CHINA (WITH HONG KONG)

RELIGION z Agnostics: 31.3% z Chinese Folk Religionists: 29.9% z Buddhists: 16% z Christians: 9,3% z Atheists: 6,9% z Ethnoreligionists: 4,3%

z Muslims: 1,7% AREA POPULATION 9.600.000km² 1,390,266,000 z Others: 0,6%

Legal framework on freedom of religion and actual application According to article 36 of China’s constitution, the citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief. No one, state agency or private individual, can force people to believe or not believe in a religion or discriminate on the basis of religious beliefs. “The state protects normal religious activities” and prohibits the use of religion KONG) HONG (WITH CHINA for activities that “disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state.” Religious organisations and activities must not be “subject to any foreign domination”.1 In practice, article 36 of the constitution protects only the activities of the five officially recognised religious traditions – Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Protestantism and Catholicism – and only those governed by seven state-sanctioned “patriotic” associations. Religious practice or expression outside the state-controlled apparatus is illegal and has been met to varying degrees over the past 70 years with punishment, repression and persecution. On 1st February 2018, new Regulations on Religious Affairs came into effect, which amount to the most restrictive new laws on religious practice in 13 years. They update the 2005 Regulations on Religious Affairs and confine many religious activities to registered sites. However, permission for a registered site is only granted once the applicant proves that their religious community needs to conduct regular collective religious activities. The regulations introduce new restrictions on online religious expression, proselytising and contain specific provisions in regard to religion, national security, and foreign contacts.2 In a further development, on 21st March 2018 Chinese state media announced that the United Front Work Department, an agency of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), would now oversee ethnic and religious affairs, replacing the State Administration of Religious Affairs (SARA). The United Front Work Department will absorb SARA, giving the Commu- nist Party direct management of religious affairs.3 In April 2018 the Chinese government issued a new White Paper titled “China’s Policies and Practices on Protecting Freedom of Religious Belief”. According to the White Paper,

Religious Freedom in the World - Report 2018 177 CHINA (WITH HONG KONG) director ofChina’s State Administration for Religious Affairs, who told aseminaronthe 178 country’s path ofsocialism”. that Sinicisation ofChristianity “Chinese theology shouldbecompatible Christian withthe guard againstoverseas infiltrations via religious means”. Communist Party”. membersmustbe Party “unyielding atheists” Marxist who “resolutely meeting onreligion andsaidthat “religious groups …mustadhere to theleadershipof 2016,China’s April In President XiJinpingaddressed seniorCommunist officials a at Party Catholics attend inbothofficialandunderground Mass Catholic churches. bishops and clergy are also recognised by the Vatica communion with the Pope. However, it is more complicated as some state-recognised while theunregistered, “underground” Catholic Church remains recognised by andin state-recognised ChinesePatriotic Catholic Association isnotincommunion withRome, blic ofChina,theCatholic Church’s status inChinacontinues to becomplex. Officially, the Despite continuing talksbetween the Vatican andtheGovernment ofthePeople’s Repu statesubverting power” med to beinvolved aimedat inactivities “splitting thestate, damaging or national unity examine bankaccounts andrevoke registration. Foreigners orforeign organisations dee to summon representatives arbitrarily offoreign organisations inChina,seize documents, Bureau. ofthe Publicpolice Security Police and beunder the supervision have new powers required to have aChinesegovernment organisation asasponsor, beregistered withthe groups to receive foreign funding and work with foreign orga power to the work restrict of foreign groups in the country, a The new NGO Law, which came into force 2017, gives in t January forces”.“Western anti-China claims that petitions and letters callingfor protection of humanrights are thework of West’s ideaofjournalism” withtheChinese asinconflict Communist Party’s values and “Document 9” presents “Western” values, “Western Constitutional Democracy” and “the 2013, and a new law on foreign Organisations, Non-Governmental adopted in 2016. notice from theCentral Committee oftheCommunist Party’s Office, General from April regulations freedom thatOther may ofreligion impact orbelief include “Document 9”, a tighter control ofcivilsociety.” oftherights andfreedoms restrictions ofChinesecitizens,open to andto further even ordinarily broad scope” andvague terminology, which,heargues, leaves doorwide “the This law has been by criticised Commissioner the UN High for for Human Rights its “ 27ofChina’sArticle Law alsorelates National Security to freedom ofreligion orbelief. Religion, according to the White Paper, theCommunist Party. mustserve socialist society” andforeigners that is canonlyengageinreligious activity “authorised”. “active guidance” willbeprovided to religious organisations to helpthem “adapt to the is clearly designedis clearly to fulfil that objective. ACN -Aidto the Church inNeed 7 canbedetained, barred from leaving thecountry, ordeported. 10 6

The legislative framework hisgovernment has introduced 5 n, and in many parts ofn, China and in lay many parts 9 This followed aspeechby the nd to of limit local the ability nisations. Foreign NGOs are he police unprecedented extra 4 8 - - -

low pastor, Su Tianfu, was sentenced to ayear inMay 2018,suspendedfor inprison two January 2018 for up toJanuary 13 years for using “an evil cult to organise t In Yunnan province, sixmembers ofanunregistered church group were jailedon18 detained on8 in HebeiProvince, whohasbeenmissingsince 2017;andBishopJames SuZhimin, April was arrested by police on18 regularly been arrested, including Bishop Peter Shao Zhumin in Wenzhou, Zhejiang, who detained in briefly Fujian province. Holy March 2018,during In Week, Catholic underground Bishop Vincent GuoXijingwas version oftheBiblecompatible withSinicisation andsocialism. Protestantte-controlled bodies announced they would be producing anew “ 2018theBiblewas April bannedfromIn sale onlineinChina the Chineseflagandsingnational anthem. Taoists to and Muslims register with the government. Churches have been ordered to fly Pingyuan Committee Neighbourhood issuedanotice ordering Christians, Buddhists, fromand two priests thesamediocese were driven On4 outoftheirparish. ted by the Vatican butnotrecognised by thegovernment, demolished, was reportedly along with the priest’s residence. The tombstone ofBishopLiHongye, whowas appoin and Catholic churches. On 17 religious materials andprohibited children undertheageof18from attending Protestant April 2018 authorities in Henan ProvinceIn demolished crosses and chu 11 Pastor earthquake. of the 2008 Sichuan (Wenchuan) Wang Yi was detained by police on ned by in May 2018, authorities to prevent them from holding a prayer vigil for victims SichuanProvince,In over Church inChengduwere Rain 200membersoftheEarly detai fined US$1million for collecting “illegal” donations from their congregation. years, six months under residential with a further surveil that visitinghiminprison, Pastorafter Yang Huawas “on theverge ofparalysis”. believed to have beendeniedmedicaltreatment andin March 2017hislawyers reported, 2016,andayear later hewas sentencedJanuary to two andahalfyears Heis inprison. 2015 on the charge of illegally possessing state secrets. He was formal Yang Hua,oneoftheChurch’s pastors, was placed detention undercriminal inDecember terms. LivingStone Church inGuizhouProvince targeted since 2015. hasbeenparticularly An increasing clergy numberofChristian have beenarrested andsentenced to prison some estimate asmany as2,000. Conservative estimates claimthat between 1,500and1,700churches were affected, and thousands ofcrosses from churches anddestroyed orallofsomechurch buildings. part country. inZhejiangProvince 2014and2016,authorities Between forcibly removed hasintensifiedRepression ofreligious over activity thepastfive years, throughout the Incidents th May 2018andaccused of “picking quarrels andcausingtrouble”. th October 1997inHebei. October th th May 2017 but released in January 2018;Father May 2017butreleased inJanuary Yang Jianwei April 2018, a Catholic Church in Luoyang was demolished, 11 18 In recent In years underground Catholic clergy have Religious Freedom inthe World - 15 lance. pastors Both were also 16 andthetwo officialsta 17 o undermine law enfor 14 ly arrested on 22 Report 2018 Report rches, destroyed secularised” th April the April 13 His fel His 179 nd 12 th - - - - -

CHINA (WITH HONG KONG) CHINA (WITH HONG KONG) 180 cases. July2015over In lawyers 300humanrights aswell and activists, astheircolleagues lawyers defenders, andhuman rights many ofwhomhave takenupfreedom ofreligion in China, recent years have also seen an unprecedented crackdown onhuman rights additionto thearrests,In detention, andharassment imprisonment ofreligious adherents Falun ofthispractice. victims are practitioners believed Gong to beamongtheprimary sold for transplant – was continuing on a much larger scale th –theinvoluntary removalorgan harvesting ofprisoners’ internal organs, whichare then lawyer David Matas, Ethan Gutmann allegedthat andjournalist offorced the practice An Update”, written by aformer Canadian David parliamentarian Kilgour, humanrights eradicate them physically”. Epoch news organ (The Times): “Destroy theirreputations, cutthemofffinancially, and Zemin to eradicate by declaring, thepractice, aFalun reportedly asperreports Gong severe persecutionsince 1999, following anorder from thethenChinesePresident Jiang Falun Gong, as described “an practice”, ancient BuddhaSchool hascontinued to face (Yarchen) Gar, andreturn to theirhometowns. and upto 1,000Buddhistnunswere forced to leave anotherBuddhistcentre, Yachen province –oneofthelargest Buddhistteaching centres intheworld –were demolished, campaign. 2016 hundreds In of homes at Buddhist in Institute Ser Larung Gar institutions andthedemolitionofsomeBuddhistinstitutes inthenameofa “renovation” For Tibetan Buddhists, repression continues, of Buddhists from their with the eviction repeatedly rejected separatism andadvocated dialogue. was given alife sentence. separatism, even Hewas thoughhehas accused ofsupporting voice for freedom ofreligion or belieffor hispeople andadvocates peaceful dialogue, confiscated. giving theirchildren Islamicnames, andUighurMuslims’ have andQur’ans been passports praying. Newregulations prohibit face veils andbeards, have authorities bannedparents Communist officials tolive Party inUighurhomes to prevent them from fastingand assigning includingreportedly prohibited Ramadan, from Uighur Muslims observing in “re-education” campsinXinjiangprovince. that more 2018itwas reported were than100,000UighurMuslims January beingheld In Tibetan andtheFalun community movement. spiritual Gong amongtheUighurpopulationticularly inXinjiangprovince, andBuddhistsamongthe Violations offreedom ofreligion orbeliefare alsoincreasinglyMuslims, affecting par of China’s President XiJinping. money to andcrosses takedown ofJesusChrist pictures andreplace themwithportraits weretowards ofthecountry beingoffered theendof2017that insomeparts Christians from permits theReligious Affairshaving Bureau. thenecessary Catholic Church December 2017,a25-old inShaanxiprovinceIn was demolished, despite Church usingdynamite. Lampstand(Jindengtai) Golden The church had50,000 members. cement”. 19 In Shanxiprovince In inJanuary, earlier demolishedthe theChineseauthorities 24 In 2014 Ilham 2014Ilham In Tohti, aprominent Uighurscholarwhohasbeenamoderate ACN -Aidto the Church inNeed 27 In 2016 a major new report, 2016 a major new report, In “Bloody Slaughter: Harvest/The 22

23 26 In recent In years have Chineseauthorities an previously thought. 21 This follows reports tar, Sichuan 28 25 20 -

mainland China. There are alsoconcerns that newregulations onreligious in practice are generally theirbeliefs ableto practise inHongKong, whereas they are banned in be associated with the Chinese Communist Party, although Falun practitioners Gong There hasbeensomeharassment ofFalun by groups practitioners Gong believed to Kong’s chiefexecutive. Association are allrepresented Committee Hong inthe1,200-memberElection to elect the HongKong Taoist Association, theConfucian Academy andtheHongKongBuddhist Council,the HongKongChristian Cultural theChineseMuslim andFraternal Association, offer religious students non-mandatory education. The Catholic Diocese ofHongKong, education, and government schools, while following the government may curriculum, for non-governmental organisations to register. Private schoolsare ableto offer religious of worship operate freely andreligious groups are exempt from thelegalrequirement protections Covenant oftheInternational onCivil andPolitical (ICCPR). Rights religious affairsonHon.Rights OrdinanceThe Bill of incorporates the religious freedom pate inreligious inpublic, andgrants activities autonomy theHongKongauthorities in of conscience, freedom of religious belief and freedom to preach, and partici conduct Hong Kong’s Basic Law, which is the territory’s guarantees mini-constitution, freedom few freedoms whichgenerally continues to beprotected. in2018.However,Mallet sofarfreedom ofreligion orbeliefinHongKongisoneofthe and the expulsion from Hong Kong of the Asia News Editor of the Financial Times Victor in 2017 Rogers to Benedict Hong Kong for human rights activist denial of British entry railway station for passengerstravelling the to themainlandonhigh-speedrail link, and academic freedom, the introduction of mainland Chinese involved inleadingpeaceful demonstrations, increasing onpress restrictions freedom activists legislators, theimprisonment ofpro-democracy disqualification ofpro-democracy oftheChinesegovernment, ofbooksellerswhopublishedbookscritical abduction the freedoms inHongKonghave become increasingly threatened. Violations includethe and implemented. However, in recent years many of Hong Kong’ For the first 15 years of Chineserule, “one country,two systems” was generally respected of life for thefirst50 thehandover,years after until 2047. with acontinued responsibility to monitor and ensure theprotection ofHongKong’s way United Nations, recognises China’s full sovereignty over the territory, but provides Britain try, two systems”. Joint Declaration, whichisalegaltreatyThe lodgedat the Sino-British basic freedoms andhumanrights, andtheruleoflaw of undertheprinciple “one coun established asaSpecialAutonomous Region ofChina,withahighdegree ofautonomy, When handedover was theUnited Kingdom HongKongto Chinain1997,theterritory HONG KONG Wang hasbeenheldincommunicado Quanzhang since July2015. and relatives, were arrested, interrogated ordisappeared. andinsomecasesimprisoned Religious Freedom inthe World - law into the West Kowloon 30 s civil and political Report 2018 Report 31 Places 181 29 - -

CHINA (WITH HONG KONG) CHINA (WITH HONG KONG) Belt, OneRoad’Belt, would helpspread thegospel. is ofChristianity co-opting This perverse hadprepared’.God The to organisers claimthat ofthecampthenhadaudacity ‘One Xi Jinping’s as pet infrastructureknown project ‘One One Belt, Road’ was path ‘the that leaders ofthecamptold thecampersthat ‘God would makeChinaprosperous’ andthat values. aboutChristian learn thelastevening During ofonethissummer’s camps, the camps in which thousands of teenagers gather to have fun, dance to rock Christian and for Christians.” saw anunprecedentedparticular erosion ofreligious freedom inHongKong, especially worse to come, “increasingly, we are alsounableto express ourfaithfreely. This year in 182 in your prayers descending aswe uponus.” seekto findlight amidtheseaofdarkness Kong, even ifIhave to doitfrom behindbars. What Iaskofyou isto keepHongKong to Xi Jinping.subservient Instead, Iwillcontinue to fight for religious freedom inHong pastor andpreach thegospel inHongKong, Jesus Iwillnever dosoifitmeansmaking Lam concluded that: Mr “Although there is nothing I would love more than to become a claimed thechurches were bulldozed becauseof ‘structural safety concerns.’” members ofthedemolishedchurches inZhejiangProvince, lineand hetoed the party if we that already thewall issolid.’ know And, instead ofexpressing hisconcern for the pragmatismtimes how was to important him,saying: ‘We shouldnotrushinto awall anews conference“During onAugust 1,hisfirstday asbishop, heemphasisedseveral of churcheshas been reluctant to speak out in against mainland the China: destruction Derek Lamnoted that HongKong’s newCatholic bishop, Michael Yeung Ming-Cheung, the ‘motherland’.”praising Chinese, waving theChineseCommunist Party’s flag, singing thenational anthem and instead Iwitnessedyoung peoplebeingencouraged to proudly declare themselves as youth camps. Iwas eagerto share my democratic views with my fellow campers, but tic” was scrapped. curriculum That summer, Iattended one of thecity’s biggest Christian course innationalistic brainwashing. helpedmobiliseprotests Scholarism andthe “patrio had announced a plan to overhaul to what the curriculum amounted to a mandatory Wong, now HongKong’s politicalactivist. mostwell-known That year, ourgovernment founding andorganising astudent organisation alongwithJoshua calledScholarism consistent withwhat Ihave witnessedmyself. 2011,whenIwas 17,Ispent theyear In dangers ahead. Writing inthe Derek andhasdeclared Lam,whoisaChristian hisdesire to become apastor, of warns restricted, threats to freedom ofreligion orbeliefmay increase. activist Pro-democracy of religion or belief. And if other civil and political right among their community, but until now thereon freedom has been no notable impact the reluctance of some churches activists in Hong Kong to associate with pro-democracy leaderswhoare Christians, and ofsomeHongKongpro-democracy political activities Longer-term, however, there are on religious concerns about the impact freedom of the inmainlandChina. working ofreligious theactivities mainland Chinamight groups restrict basedinHongKongbut ACN -Aidto the Church inNeed 32 Heclaimsthat: summer,“Every HongKong’s organise Christians youth New York Times inAugust 2017, he argues that in a sign of s continue to be eroded and -

11 12 15 14 Ibid. 13 10 “Religious groups ‘must adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party’ – Pres. Xi Jinping,” Hong Kong 9 “UN humanrights chiefsays China’s law istoo newsecurity broad, too vague,” United Nations Human 5 “China: New Law Escalates Repression of Groups”, Human Rights Watch, 2016, https://www. 28April 7 Beach, Sophie “ChinaFile Translation oftheCCP’s 9”, Document ChinaDigital Times, 10thNovember 6 “Full Text: China’s Policies andPractices onProtecting Freedom ofReligious Belief,” State Council In 4 “Communist takescontrol Party ofreligious affairs,”Solidarity Christian Worldwide,March 22nd 2018, 3 “China revises regulation onreligious affairs,” State Council ofthe People’sSep Republic ofChina,7th 2 China(People’s Constitution of1982withAmendments through 2004, constituteproject. of)’s Republic 1 Endnotes increase andintensify.and to further under thecurrent government are extremely low. Repression ispredicted to continue the role of religion, for the prospects freedom of religion or belief improving in China grave andbrutalrepression oftheUighurMuslims, andXiJinping’s own remarks about restrictive regulations onreligious ofchurches practice, andcrosses, thedestruction the religion orbeliefmustbeseeninthiscontext. With theintroduction ofnew, even more while repression isincreasing inXinjiang, Tibet andHongKong. Violations offreedom of freedom ofexpression andspace for and dissent are civil society severely restricted, in Chinasince, many would say, the Tiananmen massacre of1989.Across the board, China’s President XiJinpinghasunleashedthemostsevere crackdown onhumanrights forProspects freedom ofreligion “Fact SheetonChina’s NGOLaw,” ChinaFile, 1stNovember 2017, 8 “Zhejiang church demolitions: Timeline ofevents”, Solidarity Christian Worldwide, “China LivingStone Church pastor needsmedical care”, Solidarity Christian Worldwide, 27thMarch “China churches underpressure inHenan,” Solidarity Christian Worldwide, 23rd 2018, April “China: Pressure Churches onIndependent Increases asPastors are andSentenced,” Detained Chri Wang Hongyi, “China plans establishment theology,” ofChristian China Daily, 7thAugust 2014, csw.org.uk/2018/04/23/press/3926/article.htm 2017, zhejiangtimeline (accessed 7thJune 2018). stian Solidarity Worldwide, 14thMay 2018, www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-08/07/content_18262848.htm the-leadership-of-the-communist-party-pres-xi-jinping/ Free Press, 2016, 24thApril News.aspx?NewsID=16210&LangID=E ofthe –Office Commissioner,Rights 7thJuly2015, fact-sheet-chinas-foreign-ngo-law tent_50811898.htm formation Office, People’s 2018, RepublicofChina,4th April 2018). 2013, https://www.csw.org.uk/2018/03/22/news/3886/article.htm (accessed 7thJune2018). tember 2017, org, hrw.org/news/2016/04/28/china-new-law-escalates-repression-groups, (accessed 7thJune 2018). https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2004.pdf?lang=en https://www.csw.org.uk/2017/03/27/press/3496/article.htm https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2013/11/chinafile-translation-ccps-document-9/ http://english.gov.cn/policies/latest_releases/2017/09/07/content_281475842719170.htm , (accessed 7thJune2018). , (accessed 7thJune2018). https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/04/24/religious-groups-must-adhere-to- , (accessed 7thJune2018). , (accessed 7thJune2018). https://www.csw.org.uk/2018/05/14/press/3970/article.htm , (accessed 7thJune2018). http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/Display- Religious Freedom inthe World - , (accessed 7thJune2018). , (accessed 7thJune 2018). http://english.scio.gov.cn/2018-04/04/con- , (accessed 7th June2018). , (accessed 7thJune2018). http://www.chinafile.com/ngo/latest/ , (accessed 7thJune 2018). Report 2018 Report , (accessed 7thJune www.csw.org.uk/ https://www. http:// 183 - - - , , CHINA (WITH HONG KONG) CHINA (WITH HONG KONG) 25 26 22 23 29 21 Ibid. 20 19 27 28 30 18 31 32 (accessed 2018). 15thOctober 17 184 16 24 BuddhistInstitute”,“Larung Gar BBCNews, 22ndJuly2016, in XinjiangUighurAutonomous“China: Region,” USCIRF Restrictions Condemns Ramadan USCom Jane Cook, JaneCook, “U.N. and question ChinaonLarungGar rapporteurs Yarchen in Gar Tibet”, Tibet Post In “Chinese officials pay poorChristians to swap ofXi,”crosses forportraits Crux,16th November 2017, detained in Chinese of Uighur Muslims “Thousands ‘re-education’ camps”, Daily Telegraph, 26th Ja “China: On ‘709’ Anniversary, Legal Crackdown Continues”, HumanRights Watch, 7thJuly2017, “Catholic Church in Xi’an diocese forcibly demolished,” AsiaNews, 28thDecember 2017, “China Crackdown onunregistered churches,” Solidarity Christian Worldwide, 2018, 22ndJanuary “Anything for Power: ofChina’sThe Story Real JiangZemin –Chapter 16”, The Epoch Times, 18thOc Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update, BloodyHarvest/The International Coalition to End Transplant Abuse inChina “‘It’s been1,000days’: wife ofjailedChineselawyer onmarch for answers”, The Guardian, 2018, 6April “Chinese officialsagaindetainunderground Holy bishopduring Week,” Catholic News Agency, 27th Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2017 Report on International Religious Freedom – and Labor, 2017 Report on Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, Derek Lam, “I Won’t JesusBow Down to Make XiJinping,” New York Times, 23August 2017: “Chinese state Protestants plan ‘socialist’ Christianity,” UCANews, 16th 2018, April JamesGriffiths, “Biblespulled from online stores asChinaincreases control of religion,” CNN,5th April 2018). leases/china-uscirf-condemns-ramadan-restrictions-in-xinjiang-uighur-autonomous mission on International Religious Freedom, 5th July 2017, asianews.it/news-en/Catholic-church-in-Xi%E2%80%99an-diocese-forcibly-demolished-42693.html tps://www.csw.org.uk/2018/01/22/press/3823/article.htm na-36863888 cessed 7thJune2018). traits-xi-jinping/ https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/11/16/chinese-officials-pay-poor-swap-religious-images-por chapter-16_1026925.html tober 2014, html 27th February 2017, Unite“U.N. to Condemn Expulsionsof ChinaOver Experts HumanRights Tibetans”, New York Times, teurs-question-china-on-larung-gar-and-yarchen-gar-in-tibet ternational, 26thFebruary 2018, (ETAC), 2018). www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/07/china-709-anniversary-legal-crackdown-continues march-for-answers https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/06/its-been-1000-days-wife-of-jailed-chinese-lawyer-on- shop-during-holy-week-32841 March 2018, China, U.S. ofState, Department com/news/chinese-state-protestants-plan-socialist-christianity/82071 7th June2018). nytimes.com/2017/08/23/opinion/derek-lam-xi-jinping-jesus.html 2018, se-re-education-camps/ 2018, nuary , (accessed 7thJune2018). https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/05/asia/china-bible-online-christianity-intl/index.html https://endtransplantabuse.org/an-update/ , (accessed 7thJune2018). https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/chinese-officials-again-detain-underground-bi- ACN -Aidto the Church inNeed https://www.theepochtimes.com/anything-for-power-the-real-story-of-chinas-jiang-zemin- https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/26/thousand-uighur-muslims-detained-chine- , (accessed 7thJune2018). , (accessed 7thJune2018). https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/27/world/asia/china-tibet-buddhists-larung-gar. , (accessed 7thJune2018). , (accessed 7thJune2018). , (accessed 7thJune2018). https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2017/eap/280818.htm http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/international/5420-un-rappor- , (accessed 7thJune2018). , (accessed 7thJune2018). , (accessed 7thJune2018);Edward Wong, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-chi- http://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/press-re- , (accessed 7thJune2018). , (accessed 7thJune https://www.ucanews. , (accessed 7thJune

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