

Reference 1911 Küçükbay H, Yakinci C, Küçükbay FZ, Turgut M. Serum vitamin A and bet-carotene levels in children with recurrent acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea in . Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1997, 43 :337-340.

Reference 2551 Tanzer F, Caglar Y, Sagnak K, Ciliv G. Ocular findings and vitamin A levels in cases of malnutrition in the region of Turkey [letter]. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1991, 37 :269-270.

Reference 3008 Buyukgebiz B, Ozalp I, Oran O. Investigation of serum vitamin A levels of children who had a history of recurrent diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections in Ankara. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1990, 36 :251-255.

Reference 3009 , UNICEF. The situation analysis of mothers and children in Turkey. 1991.

Reference 3080 Hatun S, Tezic T, Kunak B, Cengiz AB. Vitamin A levels of children with measles in Ankara, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 1995, 37 :193-200.

Reference 3902 FAO. FAO - nutrition country profiles - Turkey. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2001.

Reference 4167 Coskun T. Blinding and immunocompromising malnutrition: vitamin A deficiency. International Child Health, 1998, 9 :1-17.

Reference 4659 Pekcan G, Karaagaoglu N. State of nutrition in Turkey. Nutrition and Health, 2000, 14 :41-52.

© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency